Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Strain

Strain is a term with multiple meanings across various fields. For its uses in science and technology, see strain in biology, strain in mechanics and materials science, strain in chemistry, and strain in sociology. In health and psychology, it refers to muscle and tissue strain (injury) or psychological and emotional strain. Other uses include strain in music, strain in linguistics, strain in cooking and food preparation, and strain in games and recreation. It also appears as a surname, in arts and media, and as geographical place names.

Science and technology

Strain in biology

In biology, particularly microbiology, a strain refers to a genetic variant or subtype within a species, typically denoting a pure culture or isolate of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or plants that exhibit distinct traits like virulence, antibiotic resistance, growth rates, or metabolic properties not shared by other members of the species.^[1]^[2] These differences arise from genetic mutations, selective pressures, or laboratory manipulations, allowing strains to be distinguished for research, clinical, or industrial purposes.^[3] The concept emerged in the late 19th century with pioneers like Robert Koch, who in 1876 isolated the anthrax bacillus (Bacillus anthracis) in pure culture, establishing foundational techniques for identifying and cultivating specific bacterial variants that cause diseases.^[4] This work, extended to the tuberculosis bacillus in 1882, marked the birth of medical bacteriology and the systematic study of microbial strains during the "golden age" of the field in the early 20th century.^[5] Prominent examples illustrate the utility of strains in research and public health. The Escherichia coli K-12 strain, isolated in 1922 from a human diphtheria patient, became a cornerstone of molecular biology by the 1940s due to its ability to undergo genetic recombination, enabling foundational experiments in gene mapping and cloning.^[6]^[7] In virology, SARS-CoV-2 variants such as Alpha (B.1.1.7, first detected in the United Kingdom in September 2020), Delta (B.1.617.2, identified in India in late 2020 and dominant by mid-2021), and Omicron (B.1.1.529, reported from South Africa in November 2021) highlight how viral strains evolve mutations affecting transmissibility and immune evasion, driving pandemic responses.^[8]^[9] Similarly, the World Health Organization (WHO) tracks influenza strains annually through global surveillance networks, monitoring antigenic drift in viruses like H1N1 and H3N2 to inform seasonal vaccine composition and mitigate epidemics that cause hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide each year.^[10]^[11] Modern applications of strain engineering have revolutionized biotechnology and agriculture. The CRISPR-Cas9 system, first demonstrated for genome editing in 2012, enables precise modifications to bacterial and viral strains, facilitating applications such as attenuated pathogen development for vaccines against diseases like COVID-19 and influenza.^[12]^[13] By the 2020s, this technology had become widespread for creating recombinant strains in industrial microbes and engineering virus-host interactions to enhance vaccine efficacy.^[14] In plant biology, selective breeding has produced crop strains with enhanced pest resistance, such as maize hybrids tolerant to insects like the European corn borer, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides and improving yields through heritable traits identified in wild accessions.^[15]^[16] For example, BacDive catalogs over 97,000 prokaryotic strains as of 2025, while NCBI provides access to hundreds of thousands of prokaryotic genome assemblies linked to strains, supporting genomic epidemiology and strain selection for these advancements.^[17]^[18]

Strain in mechanics and materials science

In mechanics and materials science, strain is defined as a dimensionless quantity that quantifies the deformation of a material under applied load, representing the relative displacement of particles within the body compared to its undeformed state.^[19] It is typically expressed for normal strain as \epsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L_0}, where \Delta L is the change in length and L_0 is the original length, indicating the extent of elongation or contraction along a specific axis.^[20] This measure is crucial for understanding how materials respond to forces without specifying the cause, focusing instead on geometric changes. Strain manifests in several forms depending on the loading direction and nature. Normal strain occurs under tensile or compressive loads, causing axial deformation where positive values denote extension and negative values denote shortening.^[21] Shear strain, denoted as \gamma, arises from tangential forces and is defined as \gamma = \tan \theta, with \theta being the change in angle between originally perpendicular line elements in the material.^[22] Volumetric strain, \epsilon_v = \frac{\Delta V}{V_0}, captures overall volume change under hydrostatic pressure, combining effects from all directions and proving essential for analyzing bulk material behavior under uniform loading.^[23] The concept of strain traces its origins to foundational work in elasticity. Robert Hooke first articulated the proportional relationship between force and extension in 1678 through his law, stating that the restoring force in elastic bodies is proportional to deformation, laying the groundwork for linking stress and strain.^[24] This was formalized further in 1807 by Thomas Young, who introduced the modulus of elasticity—now known as Young's modulus—as the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic range, providing a quantitative framework for material stiffness.^[25] Modern measurement of strain relies on devices like strain gauges, which convert mechanical deformation into electrical signals for precise quantification. Invented in 1938 by Edward E. Simmons at the California Institute of Technology, these gauges typically consist of a bonded wire or foil element whose resistance changes with strain, enabling real-time monitoring in experimental and field settings. Complementary techniques, such as finite element analysis in computational simulations, allow prediction of strain distributions in complex structures by solving equilibrium equations based on material properties. In engineering applications, strain analysis ensures structural integrity across industries. For instance, in bridge design, allowable strain is often limited to around 0.002 to prevent yielding and fatigue, as seen in steel components where exceeding this threshold risks permanent deformation under cyclic loads from traffic and environment.^[26] In aerospace, strain monitoring via gauges on aircraft materials helps predict failure from fatigue, where accumulated plastic strain leads to crack propagation, guiding maintenance schedules and material selection for safety.^[27] A key related concept is Poisson's ratio, \nu = -\frac{\epsilon_{\text{lateral}}}{\epsilon_{\text{axial}}}, which describes the negative ratio of transverse to axial strain under uniaxial loading, typically ranging from 0.25 to 0.35 for most metals, indicating moderate lateral contraction during extension.^[28] Strain behavior divides into elastic, where deformation is fully recoverable upon load removal up to the elastic limit, and plastic, where permanent changes occur beyond this point due to dislocation movement in the material's microstructure, marking the transition to irreversible damage.^[29]

