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Swing ride

A swing ride, also known as a Chair-O-Plane, is an amusement park attraction consisting of a high revolving structure from which individual seats or chairs are suspended by chains, enabling riders to swing outward as centrifugal force acts upon them during rotation.^[1] This classic ride provides a gentle yet exhilarating sensation of flight, typically accommodating families and children, with the platform rotating at speeds that lift the chairs to an angle of up to 45 degrees.^[2] The history of swing rides dates back to the 17th century, when simple swings powered by human or animal force appeared at European fairs and pleasure gardens, offering early forms of airborne thrill.^[3] By the 19th century, these evolved into mechanized swing boats and more elaborate designs, with steam power introduced in the 1860s to enhance motion and capacity at traveling fairs.^[3] A pivotal development occurred in 1888 when John Insha patented the Chair-O-Plane, a spinning carousel variant with rising, chain-suspended chairs that became a staple of Victorian-era funfairs.^[3] In the early 20th century, American innovator Harry Guy Traver advanced the concept with his 1904 patent for the Circle Swing, a larger iteration featuring gondola-style vehicles suspended by cables that reached heights of 60 to 80 feet and speeds of 25 to 30 miles per hour, captivating millions at parks like Coney Island's Luna Park.^[4] Traver's design, which could carry up to 48 passengers per cycle lasting about five minutes, popularized the ride across North American amusement parks until the company's bankruptcy in 1907, after which similar variants proliferated globally.^[4] Modern swing rides, often themed and illuminated, continue this legacy as family-friendly attractions at permanent parks and seasonal fairs, with notable examples including the historic Captive Flying Machine at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, operational since 1904.^[3]

Design and operation

Basic structure

The basic structure of a swing ride centers on a vertical mast, typically 10 to 20 meters in height, which supports a central rotating hub or crown at the top. This mast, constructed from high-strength steel for structural integrity, anchors the entire assembly and houses a drive motor at its base to power the rotation.^[5]^[6] Attached to the rotating top platform are 12 to 40 suspended seats or chairs, connected by sturdy chains or cables that permit radial swinging motion as the hub spins. These seats, often designed in pairs or individually for comfort, hang below the platform and are engineered to accommodate riders securely during operation.^[7]^[5] The base features a loading platform or skirt, which facilitates safe passenger entry and exit, and may include decorative elements such as an ornate carousel roof or themed skirting to enhance visual appeal. This ground-level component integrates with the mast for stability and often incorporates non-slip surfaces for operational safety.^[8] Materials emphasize durability and weight efficiency: the primary framework utilizes galvanized steel to withstand environmental stresses and repeated use, while seats are typically fabricated from fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) or aluminum to reduce overall mass without compromising safety.^[9]^[10] Assembly follows a modular construction approach, allowing the ride to be disassembled into transportable sections for relocation between venues. Manufacturers supply detailed technical drawings, manuals, and on-site technician support; the process involves erecting the mast first, then attaching the rotating top and seats, with mechanisms like winches or cranes used to lift and secure components during setup.^[11]^[7]

Mechanics and physics

The operation of a swing ride begins with a hydraulic ram or cable system lifting the rotating top platform by approximately 1-3 meters from its loading position, creating initial height for the swinging motion. Some designs incorporate a tilting top platform to create a wave-like motion, enhancing the swinging effect.^[9]^[12]^[5] Once elevated, the central electric motor engages to initiate rotation, accelerating gradually to a typical speed of 6-12 RPM to ensure smooth startup and passenger comfort.^[9]^[13] The primary force driving the outward swing of the seats is the centrifugal force experienced during rotation, given by the equation

F = m \frac{v^2}{r}

where m is the mass of the rider and seat, v is the tangential velocity, and r is the radius of the circular path. This force balances against gravity and tension in the chains, causing the seats to swing outward from the vertical. The resulting swing angle \theta from the vertical can be approximated as

\theta \approx \tan^{-1} \left( \frac{v^2}{g L} \right)

where g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.81 m/s²) and L is the chain length, typically 3-5 meters.^[13]^[14] This approximation holds for the equilibrium position where the horizontal component of chain tension provides the necessary centripetal acceleration. Air resistance and external wind can dampen the swing amplitude over the course of the ride cycle, particularly at higher speeds where relative wind from rotation opposes the outward motion, limiting the maximum outward angle to 45-60 degrees in typical operation.^[15]^[12] These effects ensure the motion remains controlled without excessive oscillation. At the end of the cycle, the braking system employs friction brakes or regenerative electric motors to achieve gradual deceleration, reducing speed from operational RPM to a stop over 20-30 seconds to minimize whiplash risks for riders.^[9]^[12] Engineering design accounts for tolerances such as a load capacity of 100-150 kg per seat to accommodate adult riders, with total ride capacity ranging from 1,200-5,400 kg depending on the number of seats (typically 12-36). The structure is engineered to withstand forces exceeding 1g, including centripetal accelerations up to 1.5-2g at peak swing angles, ensuring structural integrity under dynamic loads.^[12]^[9]

Rider experience

Riders board the suspended chairs of a swing ride, which begins with a gradual lift of the rotating platform, creating a sense of building anticipation as the structure slowly ascends and starts its rotation.^[16] This initial phase transitions into gentle swinging motions, where the chairs sway outward in a circular path, offering a smooth and exhilarating ascent without abrupt jolts.^[17] The physical sensations include mild g-forces ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 g, producing feelings of floating lightness at the swing's peak and a gentle pulling sensation toward the center during inward arcs, enhanced by the wind rushing across riders' faces at speeds of 20 to 30 km/h.^[18] These effects stem from the outward swing induced by the ride's rotation, contributing to a soaring, airborne thrill.^[5] The typical ride cycle lasts 2 to 3 minutes, making it accessible and enjoyable for riders of all ages meeting a minimum height of 90 to 120 cm.^[5]^[19] Certain models incorporate accessibility features, such as alternate entrances and transfer assistance from wheelchairs or mobility aids, allowing more riders to participate after boarding the chairs.^[19]^[20] The psychological appeal lies in the blend of elevation to 10 to 15 meters, rhythmic motion, and panoramic views of the surrounding area, evoking a delightful mix of height-induced excitement and serene flight.^[6]^[5]

