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TT

Testosterone (TT), also referred to as testosterone (TRT), is the medical of synthetic testosterone or its esters to restore physiological levels of the in individuals diagnosed with , a condition characterized by deficient endogenous testosterone production leading to symptoms such as diminished , , , reduced muscle mass, and risk. Primarily indicated for adult males with primary or secondary confirmed by repeated low serum testosterone measurements alongside clinical symptoms, TT aims to mitigate these effects through intramuscular injections, gels, patches, or pellets, with monitoring for efficacy and adverse outcomes like erythrocytosis or effects. First developed in after the chemical synthesis of enabled clinical application, TT has demonstrated benefits in improving , , bone mineral density, and in hypogonadal men, supported by randomized controlled trials showing dose-dependent gains in lean mass and strength without uniform increases in cardiovascular events when properly managed. Expanded off-label uses include addressing menopausal symptoms in women via low-dose formulations and masculinizing effects in individuals with , though empirical data on long-term outcomes in these groups remain limited and contested, with observational studies indicating potential fertility suppression and variable improvements amid high variability in patient response. Controversies center on cardiovascular safety, fueled by early flawed trials suggesting risks that larger, subsequent analyses have not consistently replicated, alongside concerns over misuse for athletic enhancement or unverified age-related decline, prompting regulatory scrutiny from bodies like the FDA to restrict prescriptions to verified deficiencies. Despite these debates, causal mechanisms link restored testosterone to metabolic and musculoskeletal improvements, underscoring TT's role when applied judiciously based on biochemical evidence rather than symptomatic conjecture alone.

Sports

Motorcycle racing

The Isle of Man TT Races, commonly known as the TT, constitute the premier motorcycle road racing event linked to the acronym, held annually on the Isle of Man's Snaefell Mountain Course, a 37.73-mile (60.72 km) public road circuit featuring 219 turns and elevations up to 1,304 feet (397 m). Established in 1907 by the Auto-Cycle Club as the first international motorcycle racing event, it originated on a shorter St John's course before shifting to the Mountain Course in 1911, where races unfold in a time-trial format with riders starting at 10-second intervals to compete against the clock over multiple laps. The event spans two weeks in late May and early June, encompassing practice, qualifying, and six primary solo classes—Superbike, Superstock, Supersport, Supertwin, , and —alongside races, with machines tuned from production models to produce up to 200+ horsepower while adhering to fuel and noise regulations. Superbike features 1000cc four-cylinder prototypes averaging lap speeds exceeding 134 mph, while Supertwin utilizes 700cc twin-cylinder bikes derived from road machines, emphasizing agility on the undulating terrain. For 2026, organizers announced refinements including a renamed Supertwin class as "Sportsbike" to align with global nomenclature, reordered Superstock and Supersport races, three rest days, and seven practice sessions to boost reliability and competitiveness amid variable weather. Notable achievements underscore advancements in rider technique, , and , exemplified by Michael Dunlop's record 33rd victory in the 2025 Supertwin Race 2, where he set a class lap record of 123.056 on a final lap, surpassing his uncle Joey Dunlop's longstanding 26 wins and highlighting iterative engineering gains like improved braking and tire compounds. Safety concerns persist due to the course's inherent hazards—narrow roads, stone walls, and high speeds—yielding over 260 fatalities on the Mountain Course since 1911, including riders, marshals, and spectators, with peaks like 10 deaths in 2005. Despite enhanced measures such as air fences, rider briefings, and medical helicopters, annual risks remain elevated compared to closed-circuit racing; however, participants are predominantly seasoned road racers who qualify via prior events like the , voluntarily assuming dangers for the prestige and challenge, as evidenced by sustained entry levels exceeding 300 riders annually and rejection of calls for outright bans in favor of individual agency and incremental safety evolution.

