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TED

TED most commonly refers to a global non-profit organization dedicated to spreading ideas worth sharing through conferences, talks, and educational initiatives, originating from the convergence of , , and design. Founded in 1984 by architect and programmer Harry Marks, TED operates as a 501(c)(3) non-profit headquartered in and , , with a mission to discover and spread ideas that inspire emotion, new perspectives, and action. It is supported by conference fees, sponsorships, donations, licensing, and book sales. Since its acquisition by entrepreneur Chris Anderson's Sapling Foundation in 2001, which restructured it as a non-profit, TED has expanded its reach, launching an online video library in 2006 and reaching one billion total views by 2012. TED's content, freely available on its website and YouTube channel, garnered over 2.5 billion views in 2023 alone and, as of 2024, cultivated a community of 180 million monthly followers across platforms. In 2024, TED marked its 40th anniversary, and in 2025 hosted TED2025 with the theme "Humanity Reimagined." TED may also refer to other topics, as outlined in the sections below.

Conferences and Initiatives

TED (conference)

TED was founded in 1984 by , who observed a powerful convergence among the fields of , , and , leading to the creation of an annual that initially alternated between these thematic focuses. Co-founded with Harry Marks, the event began as a small gathering in , aimed at fostering discussions among innovators in these disciplines. In 2001, the nonprofit , led by entrepreneur Chris Anderson, acquired TED from Wurman, shifting its mission to promote "ideas worth spreading" beyond the original themes and expanding its scope to interdisciplinary topics. Under Anderson's curation, the organization transitioned to a nonprofit model, emphasizing global accessibility and impact through curated short-form presentations. Since 2014, the main annual TED conference has been held in Vancouver, British Columbia, at the , attracting over a thousand attendees for a five-day event that includes talks, performances, and networking. The 2025 conference marked TED's 40th anniversary with a focus on human flourishing amid AI advancements. Complementing the main conference are other TED events worldwide, such as TEDWomen, TEDNext, and TED Countdown, focusing on specific themes like gender, innovation, and , extending the conference's reach. The core format features rigorously curated talks limited to 18 minutes or less to maintain audience engagement, covering diverse subjects from and business to art and social issues; notable examples include Al Gore's 2006 presentation on the climate crisis and neuroanatomist Jill Bolte Taylor's 2008 account of her experience. TED evolved into an online platform in 2006 by offering free video streaming of talks, which has amassed over 2.8 billion views across its YouTube channel by April 2025. This digital expansion supports initiatives like the TED Fellows program, which provides training, networking, and resources to over 500 emerging leaders from around the world to amplify their innovative work. Financially, TED operates as a nonprofit under the TED Foundation (transitioned from the Sapling Foundation in 2019), funded primarily through high-priced ticket sales (ranging from $6,250 to $25,000 as of 2025), corporate partnerships, and donations, with proceeds reinvested into content production and global outreach.

TED-Ed

TED-Ed is the educational initiative of the organization, launched in to create and distribute animated video lessons designed to spark among learners and support educators worldwide. The program began with its first video upload on March 12, , focusing on transforming complex ideas into accessible, engaging content across diverse subjects such as , , , and . By 2025, TED-Ed's library includes over 1,600 original animated lessons, with representative examples like "The ," which explores the cultural and economic evolution of cacao from ancient to modern industry. These short videos, typically lasting 4 to 6 minutes, emphasize conceptual clarity through and visuals, aiming to foster deeper understanding rather than rote . The production process for TED-Ed lessons involves close collaborations between subject-matter experts, such as educators, scientists, and historians, and a team of professional animators, directors, and writers. Ideas often originate from educators submitting proposals, which are then refined into scripts and paired with custom illustrations, animations, and narration to create polished, high-quality videos. This educator-driven approach ensures accuracy and relevance, with each lesson supplemented by discussion questions, further reading, and interactive elements to encourage . Beyond videos, -Ed offers a range of supplementary resources to extend classroom and self-directed learning. -Ed Clubs provide a framework for student-led groups in over 130 countries, where participants discuss ideas, develop talks, and host events inspired by content, promoting and skills. Accompanying lesson plans allow teachers to customize animations for specific curricula, while the "Can You Solve This ?" series—a collection of logic puzzles presented as animated challenges—enhances problem-solving abilities through scenarios like paradoxes or ancient escapes. TED-Ed's impact has grown significantly, with its YouTube channel amassing over 4.5 billion total views and attracting more than 22 million subscribers as of November 2025. The content is integrated into school curricula across multiple languages, reaching over 1 million educators and serving millions of students weekly through tools like the TED-Ed Student Talks program, which has supported 40,000 groups in sharing ideas. As of 2025, TED-Ed has expanded into nine new languages including Mandarin, Hindi, and Arabic to broaden global access. Funded through TED's nonprofit model via conference fees, sponsorships, and licensing, the initiative expanded post-2020 with interactive features on its platform, including customizable lesson builders and partnerships for digital tools, alongside professional development programs like the TED-Ed Innovative Educators initiative to train teachers in fostering student innovation.

