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Sust

Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) is a public research university located in Sylhet, Bangladesh, established in 1986 as the first specialized public university in the country dedicated to science and technology.^[1] It officially commenced academic activities on 13 February 1991, initially with three departments: Physics, Chemistry, and Economics.^[2] The university is structured around seven schools encompassing 27 departments and two institutes, offering undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across disciplines such as engineering, sciences, business, social sciences, and health sciences.^[2] As of 2023, SUST enrolls 8,596 students and employs 566 faculty members, with approximately 4,000 students from 12 affiliated medical colleges.^[2] Notable for its research emphasis, the institution houses a dedicated Research Centre and a central library with over 75,000 books and extensive digital resources, supporting advancements in areas like genetic engineering, environmental studies, and sustainable development.^[3] SUST also promotes extracurricular engagement through scholarships, cultural events, athletic programs, and social initiatives, fostering a holistic educational environment.^[1]

Geography

Location and Borders

Sust is a village in the Gojal tehsil of the Hunza District within the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan.^[4] It lies approximately 184 kilometers north of Gilgit city along the Karakoram Highway.^[4] The village sits at an elevation of 2,800 meters (9,200 feet) above sea level, positioning it in a high-altitude environment characteristic of northern Pakistan's mountainous terrain.^[4] Sust functions as the northernmost Pakistani settlement on the Karakoram Highway, serving as the final point before the international border crossing at Khunjerab Pass.^[4] This pass marks the boundary with China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, making Sust a key frontier location for cross-border connectivity.^[5] Nestled in the Hunza River valley, Sust is surrounded by the dramatic peaks of the Karakoram mountain range, which dominate the landscape with elevations exceeding 8,000 meters in nearby areas.^[4] The region features several high-altitude passes, including the prominent Khunjerab Pass at 4,693 meters, contributing to its rugged and isolated geography.^[6] The Karakoram Highway remains the primary access route to the village, facilitating its role at the edge of Pakistani territory.^[4]

Climate and Environment

Sust experiences a cold semi-arid climate, characterized by low precipitation and significant temperature variations due to its high-altitude location in the Karakoram Mountains.^[7] Winters are particularly harsh, with temperatures frequently dropping below -20°C, often reaching lows of -25°C in January, while summers remain mild, with daytime highs occasionally approaching 20°C in July and August.^[7]^[8] Annual precipitation in Sust is low, averaging 100-150 mm, with most rainfall occurring during the summer monsoon season from July to September, though amounts are limited compared to lower elevations.^[9] Heavy snowfall is common in winter, accumulating to depths that frequently block mountain passes and contribute to the region's arid conditions overall.^[7] The local environment faces significant challenges from climate change, including glacier retreat in the surrounding Karakoram range, which threatens water sources for downstream communities and ecosystems by altering meltwater flows.^[10] Sust's proximity to these sensitive high-altitude ecosystems heightens vulnerability to broader impacts like permafrost thawing and increased natural hazards.^[11] Biodiversity in the area is adapted to the harsh, high-altitude conditions, featuring sparse vegetation such as alpine meadows with hardy grasses and shrubs that thrive in short growing seasons. Wildlife includes iconic species like the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia), which preys on Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica), both inhabiting the rocky terrains and supporting the fragile ecological balance of the Karakoram.^[12]

