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Chance

In probability and philosophy, chance refers to the objective probability associated with the occurrence of events in single cases, arising from intrinsic properties of the systems involved rather than from mere statistical frequencies or subjective beliefs, as exemplified by a fair coin having a 0.5 probability of landing heads.^[1] This article focuses on chance in these contexts; for other uses such as in linguistics, geography, or as a name, see the relevant sections below. In philosophical and scientific contexts, chance represents outcomes that are unpredictable yet governed by probabilistic laws, distinguishing it from strict determinism where all events follow necessarily from prior states.^[1] The concept of chance has been central to probability theory since the 16th century, when mathematicians like Gerolamo Cardano and Galileo Galilei analyzed gambling problems, such as dice rolls, to quantify likelihoods numerically—for instance, assigning a 1/6 probability to each face of a fair die.^[2] This mathematical foundation evolved through contributions from Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat in the 17th century, who developed expected value via the "problem of points" in games, laying groundwork for modern probability.^[2] By the 20th century, Andrey Kolmogorov formalized probability as a measure on set-theoretic spaces, providing a rigorous axiomatic basis.^[2] Philosophically, chance intersects with debates on determinism, pitting incompatibilists—who argue that nontrivial chances (between 0 and 1) cannot coexist with a fully deterministic universe, as laws would dictate certain outcomes—against compatibilists, who propose that chances can emerge from deterministic micro-dynamics through Humean best systems of laws balancing simplicity and strength.^[1] Interpretations of probability further diversify the understanding of chance: the frequentist view treats it as the long-run frequency in infinite repeatable trials, as in Jacob Bernoulli's 1713 law of large numbers where coin flips converge to 1/2 heads, while the Bayesian approach views it as a degree of belief updated via evidence, for example, Bayes' theorem shifting odds from 1:1 to 2:1 given a diagnostic test with 80% sensitivity and 60% specificity.^[2] These perspectives influence fields from quantum mechanics, where chance underpins indeterminism, to decision theory and statistics.^[1]

Concept and Etymology

Definition and Meanings

Chance refers to an event or outcome that occurs without apparent cause or predictable pattern, embodying the concept of randomness or unpredictability in natural or human processes. In philosophical terms, chance is understood as an objective probability inherent in a physical process, distinct from mere ignorance of causes, where an outcome is chancy if, under repeated identical conditions, it would vary according to certain non-zero probabilities less than one. This aligns with everyday usage, where chance denotes something happening fortuitously, as in "the meeting was a matter of chance," highlighting contingency without intentional design.^[3]^[4] Beyond randomness, chance often signifies luck or fortune, either positive or negative, as an impersonal force influencing outcomes beyond control. Positive luck might involve fortunate coincidences, such as winning a lottery, while negative fortune could manifest as misfortune, like an unexpected accident; both are attributed to chance rather than skill or effort. In this sense, chance acts as a determiner of unaccountable happenings, evoking the idea of contingency in existence that shapes personal or collective experiences. Additionally, chance encompasses opportunity, denoting a favorable situation or possibility for action, as in "giving someone a chance" to succeed, which implies a window of potential rather than guaranteed success.^[4]^[5] Philosophically, a key distinction exists between objective chance, which represents the physical tendency or propensity of an event to occur independently of human beliefs—such as the 50% chance of a fair coin landing heads—and subjective chance, which reflects an individual's degree of belief or credence in that likelihood based on evidence. Objective chance is a mind-independent feature of the world, often tied to scientific processes like quantum events, whereas subjective chance is epistemological, varying by personal assessment yet constrained by rational norms. Examples illustrate these usages: "by chance" describes coincidental encounters without causation, while "take a chance" involves risking action amid uncertainty, contrasting sharply with necessity, where outcomes are inevitably determined.^[6]^[3] At its core, chance poses a philosophical antinomy with determinism, the view that all events are fixed by prior causes, as nontrivial chances (probabilities between 0 and 1) seem incompatible with a fully determined universe. This tension arises because determinism implies certain futures, while chance allows for alternative possibilities, enabling branching paths in reality rather than a singular, inevitable sequence. Though some compatibilist theories reconcile them through macro-level probabilities, the antinomy underscores chance's role in introducing genuine openness to outcomes.^[1]^[3]

Historical and Philosophical Development

In ancient philosophy, Aristotle rejected the notion of true chance as a purposeless force independent of natural order, instead viewing it as the coincidence of independent causal chains that lack a final cause. In his Physics, he argued that events attributed to chance (tyche) or spontaneity (automaton) occur incidentally, without inherent purpose, and thus cannot explain regular natural phenomena that happen "always or for the most part."^[7] Aristotle emphasized teleological causation, where chance events still fit within a purposeful cosmos, as coincidences arise from the intersection of efficient causes rather than randomness per se.^[8] Around 300 BCE, Epicurus introduced genuine indeterminism through the concept of the atomic swerve (clinamen), a random deviation in the motion of atoms that prevents a strictly deterministic universe and allows for free will. This swerve occurs at indeterminate times and places, enabling atomic collisions necessary for the formation of complex structures, including living beings capable of voluntary action.^[9] Lucretius, in his Epicurean poem De Rerum Natura (c. 55 BCE), elaborated this doctrine, portraying the swerve as essential to breaking the chain of necessity and introducing chance as a fundamental aspect of natural law, free from divine intervention.^[10] During the medieval period, Thomas Aquinas reconciled chance with divine providence by positing that apparent randomness falls under God's primary causation, which directs all events toward ultimate ends while preserving secondary causes, including human freedom. In the Summa Theologica, Aquinas explained that God moves creatures in accordance with their natures, so what seems chancy to humans—such as coincidental outcomes—is foreknown and ordained by divine wisdom, ensuring no conflict with omniscience.^[11] In the Renaissance, the rise of gambling practices, particularly dice and card games, prompted early scholarly reflections on probabilistic reasoning, as seen in Gerolamo Cardano's Liber de Ludo Aleae (c. 1564), which analyzed odds and outcomes to guide betting strategies, laying groundwork for quantifying uncertainty beyond theological contexts.^[12] In the Enlightenment, Pierre-Simon Laplace's deterministic worldview challenged chance by envisioning a superintelligence—his famous "demon"—that, knowing all initial conditions and forces, could predict every event with certainty, rendering apparent randomness merely epistemic ignorance.^[3] David Hume, through his empiricist lens in A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–1740) and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748), further undermined necessary causation by arguing it derives from habitual associations of constant conjunctions in experience, not objective necessity, thus framing chance as the absence of such reliable patterns rather than an active principle.^[13] In the late 19th century, Charles Sanders Peirce advanced objective chance within pragmatism through his doctrine of tychism, introduced in "The Doctrine of Chances" (1878), positing that spontaneity and indeterminism are real features of the universe, evident in statistical variations that defy strict laws and drive evolutionary change.^[14] This contrasted with determinism, emphasizing chance's role in scientific inquiry and fallible knowledge. In contemporary philosophy, Robert Kane's libertarian theory of free will incorporates indeterminism as essential for ultimate responsibility, where "self-forming actions" arise from indeterminate efforts in moral dilemmas, akin to quantum-like uncertainty, allowing agents to originate choices without prior causal determination.^[15] The advent of quantum mechanics in the 20th century has bolstered philosophical debates on chance by suggesting inherent indeterminism in nature, as probabilistic outcomes in phenomena like particle decay challenge classical determinism and revive Epicurean-style notions of objective randomness, though interpretations vary on whether this implies true chance or merely epistemic limits.^[3]