History

Origins and early development

The swing ride traces its roots to the 17th century, when simple swings powered by human or animal force appeared at European fairs and pleasure gardens.^[3] By the 19th century, these evolved into mechanized swing boats and more elaborate designs, with steam power introduced in the 1860s to enhance motion and capacity at traveling fairs.^[3] A pivotal development occurred in 1888 when John Inshaw patented the Chair-O-Plane, a spinning carousel variant with rising, chain-suspended chairs that became a staple of Victorian-era funfairs.^[3] Simple swings and early carousels offered riders gentle rotational and pendular motion as popular forms of entertainment at local fairs and gatherings.^[21] The transition to powered versions began in the early 20th century in the United States, with engineer Harry Guy Traver patenting the Circle Swing in 1904 (US Patent 758,341). Co-developed with C. W. Nichols, this design featured a 60- to 80-foot steel tower from which up to 48 passengers in suspended cars were lifted and rotated at 25-30 mph, simulating the thrill of flight while providing a safe, pleasurable experience. Installed at prominent parks like Luna Park and White City for around $4,500 each, these rides quickly became staples of the burgeoning amusement industry.^[4]^[22] Following World War I, the 1920s "Roaring Twenties" saw an economic and cultural boom that fueled the rapid expansion of amusement parks across the United States and Europe, positioning swing rides as affordable, family-oriented entertainment amid rising prosperity and leisure time. Mechanically powered examples, such as the Flying Swing debuted at Idora Park in Youngstown, Ohio, in 1908, exemplified early innovations that enhanced speed and elevation through central rotation.^[23] In Europe, chain-suspended variants known as Chair-O-Planes gained traction in the 1920s, with German firms like Fritz Bothmann producing portable models in the early 20th century that suited traveling carnivals and expositions.^[24] By the 1930s and into the 1940s, these rides had evolved with the widespread adoption of electric motors, supplanting manual cranking for more reliable operation and broader accessibility in post-Depression amusement settings.^[25]

Modern innovations

Following World War II, the amusement ride industry experienced a significant expansion, with German manufacturer HUSS Maschinenfabrik introducing standardized swing ride models in the 1960s. Their Swing Around, debuted in 1969, became a benchmark for reliable, mass-produced flat rides, featuring a central rotor that lifted and swung passenger cars outward through centrifugal force.^[26] Key technological advancements emerged in subsequent decades, enhancing safety, efficiency, and rider engagement. In the 1980s, the adoption of computerized control systems revolutionized ride operations, replacing manual levers with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for precise speed regulation and automated safety checks, a shift that began with major attractions like roller coasters and extended to swing rides.^[27] By the 2000s, integrations of LED lighting and music synchronization added immersive elements; RGB LED systems, for instance, allowed lights to pulse in rhythm with onboard audio, creating dynamic visual effects that heightened the sensory experience during swings.^[28] These developments coincided with capacity expansions, enabling models to accommodate over 40 passengers per cycle, as seen in S&S Worldwide's Screamin' Swing series, which supports 40 seats across dual gondolas for higher throughput in busy parks.^[29] Contemporary manufacturers continue to innovate, with Austrian firm Funtime specializing in taller variants like the StarFlyer, a 72-meter tower swing ride that combines vertical ascent with rotational swings at speeds up to 70 km/h, accommodating 12 passengers per cycle for enhanced thrill in fixed installations.^[30] Italian company Zamperla focuses on portable models, such as their Swing Ride with 20-seat (or 12-seat compact) configurations, designed for easy transport to carnivals and temporary events, featuring external-swinging seats, 10 rpm rotation, and optional full LED packages within a 9.4-meter footprint.^[31] In the 2020s, sustainability and digital enhancements define recent trends. Eco-friendly electric drives, including energy-efficient motors and LED replacements for traditional bulbs, reduce power consumption and carbon emissions while maintaining performance, aligning with broader theme park goals for greener operations.^[32] Augmented reality (AR) overlays add themed narratives to rides, such as interactive storytelling during swings, enriching experiences without altering physical mechanics.^[33] Integration with park mobile apps enables virtual queuing, allowing riders to join digital lines remotely and receive notifications for swing ride access, streamlining operations in high-traffic venues.^[34] These innovations have facilitated swing rides' adaptation for diverse settings, from permanent theme park anchors emphasizing height and theming to portable units for traveling carnivals prioritizing quick setup and mobility, contributing to their widespread installation globally.^[31]

Types and variations

Traditional models

Traditional swing rides, often referred to as Chair-O-Planes, feature a central rotating structure from which individual chairs are suspended by chains, allowing riders to swing outward due to centrifugal force as the platform spins. These classic models typically accommodate 16 to 24 seats arranged in one or two rows around the central column, with an overall height of approximately 5-8 meters and a rotation speed of around 8 RPM.^[35]^[36] Variations include Flying Chairs and Aviator models, which maintain the core design with minor seating or canopy differences. A variation on this classic form is the Wave Swinger, which incorporates an undulating platform that tilts during operation to create a wave-like motion, causing the suspended seats to follow elliptical paths rather than simple circular swings. This added tilt enhances the sensation of gliding without significantly altering the core mechanics of the traditional swing ride. Wave Swingers generally support 24 to 40 riders, with cycle times ranging from 90 to 120 seconds and a footprint of 10 to 15 meters in diameter.^[16]^[6] Classic models of both types are primarily produced by established European manufacturers such as Bertazzon in Italy, who offer durable, non-themed versions suitable for standard installations. These rides are commonly found in family-oriented amusement parks and fairgrounds, featuring simple decorations like plain canopies or floral motifs to maintain a timeless, unadorned appeal.^[37]