Time trials in other sports

In cycling, time trials consist of individual or events where competitors race over a predetermined , starting at staggered intervals to prevent except within teams. This format isolates rider performance, emphasizing sustained power output, aerodynamic positioning, and equipment optimization rather than bunch racing tactics. time trials, historically prominent in Grand Tours like the , involve squads rotating leads to minimize wind resistance, with innovation in formations yielding tactical edges. Aerodynamic refinements play a critical role, as empirical data demonstrate that wheels can reduce by up to 10-15% compared to spoked alternatives at yaw angles typical in races, translating to seconds saved per kilometer at elite speeds. Pacing strategies, informed by power metering, further enhance outcomes; simulations indicate even power distribution outperforms variable efforts in flat conditions, minimizing accumulation. In running, s denote structured solo maximal efforts over fixed distances, such as 5 km or 10 km, used to benchmark fitness and simulate race conditions without competitors. These tests build mental by enforcing consistent pacing splits, with athletes targeting uniform segment times to refine economy. Triathlons incorporate elements, particularly in non-drafting bike segments or wave starts, where athletes maintain threshold efforts across swim-to-bike transitions. The format's objectivity allows precise quantification via elapsed times and splits, reducing disputes over positioning. However, weather variability poses challenges to fairness; quantifies environmental impacts, including and , at up to 1.5% of total variance in time trials, potentially altering outcomes between staggered starters. Protocols like GPS-tracked splits and post-race mitigate such issues, though hot conditions specifically degrade pacing by shifting metabolic profiles.

Transportation

Automobiles

The is a line of 2+2 sports cars manufactured by AG from 1998 to 2023, available as a coupé or with standard or optional quattro all-wheel drive across most variants. Introduced as a design-focused halo model within Audi's lineup, the TT debuted at the 1998 following a 1995 preview at the Motor Show, emphasizing minimalist, rounded styling reminiscent of 1930s racers and influences. The first-generation (Mk1, Type 8N) model featured a 1.8-liter turbocharged inline-four in two outputs—180 horsepower (134 kW) or 225 horsepower (167 kW)—paired with five- or six-speed transmissions, achieving 0-60 times of approximately 7.4 to 6.4 seconds and electronically limited top speeds of 130-155 depending on configuration. Subsequent generations evolved the powertrain for improved efficiency and performance while retaining the TT's compact dimensions (roughly 163-165 inches in length) and emphasis on precise handling via progressive steering and . The second-generation (Mk2, 2006-2014) introduced a 2.0-liter TFSI turbocharged producing up to 200 horsepower, alongside a 3.2-liter V6 option at 250 horsepower, with top speeds again capped at 155 mph in standard models. The third-generation (Mk3, 2014-2023) refined this to a 2.0-liter TFSI base (220-245 horsepower) and high-performance TT RS variants with a 2.5-liter turbo five-cylinder delivering 400 horsepower, enabling 0-60 mph in 3.7 seconds and optional top speeds exceeding 155 mph up to 174 mph with the Dynamic Plus package. Production concluded in November 2023 after 662,762 units across three generations, with no internal-combustion models for 2025 amid Audi's shift to . Market reception highlighted the TT's standout styling and composed road manners, particularly in later models with magnetic ride dampers and torque-vectoring, earning praise as a "design icon" for its Bauhaus-inspired purity and everyday usability despite limited rear seating. European sales were robust, with over 300,000 first-generation units produced, reflecting strong demand for its blend of premium fit and agile dynamics, though U.S. figures remained modest at under 1,000 annual units in peak years due to higher pricing starting around $50,000 for base models. Critics noted drawbacks including elevated costs relative to rear-wheel-drive rivals like the Porsche 718 Cayman, suboptimal fuel economy (typically 23-25 mpg combined), and early Mk1 handling quirks involving lift-off oversteer from a high center of gravity, mitigated by 2000 with standard rear spoilers and suspension tweaks. Overall, the TT prioritized visual appeal and all-weather grip over raw track prowess, cementing its niche as an accessible sports car rather than a hardcore performer.