History

Early Settlement and Regional Context

Sust emerged as a pastoralist settlement within the Gojal region of upper Hunza, where archaeological evidence indicates human activity dating back to at least 3000 BCE, reflecting early nomadic and herding practices in the high-altitude valleys of the Karakoram. The Wakhi people, known for their agro-pastoral lifestyle, began establishing permanent communities in Gojal, including Sust, through migrations from the Wakhan Corridor in present-day Afghanistan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in waves from around 1870 to 1948, supplanting earlier Kyrgyz nomads and expanding under the patronage of Hunza's rulers.^[13] These settlers adapted to the harsh terrain by developing fortified villages and irrigation systems, fostering a resilient herding economy centered on yaks and goats. Positioned along ancient trans-Pamir trade pathways, Sust held significance as a waypoint on branches of the Silk Road that connected Central Asia to South Asia, facilitating the movement of goods like salt, wool, and precious metals via caravan routes over the Khunjerab Pass.^[14] Yak caravans, essential for navigating the steep, icy passes, traversed the area, with herders using seasonal highland pastures to support cross-regional exchange between Pamir nomads and subcontinental traders; this role underscored Sust's cultural position as a cultural and economic bridge in the broader network of high-mountain mobility.^[15] As part of the historic principality of Hunza, Sust fell under the governance of local mirs who ruled from the 13th century onward, balancing autonomy with external pressures from the Dogra Empire of Kashmir, which exerted control over Gilgit-Baltistan in the mid-19th century, and intermittent nominal suzerainty from Chinese imperial authorities, particularly during the Qing dynasty when Hunza mirs provided military aid against Uyghur revolts.^[16] This regional dynamic positioned Sust within a contested frontier zone, where local mirs maintained authority over Gojal's Wakhi communities while navigating imperial rivalries. In the 19th century, during the Anglo-Russian "Great Game" for dominance in Central Asia, British surveyors and expeditions documented Sust as a critical northern outpost of Hunza, highlighting its strategic value near the Chinese border amid fears of Russian encroachment via the Pamirs. The 1891 British military campaign against Hunza-Nagar, prompted by reports of Russian influence, culminated in the occupation of frontier positions including areas around Sust, solidifying British control and redefining the region's boundaries through detailed cartographic efforts.

Modern Development and Infrastructure

Following the accession of Gilgit-Baltistan to Pakistan in early November 1947, with the Gilgit rebellion on November 1 and Hunza on November 3, after a brief period of independence from the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Sost assumed a pivotal role as a frontier outpost on Pakistan's northern border with China.^[17] This integration positioned the town, located in the Gojal region of Hunza within Gilgit-Baltistan, as a strategic buffer amid the unresolved Kashmir dispute and the geopolitical tensions of the post-partition era.^[16] Initially administered under the government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir until 1949, the area transitioned to direct federal oversight by Pakistan, underscoring Sost's importance in securing the rugged Himalayan frontier against regional rivalries.^[16] The construction of the Karakoram Highway (KKH) from 1959 to 1979, a monumental joint engineering endeavor between Pakistan and China, dramatically elevated Sost's connectivity and geopolitical significance. Spanning over 1,300 kilometers through treacherous terrain, the highway connected Sost at the Khunjerab Pass to Kashgar in China's Xinjiang region, serving as a modern conduit for the ancient Silk Road. Completed amid challenging conditions that claimed numerous lives, it symbolized the strengthening of Sino-Pakistani ties during a period of global realignments, with Pakistan seeking allies against Indian influence.^[18] The route's official opening to public traffic in 1986 further integrated Sost into broader regional networks, facilitating cross-border exchanges while highlighting the corridor's role in bilateral strategic cooperation. In the 21st century, Sost's infrastructure evolved through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), formally launched in April 2015 during Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Pakistan, which designated the town as a key entry point from China into the corridor's network.^[19] This initiative, encompassing upgrades to existing routes like the KKH, aimed to enhance overland linkages amid China's Belt and Road framework and Pakistan's efforts to bolster its northwestern defenses.^[20] Notable milestones include the establishment of the Sost Dry Port in 2004 through a public-private partnership involving local stakeholders and Chinese entities, providing a dedicated facility for border logistics.^[21] Border operations were further formalized under bilateral agreements, including the 1963 Sino-Pakistani Boundary Agreement that delimited the line through the Khunjerab Pass and the 1982 protocol opening the pass for regulated transit, embedding Sost within enduring diplomatic frameworks.^[22]^[23] In December 2024, the Khunjerab Pass was opened year-round for trade, enhancing connectivity and economic flows between Pakistan, China, and Central Asia.^[24] However, as of 2025, local traders have staged protests at the Sost Dry Port demanding tax exemptions and special economic zone status for Gilgit-Baltistan to address imbalances in Pakistan-China trade practices.^[25]