Strain in chemistry

In chemistry, particularly organic chemistry, strain refers to the excess potential energy stored in a molecule due to deviations from its ideal geometric configuration, which destabilizes the structure and influences its reactivity. This strain energy arises primarily from three main types: angle strain, resulting from bond angles that deviate from the optimal 109.5° tetrahedral geometry for sp³-hybridized carbons; torsional strain, caused by eclipsed conformations along single bonds that increase repulsion between adjacent substituents; and steric strain, stemming from repulsive interactions between non-bonded atoms or groups that are forced into close proximity. For instance, in ethane, the energy barrier between staggered and eclipsed conformations is approximately 12 kJ/mol, attributed entirely to torsional strain from the three pairs of eclipsed C-H bonds. Total strain energy in a molecule is typically calculated as the additive sum of these individual components, providing a quantitative measure of instability relative to unstrained analogs. The concept of strain was first systematically explored in the late 19th century through Baeyer's strain theory, proposed by Adolf von Baeyer in 1885, which posited that the instability of small cyclic compounds arises from compressed bond angles that "strain" the valences of carbon atoms, predicting increasing reactivity with smaller ring sizes. This theory laid the foundation for understanding ring strain but was later refined with quantitative methods, such as Frank H. Westheimer's 1947 work on molecular mechanics, which introduced computational models to estimate steric and angle strain energies by treating bonds as harmonic oscillators and non-bonded interactions as repulsive potentials. These developments enabled precise calculations of strain contributions, highlighting how deviations from ideal geometries elevate the molecule's internal energy above that of acyclic counterparts. A classic example of high strain is found in small cycloalkanes, where cyclopropane exhibits a total ring strain of about 115 kJ/mol, comprising significant angle strain from its 60° bond angles and torsional strain from fully eclipsed hydrogens, rendering it far less stable than larger rings like cyclohexane. In medium-sized rings (8-11 members), transannular strain predominates, arising from unfavorable non-bonded interactions across the ring that distort conformations and elevate energy. Another key principle is Bredt's rule, formulated in 1924, which states that double bonds cannot stably exist at the bridgehead positions of small bridged bicyclic systems due to the geometric strain imposed by requiring a trans configuration in a strained ring, preventing planarity at the olefinic carbons. Strain plays a crucial role in reactivity and synthetic applications, as relief of strain often drives reactions forward; for example, the ring-opening of epoxides via SN2 mechanisms is accelerated by the release of angle strain, making these three-membered heterocycles highly electrophilic. In drug design, strained motifs like epoxides are exploited for their reactivity in covalent inhibition of enzymes, as seen in the development of inhibitors targeting soluble epoxide hydrolase, where strain facilitates selective bond cleavage and biological activity.

Strain in sociology

Strain theory in sociology, particularly as formulated by Robert K. Merton, posits that deviance and criminal behavior arise from the disjunction between culturally prescribed goals, such as monetary success and social status, and the legitimate institutional means available to achieve them in society.^[30] This structural imbalance creates pressure, or "strain," that individuals experience when they cannot attain these goals through approved channels, leading them to adopt deviant adaptations. Merton's foundational work, "Social Structure and Anomie," published in 1938, introduced this perspective as a response to Émile Durkheim's concept of anomie, reframing it to explain how societal norms foster normlessness in the pursuit of success.^[30] Later expansions, notably Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST) in 1992, broadened the framework to include not only goal-means discrepancies but also the loss of positively valued stimuli (e.g., relationships or possessions) and the presentation of negative stimuli (e.g., abuse or discrimination), emphasizing emotional responses like anger as mediators to deviance.^[31] Central to Merton's strain theory is the idea of anomie, a state of normlessness where social regulations weaken, allowing unregulated pursuit of cultural goals and contributing to deviant behavior.^[32] To cope with strain, individuals adopt one of five modes of adaptation: conformity (accepting both goals and means), innovation (accepting goals but using illegitimate means, such as crime), ritualism (abandoning goals but adhering rigidly to means), retreatism (rejecting both goals and means, leading to withdrawal like addiction), and rebellion (rejecting existing goals and means while substituting new ones, potentially through revolutionary acts). Agnew's GST builds on this by specifying that strains are most likely to lead to crime when they are perceived as unjust, high in magnitude, associated with low coping resources, and linked to negative emotions like frustration or depression.^[31] Empirical examples illustrate strain's role in deviance; for instance, economic strain in low-income communities has been linked to higher rates of property crimes, as individuals innovate illegitimate means to achieve wealth goals amid limited opportunities.^[33] Studies in urban settings, such as Houston, show that poverty and economic inequality correlate with elevated property crime rates, supporting the theory's prediction of strain-driven innovation among disadvantaged groups.^[34] Similarly, academic pressure exemplifies strain in educational contexts, where adolescents facing high achievement expectations but inadequate support exhibit increased delinquency rates, as failure to meet goals generates anger and coping through rule-breaking.^[35] Strain theory has influenced policy by advocating interventions that reduce structural barriers, such as expanding access to education and vocational training to align means with goals and mitigate deviance among youth.^[36] Early empirical support emerged from 1960s U.S. surveys testing Merton's ideas, which found associations between socioeconomic status, goal blockage, and delinquency rates, though results were mixed depending on measurement.^[37] Agnew's 2006 updates to GST further incorporated negative stimuli like child abuse as key strains, emphasizing their role in generating persistent negative emotions that predict criminality across social classes.^[38] However, critiques highlight the theory's overemphasis on lower-class deviance, potentially overlooking how strain operates among higher socioeconomic groups through subtler pressures like status competition, and its limited explanation of non-economic crimes.^[39]

Health and psychology

Muscle and tissue strain (injury)