Mathematics of Chance

Probability Theory

Probability theory provides the mathematical foundation for quantifying uncertainty and chance, formalizing the concept of probability as a rigorous measure on sets of possible outcomes. It emerged as a distinct branch of mathematics in the early 20th century, building on earlier probabilistic ideas to create a consistent framework applicable across sciences. Central to this theory is the treatment of probability as a function that assigns non-negative values to events, ensuring they sum appropriately for the entire space of possibilities. The modern axiomatic approach to probability was established by Andrey Kolmogorov in his 1933 monograph Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Kolmogorov defined probability as a measure P on a sigma-algebra of events within a sample space \Omega, satisfying three axioms: (1) P(E) \geq 0 for any event E; (2) P(\Omega) = 1; and (3) for countable collections of pairwise disjoint events E_i, P\left(\bigcup_i E_i\right) = \sum_i P(E_i). A key consequence is countable additivity for finite disjoint events, such as P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) when A \cap B = \emptyset. ^[16] These axioms ensure probability behaves like a normalized measure of likelihood, with P(\emptyset) = 0 following directly from the second axiom applied to the empty set. ^[17] Earlier, classical probability offered a simpler, combinatorial definition, attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace in his 1812 work Théorie analytique des probabilités. Laplace defined the probability of an event E as P(E) = \frac{\text{number of favorable outcomes}}{\text{total number of equally likely outcomes}}, assuming a finite, uniform sample space. For instance, in a fair coin flip, the sample space has two outcomes (heads or tails), so P(\text{heads}) = \frac{1}{2}. ^[18] This approach works well for games of chance but requires the assumption of equiprobability, which limits its generality. The frequentist interpretation views probability as the long-run relative frequency of an event in an infinite sequence of independent trials under identical conditions, formalized by Richard von Mises in his 1928 book Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik und Wahrheit. ^[19] In this framework, P(E) is the limit \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n_E}{n}, where n_E is the number of occurrences of E in n trials, provided the limit exists and the sequence is "random" in a collective sense (satisfying von Mises' criteria of randomness). This interpretation grounds probability in empirical observation, emphasizing repeatable experiments. Conditional probability extends these ideas to dependent events, with Bayes' theorem providing a method to update probabilities based on new evidence. The theorem states that P(A|B) = \frac{P(B|A) P(A)}{P(B)} for P(B) > 0, where P(A|B) is the probability of A given B. ^[20] This result was first articulated posthumously in Thomas Bayes' 1763 essay "An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances," published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. ^[20] Bayes derived it to address inverse inference, such as estimating causes from observed effects. Random variables model numerical outcomes of chance experiments, mapping sample space elements to real numbers. Discrete random variables take countable values, with probabilities given by their probability mass function; a canonical example is the binomial random variable X counting successes in n independent Bernoulli trials each with success probability p, where P(X = k) = \binom{n}{k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k} for k = 0, 1, \dots, n. ^[21] This distribution, originating in Jacob Bernoulli's 1713 Ars Conjectandi, describes scenarios like the number of heads in n coin flips. Continuous random variables, in contrast, take uncountable values over intervals, characterized by a probability density function (pdf) f(x) such that P(a < X \leq b) = \int_a^b f(x) \, dx. The normal distribution, with pdf

f(x) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2\pi}} \exp\left( -\frac{(x - \mu)^2}{2\sigma^2} \right),

for parameters mean \mu and standard deviation \sigma > 0, exemplifies this, arising naturally in central limit theorem applications. ^[22]

Randomness and Stochastic Processes

In mathematics, randomness is defined as the property of a sequence or process exhibiting no discernible pattern or predictability, often formalized through concepts like algorithmic incompressibility or statistical independence.^[23] A practical test for randomness in discrete data is the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test, which evaluates whether observed frequencies deviate significantly from expected uniform or specified distributions, with the test statistic given by \chi^2 = \sum \frac{(O_i - E_i)^2}{E_i}, where O_i are observed counts and E_i expected counts; large values indicate non-randomness.^[24] Stochastic processes provide a framework for modeling chance in evolving systems, defined as a collection of random variables \{X_t\} indexed by time t or another parameter, where each X_t represents the state at that index and the joint distribution captures dependencies over the index set.^[25] These processes extend probability theory to sequences of events, enabling analysis of systems like queues, financial markets, or population dynamics. A fundamental class of stochastic processes is Markov chains, discrete-time processes where the conditional distribution of the next state depends solely on the current state, not the history, formalized as P(X_{n+1} = j | X_n = i, X_{n-1}, \dots, X_0) = P(X_{n+1} = j | X_n = i).^[26] The evolution is governed by a transition matrix P, where P_{ij} is the probability of moving from state i to j. For a simple two-state weather model with states "sunny" (S) and "rainy" (R), the transition matrix might be

P = \begin{pmatrix} 0.8 & 0.2 \\ 0.4 & 0.6 \end{pmatrix},

indicating, for example, an 80% chance of sunny weather following a sunny day and a 40% chance of sunny following rainy; the state distribution after n steps is obtained by multiplying the initial distribution vector by P^n.^[27] The Poisson process models point events occurring randomly in continuous time at a constant rate \lambda, defined as a counting process N(t) with stationary and independent increments, where N(t) - N(s) for t > s follows a Poisson distribution with mean \lambda(t-s).^[28] The probability of exactly k events in time t is

P(N(t) = k) = \frac{(\lambda t)^k e^{-\lambda t}}{k!},

making it ideal for rare events like radioactive decays or customer arrivals.^[28] The Central Limit Theorem underpins many stochastic approximations, stating that if X_1, X_2, \dots, X_n are independent and identically distributed random variables with finite mean \mu and variance \sigma^2 > 0, then the standardized sum \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n (X_i - \mu)}{\sigma \sqrt{n}} converges in distribution to a standard normal N(0,1) as n \to \infty.^[29] This result explains why normal distributions arise ubiquitously in aggregations of random phenomena, regardless of the individual distributions. In applications, Monte Carlo methods leverage stochastic simulation to approximate deterministic quantities, such as integrals \int f(x) \, dx \approx \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N f(U_i) where U_i are uniform random samples, providing unbiased estimates whose accuracy improves with sample size N via the law of large numbers.^[30] Brownian motion, or the Wiener process, models continuous randomness as a stochastic process \{W_t\} with W_0 = 0, continuous paths, and independent Gaussian increments W_t - W_s \sim N(0, t-s) for t > s, serving as the continuous analog of a random walk and foundational for diffusion models in physics and finance.^[31]

Chance in Science

Physics

In classical physics, Newtonian mechanics provides a deterministic framework where the state of a system at any future time is uniquely determined by its initial conditions and the governing laws of motion.^[32] This predictability arises from the differential equations describing particle trajectories under forces, implying no intrinsic role for chance in the evolution of isolated systems.^[33] However, apparent randomness emerges in chaotic systems governed by these same deterministic laws, due to sensitive dependence on initial conditions, where minuscule differences in starting states amplify exponentially over time.^[34] A seminal example is the Lorenz attractor, a model of atmospheric convection introduced in 1963, which exhibits unpredictable long-term behavior despite following nonlinear differential equations, illustrating how chaos can mimic probabilistic outcomes in practice. Quantum mechanics introduces fundamental indeterminacy, where chance is inherent rather than emergent, as the evolution of the wave function under the Schrödinger equation is deterministic, but measurement causes an irreversible collapse to one of multiple possible outcomes.^[35] The probabilities of these outcomes are given by the Born rule, formulated in 1926, which states that for a quantum state described by wave function \psi, the probability P of measuring a particular result is P = |\psi|^2. This probabilistic interpretation underpins the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, established in 1927, which quantifies the intrinsic limits on simultaneous knowledge of conjugate variables, such as position x and momentum p, via the inequality \Delta x \Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}, where \hbar is the reduced Planck's constant. These principles ensure that quantum predictions involve unavoidable chance, distinguishing them from classical determinism. A notable recent advancement demonstrating the extension of quantum chance to macroscopic scales came with the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their experimental demonstration of macroscopic quantum tunneling and energy quantization in superconducting electrical circuits. This work showed that tunneling—a quantum process where particles probabilistically pass through energy barriers—occurs in systems involving billions of electrons (Cooper pairs), with chance playing a key role in the unpredictable timing of events, measured statistically similar to radioactive half-lives. These findings bridge microscopic quantum indeterminacy to larger systems, with implications for quantum computing and further underscoring chance's fundamental nature in physics.^[36] Radioactive decay exemplifies quantum chance in nuclear physics, where the decay of individual atoms is unpredictable but follows statistical patterns modeled as a Poisson process.^[37] The probability that a nucleus decays in a small time interval is constant and proportional to the decay constant \lambda, leading to an exponential survival probability e^{-\lambda t} and a half-life t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda}, the time for half the atoms to decay on average.^[38] In applications like Carbon-14 dating, the probabilistic nature manifests in the measurement of remaining ^{14}C (half-life approximately 5730 years) in organic samples, where the age t is inferred from the ratio N/N_0 = e^{-\lambda t}, but uncertainties arise from counting statistics and calibration curves, typically yielding error bars of decades to centuries for samples up to 50,000 years old.^[39] In thermodynamics, chance underlies the second law, which states that the entropy S of an isolated system never decreases, reflecting a probabilistic tendency toward disorder in microscopic configurations.^[40] Ludwig Boltzmann's H-theorem, derived in 1872 from the Boltzmann equation for dilute gases, demonstrates this by showing that the H-function, defined as H = \int f \ln f \, d^3v (where f is the particle distribution function), decreases monotonically toward equilibrium, mathematically equivalent to an increase in entropy S = -k H (with k Boltzmann's constant). This links macroscopic irreversibility to the vast number of microstates, where fluctuations against the entropy gradient become negligibly probable for large systems. In modern physics, quantum randomness finds practical use in quantum random number generators (QRNGs), which exploit indeterminacies like photon detection or vacuum fluctuations to produce truly unpredictable bit sequences, certified by Bell inequality violations or entropy bounds.^[41] Unlike pseudo-random classical algorithms, QRNGs provide provable randomness essential for cryptography and simulations.^[42] In cosmology, quantum fluctuations during the inflationary epoch—rapid expansion around 10^{-36} seconds after the Big Bang—generate primordial density perturbations via the uncertainty principle acting on the inflaton field, seeding the observed large-scale structure and cosmic microwave background anisotropies with a nearly scale-invariant power spectrum.^[43] These fluctuations, amplified from quantum to cosmic scales, represent a key instance of chance shaping the universe's architecture.^[44]