Economy

Trade and Border Commerce

The Sust Dry Port, situated near the Khunjerab Pass in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, commenced operations in 2004 as a vital inland facility for cross-border trade with China. It manages essential functions including customs clearance, immigration procedures, and cargo handling, serving as the primary gateway for goods transiting the Pakistan-China border. In the fiscal year 2024-25, the port achieved a record revenue collection of Rs9.5 billion in customs duties during its first two quarters (July to December 2024), with the full year totaling Rs22 billion as reported in 2025, reflecting its growing economic significance.^[26] This facility, initially developed through community efforts starting in 1999, has evolved into a hub for efficient border commerce under the oversight of Pakistan Customs. Trade volumes through the Sust border have expanded considerably over the years, mirroring the broader surge in Pakistan-China bilateral trade from less than $2 billion in 2002 to approximately $6.9 billion annually by the early 2010s. Key exports from Pakistan via this route include dry fruits, gemstones, and textiles, while major imports from China encompass machinery, electronics, garments, and spare parts. These exchanges underscore Sust's role in facilitating the movement of diverse commodities, with dry fruits and textiles representing traditional Pakistani strengths and machinery bolstering industrial needs. Border protocols at the Khunjerab Pass, which connects Sust to China's Xinjiang region, historically limited operations to the period from April 1 to November 30 annually due to severe winter snowfall. However, bilateral agreements have enabled year-round functionality since December 1, 2024, marking a milestone in regional connectivity. These protocols are reinforced by frameworks under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which promote streamlined customs procedures and infrastructure upgrades to boost cross-border commerce. The economic impact of Sust's trade activities extends to local employment generation, particularly in logistics, warehousing, and related services, supporting community-owned enterprises and livelihoods in Upper Hunza. Despite these benefits, challenges persist, including weather-induced disruptions during harsh seasons and occasional protests affecting operations, though year-round access has begun to alleviate seasonal constraints.

Tourism and Hospitality

Sust serves as a gateway to some of Pakistan's most dramatic natural landscapes, drawing tourists eager to experience the towering Karakoram mountain peaks that surround the area along the Karakoram Highway.^[27] The town's proximity to the Khunjerab Pass provides direct access to Khunjerab National Park, a high-altitude protected area renowned for its alpine meadows, glaciers, and biodiversity, where visitors can observe species such as the endangered snow leopard and Marco Polo sheep.^[28] In Upper Hunza, cultural experiences abound, including interactions with Wakhi communities known for their warm hospitality and traditional pastoral lifestyles, offering insights into local customs through homestays and community-led tours.^[4] The hospitality infrastructure in Sust supports a growing influx of adventure and eco-tourists, featuring the Sust Serena Hotel, opened in November 2025, the first five-star property in the Pakistan-China border region, which provides upscale accommodations with modern amenities amid the mountainous terrain.^[29] Complementing this are numerous guesthouses and eco-lodges scattered throughout Upper Hunza, such as family-run establishments like the Four Brothers Hotel and Tibet Motel, which emphasize sustainable practices like solar energy use and local sourcing to cater to budget-conscious explorers seeking authentic stays.^[30] These options prioritize low-impact tourism, aligning with regional efforts to preserve the fragile ecosystem while accommodating trekkers and nature enthusiasts.^[31] Tourism in Sust has expanded significantly since the inauguration of the Kashgar-Gilgit international bus service in June 2006, which was suspended for 14 years until resuming in October 2024, enhancing connectivity and boosting cross-border travel, contributing to a surge in regional visitor numbers as part of broader infrastructure improvements under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).^[32]^[33] CPEC initiatives further promote sustainable tourism by investing in eco-friendly developments, such as improved park facilities and community-based conservation programs in Khunjerab National Park, to balance economic benefits with environmental protection.^[34] Popular activities include guided trekking routes through the Karakoram trails, wildlife viewing safaris spotting Himalayan ibex and marmots, and organized border tours to the Khunjerab Pass, attracting tens of thousands of domestic and international visitors annually to this remote frontier.^[35] Road access via the Karakoram Highway facilitates these excursions, enabling seamless journeys from Gilgit to Sust.^[36]