Themed and extreme variants

Themed variants of swing rides incorporate narrative elements to enhance immersion, often drawing from fantasy motifs. Fantasy-themed examples emphasize aerial freedom, with gondolas styled as bird-like wings or glider seats that convey the sensation of soaring flight. The WindSeeker series, for instance, positions riders on outward-extending arms to replicate a bird's exhilaration, complemented by colorful LED light shows at night for a magical ambiance.^[38] Such theming often includes synchronized audio cues like wind rushes or ethereal music, transforming the basic swing motion into a narrative escape. These customizations appeal to families seeking blended thrills and storytelling, with immersive elements boosting rider engagement through visual and auditory cues.^[38] Extreme variants amplify the core swing mechanics with enhanced propulsion and elevation changes for intensified thrills. The S&S Screamin' Swing employs pneumatic systems to launch dual gondolas up to 137 feet high, achieving speeds of 68 mph and swings exceeding 45 degrees, resulting in G-forces up to 4g during peaks.^[39]^[40] This U.S.-based manufacturer's design allows for customizable intensity, targeting adrenaline enthusiasts with rapid ascents and weightless drops. Similarly, Funtime's Star Flyer hybrids combine rotational swings with vertical tower lifts, reaching heights of 122 meters or more while spinning at variable rates, delivering forces up to 2g in ascents and descents.^[41] These models, often 40-60 meters in standard configurations but scalable, operate at 15-25 RPM for sustained motion.^[41] The Yo-Yo Swing, produced by Chance Rides, introduces elevation variance through a tilting rotor that lifts 32 individual swings progressively higher, simulating a vertical rise up to 20 meters without full drops, maintaining G-forces around 2g for a controlled yet exhilarating arc.^[42] Market trends indicate a rising emphasis on such themed and extreme installations, with amusement parks increasingly allocating budgets to immersive and high-thrill variants—comprising a notable portion of new additions from 2020 to 2025—to cater to thrill-seekers amid growing demand for experiential attractions.^[32]

Safety and regulations

Design standards and features

Swing rides are subject to stringent international design standards to ensure structural integrity under dynamic loads, such as those from centrifugal forces and wind. In the United States, the ASTM F1159-16e01 standard provides guidelines for the design of amusement rides and devices not covered by other ASTM F24 committee standards, including specifications for load calculations, material selection, and fatigue resistance applicable to swing ride components like the rotating arms and suspension chains.^[43] In Europe, the EN 13814-1:2019+A1:2024 standard establishes requirements for the design and manufacture of fairground and amusement rides, mandating a minimum safety factor of 6 for ultimate structural loads on suspension elements carrying persons to prevent failure during operation.^[44] Essential safety features integrated into swing ride designs include speed-limiting mechanisms to monitor and cap rotational velocity, preventing excessive swings; emergency stop buttons that immediately halt the ride upon activation; and rider restraints such as shared lap bars or individual harnesses to secure occupants against outward forces.^[45] Suspension chains are engineered with anti-collision spacing and durable materials to minimize entanglement risks between seats during operation.^[11] Maintenance protocols emphasize proactive checks to maintain reliability, with daily visual inspections required for chains, welds, and pivot points to identify wear or damage before rides commence.^[46] Annual non-destructive testing (NDT), such as ultrasonic or magnetic particle examinations, is mandated to detect fatigue cracks in critical load-bearing elements without compromising structural integrity.^[47] Rider eligibility is restricted to promote safety, with typical maximum individual weight limits of 90-136 kg (200-300 lbs) to avoid overloading the ride's dynamic capacity, varying by installation. Health advisories warn against participation for those with conditions like vertigo, which may exacerbate disorientation from swinging motions, or heart issues, where sudden accelerations could trigger cardiovascular stress.^[48]^[49] Prior to public operation, swing rides undergo third-party certification, including independent testing by accredited bodies such as TÜV SÜD, which verifies compliance with standards like EN 13814 and ASTM F2291 through design reviews, factory acceptance tests, and on-site load simulations.^[50]

Incidents and risk mitigation

Swing rides, while generally safe, have experienced several notable incidents highlighting potential risks. In September 2013, a swing ride at the Norwalk Oyster Festival in Connecticut malfunctioned due to a power failure, causing seats to collide and injuring 13 children; investigations traced the issue to an electrical malfunction.^[51] Similarly, in July 2014, a cable snapped on the Skyhawk swing ride at Cedar Point in Ohio, striking two riders and causing minor injuries; investigations revealed fatigue in the cable assembly due to mechanical wear.^[52] More recently, in February 2021, a chair swing ride collapsed at an amusement park in Shaoyang, China, injuring 16 people, three seriously, due to structural failure under operational stress.^[53] In July 2025, a "360 Degrees" swing ride at Green Mountain Park in Taif, Saudi Arabia, snapped mid-operation, injuring 23 people, three critically, due to structural failure.^[54] Fatalities on swing rides remain exceedingly rare, with global data indicating fewer than one per 100 million rides, primarily linked to exceptional mechanical breakdowns.^[55] Common causes of swing ride incidents include mechanical failures such as chain or cable fatigue; operator errors, like inadequate pre-ride inspections; and environmental factors like high winds. These proportions are derived from broader amusement ride analyses, where swing rides fall under family-oriented categories with similar risk profiles.^[56]^[57] In response to such events, the industry has implemented key risk mitigations, including the addition of redundant braking systems following 1980s U.S. incidents involving similar pendulum-style rides, which prevent uncontrolled swings.^[58] Real-time monitoring sensors for load and structural integrity were widely introduced in the 2010s, enabling automatic shutdowns during anomalies, as seen in post-2014 upgrades at parks like Cedar Point.^[52] These measures have contributed to an overall injury rate of 0.71 per million rides for fixed-site amusement attractions from 2022 data, with family rides like swings showing rates below 0.5 per million—lower than roller coasters at 1.2 per million.^[57] Legal frameworks have also evolved to address risks. In the United States, state-level oversight has intensified since the early 2000s, mandating annual inspections and operator certification under ASTM International standards, with enhanced reporting requirements following incidents like the 2013 Connecticut case.^[56] In the European Union, directives such as the Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC) enforce mandatory incident reporting and conformity assessments, leading to stricter enforcement after events in member states.

Notable installations

Europe

Europe boasts a rich tradition of swing rides, with over 250 installations of Zierer's Wave Swinger model alone worldwide, the majority concentrated in the continent due to the manufacturer's German origins.^[59] These rides often integrate seamlessly with seasonal events, such as the swing carousels at Munich's Oktoberfest, where they provide family-friendly thrills amid festive gatherings.^[60] Safety enhancements, mandated by the EU's EN 13814 standard, require regular inspections and retrofits for structural integrity and accessibility, ensuring older installations meet modern operational guidelines.^[61] In Austria, the Wiener Prater features the Prater Tower, a towering 117-meter chain swing ride located adjacent to the iconic Riesenrad Ferris wheel, offering riders sweeping views of Vienna while swinging at extreme heights.^[62] This attraction exemplifies Europe's blend of historic park settings with innovative vertical swings, drawing crowds since its introduction as one of the world's tallest. Denmark's Tivoli Gardens preserves a vintage Chair-O-Plane swing ride, a classic chain carousel that has delighted visitors since the early 20th century, evoking the park's origins as one of Europe's oldest amusement venues opened in 1843.^[63] The ride's gentle oscillations and nostalgic design highlight Tivoli's commitment to maintaining traditional flat rides amid its renowned gardens and concerts. Germany's Europa-Park showcases the Vienna Wave Swing, a themed 32-seat chain carousel in the Austria section, where riders in mushroom-shaped seats experience a tilting wave motion reaching 8.5 meters high, enhanced by water fountains and baroque styling.^[64] In France, construction on a Pixar "Up"-themed swing ride is set to begin by late 2025 in the new Adventure World area, featuring balloon-inspired chairs that spin and swing for panoramic park views, marking the resort's first dedicated chair-o-plane attraction.^[65] The United Kingdom's Blackpool Pleasure Beach maintains historic flat rides, preserving the seaside resort's legacy as a hub for enduring amusement experiences.^[66] In Spain, PortAventura's Chupa Chups Swing Ride in the China area offers a modern 24-seat version, where colorful chairs swing outward during rotation, catering to families in the park's diverse themed worlds.^[67] These installations underscore Europe's emphasis on both historic preservation—such as retrofitting vintage models under EN 13814 for continued safe use—and innovative theming to sustain the swing ride's popularity across generations.^[68]