Education and Associations

Türk Eğitim Derneği

The Türk Eğitim Derneği (TED), founded on January 31, 1928, in , , as the Turkish Maarif Cemiyeti, emerged as a secular, dedicated to advancing modern in the early years of the Republic, following the . Renamed the Turkish Education Association in 1946, it was established under the leadership of and Republican cadres to foster educational reforms aligned with national development goals. This initiative marked TED as the first non-governmental entity in 's education sector, emphasizing and in schooling. Although sharing an acronym with global TED initiatives focused on technology, , and , the organization operates independently with no formal . TED's core activities center on operating a network of educational institutions and providing financial aid to underserved youth. By 2024, it manages 46 schools across and , prioritizing curricula in , arts, and to prepare students for contemporary challenges. Annually, the association awards thousands of non-repayable scholarships to financially disadvantaged but academically promising students, having supported approximately 50,000 individuals to date. Historical milestones include pioneering women's in the 1930s through the establishment of institutions like Bursa Girls’ High School, which promoted gender equity in learning opportunities. Further expansion occurred in 2012 with the founding of TED University in , a non-profit institution emphasizing innovative higher in fields such as and . The organization's programs extend beyond classrooms to holistic youth development, including international student exchanges like the partnerships, debate clubs to enhance , and environmental initiatives such as the First Memorial Forest project. These efforts underscore a commitment to and extending educational access to rural areas, addressing disparities in resource availability. Governance operates as a membership-based public benefit association, drawing funding from private donations, school tuitions, lotteries, events, and occasional government grants to sustain its operations. In response to evolving educational needs, introduced digital learning platforms in 2020, including the Virtual Classroom Project, to facilitate remote education amid the and beyond. This adaptation has enabled continued engagement for students in remote or underserved regions, reinforcing the association's role in resilient, inclusive education.

Technology, Education, and Design programs

Technology, Engineering, and Design (TED) programs—sometimes referred to as Technology Education and Design in certain contexts like North Carolina's curriculum—encompass curricular models in schools and universities that integrate technology tools, pedagogical methods, engineering principles, and design thinking to foster innovative learning experiences. These frameworks emphasize hands-on exploration of technological systems, engineering principles, and creative problem-solving, distinguishing them from the entertainment-oriented TED conference by prioritizing structured educational outcomes over inspirational talks. The theoretical foundations of TED programs draw heavily from , a learning theory that views as actively constructed through experiences and social interaction rather than passive reception. In this approach, students build understanding by engaging with real-world problems, aligning with processes that encourage , ideation, and prototyping. Success in these programs is often measured through qualitative metrics such as student innovation portfolios, which showcase iterative designs, and quantitative assessments of tech literacy, including proficiency in and . Implementation typically involves (PBL), where students use accessible software like to create interactive projects that blend coding, design, and storytelling. For instance, learners might develop games or animations to explore concepts, promoting and iterative refinement. Case studies highlight this in practice, such as maker spaces in Singaporean schools, where students engage in hands-on fabrication using printers and to address design challenges. These methods support interdisciplinary connections, with brief overlaps to resources like TED-Ed lessons on . Key examples include university-level programs in the United States, such as State University's , and Education curriculum, which prepares teachers for K-12 instruction in areas like and through standards-aligned courses developed in the 2010s to support integration. In , Finnish design education incorporates similar principles since the mid-2010s, with institutions like emphasizing technology-enhanced design studios that align with national curricula for sustainable innovation. These U.S. Department of -supported efforts, including engineering design standards, have influenced broader adoption by providing frameworks for technology infusion in public schools. In the U.S., integrated into K-12 curricula reaches millions of students, based on data from the late 2000s with continued growth in programs. Globally, such programs are widely adopted in STEM-focused schools and districts, with the overall K-12 education market valued at approximately $60 billion as of 2024. Challenges such as the are mitigated via open-source tools like and online platforms, ensuring accessibility in under-resourced areas. Post-2020, these programs have evolved to include AI-inclusive , incorporating ethical considerations like bias mitigation in projects to prepare students for future technologies, as noted in 2024 analyses of K-12 trends. This shift emphasizes responsible , with curricula updating to feature tools alongside traditional methods.