Biology

In biological systems, chance manifests as a fundamental driver of variation at the molecular level, primarily through random mutations in DNA that introduce genetic diversity. Point mutations, which involve the substitution of a single nucleotide, occur at an average rate of approximately 10^{-8} per base pair per generation in humans, enabling evolutionary change by altering genetic sequences unpredictably.^[45] These mutations are inherently stochastic, arising from errors during DNA replication or damage from environmental factors, and their fixation in populations is further influenced by genetic drift, particularly in small populations where random fluctuations in allele frequencies can dominate over selection.^[46] Motoo Kimura's neutral theory of molecular evolution, proposed in 1968, posits that the majority of such molecular changes are selectively neutral and fixed by drift rather than adaptive advantage, explaining observed rates of genetic divergence across species. At the cellular level, chance contributes to variability through stochastic gene expression, where random fluctuations in transcription and translation lead to noise in protein levels despite identical genetic backgrounds. In the lac operon of Escherichia coli, for instance, stochastic switching between induced and repressed states results in bimodal expression patterns, with individual cells exhibiting heterogeneous lactose metabolism even under uniform conditions. This noise arises from probabilistic binding of regulatory proteins and low molecule numbers, amplifying variability that can influence cellular decision-making and phenotypic plasticity.^[47] On evolutionary scales, natural selection operates on this random variation generated by chance, shaping adaptive traits from unpredictable genetic inputs. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes the expected allele frequencies in a large, randomly mating population absent selection, migration, or drift, given by the equation p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, where p and q are the frequencies of two alleles; deviations from this equilibrium highlight the role of chance events like drift in altering genotypic proportions. A recent empirical study published in January 2025 further illustrates chance's influence, showing that in genetically identical mice, early-life contingencies or "luck"—such as access to resources—affect adult fitness and reproductive success, particularly under high competition, where random events amplify divergence in male quality while females show more consistency; this underscores how stochastic factors can drive evolutionary outcomes beyond genetics and selection.^[48] In ecological contexts, random dispersal and demographic stochasticity drive population dynamics, as seen in neutral models of biodiversity where species equivalence allows chance to govern community composition and species abundance distributions. Stephen Hubbell's unified neutral theory, formalized in 2001, integrates these processes to explain patterns of species richness in metacommunities through stochastic birth, death, and migration events. Chance is thus irreducible in biology, serving as an essential mechanism that enables adaptation and diversity without implying purposeful direction, as random variation provides the raw material upon which selection acts contingently.^[49] This stochastic foundation underpins the emergent complexity of life, from genetic novelty to ecosystem dynamics.

Linguistic Usage

Synonyms and Idioms

In English, synonyms for "chance" encompass words that capture its multifaceted nature as an unpredictable or opportune event. Luck often implies a fortuitous outcome without deliberate effort, while fortune suggests a broader, destiny-like influence on events. Hazard conveys the risky or perilous aspect of chance, and coincidence highlights an unexpected alignment of circumstances.^[4]^[50]^[51] Antonyms such as certainty, which denotes predictability, and design, implying intentional structure, stand in direct opposition to the randomness inherent in chance.^[52] Idioms featuring "chance" vividly illustrate its rhetorical role in everyday language, often blending literal and figurative meanings. The phrase "by chance" describes something occurring accidentally or haphazardly, without prior planning. "Chance upon" refers to stumbling upon something unexpectedly, such as an idea or object during routine activities. In contrast, "fat chance" employs sarcasm to dismiss the likelihood of an event, implying near impossibility, whereas "even chance" denotes balanced probabilities, typically evoking a 50/50 scenario in decisions or wagers.^[50]^[4]^[53] Collocations with "chance" further refine its nuances in probabilistic or opportunistic contexts. "Slim chance" underscores a minimal probability of success, often used to temper expectations. "Fighting chance" portrays a precarious but attainable opportunity that requires effort to realize, and "stand a chance" evaluates whether something has any realistic prospect of prevailing against odds. These pairings emphasize chance's evaluative role in assessing viability.^[54]^[55] Culturally, expressions involving "chance" reflect dual connotations in English-speaking societies, balancing optimism and caution. Positive associations appear in phrases like "second chance," which symbolizes redemption or renewed possibility, fostering themes of growth and forgiveness in narratives and advice. Negatively, "game of chance" links to gambling and inherent risks, evoking uncertainty and potential loss in recreational or financial pursuits.^[4]^[50]

Etymology and Word Origins

The word "chance" entered the English language in the 13th century as "cha(u)nce," borrowed from Old French "cheance" or "chance," which denoted the "falling" of dice in gambling contexts.^[56] This Old French term derives from Vulgar Latin *cadentia, meaning "that which falls out," ultimately tracing back to the Latin verb cadere, "to fall."^[4] The Proto-Indo-European root *kad-, meaning "to fall," underpins this lineage, reflecting a conceptual link to unexpected occurrences akin to a fall or drop.^[57] Semantically, "chance" evolved from its literal sense of a physical fall—particularly in dice throws during medieval European gambling—to signify "what falls out" as an outcome, extending to notions of fortune, luck, or unforeseen events by around 1300.^[56] This shift was heavily influenced by the cultural prominence of games of chance in medieval Europe, where the unpredictable fall of dice symbolized variability and absence of deterministic cause.^[58] By the 14th century, the term had broadened to encompass opportunity and randomness, diverging from its original mechanical connotation.^[56] Related English words share this Latin root cadere, illustrating broader semantic fields of descent or occurrence. For instance, "cadence" refers to rhythmic flow, evoking the measured falling of sounds or steps, entering English in the late 14th century via Old Italian cadenza.^[59] "Incident" stems from Latin incidere ("to fall into" or "upon"), denoting events that befall someone, while "decay" arises from de + cadere ("to fall down" or "apart"), implying gradual deterioration.^[60] These connections highlight how cadere extended metaphorically from physical motion to processes of happening or decline.^[61] Cross-linguistically, cognates of "chance" appear in Romance languages, such as Italian cadenza (a musical falling or close) and Spanish caída (a fall), both directly from cadere.^[60] In contrast, the related concept of "fortune" derives from Latin fortuna, rooted in fors ("luck" or "chance") and linked to ferre ("to bear"), emphasizing fate borne by external forces rather than a literal fall.^[62] In modern usage, "chance" rose as a given name in the 19th century, primarily in English-speaking contexts, where it evokes "luck" or "good fortune" independently of its etymological origins, often as a diminutive of Chauncey.^[63] This development reflects a shift toward virtue-inspired naming, with popularity surging in the 20th century.^[64]