A muscle strain, also known as a pulled muscle, is an injury involving overstretching or tearing of muscle fibers or the tendons that connect muscles to bones, resulting from excessive force or rapid contraction.^[40] These injuries are classified into three grades based on severity: grade I (mild, with minimal fiber damage and no loss of strength), grade II (moderate, involving partial tears with noticeable weakness and swelling), and grade III (severe, featuring complete tears and significant loss of function).^[41] This grading system was first comprehensively outlined in 1966 by a subcommittee of the American Medical Association to standardize assessment of sports-related muscle injuries.^[42] Common causes include overuse from repetitive motions or sudden, forceful movements, such as sprinting or jumping in sports like soccer or track, which exceed the muscle's capacity to absorb stress.^[40] Risk factors encompass poor physical conditioning, muscle imbalances, fatigue, prior injuries, and age-related weakening of tissues, which reduce elasticity and increase vulnerability during activity.^[43] In occupational settings, repetitive tasks in jobs like assembly line work or manual labor can contribute to strains through cumulative microtrauma.^[44] Underlying these injuries are mechanical principles of tissue deformation, where applied forces surpass the elastic limits of muscle and tendon structures.^[41] Symptoms typically manifest as localized pain that worsens with movement, swelling, bruising, and reduced range of motion or strength in the affected area, with severity aligning to the injury grade—mild discomfort in grade I versus intense pain and a palpable gap in grade III.^[40] Diagnosis often involves physical examination, followed by imaging such as ultrasound for initial assessment or MRI to evaluate tear extent and rule out complications like compartment syndrome.^[45] Soft tissue strains have been recognized since ancient Greek medicine, with Hippocrates around 400 BCE describing treatments for injuries involving muscle and joint disruptions in athletic contexts, emphasizing rest and bandaging.^[46] Initial treatment follows the PEACE & LOVE protocol, an evidence-based approach for acute soft tissue injuries that evolved from the earlier RICE method introduced by Dr. Gabe Mirkin in 1978. PEACE guides the immediate phase: Protect the injured area by unloading or restricting movement for 1–3 days based on pain; Elevate the limb above heart level to promote fluid flow; Avoid anti-inflammatories, as they may interfere with healing; Compress with bandages or taping to limit swelling; and Educate on the recovery process to set realistic expectations and encourage active rehabilitation. In the subacute phase, LOVE supports ongoing care: Load the tissue with early mechanical stress as tolerated; foster Optimism through positive mindset and education; promote Vascularisation via pain-free cardiovascular activities; and incorporate Exercise to restore strength, flexibility, and proprioception.^[47] Rehabilitation includes physical therapy to restore strength and flexibility, with surgery reserved for grade III cases involving full tears; complications like chronic pain or recurrent strains may arise in untreated or repetitive-exposure scenarios.^[45] Muscle strains account for 10-55% of all sports injuries annually, highlighting their prevalence in activities demanding explosive power.^[48] Prevention strategies, such as dynamic warm-ups to enhance muscle temperature and elasticity, significantly lower incidence rates.^[49]

Psychological and emotional strain

Psychological strain refers to the adverse psychological and emotional response to prolonged or excessive stress, where environmental demands surpass an individual's coping capacities, often resulting in feelings of overwhelm, burnout, or heightened anxiety. This form of strain arises from the interplay of internal and external pressures that disrupt emotional equilibrium, leading to mental discomfort and reduced well-being. According to the World Health Organization, stress—encompassing psychological strain—manifests as a state of worry or mental tension triggered by difficult situations, prompting adaptive responses that, if chronic, can impair daily functioning.^[50] The concept gained prominence through Hans Selye's formulation of the General Adaptation Syndrome in 1936, which outlined the body's triphasic response to stressors: an initial alarm reaction, a resistance phase of adaptation, and eventual exhaustion if the stress persists, linking physiological changes to psychological tolls. Earlier foundations trace to Sigmund Freud's theories in the 1890s, where he posited anxiety as a signal of unresolved internal conflicts, particularly from repressed libidinal energy transforming into emotional tension. Common causes include occupational overload, such as excessive workloads, and interpersonal conflicts in relationships, which create perceived imbalances between demands and resources. These factors are commonly measured using the Perceived Stress Scale, a 14-item self-report tool developed by Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein in 1983, which assesses the extent to which individuals appraise life situations as unpredictable or uncontrollable.^[51] Symptoms of psychological strain typically include chronic fatigue, irritability, and emotional exhaustion, which can escalate to severe outcomes like major depressive disorder if unaddressed. Long-term exposure heightens the risk of depression, affecting approximately 5% of adults worldwide, with women experiencing higher prevalence rates of 6% compared to 4% in men, as reported by the World Health Organization in 2023. These effects underscore strain's role in broader mental health vulnerabilities, where sustained emotional pressure disrupts cognition, mood regulation, and interpersonal interactions. Effective management of psychological strain involves evidence-based interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, which targets maladaptive thought patterns to alleviate anxiety and depressive symptoms through structured, goal-oriented sessions. Mindfulness practices, including techniques like mindful breathing and body scans, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing strain-related anxiety and depression by fostering present-moment awareness and emotional regulation. Organizational strategies, such as implementing workload reductions and supportive policies in workplaces, further mitigate causes like professional overload by promoting balanced demands.^[52]^[53] Key trends highlight a notable rise in psychological strain post-2020, attributed to pandemic-induced isolation, economic uncertainty, and disrupted routines, with global surveys showing elevated mental health distress levels persisting above pre-pandemic baselines. Gender disparities are evident, as women reported greater increases in depressive symptoms and overall strain during and after the COVID-19 period, often linked to disproportionate caregiving burdens and social role shifts. While sociological strain from broader societal structures can exacerbate individual emotional responses, psychological strain primarily pertains to personal cognitive and affective reactions to stress.^[54]^[55]

Other uses

Strain in music

In music, a strain refers to a short, self-contained melodic phrase or section within a larger composition, often characterized by its rhythmic and harmonic completeness, typically ending with a cadence. This term is particularly prevalent in genres such as folk, hymn, and march music, where strains serve as building blocks for the overall form, allowing for repetition or variation to create structure and interest.^[56] The concept of the strain emerged in 16th-century English music theory, with early usages appearing in writings from the 1560s onward, such as in translations of sermons and treatises on musical sequences. By the late 18th century, strains were integral to hymn composition; for instance, the tune for "Amazing Grace" (1779), known as NEW BRITAIN, comprises four distinct strains aligned with the common meter stanza (8.6.8.6 syllables), each phrase setting one line of text in a strophic format typical of psalmody and Protestant hymns. In march music, strains denote the primary melodic sections, usually three or more, that alternate to propel the piece forward, as seen in American military marches from the 19th century.^[56]^[57] Structurally, a strain often spans 8 to 16 bars, providing a balanced unit for thematic development. In ragtime, exemplified by Scott Joplin's "Maple Leaf Rag" (1899), the piece unfolds as a multi-strain form with four distinct sections—A, B, C, and D—each 16 bars long, featuring syncopated melodies over steady bass lines to evoke dance rhythms. Bluegrass and old-time fiddle tunes similarly employ two contrasting strains (often labeled A and B), each typically 8 bars, played in AABB form; for example, "Leather Britches" uses a low first strain and a higher second strain, repeated for jamming and improvisation. These structures highlight the strain's role in fostering repetition while allowing instrumental solos.^[58]^[59]^[60] In songwriting, strains enable variation by juxtaposing complementary motifs, a technique that builds emotional and narrative progression without relying on strict repetition. This approach distinguishes the strain from a refrain, which is a shorter, recurring lyrical or melodic hook emphasizing the song's central idea, whereas a strain functions as a fuller, independent module that may appear once or be repeated episodically. Over time, the strain's modular quality influenced modern pop song forms, evolving into verses that parallel early strains in their developmental role, contrasted with expansive choruses derived from more emphatic refrains. In analytical frameworks like Schenkerian theory, developed in the 1920s, strains are interpreted as upper-level structural units within a composition's tonal hierarchy, revealing underlying voice-leading patterns across multiple sections.^[61]^[62]