Science and Medicine

Thyroid Eye Disease

Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as , is an autoimmune disorder primarily associated with , characterized by inflammation and swelling of the tissues and muscles around the eyes. It occurs when the attacks the orbital tissues, leading to expansion of , fat, and behind the eyes. This condition affects approximately 25-50% of individuals with , with a higher reported in some populations up to 50% among patients. Common symptoms of TED include proptosis, or bulging of the eyes, which can cause a prominent stare; double vision () due to restricted ; eye pain, redness, and swelling; dryness and grittiness from exposure; and in severe cases, potential loss from compression of the . These manifestations often develop in phases: an active inflammatory stage lasting 1-3 years, followed by a stable phase where symptoms may persist but progression halts. retraction and are also frequent, affecting significantly. The primary cause of TED is an autoimmune response involving thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that cross-react with orbital tissues, activating fibroblasts and promoting deposition and fat expansion. It is strongly linked to but can occur independently or with other dysfunctions. Key risk factors include , which increases the risk seven- to eight-fold and worsens severity; female gender, with TED more common in women though often more severe in men; and peak onset between ages 40-60. Other contributors include radioactive iodine therapy for , particularly in smokers. Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive clinical examination using scales like the Clinical Activity Score (CAS) to assess inflammation and the VISA classification for severity. Orbital imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals muscle enlargement and fat prolapse, while blood tests confirm thyroid function and TSI levels. Early detection is crucial to prevent complications like dysthyroid optic neuropathy, which occurs in 4-10% of cases. Treatment strategies depend on disease activity and severity, starting with supportive measures such as lubricating , , and head elevation to alleviate symptoms. For active moderate-to-severe TED, intravenous corticosteroids are first-line to reduce , often followed by if needed. Surgical options, including orbital , strabismus correction, and eyelid surgery, are reserved for the inactive phase to address persistent proptosis or . A major advancement is teprotumumab, an IGF-1R approved by the FDA in 2020, which targets the underlying autoimmune pathway and significantly reduces proptosis and in clinical trials, with ongoing 2025 studies confirming its efficacy as first-line therapy for active cases. Prognosis for is generally favorable, with about 80% of cases managed conservatively and stabilizing within 1-2 years after the active phase, though residual cosmetic or functional issues may require intervention in 20% of patients. improves outcomes substantially. As of 2025, research continues on genetic markers and molecular subtypes to better predict disease course and personalize treatments, including subtypes identified through bioinformatics analyses.