Geographical Places

In the United States

Chance, Maryland, is a census-designated place (CDP) in Somerset County on the state's Lower Eastern Shore, serving as a small rural fishing community along the Chesapeake Bay. Established as a hub for watermen, its economy has historically centered on oystering, crabbing, and seafood harvesting, with residents navigating the bay's tidal waters for generations.^[65] According to the 2000 United States Census, the population stood at 377, reflecting a tight-knit, predominantly White demographic in a sparsely populated area of about 0.91 square miles.^[66] By 2010, the count had declined slightly to 353, and the 2020 census reported 330 residents.^[67]^[68] This ongoing decline underscores challenges like coastal erosion and shifting fisheries in the region. In Essex County, Virginia, Chance refers to an unincorporated community in the northern part of the county, near the Rappahannock River and U.S. Route 17. This rural locale is historically tied to colonial-era agriculture and plantation life, with limited modern development. A key landmark is Glencairn, an 18th-century brick-nogged frame manor house built around 1730, which served as a residence for prominent local families.^[69] The property, spanning open fields and featuring period outbuildings, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1979, for its architectural and historical value in illustrating Tidewater Virginia's agrarian past.^[70] Chance, Texas, is a small, unincorporated rural community in Hardin County in East Texas, near Beaumont. Locally known as Chance in honor of an early pioneer family that settled the area, it originated as a sawmill site and emerged amid oil exploration in the early 20th century. The community is closely associated with the Ariola oil field, where the first productive well was drilled in 1932, followed by two more that initiated modest extraction operations and supported local economies.^[71] This development exemplified the transformative impact of petroleum discovery on remote Texas outposts, though Chance remains sparsely populated today with no formal municipal government. Beyond these, several minor U.S. locales bear the name Chance, contributing to a total of approximately eight such places nationwide, most of which are rural and unincorporated. Examples include Chance in Clarke County, Alabama, a small populated place with historical ties to the Black Belt region's farming heritage;^[72] and Chance in Adair County, Kentucky, an obscure unincorporated community where a post office operated briefly from 1904 to 1918.^[73] These sites, often documented only in geographic surveys, underscore the name's occasional use for modest settlements without significant urban development.

Elsewhere

Geographical places named Chance outside the United States are exceedingly rare, with global databases identifying only about 9 exact matches worldwide (8 in the U.S. and 1 in France), though variants and related names appear sparingly. This scarcity reflects the name's primary association with English-speaking North American contexts, where it often denotes small, unincorporated communities or historical settlements tied to themes of opportunity or mining prospects. No major cities or urban centers bear the name internationally, underscoring its limited adoption beyond American borders. In France, Chancé (a variant spelling) represents a singular European example, serving as a former commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany until its merger into the larger commune of Piré-Chancé on January 1, 2019, as a delegated commune. Located in northwestern France, the area features rural landscapes typical of the region, with a population historically under 1,000 residents prior to the administrative change. Canada hosts one of the few non-U.S. instances incorporating "Chance" as part of the name: the town of Come By Chance in Newfoundland and Labrador, positioned on the isthmus of the Avalon Peninsula at the head of Placentia Bay. Incorporated in 1961 with a 2021 population of 208, the town's name—first documented as "Comby Chance" in 1706—likely stems from the chance discovery of its sheltered harbor by early explorers, evolving from its original designation as Passage Harbour in 1612. The community gained economic significance in the 1970s with the establishment of an oil refinery, now operated by North Atlantic Refining Limited, transforming it from a quiet fishing outpost into an industrial hub. In the United Kingdom, Chance Hall Farm in Cheshire, England, stands as a notable rural property related to the name, a 550-acre dairy operation near Congleton known for its ProCROSS herd and sustainable practices, though it functions more as a working farmstead than a populated settlement.

Notable People

Given Name

Chance the Rapper, born Chancelor Johnathan Bennett on April 16, 1993, in Chicago, Illinois, is a prominent Grammy-winning rapper known for his independent releases and socially conscious lyrics.^[74] His breakthrough mixtape Acid Rap was released in 2013, blending introspective storytelling with jazz and gospel influences, while his 2016 mixtape Coloring Book became the first streaming-only project to win a Grammy, earning Best Rap Album along with Best New Artist and Best Rap Performance for the track "No Problem" at the 2017 ceremony.^[75]^[76]^[77] In 2025, he released his second studio album, Star Line, on August 15.) Beyond music, Bennett has been a vocal advocate for Chicago's education system, donating $1 million personally and securing another $1.2 million through partnerships, including with the Chicago Bulls, to support public schools facing budget shortfalls in 2017.^[78]^[79] Chance Sutton, born September 2, 1996, rose to fame as a YouTube star and actor through comedic sketches and viral challenges on Vine and YouTube, amassing over 2.6 million subscribers on his collaborative channel Chance and Anthony by 2023, often featuring collaborations with the Team 10 collective.^[80] His acting credits include roles in the 2016 film Mono and the 2018 short All Night, showcasing his transition from social media to on-screen performances.^[81] Chance Perez, born November 10, 1997, gained early recognition as a pop-R&B singer after competing on season three of The X Factor in 2013, where his covers of songs like "Use Somebody" highlighted his vocal range. He later released his debut EP First Chance in 2020, featuring tracks that blend contemporary R&B with personal themes of perseverance. He gained further recognition for his role as Javi Garcia, the Green Ranger, in the Power Rangers series Dino Fury (2021) and Cosmic Fury (2023).^[82]^[83] Other notable figures include Chance Hurstfield, born in 2001, a Canadian actor who portrayed Phil in the Netflix series A Series of Unfortunate Events (2017–2019), earning acclaim for his role in the adaptation of Lemony Snicket's novels. As a given name, Chance functions as a modern virtue name evoking "luck" or "fortune," derived from the English word ultimately tracing to Latin cadens ("falling"). Its popularity among U.S. boys has risen since the 1980s, peaking in the 2000s at #236 in 2009 with 1,820 annual uses, before stabilizing in the top 500, ranked #418 in 2024 with 757 uses, per Social Security Administration data.^[84]^[85]^[86]

Surname

The surname Chance originates from Middle English "chea(u)nce," denoting fortune, luck, or mischance, derived from the Old French word "chance."^[87] In the United States, approximately 14,300 individuals bore the surname based on 2010 Census data, with estimates around 16,000 in recent years, and the highest concentrations in Texas, Georgia, and Florida.^[88]^[89] Frank Chance (1877–1924) was an American professional baseball player and manager, elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946.^[90] As a first baseman for the Chicago Cubs from 1903 to 1912, he formed the legendary "Tinker to Evers to Chance" double-play infield with shortstop Joe Tinker and second baseman Johnny Evers, immortalized in a 1910 poem by Franklin P. Adams.^[90] Chance also managed the Cubs to four National League pennants (1906–1908, 1910) and two World Series appearances (1906, 1907), compiling a career managerial record of 946–648. Dean Chance (1940–2015) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher renowned for his 1964 season with the Los Angeles Angels.^[91] He won the American League Cy Young Award that year with a 20–9 record, a 1.65 ERA, and 11 shutouts, leading the league in the latter category; he also pitched a no-hitter against the Boston Red Sox on August 21.^[92] Over his 11-year career with teams including the Angels, Minnesota Twins, and Detroit Tigers, Chance recorded 128 wins and a 2.92 ERA, earning three All-Star selections.^[93] Michael Chance (born March 7, 1955) is an English countertenor acclaimed for his interpretations of Baroque repertoire, particularly works by Handel and Purcell.^[94] He has performed with major ensembles such as the Academy of Ancient Music and the English Baroque Soloists, and recorded over 150 albums, including Handel's Messiah under conductors like Trevor Pinnock and Sir Neville Marriner.^[95] Chance received a Grammy Award in 1993 for Best Opera Recording for his role in Handel's Semele with the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra under John Nelson.^[94] Members of the Chance family, notably through the industrial firm Chance Brothers founded in 1821, were prominent British industrialists specializing in lighthouse optics.^[96] James Timmins Chance (1814–1902), a key figure in the company, pioneered advancements in Fresnel lens technology, including the integration of lamps within lens cages to amplify light output and the development of rotating optical systems for enhanced visibility; by the late 19th century, Chance Brothers supplied lenses for over 400 lighthouses worldwide. Samuel Chance (c. 1790–after 1835) was an early Texas settler and one of Stephen F. Austin's Old Three Hundred colonists.^[97] Born in Georgia, he received a land grant of one sitio (approximately 4,428 acres) in what became Brazoria County on July 27, 1824, where he farmed and raised stock.^[97] Chance participated in early Texas colonization efforts, contributing to the Anglo-American settlement under Mexican rule before the Texas Revolution.^[97]