North America

In North America, swing rides are a staple of amusement parks and traveling carnivals, with installations concentrated in the Midwest and Southern regions due to the density of major operators like Six Flags and Cedar Fair. These rides, often featuring wave swinger or pendulum designs, number in the hundreds across fixed-site parks and portable setups, providing family-friendly thrills through gentle rotations and elevations up to 300 feet. Portable versions are particularly common at seasonal fairs, enhancing their accessibility beyond permanent venues.^[17] Six Flags operates multiple SkyScreamer variants, tall wave swingers manufactured by Funtime that reach heights of 125 to 400 feet and accommodate 24 passengers per cycle, with installations at parks including Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey, Six Flags Over Georgia, Six Flags Over Texas, Six Flags St. Louis, and Six Flags Darien Lake in New York.^[69]^[70]^[71] These rides emphasize breathtaking aerial views and wind-rushing spins, drawing millions annually to Six Flags properties. At Canada's Wonderland in Ontario, the WindSeeker stands as a prominent 301-foot-tall giant swing ride by Mondial, swinging 32 two-person gondolas at speeds up to 30 mph while illuminated by nighttime light shows.^[72] The park also features the classic Swing of the Century, a Zierer waveswinger seating 48 riders in a soothing, elevated rotation since 1981.^[73] Cedar Fair parks showcase hybrid swing experiences, such as the Delirium at Kings Island in Ohio—a 137-foot-tall Frisbee pendulum ride by HUSS that combines 240-degree swings with clockwise spins for up to 50 passengers, delivering intense weightlessness and park-overhead views.^[74] Disney parks maintain limited classic swing attractions, including the Silly Symphony Swings at Disney California Adventure, a wave swinger that opened in 2001 and was rethemed in 2010 to Disney's 1935 short film The Tortoise and the Hare, where 48 chairs swing outward at 11 rpm for panoramic views of the park.^[75] North American swing rides prioritize compliance with ASTM International standards developed by the F24 Committee on Amusement Rides and Devices, particularly ASTM F2291 for design criteria covering structural integrity, passenger restraints, and operational safety to mitigate risks during swings and rotations.^[76] Theming often draws from American pop culture, incorporating aviation motifs like propeller chairs or biplane gondolas in rides such as Flying Scooters, evoking early 20th-century flight exhilaration at parks like Waldameer in Pennsylvania. Recent developments include eco-upgrades in the 2020s, such as energy-efficient LED lighting and sustainable materials on refurbished swings like the Silly Symphony Swings, aligning with broader park sustainability initiatives at Disney California Adventure.^[75]

Asia, Oceania, and other regions

In Asia, swing rides have proliferated rapidly amid the region's booming amusement industry, with parks incorporating modern designs suited to local climates and cultural preferences. At Lotte World Adventure in Seoul, South Korea, the Gyro Swing is a prominent example of a contemporary pendulum-style swing ride, featuring outward-facing seats on a 42-meter arm that swings and rotates for thrilling experiences, accommodating up to 40 riders per cycle.^[77] In Japan, Mitsui Greenland Amusement Park in Fukuoka hosts the Star Flyer, Kyushu's first rotating chair swing ride, where suspended seats swing outward while the structure rotates, offering panoramic views and gentle thrills for families. Many Asian installations adapt to seasonal monsoons through covered or indoor configurations; for instance, Lotte World's enclosed environment shields rides like the Gyro Swing from heavy rains, ensuring year-round operation in a region prone to wet weather.^[78] The Asia-Pacific amusement sector, including swing rides, has experienced robust expansion, with market revenues projected to grow at a 6.34% CAGR from 2025 to 2030, driven by urbanization and rising disposable incomes in countries like China and India.^[79] In Oceania, swing rides emphasize family-oriented and hybrid thrills within coastal theme parks. Dreamworld on Australia's Gold Coast offers Tail Spin, a Gerstlauer Sky Fly ride with 12 solo airplane cars that swing up to 22 meters high, allowing riders to control 360-degree spins for an interactive aerial experience.^[80] At Rainbow's End in Auckland, New Zealand, the Surf n Swing provides a classic wave-style swing in the Kidz Kingdom area, where surfer-themed seats glide and tilt for younger visitors, while the nearby Stratosfear offers a more intense swinging pendulum hybrid for thrill-seekers.^[81]^[82] Elsewhere, swing rides reflect regional heritage and innovation. South Africa's Gold Reef City in Johannesburg features a classic Wave Swing, a carousel-style ride with dangling chairs that swing outward as it rotates, evoking nostalgic fairground vibes amid the park's gold-mining theme. In Brazil, Beto Carrero World in Penha includes the Happy Swing, a family-friendly wave swinger with vibrant theming inspired by adventure narratives, such as jungle motifs reminiscent of the Amazon, seating up to 24 riders in a gently tilting motion.^[83] Emerging markets in Asia and South America are strengthening regulations; for example, South Korea updated safety standards for mechanical rides in 2024, mandating enhanced inspections and operator training to support growing installations.^[84]