Strain in linguistics

In linguistics, the term "strain" is used in specific research contexts to describe cognitive, semantic, or physical tension during language production, processing, or interpretation. For example, semantic strain refers to the pressure from mismatched noun-verb combinations that leads to adjustments in verb meaning. Bodily strain, such as during physical exertion, can disrupt syntactic progressivity in speech, as speakers suspend clauses to signal effort.^[63]^[64] These ideas gained prominence in mid-century generative grammar, as Noam Chomsky analyzed how complex syntactic embeddings impose memory strain on speakers, limiting the depth of nested constructions to avoid overload in sentence comprehension and production.^[65] Examples of strain appear across linguistic domains. In prosody, physical or emotional strain can compress the fundamental frequency (F0) range and alter tempo in intonation patterns, making utterances sound effortful or contracted as the speaker's body tenses. Syntactically, strain manifests in conversational settings where speakers under bodily exertion—such as during physical tasks—temporarily suspend clause completion to signal ongoing effort, disrupting linear progressivity while maintaining interactional coherence.^[64] Semantically, strain occurs in metaphoric extensions, where a verb's core meaning adapts under pressure from an incompatible noun, as in describing a non-physical event with a motion verb like "run" a business, prioritizing noun fit over strict verb semantics.^[63] Applications of strain analysis extend to natural language processing (NLP) and language acquisition. In 2020s AI applications, such as GPT-series models, sequence prediction under long-context strain reveals performance drops in coherence, underscoring the need for architectures that mitigate overload in extended linguistic chains.^[66]

Strain in cooking and food preparation

In cooking and food preparation, straining is a fundamental technique for separating solid particles from liquids to achieve clarity, smoothness, or purity in mixtures such as sauces, broths, stocks, and infusions. This process removes undesired elements like seeds, pulp, herbs, or impurities while preserving flavors and nutrients in the liquid. Primarily applied to wet ingredients, straining enhances texture and presentation, distinguishing it from sifting, which is used for dry goods, though the tools often overlap.^[67]^[68]^[69] Common tools for straining include colanders with large perforations for coarse drainage, sieves or chinois for medium filtration, and cheesecloth or fine-mesh strainers for delicate separation. Cheesecloth, a lightweight cotton fabric, traces its use to ancient culinary practices, evolving from woven cloths and horsehair sieves employed in Roman kitchens to filter wines and sauces. In modern settings, stainless steel or nylon strainers with precise mesh sizes—such as 100 microns for ultra-fine results—allow for targeted particle removal, as seen in professional kitchens for clarifying custards or extracting essences.^[70]^[71]^[72] Historically, straining appears in the Roman cookbook Apicius (compiled around 400 CE), where recipes direct the use of colanders and hair sieves to refine spiced wines, vegetable purees, and meat broths by passing mixtures through to eliminate solids. The technique gained prominence in French haute cuisine through Auguste Escoffier's Le Guide Culinaire (1903), which details straining as essential for producing clear stocks and velvety sauces, influencing global professional standards. Techniques vary between passive draining, where gravity allows natural flow (e.g., rinsing pasta in a colander), and active pressing, using a spoon or ladle to force liquids through for maximum yield (e.g., pureeing cooked fruits). In consommé preparation, stock is first clarified via an egg white raft to trap impurities, then strained through layered cheesecloth for crystal-clear results.^[71]^[73]^[74] Applications extend to baking, where fine strainers sift flour to remove lumps and aerate it for even texture, and to beverage making, such as straining fresh juices to eliminate pulp, which may ease digestion for those with fiber sensitivities by reducing insoluble content. In Japanese cuisine, dashi broth is prepared by steeping kombu seaweed and katsuobushi flakes, then gently straining through cloth to yield a pure, umami-infused liquid essential for soups and simmered dishes. These methods rely on basic filtration principles, where mesh apertures determine particle size captured, with finer meshes (e.g., 100-200 microns) preventing cloudiness in delicate preparations like infusions or reductions.^[75]^[76]^[77]

Strain in games and recreation

In contract bridge, the term "strain" refers to the suit or no-trump denomination specified in a bid, such as hearts or spades, which determines the trump suit or lack thereof in the final contract.^[78] This terminology distinguishes the five possible strains: clubs, diamonds, hearts, spades, and no-trump, ranked from lowest to highest in bidding value.^[78] The concept of strain emerged with the development of contract bridge in the 1920s, evolving from auction bridge where bidding focused on trick counts rather than fixed contracts.^[79] Harold S. Vanderbilt formalized contract bridge's rules during a 1925 cruise, introducing scoring that emphasized accurate strain selection for bonuses.^[79] The term became standardized in the 1930s through influential texts like Ely Culbertson's Contract Bridge Blue Book (1930) and the formation of the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) in 1937, which codified bidding practices.^[80]^[81] In gameplay, players bid to identify the optimal strain for achieving game or slam contracts, such as aiming for a "strong major strain" like hearts to leverage long suits for higher scoring.^[82] Strategic decisions in duplicate bridge tournaments, where boards are replayed across tables, often revolve around competitive bidding to secure the best strain against opponents.^[81] The World Bridge Federation's Bermuda Bowl, the premier open teams championship, has featured such strategies since its inception in 1950, highlighting strain selection in high-stakes international play.^[83] Beyond card games, "strain" describes physical exertion in recreational activities like yoga or sports, where participants push muscular limits through sustained effort in poses or training. For instance, holding a challenging yoga asana involves controlled straining to build strength and flexibility.^[84] In sports, this refers to intensifying performance without exceeding safe thresholds.^[85]