Arts and Entertainment

Film and Television

In film, "Chance" (2002) is an independent dark comedy directed by and starring Amber Benson, who also wrote and produced the project. The story follows the titular character, a young woman grappling with personal relationships, family dynamics, and self-discovery through a series of romantic misadventures and introspective flashbacks.^[98] The film features a non-linear narrative and co-stars James Marsters as Chance's friend Simon, emphasizing themes of coincidence and emotional vulnerability in everyday life.^[99] A prominent example of a character named Chance in cinema is the 1979 satirical drama Being There, directed by Hal Ashby and based on Jerzy Kosiński's novel. Peter Sellers portrays Chauncey "Chance" Gardiner, a naive gardener isolated from the world who, after being thrust into high society, unwittingly becomes a media darling and advisor to political figures due to misinterpretations of his simple observations about gardening as metaphors for economics and society.^[100] The film critiques American media, politics, and celebrity culture, earning Sellers an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and the picture a Palme d'Or at Cannes.^[101] On television, Chance (2016–2017) is a psychological thriller series created by Alexandra Cunningham and Kem Nunn, adapted from Nunn's novel Chance. Airing on Hulu for two seasons, it stars Hugh Laurie as Dr. Eldon Chance, a San Francisco forensic neuropsychiatrist whose routine life unravels when he encounters a patient claiming spousal abuse, pulling him into a web of trauma, mental illness, police corruption, and conspiracy.^[102] The series explores the blurred lines between perception and reality, with Laurie delivering a nuanced performance as a man confronting his own ethical dilemmas.^[103] Notable television episodes incorporate "chance" as a plot device or title element to drive narrative twists. In The Simpsons Season 4 episode "Last Exit to Springfield" (1993), written by Dan Greaney, Homer Simpson is unexpectedly elected president of the nuclear plant's union during a random nomination process, sparking a strike centered on dental plan benefits after Lisa reveals she needs braces for her malocclusion. This chance occurrence highlights themes of accidental leadership and family priorities amid labor disputes. Similarly, Breaking Bad frequently weaves chance encounters into its storytelling to underscore fate's role in moral descent; for instance, Walter White's serendipitous meetings with figures like Gus Fring propel his transformation from teacher to drug lord, as analyzed in discussions of the series' narrative reliance on unpredictable events to explore power and consequence.^[104] The motif of serendipity and the unpredictability of chance recurs across film and television as a lens for examining human agency versus randomness. A quintessential illustration appears in Forrest Gump (1994), directed by Robert Zemeckis, where the protagonist's mother, played by Sally Field, imparts the line: "Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get," symbolizing how unforeseen events shape destiny in the film's episodic journey through American history. This theme echoes in various works, portraying chance not merely as luck but as a catalyst for growth, satire, or tragedy.

Music

Chance the Rapper, born Chancelor Jonathan Bennett in 1993, is an American rapper, singer, and record producer known for his independent releases and integration of gospel, soul, and hip-hop elements. His breakthrough mixtape Acid Rap (2013) features introspective tracks exploring youth, addiction, and Chicago life, earning critical acclaim for its raw lyricism and jazz-infused production. Subsequent works include the Grammy-winning Coloring Book (2016), a streaming-only album blending positive messages with collaborations from artists like Kanye West and Kirk Franklin, highlighted by the hit single "No Problem," which critiques industry pressures and peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100. His discography also encompasses The Big Day (2019), a family-themed album, and STAR LINE (2025), reflecting personal growth and cultural commentary through eclectic tracks like "Buried Alive Interlude."^[105] SocialWorks, a Chicago-based nonprofit founded by Chance the Rapper in 2016 alongside Justin Cunningham and Kenya Butler, supports youth empowerment through arts, education, and community programs, including music initiatives like the New Chance Fund for school grants. The organization has distributed over $12 million in grants to the Chicagoland community since 2016, including over $5.1 million to Chicago Public Schools via initiatives like the New Chance Fund, impacting over 50,000 students as of 2025.^[106]^[107] It has partnered with entities such as the NHL for youth mental health and arts outreach. Other musical acts bearing the name "Chance" include James Chance and the Contortions, a pioneering no wave band formed in 1977 in New York City, blending punk, funk, and free jazz with chaotic energy on albums like Buy (1979), influencing the post-punk scene.^[108] In indie rock, the band Forever Young released the self-titled album The Chance in 2010 via I For Us Records, featuring upbeat tracks like "Keep It Posi" that draw on hardcore and electronic influences.^[109] Notable songs titled or themed around "chance" span genres and eras. ABBA's "Take a Chance on Me" (1977), from the album ABBA: The Album, is a disco-pop anthem written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, reaching number one in several countries and emphasizing romantic opportunity with its infectious chorus and handclap rhythm.^[110] Earlier, Zion I's track "One Chance" from the album True & Livin' (2003) delivers conscious hip-hop verses on seizing opportunities, produced by AmpLive with a laid-back West Coast vibe.^[111] Aleatory music, or chance music, incorporates randomness into composition or performance, pioneered by John Cage in works like Music of Changes (1951), where the I Ching determined note structures to eliminate composer bias and embrace unpredictability. This approach influenced subsequent pieces such as Earle Brown's December 1952 (1952), using graphic scores that allow performers interpretive freedom, highlighting "chance" as a core aesthetic in 20th-century experimental music.^[112]

Literature and Other Forms

In literature, the concept of chance often manifests as pivotal coincidences that drive plot and character development. Joseph Conrad's novel Chance, published in 1913, exemplifies this through its maritime narrative, where the protagonist Flora de Barral navigates the aftermath of her father's financial ruin, encountering opportunities and reversals shaped by unpredictable events at sea.^[113] The story, framed by multiple narrators including Marlow, explores chance as both a force enabling human agency and an indifferent arbiter of fate, marking a departure from Conrad's earlier tragic works toward themes of redemption.^[113] More contemporary examples include Karen Kingsbury's The Chance (2013), a romance novel centered on childhood sweethearts Ellie Tucker and Nolan Cook, whose lives diverge due to unforeseen circumstances but converge years later through a promised reunion, highlighting faith and second opportunities.^[114] The narrative uses a single serendipitous encounter to rekindle their bond, emphasizing emotional healing amid loss.^[115] In theater, Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (first performed in 1966) reimagines Shakespeare's Hamlet from the perspective of its minor characters, incorporating chance through recurring coin flips that always land heads, symbolizing determinism over randomness.^[116] The play delves into existential themes of free will versus predestination, with the protagonists' futile attempts to assert control underscoring chance's illusory nature within a scripted world.^[116] Beyond prose and drama, chance influences visual arts and sequential storytelling. In Dada and Surrealism, artists employed chance operations to bypass conscious control and access the unconscious; Max Ernst pioneered frottage in the 1920s, rubbing graphite over textured surfaces to generate random patterns that informed paintings like those in Histoire Naturelle, evoking dreamlike imagery through serendipitous marks.^[117] This technique aligned with Surrealist automatism, where unintended results from physical processes mirrored objective chance, as theorized by André Breton.^[117] In comics, the 1990s series Leave It to Chance (1996–1999, Image Comics), written by James Robinson and illustrated by Paul Smith, follows teenage protagonist Chance Falconer as she tackles supernatural threats in a coastal town, often propelled by fortuitous discoveries and alliances. The story integrates chance as a narrative catalyst, with the heroine's impulsive decisions leading to pivotal, improbable resolutions in her paranormal adventures.^[118] Narratives across these forms frequently adhere to conventions limiting coincidences to maintain plausibility; a common rule in fiction writing posits that only one major chance event should anchor the plot, preventing contrived resolutions and preserving tension through causality elsewhere.^[119] This restraint, observed from classical to modern works, ensures coincidences serve thematic depth rather than deus ex machina expediency.^[120]