Cultural impact

In media and entertainment

Swing rides frequently appear in films and television as emblematic elements of carnivals and fairs, evoking a mix of childhood wonder, nostalgia, and occasional peril. In the third season of the Netflix series Stranger Things (2019), the Hawkins Fun Fair, set during a 1985 Independence Day celebration, includes wave swing rides among its attractions, where characters like Max Mayfield and Lucas Sinclair enjoy the spinning seats amid the festive yet foreboding atmosphere of the event.^[85] This depiction highlights the ride's role in capturing the innocence of small-town Americana, contrasted with the show's supernatural undertones. Similarly, the 1983 Disney film Something Wicked This Way Comes, adapted from Ray Bradbury's novel, portrays a mysterious late-season carnival with rides that serve as portals to temptation and aging magic, underscore themes of life's fleeting joys and dangers through an eerie, supernatural lens.^[86] On television, swing rides often feature in comedic or chaotic fairground scenarios. In the animated series The Simpsons season 32 premiere "Undercover Burns" (2020), a malfunctioning swing ride at the Springfield County Fair catapults children toward the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, satirizing amusement park safety while amplifying the episode's critique of corporate negligence under Mr. Burns' influence.^[87] Music videos have also incorporated swing rides to enhance carnival-themed visuals, as seen in pop productions where the rotating swings symbolize carefree escapism or romantic whimsy, though specific examples remain niche within broader fairground montages. In advertising, swing rides have been leveraged for family-oriented promotions, particularly by Disney. Commercials for Disney California Adventure from the early 2000s spotlighted the Orange Stinger (later rethemed as Silly Symphony Swings), presenting the ride as a joyful, accessible thrill to draw visitors to the park's Paradise Pier area.^[88] These ads emphasized the ride's gentle swings and vibrant theming to appeal to intergenerational audiences from the 1950s onward, aligning with Disney's broader marketing of wholesome entertainment. Virtual media has further popularized swing rides through simulation and gaming. In the park management video game Planet Coaster (2016), players can design and operate customizable swing rides, including wave swingers and pendulum variants, allowing for creative integration into virtual amusement parks and fostering player engagement with ride mechanics and aesthetics.^[89] Overall, these portrayals in media reinforce swing rides as symbols of nostalgia and lighthearted adventure, frequently tying into themes of innocence disrupted by external forces.

Iconic examples in culture

The Prater Turm in Vienna's Wurstelprater amusement park stands as one of Europe's tallest swing rides, reaching 117 meters and offering panoramic views of the city since its opening in 2010.^[90] As part of the historic Prater, which has hosted swing-style attractions for over a century, it embodies Vienna's tradition of leisure and spectacle, drawing millions annually and symbolizing the city's blend of imperial heritage and modern thrill-seeking.^[91] The Prater has appeared in cultural touchstones, including the 1949 film The Third Man, where the park's atmosphere underscores themes of post-war intrigue and escapism. In the United States, Coney Island's early 20th-century swing rides, such as the Traver Circle Swing at Luna Park (opened 1903), represent a pivotal era of immigrant leisure and urban entertainment.^[92] These aerial swings, enjoyed by millions from diverse backgrounds, symbolized affordable joy and social mixing for New York City's growing immigrant population, fostering a sense of community amid rapid industrialization.^[4] Today, replicas like Luna Park's Lynn's Trapeze evoke this legacy, preserving Coney Island's role as a cultural melting pot.^[93] Globally, modern swing rides have become tourism icons, such as the Giant Swing at Sentosa's Skypark in Singapore, launched in 2012 as the world's only double swing of its kind, propelling riders at 120 km/h over Siloso Beach.^[94] This attraction highlights Singapore's push toward adventure tourism, attracting over a million visitors yearly and integrating with the island's resort identity.^[95] In South Africa, the Congo Queen swinging ship at Ratanga Junction (opened 1998, closed 2018) served as a symbol of post-apartheid adventure and family outings in Cape Town, drawing crowds until financial challenges led to its shutdown.^[96]^[97] Swing rides play a central role in cultural festivals, particularly Germany's Oktoberfest, where traditional variants like the Hexenschaukel (Witch's Swing, dating to 1894) and modern boat swings such as the Flip Fly emphasize communal thrill and Bavarian heritage.^[60] These attractions, present since the festival's 19th-century origins, blend nostalgia with excitement, hosting millions and reinforcing Oktoberfest's status as a global symbol of revelry.^[98] Similar swings appear in other Volksfests, underscoring their enduring place in European folk traditions. In literature, swing rides often evoke themes of freedom and transience in carnival narratives, as seen in Constanze Neumann's Swing Ride Wellenflug (2021), which traces a Jewish family's history through a traveling swing carousel, intertwining personal stories with broader 20th-century upheaval.^[99] Such depictions highlight swings as metaphors for fleeting joy and social flux in works exploring fairground life.^[100] Preservation efforts led by organizations like the National Amusement Park Historical Association (NAPHA), which has relocated and restored classics to prevent their loss amid park closures.^[101] These initiatives, including NAPHA's documentation and relocation programs since 1978, ensure swings remain tangible links to amusement history.^[102]