Transport and Infrastructure

Road Network

The Karakoram Highway, designated as National Highway N-35, serves as the primary road artery connecting Sust to broader regional and international destinations, spanning approximately 1,300 kilometers from near Islamabad in Pakistan to Kashgar in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. This route passes directly through Sust, which lies about 184 kilometers northeast of Gilgit along the highway. The highway's path traverses challenging mountainous terrain, including the Khunjerab Pass at an elevation of over 4,700 meters, facilitating connectivity between Pakistan's Gilgit-Baltistan region and China.^[37]^[38]^[4] Locally, the road network from Sust extends into the surrounding Gojal Valley and links to villages in Upper Hunza, providing essential access for residents and visitors to areas like Passu and Khunjerab. These connections have been enhanced through paving and widening projects under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), particularly Phase II of the Karakoram Highway upgrades, which aim to improve road durability and capacity in Gilgit-Baltistan. Such developments have streamlined travel within the valley, reducing journey times to nearby Hunza settlements.^[39]^[40] Passenger services on these routes are primarily operated by the Northern Areas Transport Corporation (NATCO), which provides regular bus connections from Sust to Gilgit and onward to major cities like Islamabad. An international bus service linking Sust to Kashgar via the Khunjerab Pass and Tashkurgan commenced operations in the summer of 2006, running seasonally to accommodate cross-border travel. These services typically operate three times weekly during open periods, supporting tourism and regional mobility.^[41]^[42]^[43] The road network faces significant challenges from natural hazards, including frequent landslides and avalanches, which necessitate seasonal maintenance and occasional closures, particularly during winter months when heavy snowfall affects accessibility. Historically, the Khunjerab Pass was closed from late November to early April due to snow accumulation; however, since December 2024, it has operated year-round following a bilateral agreement, with enhanced engineering interventions to ensure continuous accessibility. Landslides along the Karakoram Highway near Sust and in surrounding areas, such as those in Diamer district, have historically disrupted traffic and required rapid clearance efforts by local authorities. These events underscore the need for ongoing engineering interventions.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]

Border Facilities

The border facilities at Sust center on the Sost immigration and customs checkpoint and the adjacent Sost Dry Port, which handle all cross-border movements along the Karakoram Highway. The Pakistani-side checkpoint is situated in the town of Sost, approximately 85 km south of the Khunjerab Pass itself, where travelers and goods undergo immigration processing and customs inspections before proceeding to the pass.^[49]^[4] These facilities include dedicated offices for passport stamping, luggage checks, and documentation verification, ensuring compliance with bilateral border protocols.^[50] The Sost Dry Port, located within Sost village at an elevation of about 2,800 meters, serves as Pakistan's primary inland customs terminal for China-Pakistan trade. It facilitates the clearance of imported goods, including containerized cargo, through specialized handling areas and administrative processes integrated with the immigration checkpoint.^[4]^[51] As the first formal port at the border, it supports efficient cargo movement while integrating with broader transport links along the highway.^[52] Operations at these facilities are managed by Pakistan Customs officials, who oversee daily border formalities from early morning, typically starting around 9 a.m. for outbound crossings. Historically, the Khunjerab Pass and associated checkpoints closed during winter months from late November to early April due to heavy snowfall, limiting access and trade; however, a 2024 bilateral agreement, implemented from December 1, 2024, has expanded operations to year-round functionality to support continuous connectivity.^[4]^[50]^[47]^[53] Security at the border has been significantly bolstered since the 2015 launch of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), with enhanced measures focused on preventing smuggling and fostering joint anti-narcotics efforts. This includes specialized training for Gilgit-Baltistan police in China's Xinjiang region to improve surveillance and coordination at the Khunjerab Pass facilities, alongside increased bilateral cooperation for threat mitigation along the route.^[54]^[55]