Transmission Electron Diffraction

Transmission Electron Diffraction (TED) is a technique integrated into (TEM) that employs high-energy waves to investigate the atomic-scale crystalline structures of materials, generating diffraction patterns that correspond to the for nanoscale analysis. In this method, a monochromatic , typically accelerated to 100 with a de Broglie wavelength of approximately 0.0037 nm, transmits through ultrathin specimens (typically 50–200 nm thick), where from atomic planes produces spots or rings when the Bragg condition for constructive interference is satisfied. The underlying principle follows , expressed as n \lambda = 2 d \sin \theta where n is an integer, \lambda is the electron wavelength, d is the interplanar spacing, and \theta is the scattering angle; this relation allows determination of lattice parameters from the observed pattern geometry. TED finds extensive applications in materials science for phase identification in alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, where spot patterns distinguish alpha and beta phases, and in nanomaterials such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), revealing ring patterns indicative of polycrystalline structure. It also enables characterization of orientation relationships, crystal defects including dislocations and twinning, and texture in advanced materials, with resolutions approaching 0.16 nm at 400 keV acceleration for atomic-scale insights into biological samples and low-dimensional structures. The technique originated from foundational electron microscopy advancements in the 1930s, including the 1931 invention of the TEM by and Max Knoll, which enabled electron beam transmission through samples for imaging and . A pivotal development was the 1938 introduction of convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) by Walther Kossel and Gottfried Möllenstedt, allowing extraction of parameters, lattice symmetries, and three-dimensional structural data from localized regions. By the 1980s, progress in aberration correction and selected-area further refined TED's precision, supporting its evolution into a standard tool for crystallographic analysis. Instrumentation for centers on a TEM operated in high to , typically around 10^{-5} to 10^{-7} , to minimize contamination and from residual gases, with electron accelerators providing voltages of 100–400 keV to achieve short wavelengths for high . patterns are captured on detectors and processed using fast transforms (FFT) to shift from real-space images to , facilitating pattern indexing, phase identification, and defect quantification. Despite its strengths, TED is limited by sample thickness, as thicker specimens can introduce multiple that blurs patterns and reduces accuracy in and . Advances as of 2025 have mitigated these issues through aberration-corrected TEM, achieving sub-angstrom resolutions (~0.7 ) for clearer imaging, and 4D-STEM, which employs pixelated detectors for multidimensional datasets enabling sub-picometer and low-dose 4D of beam-sensitive like semiconductors and nanowires.

Technology and Computing

Logo (Commodore implementations)

Logo implementations for Commodore 8-bit home computers include variants of the Logo programming language adapted for the Commodore 64 (developed by Terrapin Inc. and released in 1983) and the Commodore TED series machines such as the C16 and Plus/4 (developed by Leigh L. Klotz and released in 1984). Developed as educational tools during the 1980s, they emphasize turtle graphics to teach concepts in geometry, logic, and computational thinking through interactive drawing commands. These implementations were part of the broader effort to bring Logo's child-friendly paradigm to affordable hardware, enabling beginners to visualize program execution via a virtual turtle that moves on screen. Key features include core drawing commands like FORWARD 100 to move the ahead by 100 units and RIGHT 90 to turn it 90 degrees right, allowing users to create shapes, patterns, and animations. They integrate with the host system's capabilities, such as graphics for multi-element displays and commands for auditory feedback, while maintaining a syntax closely aligned with standard but streamlined for resource-constrained environments. As interpreted languages, they support and list-based data structures but lack advanced features like objects or modules, focusing instead on with primitives for repetition (e.g., REPEAT 4 [FORWARD 100 RIGHT 90] to draw a square). These optimizations ensured compatibility with limited memory, typically operating within the 64 KB of the Commodore 64 or 16 KB/64 KB of the TED series. In educational settings during the and , these Logo implementations gained popularity in classrooms for hands-on lessons in and problem-solving, where students wrote programs to generate simple mazes, recursive fractals like the , or . Their immediate visual output made abstract concepts tangible, fostering without requiring prior coding experience. Teachers often used them alongside worksheets to explore and conditionals, such as defining procedures for drawing stars or spirals. By the , open-source emulations and disk images became available online, allowing modern users to run archived versions on hardware emulators like VICE, preserving their role in retro as of 2025. The implementations' legacy extends to influencing contemporary visual programming environments, such as , which adopts 's block-based turtle metaphor for introducing coding to children. While optimized for 8-bit constraints—no support beyond basic lists for data handling—their emphasis on exploratory learning contributed to 's enduring impact on design.)