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Chain flyer - Wave Swinger | National Resource Centre for Physics ...
The free-body diagrams show the forces (divided by the mass) on the rider when the roof is horizontal, and in the upper and lower positions of the wave motion ( ...
[14]
The Wave Swinger | PDF | Science & Mathematics - Scribd
Centripetal force causes all riders on a wave swinger ride to hang at the same angle regardless of their mass. The document uses diagrams and equations to ...Missing: startup sequence
[15]
Pendulum Motion - The Physics Classroom
In our discussion, we will ignore the influence of air resistance - a third force that always opposes the motion of the bob as it swings to and fro. The air ...
[16]
Wave Swinger - Amusement Ride Extravaganza
Tilting at its peak, the carousel rises telescopically flinging riders of young and old into the cool breeze at 30km/h (10 rpm). The rotating top is raised via ...
[17]
RENT A WAVE SWINGER. WE HAVE MANY CAROUSEL TO ...
Each chair is attached by chains, allowing them to swing outward as the ride spins. ... As the speed increases, centrifugal force causes the chairs to lift and ...Missing: length load capacity braking system
[18]
Rotating swings—a theme with variations - IOP Science
The average value of the g- factor for the main part of the ride was found to be 1.67 and is related to the angle of the chains to the normal. Figure 6.
[19]
Wave Swinger - Seabreeze Amusement Park
Height & Size Requirement. Minimum 44” tall. Ride may not accommodate guests of exceptional size. Physical Requirement. Rider must be able to sit up unsupported ...Missing: g- speed
[20]
[PDF] Hersheypark Rider Safety and Accessibility Guide
Identifies attractions that can accommodate guests who are able to leave their wheelchair and walk or be assisted by their companion to the ride entrance. This ...
[21]
Amusement Rides – History of the Swing Carousels
“Les Chaises volantes” (Flying chairs) swing ride located in Walibi Sud-Ouest in France was made in 1987 and is still in use. Largest Chair-O-Plane in the world ...
[22]
https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/44/9b/c8/2bf20acc1eec08/US758341.pdf
[23]
Summary: Historical Origins Of Amusement Parks - 2472 Words | Cram
Leading the nation out the dark years of World War I, the “Roaring Twenties” was a decade defined by a booming economy and an experimental people. In ...Missing: post | Show results with:post
[24]
From Ancient Swings to Modern Flying Chairs - Carnee Rides
Sep 28, 2025 · Discover the fascinating history of swing carnival rides—from ancient rope swings to today's towering flying swings with lights, music, ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[25]
[PDF] Peacetime Picture - World Radio History
... Chair -o -Plane, Tilt -a -Whirl, Roll -o -. Plane, Caterpillar, Octopus, 10 ... inventor and park man, who now lives, in retire- ment in Santa Monica ...
[26]
Carnival Ride Archives - The HUSS Swing Around is an amusement ...
Jan 4, 2017 · The HUSS Swing Around is an amusement park ride formerly manufactured by HUSS. It was HUSS Maschinenfabrik's first ride model, debuted in 1969.Missing: innovations WWII
[27]
Roller Coasters Take a Ride From Wild to Wired
Aug 20, 1998 · “The day of the ride operator with a lever and brake is history. It's all computer controlled.” Jim Blackie, director of maintenance at Magic ...Missing: computerized | Show results with:computerized
[28]
About Us - Fun-Led | Amusement Rides Light
Moreover, we introduced an update on the Super Tuning Bumper Car RGB system enabling the synchronization between music and the LED lights installed on the cars.
[29]
S&S Worldwide Unveils World's Tallest Screamin' Swing Vehicle for ...
Nov 19, 2024 · Twizzlers Twisted Gravity will be the 30th Screamin' Swing and 5th of the 40-Seat variety installed worldwide. With installations in parks ...
[30]
StarFlyer | Thrill Rides - Ultimate Rollercoaster
The StarFlyer is manufactured by Funtime, the Austrian company that has over ... Tower Swing Ride. Height of Tower: 72 meters (236 feet). Rotating Speed ...Missing: models | Show results with:models
[31]
SWING RIDE | 20 or 12 seats - Zamperla
This ride delivers an exhilarating wave swinger motion tailored for children. The ride has an instant capacity of 20 people, but a smaller version with 12 seats ...Missing: length per angle centrifugal force braking system
[32]
Amusement Swing Rides Trend in 2025
Mar 24, 2025 · 2025 will witness an explosion of swing rides designed to accommodate all guests, including those with disabilities. Innovations are here.
[33]
VR/AR/VFX MAGIC SURGES AT THEME PARKS AND OTHER ...
Jun 3, 2025 · VR, AR and VFX continue to enhance the range of rides and experiences in North America, Europe and Asia. Theme parks, malls, entertainment ...
[34]
Virtual Queuing for Theme Parks - Attractions.io
Provide ride operators with our native operator app and eliminate the need for additional hardware. Quickly open, close or evacuate queues and update guests ...Missing: swing | Show results with:swing
[35]
Chair Plane Ride Manufacturer - Endorsed By IAAPA - Sinorides
Recommend Chair Plane Ride for Sale · Capacity: 24P · Power: 11.5kW · Size: D8.2m*H6m · Speed:10rpm.Missing: specifications height
[36]
CHAIR O PLANES Old Tyme Funfairs hire fairground throughout UK
Circa 1920 of German Origin · Chair-O-Planes otherwise known as swinging chairs first became popular on British Fairgrounds in the 1920s.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[37]
Chair o Planes - Funfair Hire
Dating back to the 1920's the Chair-o-Planes were exported from Germany to England and were considered the thrill ride of their time, they remain as popular ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[38]
Swing rides for sale – Bertazzon 3B
The Swing carousel, the swing ride, wave swinger, or chair swing ride is an amusement ride variation on the carousel with suspended chairs from the rotating ...Missing: models | Show results with:models
[39]
A Swashbuckling Adventure: The Pirate Ship - Technical Park
This exhilarating attraction takes riders on a nautical journey, swinging back and forth like a true pirate vessel caught in the stormy seas.
[40]
Giant Swing Ride | WindSeeker | Canada's Wonderland - Six Flags
It's part-nostalgia, part-traditional swing, and all flying high. Feel the exhilaration of a bird in flight as the ride's mighty arms extend outward at a 45 ...
[41]
Screamin' Swing - S&S Worldwide
The Screamin' Swing is here! With several capacity options, small footprints, and low maintenance costs, this ride is the perfect addition to any park.
[42]
Twizzlers Twisted Gravity By The Numbers | Hersheypark
Jul 12, 2025 · Twizzlers Twisted Gravity is the world's tallest swing at 137 feet, reaching 68 mph, with 2 gondolas of 20 riders each, and 40 total riders. ...Missing: forces extreme variants<|control11|><|separator|>
[43]
Star Flyer - Family Amusement Ride from Funtime