Other transportation terms

In logistics, transit time (TT) refers to the total duration from the dispatch of a shipment to its delivery at the destination, encompassing line-haul movement, dwell times for loading/unloading, and any waiting for connections or equipment. This metric is essential for assessing performance, as reductions in TT variability can lower overall shipping costs by enabling better inventory management and reducing the need for buffers. For instance, empirical analyses show that minimizing TT uncertainty through optimized routing decreases emissions and operational expenses, with shifts toward emission-minimizing strategies potentially increasing costs by up to 10-20% if not balanced with time efficiencies. Global trade data indicate that persistent delays, such as those reducing schedule reliability to 50-55% in 2024 from pre-2020 levels of 70-85%, exacerbate inefficiencies and elevate costs by disrupting just-in-time delivery models. In aviation, total time (TT) denotes the cumulative operating hours of an aircraft's airframe since manufacture, recorded via hobbs meters or tachometers to track usage independent of pilot logging conventions. This figure directly governs maintenance intervals, as regulatory frameworks like FAA standards mandate inspections and overhauls based on accumulated hours to ensure structural integrity, with general aviation airframes typically rated for up to 20,000 hours under proper care. High TT correlates with accelerated depreciation, particularly in the early lifecycle stages where each additional hour more heavily influences resale value due to proximity to major service events; for example, aircraft exceeding design limits or showing uneven maintenance history may retain only fractional residual worth compared to low-TT equivalents. Appraisers routinely scrutinize TT alongside logs to gauge operational history, as abused high-hour airframes pose greater fatigue risks than meticulously maintained ones, thereby informing buyer decisions on future overhaul investments.

Science and technology

Medicine

The thrombin time (TT) test measures the time required for a fibrin clot to form after adding a standardized amount of thrombin to citrated platelet-poor plasma, evaluating the efficiency of fibrinogen conversion to fibrin in the final stage of the coagulation cascade. This assay bypasses upstream factors in the clotting pathway, isolating abnormalities in fibrinogen quantity, quality, or thrombin inhibitors. The procedure typically involves incubating plasma with thrombin reagent at 37°C and detecting clot formation via mechanical or optical methods, with results reported in seconds. Normal TT values vary by reagent and laboratory method but generally range from 9 to 13 seconds, with prolongation beyond 16 to 18 seconds indicating potential ; for instance, values exceeding twice the upper limit often signal significant fibrinogen dysfunction or inhibition. Reagent-dependent variability necessitates lab-specific reference ranges, and bovine is commonly used, though reptilase-based alternatives like batroxobin can differentiate fibrinogen issues from effects by being insensitive to inhibitors. Clinically, TT is employed to diagnose congenital or acquired fibrinogen disorders such as hypofibrinogenemia (fibrinogen <100 mg/dL), afibrinogenemia, or dysfibrinogenemia, where structural fibrinogen defects impair . It also detects therapeutic or contaminant , direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., , ), or fibrin degradation products that prolong clotting. Prolonged TT correlates with increased risk in settings like or massive transfusion, as low functional fibrinogen levels—often confirmed by concurrent assays—promote hypocoagulation and hemorrhage, per observational data from critical care cohorts. Limitations include high sensitivity to sample contaminants like (prolonging TT disproportionately) and interferences from direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), monoclonal proteins, or elevated fibrin split products, which may necessitate mixing studies or reptilase time for clarification. Pre-analytical factors such as improper anticoagulation or can artifactually alter results, underscoring the need for verified protocols and integration with other tests (e.g., fibrinogen levels) for accurate interpretation in management.