Proper names

Strain as a surname

Strain is a surname of Irish and Scottish Gaelic origin, derived from "Straine," meaning "strong," with anglicization occurring in the 17th century.^[86] It is also regarded as an English variant of "Strayne."^[87] Common variants include Strayne and Strains, alongside related forms such as Strachan and Strahan, which trace back to locational roots in Kincardineshire, Scotland.^[87] Genealogical records, particularly in databases like Ancestry.com, show a peak in U.S. immigration documentation during the 1880s, reflecting broader patterns of Celtic diaspora.^[88] The surname is distributed primarily in the United States, where approximately 8,883 individuals bore it according to the 2010 U.S. Census.^[89] It is also common in the United Kingdom and Canada, with global incidence estimated at over 17,000 bearers.^[90] This spread resulted largely from 19th-century migration, including during the Irish Potato Famine, as exemplified by emigrants like Mary Strain, who arrived in New York in 1846 aboard the ship Brothers.^[87] Such movements contributed to the name's establishment in North America, often among Presbyterian communities.^[88] Notable individuals with the surname include Mike Strain (born 1959), an American politician and veterinarian who has served as Louisiana's Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry since 2008. Historical figures include Presbyterian ruling elder Robert Strain, active in 19th-century American church records, including in the United Presbyterian Church in Sharon, Pennsylvania.^[91]

Strain in arts and media

In literature, The Strain trilogy, co-authored by filmmaker Guillermo del Toro and novelist Chuck Hogan, comprises three novels published between 2009 and 2011: The Strain, The Fall, and The Night Eternal. The series portrays a vampire apocalypse initiated by a parasitic virus that transforms humans into bloodthirsty strigoi, blending epidemiological horror with supernatural elements. The narrative opens with the eerie landing of Regis Air Flight 753 at New York's JFK Airport, where all aboard are found dead from an unknown cause; CDC epidemiologist Dr. Ephraim Goodweather investigates, uncovering the outbreak as the work of an ancient entity known as the Master, who seeks to eradicate humanity.^[92] The trilogy achieved international bestseller status, captivating readers with its high-stakes fusion of science fiction and gothic horror.^[92] The novels inspired the FX television series The Strain, which ran for four seasons from July 13, 2014, to September 17, 2017, totaling 46 episodes. Co-created by del Toro and Hogan, with del Toro directing the pilot episode "Night Zero," the show adapts the books' premise, centering on Goodweather (played by Corey Stoll) and a team of survivors combating the vampiric plague in a crumbling New York City. Key characters include the wise Holocaust survivor Abraham Setrakian (David Bradley), who recognizes the ancient evil, and Nora Martinez (Mía Maestro), Goodweather's colleague, as they race to destroy the Master's seven "strain" progenitors to halt the global infection.^[93]^[94] The series revitalized the vampire genre by depicting the creatures as grotesque, worm-infested parasites driven by viral hunger rather than romantic allure, drawing comparisons to zombie apocalypses while emphasizing biological contagion.^[95] This scientific framing, loosely referencing real-world viral strains, contributed to its influence on post-2010s horror media, where pandemic-themed undead narratives became prevalent.^[96]

Strain as geographical places

Strain refers to several small, unincorporated communities in the United States, typically rural areas with limited development and historical ties to early settlers or railroad development. These places are often named after individuals from the Strain family, reflecting patterns of settlement in 19th- and early 20th-century America.^[97] In Arkansas, Strain is an unincorporated community located in Richland Township, Washington County, situated between the cities of Fayetteville and Elkins. Established in the late 19th century, it once featured a post office that operated from 1884 to 1888, serving the needs of local farmers and residents in this agricultural region of northwestern Arkansas. Today, it remains a sparsely populated rural area with minimal infrastructure, primarily consisting of farmland and scattered residences, and is notable for the nearby Strain Cemetery, which holds records of early local families.^[98] Strain, Missouri, is another unincorporated community in Franklin County, named after early settler John M. Strain. The area's post office, established in 1903, operated until 1910, supporting a small farming and timber community in the eastern Missouri Ozarks. Historical accounts list the Strain family among the pioneering settlers in Franklin County during the mid-19th century, alongside other families who contributed to the region's development through agriculture and basic trade. With limited modern development, the site features rural landscapes and is impacted by the broader economic shifts in Missouri's rural counties, where population remains under 100 in similar hamlets.^[97] In Texas, Strain was a planned townsite in southwestern Hardin County, approximately 25 miles west of Beaumont, laid out in 1908 along the Beaumont, Sour Lake, and Western Railway. Named for C. W. Strain, the railroad's assistant passenger-traffic manager, it was intended as a stop for logging and agricultural transport but failed to grow beyond initial surveys. The last documented reference to the site appears in a 1929 deed record, after which it faded from prominence, leaving no incorporated community or post office; the area now consists of wooded rural land with no significant population or features.^[99] These locations exemplify how the Strain surname, of Scottish and Irish origin, influenced place names through family migrations and contributions to frontier economies, though such communities often experienced stagnation due to economic reliance on declining industries like rail and small-scale farming.^[88]