The StarFlyer is a unique tower ride for all ages, with double seats, safety belts, and a spinning, racing, and ups and downs motion. It can operate in high ...Missing: swing | Show results with:swing
[44]
Yo-Yo - Chance Rides
This fun ride dangles riders in 32 self-loading swings for high-flying action. Its high visibility entices both kids and adults.
[45]
https://www.tuvsud.com/en/services/inspection/amusement-rides-and-leisure-parks
[46]
Amusement Ride Inspection and Certification | TÜV SÜD - TUV Sud
TÜV SÜD is a trusted partner in this industry, offering a range of testing, certification, and advisory services for amusement ride standards.
[47]
[PDF] 520 CMR - AMUSEMENT DEVICES Section 5.01 - Mass.gov
Maintenance inspections shall be documented in the daily maintenance inspection logs and shall be kept on location with the amusement device for one year. The ...
[48]
[PDF] rides on this list require non-destructive testing and/or other ...
Nov 1, 2019 · The following list of rides are required, or recommended, to have non-destructive testing (NDT) and/or other Maintenance Actions completed, ...
[49]
Giant Swing Bluewater | Europe's Biggest Swing| Hangloose
Weight. Minimum Weight: 35kg / 5 STONE 7LB. Maximum Weight: 120kg / 18 STONE 12LB. Please Note: Max of 5 people on this activity at any one time. There is a ...<|separator|>
[50]
Are thrill-seekers with heart conditions playing with danger?
Mar 4, 2019 · A serious heart condition often isn't enough to stop some from roller coasters and thrill-seeking activities.
[51]
Are you too old to ride roller coasters? - CNN
Jul 22, 2016 · Other health conditions can make going on high-speed rides unsafe, including pregnancy, recent surgery, heart problems, high blood pressure and ...Missing: vertigo | Show results with:vertigo
[52]
Testing for Amusement Rides and Theme Parks - TÜV SÜD
TÜV SÜD is your trusted partner for the inspection, testing and certification of amusement rides, ride subsystems and theme parks.
[53]
Festival ride malfunction injures 12 children in Connecticut - CNN
Sep 9, 2013 · A malfunction at a festival swing ride in Connecticut sent children crashing into each other and onto the ground – and raised new questions about the safety of ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[54]
Skyhawk riders, witnesses describe the terror of Cedar Point ride ...
Jul 28, 2014 · Riders and witnesses watched in horror as a cable broke free from Cedar Point's Skyhawk and whipped around the ride.
[55]
16 injured after Chinese fairground ride collapses
Feb 14, 2021 · Sixteen people have been injured, three seriously, after a fairground ride collapsed in central China.Missing: overload | Show results with:overload
[56]
Annual Ride Safety Reports | IAAPA.org
IAAPA created a list of amusement ride safety tips for guest use: Obey listed age, height, weight, and health restrictions. Observe all posted ride safety rules ...
[57]
[PDF] Amusement Ride Related Injuries and Deaths in the United States
This report describes U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) data on fatalities and hospital emergency room-treated injuries involving amusement ...
[58]
[PDF] North America Fixed-Site Amusement Ride Safety Report, 2023 ...
This report presents the results of work done by the National Safety Council (NSC) under contract to IAAPA, the global association for the attractions industry.
[59]
https://coasterpedia.net/wiki/Wave_Swinger_%28Zierer_product%29
[60]
Wave Swinger (Zierer product) - The Amusement Ride Wiki
Jul 2, 2025 · Wave Swinger is a product offered by German manufacturer Zierer. It has been in constant production since the 1970s and is one of the best selling products.
[61]
Wave Swingers
### Summary of Wave Swinger Specifications
[62]
Overview of all rides at the Oktoberfest in Munich
The rides, from the swing carousel through to the high-tech rollercoaster and the classic toboggan. All you need to know about Oktoberfest fun.Missing: seasonal | Show results with:seasonal<|control11|><|separator|>
[63]
The new EN 13814 series brings about safer amusement devices
Jun 20, 2019 · This standard specifies the minimum requirements for the safe maintenance, operation, control and testing of amusement rides and amusement ...
[64]
Prater Tower | Prater Vienna - Prater Wien
A ride in the Prater Tower is a "must" in any case, or who else would get the chance to enjoy a flying swing ride in this height? Prater Tower. At a glance.
[65]
Journey Though the History of Tivoli Gardens: From 1843 to Today
Tivoli Gardens' first Ferris Wheel, a steam-powered attraction with six gondolas, debuted in 1884. Reflecting the era's fascination with ballooning, the large ...Missing: Chair- Plane
[66]
Vienna Wave Swing - 'Glückspilz' | Europa-Park Erlebnis-Resort
The Vienna Wave Swing is a high-speed chain carousel shaped like a mushroom, with double seats, water fountains, and a 2 min ride time. It has a height of 8.5m.
[67]
Disneyland Paris Announces New Pixar 'Up' Ride Coming to Disney ...
Apr 12, 2025 · Silly Symphony Swings at Disney California Adventure is a lovely attraction, offering big views and fun to riders, as well as adding kinetic ...
[68]
Prezzemolo Land at Gardaland
An amazing medieval area for the little ones with a fairy-tale medieval castle, surrounded by fun-filled wet slides, cannons and many other exciting water ...
[69]
125th Anniversary - Pleasure Beach Resort
Blackpool Pleasure Beach celebrated its 125th anniversary in 2021, founded in 1896 by William George Bean, who envisioned an American-style theme park.
[70]
Rides - PortAventura World
Find out about all the rides that PortAventura World has to offer for both adults and children. You'll have a great time on incredible roller coasters, ...See all Ferrari Land rides · See all Caribe Aquatic Park rides · PortAventura ParkMissing: swing | Show results with:swing
[71]
https://www.sixflags.com/overtexas/attractions/texas-skyscreamer
[72]
SkyScreamer | Ride | Six Flags Great Adventure
For anyone who tried to do a 360 on their childhood swing set, this amusement park swing ride is for you. Have a seat, but don't get used to being on the ground ...Missing: sensations g- forces
[73]
SkyScreamer | Ride | Six Flags Over Georgia
For anyone who tried to do a 360 on their childhood swing set, this amusement park swing ride is for you. Have a seat, but don't get used to being on the ground ...
[74]
Texas SkyScreamer | Ride | Six Flags Over Texas
Soar high above Six Flags Over Texas on the Texas SkyScreamer. This swing ride offers stunning views and a thrilling, wind-in-your-hair experience.
[75]
WindSeeker Giant Swing Ride - Canada's Wonderland
WindSeeker is a thrill swing ride reaching 50 km/h at 301 feet, with a light show at night. It has a 52" height minimum and 304 lb weight limit.
[76]
Swing of the Century Classic Swing Ride - Canada's Wonderland
Swing of the Century will take up to 48 riders through the air in individual seats that are raised and lowered at a soothing pace.