Computing

Thermaltake Technology Co., Ltd., commonly abbreviated as TT, is a Taiwanese manufacturer of founded in 1999 by Kenny Lin, specializing in cooling solutions such as air coolers, all-in-one (AIO) liquid coolers, and custom loop components designed for personal computers. The company pioneered innovations like the Golden Orb, the world's first turbine-based CPU cooler, emphasizing thermal management for high-performance systems. Products like the TH360 V2 ARGB AIO cooler have demonstrated effective heat dissipation in benchmarks, handling high thermal loads while maintaining compatibility with modern processors. Thermaltake's designs often prioritize modularity, as seen in cases like the CTE E600 MX, which supports up to twelve 140 mm fans and a 420 mm radiator for optimized airflow and cooling efficiency. Independent tests of models such as the Frozen Prism 360 AIO show thermal performance of 49.7°C over ambient at 200W loads, competitive with premium alternatives, though some units exhibit noise levels around 40 dBA under full load, drawing criticism for audibility in quiet environments. User and reviewer feedback highlights reliability in sustained operation, with fewer failure reports compared to budget competitors, affirming value in thermal efficiency over marketing claims. In legacy systems, TT commonly denotes teletype or TTY, referring to electromechanical teleprinters used for data in early computers from the onward. The , introduced in 1963, adopted the ASCII standard, enabling reliable text transmission at 110 rates and serving as a foundational for systems like UNIX, where TTY persists as a for terminal emulation. These devices, such as the ASR-33, combined input with paper tape readers for , influencing modern command-line interfaces despite their mechanical limitations in speed and reliability.

Other scientific and technical uses

In naval engineering, a (TT) refers to a cylindrical launcher designed for deploying from or surface vessels, enabling underwater or low-profile projectile launches. These tubes, which emerged in the late following Whitehead's 1866 invention of the self-propelled , typically feature a sealed breech-loading mechanism propelled by , water ram, or impulse systems to eject the weapon without excessive vessel disturbance. Post- standardization in the U.S. adopted 21-inch (533 mm) diameter tubes for heavyweight , as seen in systems like the Mark 48, facilitating compatibility across submarine classes such as the and . Empirical data from naval operations indicate these dimensions optimize hydrodynamic efficiency and payload capacity, with tube lengths generally matching torpedo bodies around 20-23 feet, though variations exist for lighter anti-submarine variants. The technological transitions (TT) models long-term shifts in sociotechnical systems, such as or sectors, through a multi-level perspective (MLP) comprising niches (emerging innovations), regimes (established practices and rules), and landscapes (external macro-factors like or resource scarcity). Developed by Frank Geels in empirical analyses of historical cases, including the transition from sail to steam ships and Dutch coalfields to , the model emphasizes interactions where niche innovations destabilize regimes under landscape pressures, supported by quantitative data on adoption rates and patent filings. For instance, studies of diffusion show niche technologies like gaining traction when regime lock-ins (e.g., infrastructures) weaken, with success rates tied to 10-20% market share thresholds in pilot regions before scaling. While the aids design for innovation diffusion, evidenced by green deal implementations accelerating transitions via subsidies, it faces critiques for underemphasizing agency and power dynamics, as incumbent interests often delay shifts despite data favoring adaptive, market-led interventions over top-down mandates.