References

[1]
Mechanics of Materials: Strain - Boston University
Strain is the deformation of a material from stress. It is simply a ratio of the change in length to the original length.
[2]
[PDF] 2.080 Structural Mechanics Lecture 2: The Concept of Strain
Strain is a fundamental concept in continuum and structural mechanics. Displacement fields and strains can be directly measured using gauge clips or the ...
[3]
[PDF] 2. stress, strain, and constitutive relations
Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics ... Therefore, strain is defined as normalized deformations within a body exclusive of rigid body displacements.
[4]
[PDF] mechanics of materials: stress & strain - UAH
Strain: • Strain is a measure of the material's response to stress and is expressed as a ratio to the change in length to the original length:
[5]
Tensors: Stress, Strain and Elasticity - SERC (Carleton)
Jan 19, 2012 · Strain is defined as the relative change in the position of points within a body that has undergone deformation. The classic example in two ...
[6]
[PDF] Chapter 1 Continuum mechanics review
Strain and strain-rate tensors are a measure of the infinitesimal (small, of order %, as opposed to finite, i.e. large) deformation (rate). Strain and ...
[7]
[PDF] 10-1 CHAPTER 10 DEFORMATION 10.1 Stress-Strain Diagrams ...
Stress and strain are calculated from easily measurable quantities (normal load, diameter, elongation, original length) and can be plotted against one ...
[8]
[PDF] Chapter 3 - An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics, Second Edition
Sep 3, 2014 · Thus, in general, the engineering strains defined in mechanics of materials and the Green–. Lagrange strains are not the same. The axial strain ...
[9]
Definition of organism strain - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
A group of organisms that belong to the same species but share certain genetic characteristics not found in other members of the species.
[10]
Strain, clone and species: comments on three basic concepts of ...
Different aspects of the terms strain, clone and species are discussed. The term strain is commonly used to denote a pure culture.
[11]
Diversity within species: interpreting strains in microbiomes - PMC
In the traditional cultivation approach, 'strain' refers to a pure culture or isolate, denoting a taxonomic entity rather than a natural concept. This ...
[12]
Robert Koch and the 'golden age' of bacteriology - ScienceDirect.com
Robert Koch's discovery of the anthrax bacillus in 1876 launched the field of medical bacteriology. A 'golden age' of scientific discovery ensued.
[13]
Robert Koch | German Bacteriologist & Nobel Laureate | Britannica
German physician Robert Koch was one of the founders of bacteriology. He discovered the anthrax disease cycle and the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis and ...
[14]
How Escherichia coli Became the Flagship Bacterium of Molecular ...
Aug 2, 2022 · One of the protagonists of our story, E. coli K-12, was isolated from the stool of a recovering diphtheria patient in 1922 and was deposited in ...
[15]
Escherichia coli K-12: a cooperatively developed annotation ...
Jan 1, 2006 · Originally isolated in 1922, it was catapulted to prominence by the discovery of strain K-12's ability to carry out genetic recombination by ...<|separator|>
[16]
Recent Chronology of COVID-19 Pandemic - Frontiers
1.1.7 lineage, commonly known as Alpha variant, was discovered in United Kingdom in late Dec. 2020, on the basis of sequencing of whole-genome samples ...
[17]
The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 | Nature Reviews Microbiology
Apr 5, 2023 · This was first observed with mutation D614G. Later, VOCs Alpha, Delta and Omicron were found to carry mutations that further improved binding, ...
[18]
Influenza surveillance outputs - World Health Organization (WHO)
The WHO Global Influenza Programme provides a global platform for influenza and other respiratory viruses surveillance data reporting and analysis.
[19]
Influenza (seasonal) - World Health Organization (WHO)
Feb 28, 2025 · WHO fact sheet on influenza: includes key facts, definition, symptoms, transmission, seasonal epidemics, effects, prevention, WHO response.
[20]
CRISPR/Cas System Toward the Development of Next-Generation ...
Sep 23, 2022 · A new precise CRISPR/Cas9 with high efficacy, specificity, and low-cost properties has solved a lot of current problems of recombinant vaccines.
[21]
Application of CRISPR-Cas9 Editing for Virus Engineering and the ...
Applications of CRISPR editing have now been extended for a variety of recombinant vaccine studies, targeting viruses, yeasts, bacteria, animal cells, parasites ...
[22]
CRISPR-Cas: a game-changer in vaccine development and the fight ...
Sep 24, 2024 · In this review, we explore the latest advances in CRISPR-Cas-based approaches to elucidate virus–host interactions, focusing on the identification of key ...
[23]
Conventional breeding of insect-resistant crop plants: still the best ...
Nov 30, 2020 · Insect-resistant crops feed much of the world, using reduced carbon inputs and providing much greater economic returns on investment.
[24]
How Syngenta Breeds Resistance Traits in Vegetable Crops
Jan 11, 2024 · In today's breeding, scientists find cultivars or accessions that are resistant to disease or pest damage. Then, they search for the gene, or ...
[25]
BacDive in 2025: the core database for prokaryotic strain data - PMC
Oct 29, 2024 · The current release (2023.2) contains 2.6 million data points on 97 334 strains, reflecting an increase by 52% since the previous publication in ...
[26]
Strain: Definition, Importance, Calculation, Types, and Examples
May 18, 2023 · In mechanics, strain is a dimensionless measure of the deformation that a material experiences in response to an external force or load. It is ...
[27]
Stress, Strain, & Strength: An Introduction to Materials Science
Stress is force divided by area, strain is change in length divided by original length, and elastic modulus is stress divided by strain.Introduction · Vocabulary · Tension Test Equipment · Tension Test Results
[28]
Types of Mechanic Strains - Stanford Advanced Materials
Jul 24, 2025 · Strain is a dimensionless measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in a material body relative to a reference ...Types Of Strain · Volumetric Strain · Applications Of Strain...
[29]
Stress-Strain Curve | How to Read the Graph? - Fractory
Jun 3, 2020 · There are three types of strain: normal, volumetric, and shear. Normal strain (or longitudinal strain) concerns itself with the change in ...
[30]
[PDF] Hooke's law
Evidently, Hooke's law leads to a local linear relation between stress and strain, and materials with this property are generally called linearly elastic.
[31]
Thomas Young: Young's Modulus | TecQuipment
Jun 13, 2018 · Young described the characterization of elasticity that came to be known as Young's Modulus, denoted as E, in 1807. This is a ratio of the ...Missing: primary | Show results with:primary
[32]
[PDF] Bridge Steels and Their Mechanical Properties
This chapter presents an overview of structural steel products that are used for steel bridge construction. It is intended to serve as a reference and ...
[33]
Structural Health - Micro-Measurements
Micro-Measurements' foil strain gages (gauges) are used in bridge structures around the world to measure strain, displacement, force, temperature, inclination, ...
[34]
Poisson's Ratio Chart for Metals and Materials - Amesweb
Poisson's ratio values for metals and materials including steel, aluminum, copper, cast iron, titanium, and concrete. Typical range 0.25–0.35.Missing: source | Show results with:source
[35]
Mechanical Properties of Materials | MechaniCalc
Elastic and Plastic Strain Up to the elastic limit, the strain in the material is also elastic and will be recovered when the load is removed so that the ...Missing: science | Show results with:science