[77]
Delirium | Ride | Kings Island - Six Flags
Delirium. Spiral in a 240-degree arc and rocket up to 137 feet in the air as the park races by on one of the most hair-raising escapades on the planet!
[78]
Silly Symphony Swings | Rides & Attractions - Disneyland
Whirl through the air on Silly Symphony Swings. Climb aboard this classic swing ride and get swept off your feet—thrilling to incredible views as you spin ...
[79]
ASTM Amusement Ride Standards Provide Safe Thrills
The ASTM F24 Committee develops amusement ride standards for roller coasters and similar equipment, offering safe thrills with ASTM F2291-24.
[80]
Gyro Swing (Lotte World) - Coasterpedia - The Amusement Ride Wiki
Apr 27, 2025 · Gyro Swing is a Frisbee with outward-facing seats built by Swiss manufacturer Intamin currently located at Lotte World in Jamsil-Dong, Songpa-Gu, Seoul, South ...
[81]
Greenland (amusement park) - Wikipedia
The park was long known as Mitsui Greenland due to its association with the local Mitsui Miike Coal Mine. ... "Star Flyer," Kyūshū's first rotating swing style ...
[82]
Attractions & Rides | LOTTEWORLD Adventure
Adventure 1st floor Windmill building (right side of the Dairy-Go-Round). Kartrider Racing World. 130cm ~ 190cm ride available.
[83]
asia-pacific amusement park market size & share analysis
Oct 24, 2025 · The Asia-Pacific Amusement Park Market is expected to reach USD 72.79 billion in 2025 and grow at a CAGR of 6.34% to reach USD 98.98 billion ...
[84]
Tail Spin | Dreamworld
12 solo mini-aeroplanes, as you soar 22 metres high for breathtaking views of Ocean Parade. Take command of your wings to spin 360 degrees.
[85]
Surf n Swing - Rainbow's End
Take a ride on the Surf n Swing, it's lots of fun to glide and swing through the air. Wave your hands for extra fun!Missing: Zealand | Show results with:Zealand
[86]
Stratosfear Swinging Thrill Ride (Very Extreme Mode) at Rainbow's ...
Sep 8, 2019 · Ride Footage from Stratosfear, a big swinging thrill ride at Rainbow's End Theme Park in Auckland, New Zealand! From the Very Extreme Ride ...
[87]
https://www.laughingplace.com/w/articles/2020/09/27/tv-recap-the-simpsons-season-32-undercover-burns/
[88]
Asia Pacific Amusement Park Market Outlook to 2030 - Ken Research
Safety regulations for amusement parks are stringent across the Asia Pacific region. In 2024, countries like Australia and South Korea implemented new safety ...
[89]
Where to find all the Hawkins Fun Fair rides from 'Stranger Things' at ...
Jul 6, 2019 · Let's take a spoiler-free look at the rides of the Hawkins Fun Fair and where you can find the throwback Stranger Things attractions at a theme park near you.<|separator|>
[90]
Something Wicked This Way Comes by Ray Bradbury
Oct 1, 2015 · (Book Review) From the Stacks: Something Wicked This Way Comes by Ray Bradbury ... swing – a celebration of life by way of pantomiming death.
[91]
TV Recap: “The Simpsons” Season 32, Episode 1 – “Undercover ...
Sep 27, 2020 · TV Recap: “The Simpsons” Season 32, Episode 1 – “Undercover Burns” ... swing ride hurls kids into the plant, and the bumper cars begin ...
[92]
Disney's California Adventure Theme Park Television Commercial ...
Oct 30, 2020 · ... Swing Ride Iron Rides Vista Spectacular American Arts and Crafts Tradition State of the facilities Children Monorail Vibrant Gathering ...
[93]
Hammer Swing - Planet Coaster Wiki - Fandom
Unlike the 360 Power and some other traditional hammer rides, the Hammer Swing will not take guests upside-down. Parts of this ride can be recolored. It is ...
[94]
Praterturm (Vienna) - Everything you need to know in 2025 - Explorial
Is there any historical significance associated with Praterturm? No specific historic events are tied directly to the current incarnation of 'Prater Turm', but ...
[95]
History | Prater Vienna - Prater Wien
The first and only World Exhibition in Vienna took place at the Prater in 1873. Around 53,000 exhibitors presented their achievements focusing on cultural ...Missing: Swing significance
[96]
Wurstelprater - Wikipedia
The Prater is home to several distinctive statues and figures that have become important landmarks within the park. One of the most recognisable is Calafati, a ...
[97]
History of the Traver Circle Swing
Either way, Traver filed for a patent on his Circle Swing in October of 1902. Within just a couple of years, he had installed dozens around the country.Missing: date | Show results with:date
[98]
Lynn's Trapeze - Luna Park in Coney Island
Fly through the air with the greatest of ease on this trapeze swing ride featuring artistic renderings of historic Coney Island.
[99]
Giant Swing - Skypark Sentosa
Feel a rush like no other on the Sentosa Giant Swing! Fly through the air above the beautiful Sentosa beach at up to 120km/h by yourself or in a group of 3.
[100]
Skypark Sentosa by AJ Hackett | Bungee Jumping Singapore
Book your tickets to Skypark Sentosa by AJ Hackett now! Feel the thrill of Singapore's first bungee jump, Giant Swing, and Skybridge over Siloso Beach.
[101]
Part 9: Ratanga Junction - March 24, 2018 - Coasting with Culture
When it comes to this park, there is a bit of bad news. Unfortunately, the owners of the park have decided to close it down in favor of redeveloping the land ...
[102]
LOOK: a nostalgic journey through Ratanga Junction, Cape Town's ...
Sep 11, 2025 · Sadly, Ratanga closed its gates for good in May 2018. Official reports said the park just wasn't financially sustainable anymore. Visitor ...
[103]
The Oktoberfest very traditional | simply Munich
It is hard to believe: approximately 90 percent of the around 150 toss games, carousels, swing rides and other rides have their roots in the 19th century. Some ...Hexenschaukel (witch's... · Schichtl: To The Guillotine · Riesenrad 1925/ferris Wheel...
[104]
Swing ride - Wikipedia
The swing ride or chair swing ride is an amusement ride that is a variation on the carousel in which the seats are suspended from the rotating top of the ...History · Locations · Europe · North America
[105]
[PDF] Swing Ride Wellenflug - New Books in German
In Swing Ride, Constanze Neumann imagines the lives of two of her ancestors – Anna and Marie Reichenheim – and as she does so, traces the history of a Jewish ...
[106]
Six Horror Stories Set in Theme Parks and Carnivals - Reactor
Sep 15, 2025 · I've been on more than a few theme park-focused vacations, my favorite book—Ray Bradbury's Something Wicked This Way Comes (1962)—is about a ...
[107]
About Us | National Amusement Park Historical Association
Our Historic Ride Preservation Record: NAPHA has a record of assistance in finding new homes for historic rides to preserve them. Through member donations ...
[108]
Preservation | National Amusement Park Historical Association
Founded in 1978, the National Amusement Park Historical Association is an international organization dedicated to the preservation, documentation, and enjoymentMissing: swing | Show results with:swing