Other Uses

Games and Gambling

In games and gambling, chance serves as a core mechanic that introduces unpredictability, distinguishing pure luck-based activities from those incorporating skill. Gambling games often exemplify this, with outcomes determined primarily by random events such as dice rolls or card draws, creating excitement through uncertainty.^[121] Roulette represents a quintessential game of pure chance, where players bet on a ball landing on a numbered pocket of a spinning wheel. In the American version, featuring 38 pockets including a double zero, the house edge stands at 5.26% across most bets, ensuring the casino's long-term advantage regardless of player strategy.^[122] Craps, by contrast, blends chance with elements of skill in bet selection, as players wager on the outcomes of dice rolls by a "shooter." The pass line bet, one of the most favorable, carries a house edge of approximately 1.41%, though taking "odds" bets can reduce the effective edge to near zero on certain points.^[123] Board games frequently incorporate chance to simulate real-world randomness and drive narrative progression. In Monopoly, the Chance cards—16 orange cards drawn when landing on designated spaces—trigger random events that can alter players' fortunes dramatically. For instance, the card "Bank error in your favor. Collect $200" provides an unexpected windfall, while others impose penalties like fines or property repairs, emphasizing luck's role in resource allocation.^[124] Card games like poker highlight probabilistic chance within a skill framework, where players calculate odds based on hidden information. In five-card draw poker, the probability of being dealt a royal flush—the highest hand, consisting of ace through ten of the same suit—is precisely 1 in 649,740, underscoring the rarity of such fortunate draws. Solitaire variants, such as Klondike, rely heavily on chance through the initial random deal of 52 cards into tableau, stock, and waste piles; approximately 80% of deals are theoretically winnable with perfect play, but the hidden cards introduce significant luck in uncovering sequences.^[125]^[126] Video games employ random number generators (RNGs) to manage chance in loot and progression systems, fostering replayability. In the Diablo series, RNG determines item drops from defeated enemies, with rare "legendary" gear having low drop probabilities—often below 1% per encounter—creating thrilling moments of serendipity amid grinding. This mechanic, powered by pseudorandom algorithms, simulates uncertainty akin to traditional gambling.^[127] The integration of chance in games traces back to ancient civilizations, where dice facilitated early forms of gambling. In ancient Rome, tesserae (six-sided bone or ivory dice) and tali (four-sided knucklebones) were used in popular games despite legal restrictions outside festivals like Saturnalia; players bet on rolls, with tesserae enabling bets on specific numbers or sums. Modern lotteries extend this tradition on a massive scale, as seen in Powerball, where the jackpot odds are 1 in 292,201,338 due to selecting five numbers from 69 plus one from 26, amplifying chance's allure through enormous stakes.^[128]^[129]

Brands and Miscellaneous

The Chanel Chance perfume line, launched in September 2002, is a series of floral fragrances for women created by perfumer Jacques Polge, embodying themes of luck and joyful spontaneity through notes like pink pepper, jasmine, and white musk in its original Eau de Toilette variant.^[130] Subsequent iterations, such as Chance Eau Tendre (2010) with quince and jasmine, and Chance Eau Fraîche (2007) featuring lemon and teak wood, expand the collection while maintaining its fresh, citrus-floral profile symbolizing serendipitous encounters.^[131] AB Chance, a brand under Hubbell Power Systems founded in 1907, specializes in lineman-grade tools and equipment for electrical utility construction and maintenance, including hot sticks, grounding clamps, and fiberglass products designed for high-voltage safety.^[132] These tools, such as the C600-0197 utility ground clamp with a 5H rating for secure conductor attachment, have become industry standards for transmission and distribution line work due to their durability and compliance with safety protocols.^[133] The Doctrine of Chances, published in 1718 by Abraham de Moivre, is a foundational text in probability theory, expanding on his earlier 1711 paper "De mensura sortis" to detail methods for calculating odds in games of chance and annuities, spanning 175 pages in its first edition printed by W. Pearson.^[134] Later editions in 1738 and 1756 incorporated binomial expansions and approximations now known as the de Moivre-Laplace theorem, influencing actuarial science and statistics.^[135] In the arts, chance operations refer to compositional techniques using random processes to eliminate authorial intent, prominently employed by John Cage in his 1951 piano work Music of Changes, where the I Ching oracle determined structural elements like durations, densities, and sound parameters from pre-composed materials.^[136] This approach, first explored in Cage's Imaginary Landscape No. 4 earlier that year, extended to visual and performance arts, promoting indeterminacy as a means to experience unpredictability akin to natural phenomena.^[137] Medically, a Chance fracture denotes a flexion-distraction injury to the thoracolumbar spine, typically at L1-L2, involving transverse disruption of the vertebral body and posterior elements, often resulting from high-energy trauma like motor vehicle accidents with lap-belt restraint causing the "seatbelt sign."^[138] First described in 1948 by George Quentin Chance, this unstable fracture requires surgical stabilization in about 50% of cases to prevent neurological deficits, with associated intra-abdominal injuries in up to 50% of patients.^[139] In legal contexts, the doctrine of chances permits the admission of evidence showing a defendant's repeated involvement in similar improbable events—such as multiple deaths of spouses—to rebut claims of coincidence and support inferences of criminal intent without relying on propensity.^[140] Originating from English common law cases like R v. Smith (1915), it has been applied in U.S. jurisprudence under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) to objectively demonstrate low statistical probability of innocent recurrence, as analyzed in scholarly reviews emphasizing its distinction from character evidence.^[141] The Chance Vought Aircraft Company, founded in 1917 by aeronautical engineer Chance M. Vought on [Long Island](/page/Long Island), New York, pioneered naval aircraft design, producing early biplanes like the VE-7 trainer and later icons such as the F4U Corsair fighter during World War II.^[142] Evolving through mergers—including with United Aircraft in 1929 and Sikorsky in 1939—the firm contributed to over 90 years of aerospace innovation before integrating into Ling-Temco-Vought in 1961 and eventually Lockheed Martin.^[143]