[36]
social structure and anomie - robert k. merton - jstor
SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND ANOMIE 677 production, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods and serv- ices" in our competitive society, wherein wealth has ...
[37]
FOUNDATION FOR A GENERAL STRAIN THEORY OF CRIME AND ...
This paper presents a general strain theory of crime and delinquency that is capable of overcoming the criticisms of previous strain theories.
[38]
Merton, R. K. (1938). Social Structure and Anomie. American ...
Merton, R. K. (1938). Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review, 1, 672-682. https://doi.org/10.2307/2084686. has been cited by the following ...
[39]
[PDF] Socioeconomic Influences of Property Crime Rates
Apr 12, 2019 · This study is focused on property crimes such as burglary rather than violent crimes such as robbery because economic strain puts pressure on ...
[40]
Economic correlates of crime: An empirical test in Houston
Higher levels of poverty and population density were significantly associated with increased property crime rates. •. Structural economic inequalities, not race ...
[41]
The Relationship Between Academic Performance and Delinquent ...
Feb 4, 2025 · Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. ... academic strain to predict delinquency. Journal of Ethnicity in ...
[42]
Education as Crime Prevention | Center on Juvenile and ... - Cjcj.org
Apr 1, 2011 · The basic thesis of strain theory is this: Crime stems from the lack of articulation or “fit” between two of the most basic components of ...
[43]
Empirical Status of Strain Theory | Office of Justice Programs
The results in terms of strain theory's empirical status are mixed and depend on how strain is operationalized.<|separator|>
[44]
General Strain Theory: Current Status and Directions for Further ...
General strain theory (GST) states that a range of strains or stressors increase the likelihood of crime. These strains may involve the inability to achieve ...
[45]
[PDF] Agnew's General Strain Theory: Context, Synopsis, and Application
Agnew proposed that various forms of strain caused individuals to experience negative emotional states such as anger, depression, and fear (Agnew, 1992). For ...
[46]
Muscle strains - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
the fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones. Minor injuries may only overstretch a ...Missing: grades | Show results with:grades
[47]
Muscle Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment - PMC - NIH
The signs and symptoms of grade I lesions are edema and discomfort; grade II, loss of function, gaps and possible ecchymosis; and grade III, complete rupture, ...
[48]
Classification and grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review - PMC
Nov 13, 2014 · In 1966, the American Medical Association (AMA) subcommittee on the classification of sports injuries published the first comprehensive three ...
[49]
Hamstring strain injuries: factors that lead to injury and re ... - PubMed
Mar 1, 2012 · Reported risk factors for HSIs include age, previous injury, ethnicity, strength imbalances, flexibility and fatigue.
[50]
Preventive factors against work-related musculoskeletal disorders
The main kinetic factors associated with MSDs include repetitive movements, exerting excessive force, awkward postures, compression and mechanical vibration.
[51]
Muscle strains - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic
Oct 11, 2022 · Minor strains may only overstretch a muscle or tendon, while more severe injuries may involve partial or complete tears in these tissues.Missing: definition grades
[52]
Medicine in the Ancient Olympics
He informs about the therapy of a sprained ankle using blood-letting and ointment. The injuries of a boxer were sucked out, sutured and externally treated with ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[53]
RICE Method for Injuries (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) - WebMD
Apr 24, 2024 · History of the RICE Method Gabe Mirkin, MD, introduced the acronym RICE in The Sportsmedicine Book, published in 1978, to help treat sports ...
[54]
MUSCLE INJURIES IN ATHLETES - PMC - NIH
Most muscle injuries (between 10% and 55% of all injuries) occur during sports activities. The muscles most commonly affected are the ischiotibial, quadriceps ...
[55]
How to avoid exercise injuries: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Sep 15, 2024 · Warm up and Cool Down Warming up before exercise gets your blood flowing, warms up your muscles, and helps you avoid injury. The easiest way to ...Missing: chronic repetitive jobs
[56]
Stress - World Health Organization (WHO)
Feb 21, 2023 · Stress can be defined as a state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation. Stress is a natural human response that prompts us to address ...
[57]
A global measure of perceived stress. - APA PsycNet
Presents data on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), a 14-item measure of the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful.
[58]
Cognitive Behavior Therapy - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
In the 1960s, Aaron Beck developed cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or cognitive therapy. Since then, it has been extensively researched and found to be ...
[59]
Mindfulness for Your Health | NIH News in Health
Mindfulness-based treatments have been shown to reduce anxiety and depression. There's also evidence that mindfulness can lower blood pressure and improve ...
[60]
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender Differences in ... - NIH
This study investigated whether there was gender difference in the magnitude of increase in prevalence of depression, depression severity, and individual ...
[61]
The gender gap in mental well-being at the onset of the Covid-19 ...
During the Covid-19 pandemic, women's mental health declined more than men's, with a 5.6 point drop compared to 4.5 points for men. Social factors, especially ...Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[62]
strain, n.² meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
A musical idea or passage, more or less complete in itself, and terminating, most frequently, with a Perfect Cadence..constitutes a Rhythmical Period, or Strain ...
[63]
Dynamics in Early American Psalmody - College Music Symposium
Oct 1, 1986 · Psalm tunes, intended to be sung strophically, usually consisted of four strains, setting the four lines of the normal hymn stanza.
[64]
[PDF] The Multileveled Rhythmic Structure of Ragtime
We identify a number of significant differences based on the position of a phrase in a sixteen-measure strain, the position of the strain in the rag, and the.
[65]
http://www.colinphillips.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/chomsky1965-ch1.pdf
[66]
Leather Breeches- Version 2 (Compilation) - Bluegrass Messengers
Most printed versions have two strains, but add a third strain that essentially repeats the low strain an octave higher. Here is a compilation of lyrics to ...
[67]
[PDF] AABA, Refrain, Chorus, Bridge, Prechorus - Song Forms and their ...
Mar 10, 2015 · ... song (when the A- lines do not contain a refrain, the contrasting strain sections start with the title and are sung by a chorus in »When ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[68]
A Schenkerian Look at Lully - Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music
It will come as no surprise by now to learn that the structure of the primary strain of the final ensemble reflects many of the features of the duet, which ...
[69]
Verb Metaphoric Extension Under Semantic Strain - PMC - NIH
Verb mutability refers to the phenomenon whereby, under conditions of semantic strain, the verb is more likely to adapt its meaning to the noun than the reverse ...
[70]