Other Uses

Toohey's Extra Dry

, often abbreviated as , is a dry-style produced by at the in , a suburb of , . Introduced in by as a low-carbohydrate option, it targeted health-conscious consumers seeking a lighter alternative to traditional lagers, featuring 30% fewer carbohydrates and 25% fewer calories than regular , with 112 calories per 375 serving. The beer's formulation emphasizes a crisp, clean finish achieved through an extended that removes excess sugars, resulting in low bitterness and subtle fruity, malty notes. It contains barley malt, , as an adjunct for lightness, and water, with an alcohol by volume (ABV) of 4.4%. As one of Australia's top-selling beers by volume, it is available in cans and bottles, primarily distributed within with limited exports to Asian markets like . Positioned as a premium, easy-drinking dry lager, Tooheys Extra Dry's marketing has highlighted its refreshing profile through humorous and relatable campaigns, often tying into Australian culture and everyday moments. Notable efforts include the 2020 "Proudly Ordinary" platform by 72andSunny Sydney, which celebrated the beer's unpretentious appeal via animated ads and collaborations roasting its "ordinary" status to connect with younger drinkers. Earlier campaigns, such as the 2013 "Mouth" spot directed by the Noah Marshall Collective, used surreal humor featuring a rebellious tongue to emphasize the beer's crisp taste, earning acclaim for creativity. The brand has sponsored sports events and leveraged humor in promotions, like the 2009 TED 696 longneck bottle initiative to encourage social sharing among young adults. A variant, Tooheys Extra Dry Platinum, was introduced in 2006 as a higher-strength edition with 6.5% ABV, targeting occasions calling for more intensity while maintaining the core dry profile; it saw a relaunch in 2023 with updated packaging. The brand's advertising has faced broader scrutiny within Australia's alcohol industry for potentially appealing to youth in the 2010s, amid concerns over campaigns like those linking beer to social rebellion or festivals, though specific critiques of Tooheys Extra Dry focused more on general exposure risks rather than content violations. Its creative efforts have garnered recognition, including multiple awards for campaigns such as the 2011 "Nocturnal Migration" ad, which won a Bronze World Medal at the New York Festivals and a nomination at the Hollywood Post Alliance Awards. Since Nathan's acquisition by Holdings in 2009 for A$3.3 billion, Tooheys Extra Dry has been part of Kirin's global portfolio, benefiting from expanded resources while remaining a staple in . Under , has advanced initiatives, aiming to make 100% of its packaging , with over 50% recycled content, by 2025 (as of 2024), including adopting the Australasian on products like Tooheys Extra Dry to guide consumer . This coincides with the TED's overlap with other unrelated uses, such as educational organizations, though the predates most modern associations.

Transducer Electronic Data Sheet

The Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) is defined by the IEEE 1451.4-2004 standard, which specifies a smart interface for and actuators that enables plug-and-play capabilities by embedding digital identification, calibration, and configuration data directly within analog transducers. This standard allows transducers to communicate their essential parameters to measurement systems without manual input, facilitating seamless integration across diverse hardware environments. Originally developed to address challenges in sensor networks, TEDS promotes for both wired and mixed-mode transducer connections, supporting applications where rapid sensor deployment is critical. At its core, a TEDS implementation incorporates a chip, typically an , integrated into the sensor housing or connector, which stores key metadata such as the manufacturer's serial number, model details, coefficients, and metrics—for instance, the voltage output per unit of physical input like or . This memory adheres to predefined templates outlined in IEEE 1451.4, ensuring compatibility with accessing protocols such as IEEE 1451.2, which governs the interface for digital communication. A practical example is a equipped with TEDS, where the stored enables automatic scaling and compensation for environmental factors during , eliminating the need for user-configured lookup tables. The primary benefits of TEDS include reduced setup times, minimization of wiring complexities, and prevention of configuration errors, particularly in high-stakes fields like structural testing and automotive assessments, where sensor swaps must occur without compromising accuracy. By automating identification and , TEDS enhances and lowers operational costs in multi-channel test environments. Adoption has grown steadily since the standard's inception, with TEDS integrated into numerous commercial s from manufacturers like HBK and Piezotronics, supporting broader network . Recent updates in IEEE 1451.0-2024 extend compatibility to transducer interface modules, enabling seamless operation in distributed systems; in December 2024, NIST released an online tool for validating TEDS in applications. Technically, TEDS data is organized in a compact, template-based format that can be parsed into an XML-like structure for readability and integration with modern software tools, allowing flexible representation of transducer attributes. Post-2015 enhancements, aligned with the evolution toward ISO/IEC/IEEE 21450, introduced optional security features such as digital signatures and encryption within the TEDS to protect against tampering in deployments, ensuring secure data exchange in connected ecosystems. These additions address vulnerabilities in remote sensor access while maintaining with legacy IEEE 1451 implementations.

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