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a possibility or probability of anything happening. a fifty-percent chance of success. Synonyms: contingency. an opportune or favorable time; opportunity.By chance · Fat chance · Fighting chance · Sporting chance
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CHANCE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
### Summary of "Chance" from Collins Dictionary
[50]
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Synonyms: accident, happenstance, fortune, luck, destiny, fate, providence. Antonyms: plan, design, intent, intention, premeditation.
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a chance to spread (one's) wings · a dog's chance · a fighting chance · a one in a million chance · a one-in-a-million chance · a snowball's chance in ...
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30 English collocations with CHANCE
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Collocations with CHANCE | Collins English Dictionary
chance encounter His academic career had been undistinguished, and he was playing for a local club when a chance encounter changed his life.
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Chance - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Old French "cheance" (12th c.) and Latin "cadentia," chance means an unexpected event, occurrence, or fortune, often unforeseen and beyond ...
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The History of Chance - The Information Philosopher
Chance is often defined as the opposite of Necessity. The English word derives from the Latin cadere - to fall, especially cadens a fall, falling.
[57]
Cadence - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating in the late 14th century from French and Old Italian "cadenza," cadence means the rhythmic flow in music or prose, derived from Latin "cadere" ...Cadence(n.) · Cadence(v.) · Entries Linking To Cadence
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*kad- - Etymology and Meaning of the Root
Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to fall." It might form all or part of: accident; cadaver; cadence; caducous; cascade; case (n.1); casual; casualty; casuist ...
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Decay - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Late 15c. origin from Anglo-French and Vulgar Latin *decadere* ("to fall off"). Meaning: to decline, deteriorate, or lose strength and value gradually.Decay(v.) · Decay(n.) · Entries Linking To Decay
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Fortune - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating c.1300 from Old French and Latin fortuna, meaning chance or luck, this word derives from PIE root *bher- implying "to carry," linking to fate or ...
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Meaning, origin and history of the name Chance
Originally a diminutive of Chauncey. It is now usually given in reference to the English word chance meaning "luck, fortune" (ultimately derived from Latin ...
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Chance : Meaning and Origin of First Name - Ancestry
The name Chance, originated from English etymology, holds the meaning of Fortune or luck. It is believed to have emerged during the medieval era, ...
[63]
[PDF] Chesapeake Quarterly
Horseman, who has lived his whole life in the small commu- nity of Chance on Maryland's lower Eastern Shore, will fish for ... Chesapeake Bay History and Culture,.
[64]
[PDF] Maryland: 2000 - Census.gov
... 2000 and histori- cal comparisons of the 100-percent population and housing unit counts. It provides land and water area measurements, and population density.
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[PDF] Maryland: 2010 - Census.gov
... Somerset County................................................ 26,470. 36.5 ... Chance CDP.............................................. 353. 51.1. 15. 37.
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[PDF] NAME. . % - Virginia Department of Historic Resources
Glencairn, a long, story-and-a-half, brick-nogged frame building erected in the. 18th century, is set in a flat, open field adjacent to Route 17 in northern ...Missing: 1979 | Show results with:1979
[67]
Glencairn – DHR - Virginia Department of Historic Resources
May 14, 1979 · The informal old manor house of Glencairn, a landmark to passing motorists on nearby U.S. Highway 17 in the Occupacia-Rappahannock Rural ...Missing: Chance plantation
[68]
Ariola, TX - Texas State Historical Association
Nov 1, 1994 · In 1932 the first of three oil wells in the Ariola field was brought in. ... Local residents call the community Chance, in honor of a pioneer ...Missing: Jeff Davis
[69]
Chance Populated Place Profile / Clarke County, Alabama Data
Chance is a populated place located in Clarke County at latitude 31.749 and longitude -87.532. Chance appears on the Chance US Geological Survey Map.
[70]
Chance, Kentucky
Chance was an Adair county community about 10 miles south of Columbia. The origin of the name is obscure. The Chance post office opened in 1904 and closed in ...
[71]
Chance the Rapper | Artist - GRAMMY.com
Born Chancelor Johnathan Bennett on April 16, 1993, in Chicago, Illinois. Following the release of two mixtapes, Chance The Rapper's third mixtape, ...Missing: birthdate | Show results with:birthdate
[72]
Chance The Rapper: 'Coloring Book' & Adulting Journey - Billboard
May 13, 2016 · From his little-known 2012 mixtape 10 Day to the beloved 2013 'tape Acid Rap to the release of last night's (May 13) long-awaited 14-track ...
[73]
Chance The Rapper Releases New Mixtape 'Coloring Book'
May 13, 2016 · Chance the Rapper released his new mixtape, Coloring Book, on Thursday. It includes the “No Problem” track he released earlier on the day he ...
[74]
GRAMMY Rewind: Chance The Rapper Highlights Faith And ...
Chance the Rapper holds his GRAMMY Award after winning Best New Artist in 2017. Photo: The Recording Academy.New Music Friday: Listen To... · Chance The Rapper's Road To... · Gratitude Playlist: 20 Songs...Missing: birthdate | Show results with:birthdate
[75]
Chance the Rapper Donates $1 Million to Chicago's Public Schools
Mar 7, 2017 · Chance the Rapper has donated $1 million to Chicago's public school system, stoking a long-running debate about the city's education system ...
[76]
Chance the Rapper announces $1 million donation from Chicago ...
Mar 31, 2017 · Chance the Rapper and Chicago Bulls President Michael Reinsdorf announced Friday that the basketball team has donated $1 million to the city's financially ...
[77]
Chance Sutton - IMDb
Chance Sutton. Actor: All Night. Chance Sutton is known for All Night (2018), Mono (2016) and Jake Paul: Team 10 Tour Minnesota (2018).
[78]
Chance Perez - Age, Family, Bio | Famous Birthdays
Born on November 10 #26 · First Name Chance #3 Born in Seal Beach, CA #1 · 27 Year Old Scorpio #33 Last Name Perez #12. Chance Perez Is A Member Of. Boy ...
[79]
Chance - Baby Names 1000
Chance: Statistics About The Baby Name Chance ; 1981, 619, 189, 0.0102%, * ; 1980, 606, 206, 0.0111%, * ; 1979, 510, 269, 0.0150%, * ...
[80]
Popular Baby Names | SSA - Social Security
Name rankings may include: Percent of total births. Number of births. Popularity of a Name. See How the Popularity of a Name has Changed Over Time! Name: Years ...Popular Names by State · Decade · Change in Popularity · Top 5 namesMissing: 1980s | Show results with:1980s
[81]
Chance Name Meaning and Chance Family History at FamilySearch
Chance Name Meaning. English (West Midlands): from Middle English chea(u)nce 'fortune, luck; accident, mischance ...
[82]
Chance Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
The last name Chance is the 13,002nd most widespread family name world-wide, borne by around 1 in 168,908 people. It occurs mostly in The Americas, where 50 ...
[83]
Frank Chance – Society for American Baseball Research - SABR.org
Jan 4, 2012 · Frank Chance made his mark as the Cubs' player-manager from 1905 through 1912 as part of the “Tinker-to-Evers-to-Chance” double play infield.
[84]
Dean Chance Stats, Age, Position, Height, Weight, Fantasy & News
MLB Cy Young. Year, Team, League. 1964, Los Angeles Angels, AL. Twins Joseph W. Haynes Pitcher of the Year Award. Year, Team, League. 1967, Minnesota Twins, AL.
[85]
Dean Chance Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie Status & More
Dean Chance. Position: Pitcher. Bats: Right • Throws: Right. 6-3, 200lb (190cm, 90kg). Born: June 1, 1941 in Wooster, OH us.
[86]
Angels hall of famer Dean Chance dies - ESPN
Oct 11, 2015 · In 1964, Chance went 20-9 with a 1.65 ERA for the Angels and won the Cy Young; from 1956 to 1966, only one pitcher in the majors won the award ...
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Biography | Michael Chance Countertenor
He received a Grammy award for his participation in Handel's Semele for Deutsche Grammophon with John Nelson and Kathleen Battle. He has recorded frequently ...
[88]
Recordings | Handel: Messiah - Michael Chance Countertenor
Handel: Messiah ; CD (1988). ARCHIV Produktion ; Tags: Baroque ; Composer: George Frideric Handel ; Conductor: Trevor Pinnock ; Performers: Arleen Auger Anne Sofie ...Missing: singer Grammy 1992
[89]
Chance Brothers and Co - Graces Guide
Jul 29, 2025 · Chance Brothers and Co became a major lighthouse engineering company, producing optical components, machinery, and other equipment for ...
[90]
Chance, Samuel - Texas State Historical Association
Sep 18, 2019 · Samuel Chance, born in Georgia around 1790, was a pioneer of Texas colonization, one of Stephen F. Austin's Old Three Hundred, and a farmer and ...
[91]
Chance (2002) - IMDb
Rating 6.8/10 (1,291) Chance is a dark comedy about a chapter in the life of a young woman searching to find herself. It stars Amber Benson and James Marsters as Chance and Simon ...Missing: Canadian addiction
[92]
Chance | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 77% (52) Chance (2002) is a comedy about a young woman dealing with life and family problems. It has a 77% Tomatometer score. Some audience reviews praise the ...
[93]
Being There (1979) - IMDb