Demographics and Culture

Population and Ethnic Composition

Sust has a small population, estimated at around 1,000 residents, based on comparisons with similar villages in Gojal (2017 census data for the region), as no precise village-level figures are available. The demographic profile reflects the sparse settlement typical of high-altitude border areas, with growth influenced by limited arable land and seasonal economic factors. The ethnic composition of Sust is predominantly Wakhi, an Iranian ethnolinguistic group native to the Gojal Valley, comprising the vast majority of inhabitants. The Wakhi community adheres to Nizari Ismaili Shia Islam, which shapes their social and religious life. Small influences from the Burusho ethnic group, originating from lower Hunza regions, are present due to historical inter-valley interactions, though they remain a minority in Sust proper.^[56]^[57] Settlement patterns feature scattered villages along the Karakoram Highway, characterized by traditional stone and wooden houses built to withstand harsh alpine conditions, often incorporating local materials like apricot wood for structural support. Migration trends show significant out-movement to urban centers like Gilgit, driven by opportunities in education, trade, and services, with many households maintaining translocal ties through seasonal or permanent relocation. The Aga Khan Development Network supports demographic stability through education and health initiatives, reducing out-migration.^[56] Community governance relies on local councils through Village Organizations (VOs) and federated Local Support Organizations (LSOs), established under the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme framework and integrated with the Gilgit-Baltistan administration. These bodies, comprising elected representatives from kinship groups, handle conflict resolution, resource allocation, and development initiatives via consensus-based assemblies, supplementing formal administrative structures.

Languages and Traditions

The primary languages spoken in Sust are Wakhi, an Eastern Iranian language of the Indo-European family, and Burushaski, a language isolate. Wakhi serves as the dominant tongue for daily communication, home life, and village interactions among the majority of residents in the Gojal region, including Sust, with approximately 20,000 speakers in Gojal, comprising the majority of the region's population. Burushaski, while more prevalent in central Hunza, is used in mixed linguistic contexts in Sust, reflecting bilingualism with Wakhi and facilitating interactions across ethnic lines in the area. Both languages coexist in a multilingual environment influenced by Urdu as the national lingua franca and medium of formal education. Cultural traditions in Sust are deeply rooted in the Ismaili Muslim heritage of the Wakhi community, featuring festivals such as Navroz, which marks the Persian New Year and spring renewal with communal gatherings, feasting, and rituals blending ancient Iranian elements with Islamic observance. Traditional music plays a central role, incorporating instruments like the rubab lute, dadang drum, qufuz fiddle, and surnai horn to accompany folk songs and dances that narrate themes of love, nature, and history. Oral poetry in Wakhi, often performed during these events, preserves epic tales and folklore, emphasizing rhythmic recitation and communal storytelling as vital expressions of identity. Daily life in Sust revolves around semi-pastoral practices, where households typically manage herds of yaks for milk, transport, and wool, alongside goats for meat and dairy, with households typically managing a few yaks (around 3-4 on average) in nearby Gojal valleys like Shimshal. Handicrafts, particularly wool weaving into rugs, shawls, and garments, provide economic supplements drawn from these pastoral resources, marketed locally and beyond. The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) influences these aspects through programs in cultural preservation and economic upliftment, including heritage conservation awards and support for rural enterprises that sustain traditional crafts in Gilgit-Baltistan.^[58] Preservation efforts for local languages and traditions in Sust counter the dominance of Urdu in public schooling by promoting community-based initiatives, such as early childhood education in Wakhi to foster native literacy and cultural continuity. Organizations like the Initiative for Promotion of Pamiri Arts and Culture (IPPAC) organize festivals and workshops featuring Wakhi poetry and rubab music to safeguard intangible heritage, while AKDN's educational agencies integrate local languages into curricula across over 200 schools in the region. These endeavors emphasize consensus on scripts for Wakhi and community involvement to prevent erosion amid modernization.

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[53]
The Unheard Voices of Wakhi Community - The Reporters
Sep 23, 2022 · Wakhis belong to the Shia Ismaili faith. Most people practice agriculture ( Dehqani) and livestock ( Maldari). The houses built by Wakhis ...