Suspending Syntax: Bodily Strain and Progressivity in Talk - Frontiers
People speak not only under relaxed conditions but also during strenuous activities, and grammatical resources can be used to achieve displays of strain.
[71]
Bloomfield - Language (1935) | PDF | Sanskrit | Linguistics - Scribd
Rating 5.0 (3) before an initial st,ressed vowel when speaking under a strain, and in German this is the normal usage; as a phoneme, the glottal st(}P occurs in roany ...
[72]
[PDF] ASPECTS OF THE THEORY OF SYNTAX - Colin Phillips |
least strain on memory.7 For, discussion, see Miller and Chomsky. (1963). Case (4iv) suggests decay of memory, perhaps, but raises un- solved problems (see ...
[73]
What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)? - DigitalOcean
Dec 20, 2024 · Irregular grammar, incomplete sentences, and use of slang or colloquialisms strain NLP algorithms and models. Machines struggle to map raw ...
[74]
[PDF] DOCUMENT RESUME ED 079 750 CS 200 642 AUTHOR ... - ERIC
areas. Supplementary spelling words should not be'a part of the regular spelling lesson unless they correlate with the phonetic strain being.Missing: linguistics | Show results with:linguistics
[75]
Unsupervised learning and natural language processing highlight ...
Unsupervised learning and natural language processing (NLP) are two areas of ... strain. This step allows a better capture of the differences and ...
[76]
Straining - CooksInfo Food Encyclopaedia
Oct 13, 2003 · Straining is used almost exclusively for wet things, while sieving could be used for wet things like crushed berries, or for dry things, such as flour.
[77]
How to strain | Recipe - Kitchen Stories
Straining means passing food through a sieve in order to remove undesired solid components such as seeds. The sieve is usually very finely woven and thus ...
[78]
When and How to Strain Your Dishes - Lifehacker
Aug 9, 2022 · Straining, in general, is the act of separating a thinner, looser component from clumpy or larger solid ingredients in a recipe.
[79]
https://www.acbl.org/100-years-of-contract-bridge/
[80]
Apicius: Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome - Project Gutenberg
A bibliography, critical review and translation of the ancient book known as Apicius de re Coquinaria. Now for the first time rendered into English.
[81]
Amazon.com: Premium Multi-Mesh Strainer Set, 4 Pack - 100/200 ...
This 4-pack ultra fine mesh strainer set includes strainers with 100 mesh, 200 mesh, 300 mesh, and 400μm mesh sizes to meet various filtering needs. Each ...
[82]
Escoffier and a Spoonful of Umami - Peter Hertzmann
After straining, the liquid is diluted with port wine and flavoured with ... The 1728 edition and recipe are mentioned in Andrew F Smith, Pure Ketchup: A History ...
[83]
Classic Chicken Consommé Recipe - The Spruce Eats
Rating 4.0 (192) · 3 hr 50 minAug 3, 2025 · Gently ladle the crust into the sieve and then slowly ladle the liquid over the crust, allowing time for the liquid to pass through the crust ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[84]
Juicing: What are the health benefits? - Mayo Clinic
Aug 23, 2023 · Juicing also can give the digestive system a rest from digesting fiber. This may help some people who have certain health conditions or who ...
[85]
How to Make Dashi (Video) だしの作り方 - Just One Cookbook
Rating 4.6 (195) · 20 minDashi is made by first brewing kombu in water, then adding katsuobushi (bonito flakes) and simmering. Awase Dashi is the most common type.3 Ways To Make Dashi · Dashi · Kombu Dashi · Furikake (Japanese Rice...
[86]
https://www.wisdomlib.org/names/strain
[87]
Learn - American Contract Bridge League
STRAIN. A term encompassing all four suits plus notrump. A synonym for denomination. STRATIFIED PAIRS. This type of game is different from most others ...
[88]
100 Years of Contract Bridge
In 1925, Harold Vanderbilt changed the way the world plays cards. His scoring system, born on a Panama Canal cruise, became contract bridge.
[89]
Origins and history of Bridge
In September 1930, Culbertson published his Contract Bridge Blue Book, which became a best seller and which appeared in annual revisions for four years. This ...
[90]
About ACBL • American Contract Bridge League
The American Contract Bridge League was founded in 1937. Today it is the largest bridge organization in North America, supporting clubs and tournaments in the ...
[91]
Bridge Dictionary
(1) (noun) a bid in a strain that an opponent has bid; [Example: a two-spade overcall of a one-spade opening bid.] (2) (noun) a bid in a suit that an opponent ...C · P · R · S
[92]
https://www.amazon.com/Strain-Guillermo-del-Toro/dp/0062068253
[93]
Exercise intensity: How to measure it - Mayo Clinic
Exercise intensity is a subjective measure of how hard physical activity feels to you while you're doing it, called your perceived exertion.
[94]
Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale - Cleveland Clinic
Your rate of perceived exertion (RPE) refers to how hard you think you're pushing yourself during exercise. It's subjective, which means that you decide how ...
[95]
Meaning of the name Strain
Oct 15, 2025 · The surname Strain is of Scottish and Irish origin, with several possible meanings and backgrounds. In Scotland, it is often associated with the ...
[96]
Strain Surname: Meaning, Origin & Family History - SurnameDB
In stockRecorded in several forms including Strachan (Scotland), Strahan, Straughan (England), Strain and Straine (Northern Ireland), this is a surname of Scottish ...
[97]
Strain Surname Meaning & Strain Family History at Ancestry.com®
The Strain family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. The most Strain families were found in USA in 1880. In 1840 ...
[98]
Strain last name popularity, history, and meaning
The Strain surname appeared 8,883 times in the 2010 census and if you were to sample 100,000 people in the United States, approximately 3 people would have the ...
[99]
Strain Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
An Etymological Dictionary of ...
[100]
United Presbyterian Church, Sharon - PAGenWeb |
Following is a list of ruling elders: John Titus, David T. Porter, Robert Strain, William L. Thompson, William J. Hamilton, Robert Templeton, J. H. McElheny, ...
[101]
The Strain: del Toro, Guillermo, Hogan, Chuck - Amazon.com
He is also the co-author, with Oscar-winning filmmaker Guillermo Del Toro, of the internationally bestselling STRAIN trilogy: THE STRAIN, THE FALL, and THE ...
[102]
FX's The Strain | Watch on Hulu - FX Networks
The Strain is FX's high concept thriller that tells the story of Dr. Ephraim Goodweather, former head of the Center for Disease Control, Canary Team in New ...
[103]
Watch The Strain Streaming Online | Hulu
Jul 28, 2016 · ... The Strain, which was directed by del Toro. Emmy® Award winning Writer and Producer Carlton Cuse serves as Executive Producer/Showrunner and ...
[104]
FX's 'The Strain' Dismantles Notion of Sexy Vampires
but it shouldn't, The Strain showrunner Carlton Cuse says. “The genre had gotten soft and romantic,” ...
[105]
The Strain, Episode 1: The surprisingly plausible science of vampire ...
Jul 13, 2014 · The vampire worms we see in The Strain long to drink human blood, and that's kind of unnerving, but it's nothing like crawling inside of a host, ...
[106]
History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford & Gasconade ...
History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford & Gasconade Counties, Missouri. ... Heath, James Kegans, the Ridenhours, the Strains, James Crider, the ...<|separator|>
[107]
Strain Cemetery - Arkansas - Find a Grave
Find 240 memorial records at the Strain Cemetery cemetery in Strain, Arkansas. Add a memorial, flowers or photo.
[108]
Strain | TX Almanac
Strain was on the Beaumont, Sour Lake, and Western Railway twenty-five miles west of Beaumont in southwestern Hardin County. The townsite was laid out in ...