Rating 7.9/10 (81,746) The plot is quite simple with Sellers playing the main character, Chance (or "Chauncey") Gardener, who becomes homeless, when the master of the house he lived ...Plot · Full cast & crew · Peter Sellers as Chance · Trivia
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Being There movie review & film summary (1979) | Roger Ebert
Rating 4/4 · Review by Roger EbertSellers plays Chance as a man at peace with himself. When the old man dies, the household is broken up and Chance is evicted, there is a famous scene where he ...
[95]
Chance (TV Series 2016–2017) - IMDb
Rating 7.5/10 (11,382) A forensic neuro-psychiatrist reluctantly enters a dangerous and violent world of mistaken identity, police corruption and mental illness.Full cast & crew · Episode list · User reviews · Chance
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Chance | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 75% (32) This provocative thriller follows Dr. Eldon Chance ("House" star Hugh Laurie), a San Francisco-based forensic neuropsychiatrist who has some skeletons in his ...Season 1 · Season 2 · Cast and Crew
[97]
The Role of Chance and Fate in Breaking Bad's Narrative
Feb 1, 2025 · Chance and fate play a crucial role in Breaking Bad's exploration of power dynamics and moral decay. The unpredictable nature of events in the ...
[98]
STAR LINE - Album by Chance the Rapper - Apple Music
Aug 15, 2025 · Listen to STAR LINE by Chance the Rapper on Apple Music. 2025. 17 Songs. Duration: 1 hour 7 minutes.
[99]
About SocialWorks - Chicago's Youth Charity
SocialWorks is the Chicago charity of Chance the Rapper, supporting youth and those experiencing homelessness. Learn More about our organization here.
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https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078841/
[101]
The Chance | Forever Young - I For Us Records - Bandcamp
Free deliveryThe Chance by Forever Young, released 12 May 2010 1. Forever Young II 2. Keep It Posi 3. Bigger Than Hardcore 4. 090 5. Time Is Running Out 6.
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ABBA – Take a Chance on Me Lyrics - Genius
Take a chance on me, that's all I ask of you honey. Take a chance on me. [Verse 1: Agnetha & Frida, Benny & Björn] We can go dancing, we can go walking As long ...
[103]
Zion I - True & Livin' Lyrics and Tracklist - Genius
True & Livin' Tracklist ; Luv · 664 ; I Need Mo · 308 ; Rockin' · 153 ; One Chance · 992.
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Aleatory Composition, Chance Music, Improvisation | Britannica
Oct 10, 2025 · Aleatory music, (aleatory from Latin alea, “dice”), 20th-century music in which chance or indeterminate elements are left for the performer to realize.
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Chance – Modernism Lab - Joseph Conrad - Yale University
“Chance” hovers between referring to an opportunity for human will and activity, and an indifferent force which can reverse the significance of human action.Missing: analysis | Show results with:analysis
[106]
The Chance - Karen Kingsbury
The Chance is a heartwarming story about childhood friends, broken lives, and a long ago promise that just might offer the hope of love for today.
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The Chance by Karen Kingsbury - Goodreads
Rating 4.2 (15,907) Mar 5, 2013 · A heartwarming story about childhood friends, broken lives, and a long-ago promise that just might offer the hope of love for today.
[108]
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead | play by Stoppard
Oct 31, 2025 · Stoppard's play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1964–65) was performed at the Edinburgh Festival in 1966. That same year his only novel, ...
[109]
Becoming Machine: Surrealist Automatism and Some Contemporary ...
There is a direct connection between this work and Ernst's use of frottage and other automatic procedures in the 1920s. Between 1927 and 1928 Yves Tanguy ...
[110]
Leave It to Chance - League of Comic Geeks
Browse issues from the comic book series, Leave It to Chance, from Image Comics. Fourteen-year-old Chance Falconer has the occult in her blood.
[111]
Coincidence or Contrivance? - Reactor
Jan 16, 2009 · Most writers and editors of fiction will agree that, while a story can handle one coincidence, two is stretching matters, and three is “right out.”Missing: pivotal | Show results with:pivotal
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A Poetics of Coincidence in Narrative Fiction - Duke University Press
Sep 1, 2004 · In the major form of the traditional coincidence plot, estranged relatives meet in remarkable circumstances. In complex representations ...
[113]
How Casinos Ensure Profit: Understanding the House Edge
The house edge when playing American roulette, which uses a roulette wheel with both a zero and a double zero.2 So for every $1 million bet at the roulette ...The Casino's House Edge · Impact of the House Edge
[114]
Roulette Basics – Rules, Bets, and Game Variations Explained
Jul 1, 2025 · The house edge on all bets is 1/19, or 5.26%, except for the 0-00-1-2-3 combination, which carries a house edge of 7.89%. Double-Zero Roulette ...
[115]
How the House Edge for Each Bet is Derived - Wizard of Odds
The player's edge is the expected return divided by the initial bet. For example when betting against the line on a sporting event you have to bet $11 to win $ ...How The House Edge For Each... · Introduction · Net Gain/loss Per Session<|control11|><|separator|>
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Amazon.com: Hasbro Monopoly Card Pack (Deeds/Titles, Chance ...
Includes All 28 Deed/Title Cards; Includes All 16 Community Chest Cards; Includes All 16 Chance Cards; New Monopoly M Currency Symbol; Cards are 3 and 1/4 ...
[117]
The Probability of Being Dealt a Royal Flush in Poker - ThoughtCo
Jul 6, 2019 · A royal flush is the highest ranked hand in the card game of poker. ... 5 ) = 2,598,960 possible distinct hands. Royal Flush. A royal flush ...
[118]
We finally know the odds of winning a game of solitaire | New Scientist
Nov 17, 2019 · Renowned mathematician Irving Kaplansky once played 2000 games and… won only 36.6 per cent. Later, computers won more than 80 per cent, but ...
[119]
Is Diablo 3 loot system really RNG? [closed] - Arqade
Mar 13, 2019 · If the loot system is truly RNG, then it means that the "normal drop" will be getting better! Such as dropping Rare Items left and right!
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The Ancient Origins of Dice - JSTOR Daily
Feb 18, 2018 · To this end, some ancient Romans employed a device called a dice tower. About 7.5 inches tall, made of bone, and inscribed with elaborate ...
[121]
Powerball Prize Chart
Powerball® Odds The overall odds of winning a prize are 1 in 24.87. The odds presented here are based on a $2 play (rounded to two decimal places).
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CHANCE EAU VIVE Eau De Toilette Spray (EDT) - 1.7 FL. OZ.
In stock Rating 4.6 (40) Our Chance, Eau De Toilette Spray has notes of Pink Pepper, Jasmine and Amber Patchouli. Please know that this fragrance came out in 2002 which is when the ...
[123]
Chanel Chance, Chance Eau Tendre & Chance Eau Vive
Aug 3, 2015 · Its notes include grapefruit, quince, hyacinth, jasmine, amber, cedar, iris and white musk. Eau Tendre is a soft, sheer fragrance that smells to ...
[124]
Chance Lineman Grade Tools | Hubbell Power Systems
Chance Lineman Grade Tools offers over 10,000 products that help lineworkers build and maintain transmission and distribution lines and substations. Since 1937, ...
[125]
Chance | Hubbell Power Systems
Delivering the highest quality pole line hardware, switches, cutouts, and fuse links, anchors, foundations, hot line tools, fiberglass, and rubber products.
[126]
The doctrine of chances: or, a method of calculating the probability ...
Oct 1, 2023 · The doctrine of chances: or, a method of calculating the probability of events in play. By A. de Moivre. F. R. S. 1718 ; Publication date: 1718.
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The Doctrine of Chances - Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Abraham de Moivre. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. Online publication date: October 2014. Print publication year: 2013. Online ISBN: 9781139833783. DOI ...
[128]
Music of Changes - John Cage Complete Works
For this work, Cage employed I Ching-derived chance operations to create charts for the various parameters, i.e. tempi, dynamics, sounds and silences, durations ...
[129]
John Cage's Music Inspired by the I Ching (Book of Changes)
Jun 2, 2023 · One of the first works that he used the I Ching for was Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (March No. 2) in 1951. This work, for 24 performers at 12 ...
[130]
Chance Fracture (Flexion-Distraction Injury) - Spine - Orthobullets
Oct 12, 2025 · Chance fractures are traumatic fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine that occur via a flexion-distraction injury mechanism and are ...
[131]
Chance fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
Oct 29, 2025 · Chance fractures also referred to as seatbelt fractures, are flexion-distraction type injuries of the spine that extend to involve all three spinal columns.Chance fracture · Burst fracture · Ct · Three column concept
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[PDF] Comment: The Doctrine of Chances, Brides of the Bath and a Reply ...
Aug 24, 2014 · The 'doctrine of chances' claims to reconcile the apparent contradiction by demonstrating that admission of evidence of defendant's similar acts ...
[133]
Demystifying the Doctrine of Chances by Sean Sullivan :: SSRN
Feb 4, 2014 · Proponents of the doctrine argue that evidence of multiple unlikely events of a similar nature supports an objective, statistical inference of ...Missing: repeated | Show results with:repeated
[134]
Chance Vought Survivor Club - History
The Company traces its origin in 1917 to a small Long Island, N.Y., aircraft firm established by Chance Milton Vought, a young aeronautical engineer and ...
[135]
Vought Aircraft Industries, Inc. - Company-Histories.com
1929: Vought joins Pratt & Whitney-led United Aircraft and Transport Corporation. 1935: Chance Vought becomes part of new United Aircraft Manufacturing Company.