Business and finance

Financial and economic terms

A (TT), also referred to as a , is an mechanism between bank accounts, predominantly employed for cross-border payments in trade and commerce. The process commences with the sender's bank dispatching secure instructions—typically via the network—to the recipient's bank, often involving intermediary correspondent banks to bridge non-direct relationships. This method supplants physical document exchanges, such as bank drafts, by leveraging encrypted messaging to confirm and execute fund . Originating in the 1870s amid telegraph network expansion, TT enabled rapid instruction transmission without fund transport, with pioneering commercial services in 1871 that handled nearly $2.5 million annually by 1877. Prior to electronic standardization, transfers relied on cable or radio dispatches; the (SWIFT), established in 1973, digitized this into a global protocol for over 11,000 institutions, processing trillions daily while curtailing errors inherent in manual telegrams. This evolution reduced reliance on slower alternatives like bills of exchange, which demanded postal verification and could delay settlement by weeks. Settlement via TT generally occurs within 1 to 5 days, with empirical from over 2,000 transactions indicating an average of 18 hours and 66% completion under 24 hours, though involvement can extend this to 1-2 days in complex corridors. Fees typically comprise fixed charges—averaging $44 for U.S. outbound international wires—plus variable and recipient levies, equating to effective costs of $25-65 per transfer; for high-volume exceeding $100,000, these dilute to under 0.5% of principal, outperforming credits' higher administrative burdens. Such efficiency supports just-in-time financing, minimizing exporter exposure to buyer default post-shipment. Prominent risks encompass instruction fraud, where unauthorized alterations divert funds irreversibly due to the system's finality, with losses amplified by irrevocable debits. Causal safeguards include pre-transaction dual approvals, out-of-band callbacks to verified contacts, and SWIFT's messaging for tamper-evident trails, which empirical bank protocols have shown to intercept over 90% of anomalous patterns when layered with transaction monitoring. These measures prioritize chain-of-custody integrity over speed alone, distinguishing TT from riskier ad-hoc remittances.

Companies and organizations

Tokai Tokyo Financial Holdings, Inc., commonly abbreviated TT, is a Japanese financial services holding company established in April 2009 through the reorganization of Tokai Tokyo Securities Co., Ltd. The firm provides securities brokerage, asset management, investment advisory, and banking services, with total assets reaching $9.40 billion USD as of March 2025. Its asset management division oversaw ¥3.5 trillion in assets under management as of March 2023, supported by diversified revenue streams including brokerage commissions and investment banking fees that have demonstrated resilience amid market fluctuations, per consolidated financial reports. The TT Pro League, rebranded as the TT Premier Football League, operates as the premier professional association football organization in Trinidad and Tobago, sanctioned by the Trinidad and Tobago Football Association. Launched to professionalize domestic soccer, it has grown from seven participating teams in 2005 to 11 clubs in recent seasons, focusing on competitive play across islands with metrics showing consistent league operations despite limited commercial scale. Attendance figures typically range from 50 to over 100 per match, reflecting grassroots engagement in a market dominated by national team interests rather than club support.

Arts and entertainment

Gaming

(TT) modes in video games enable players to compete solo against the clock, focusing on optimizing times on specific tracks with chosen vehicles. This mechanic emphasizes precision driving, vehicle tuning, and track mastery without interference from opponents. Introduced prominently in simulation-oriented titles, TT modes allow recording and comparison of personal bests, often via global leaderboards that rank submissions by elapsed time down to milliseconds. The Gran Turismo series, beginning with its debut installment on December 23, 1997, for the PlayStation, integrated TT as a core feature, permitting players to select cars and circuits for multi-lap attempts aimed at setting records. Subsequent entries expanded this with online leaderboards, where top times reflect iterative refinements, such as sub-second improvements through braking point adjustments and apex clipping. Ghost replays—spectral recreations of prior laps—provide visual pacing aids, enabling drivers to shadow optimal lines and throttle inputs for self-comparison or emulation of elite performances. TT modes facilitate skill development by isolating variables like tire wear and fuel load, allowing consistent practice free from multiplayer disruptions such as collision risks or latency-induced desynchronization. Player data from leaderboards demonstrates high skill ceilings, with top entries often differing by hundredths of seconds after extensive sessions honing inputs via force-feedback wheels or motion controls. However, drawbacks include potential monotony from repeated laps on fixed tracks, though mitigated in some titles by seasonal challenges or user-shared ghosts that introduce variability. analyses highlight TT's value for benchmarking setups, with aggressive configurations—featuring minimal fuel and softened suspensions—yielding faster times than race-oriented tunes, underscoring causal trade-offs in simulation fidelity.

Music

TT The Artist, born Tedra Wilson, is an American musician, rapper, and producer based in , known for blending , hip hop, , and . She adopted the stage name TT during her high school years, developing a fearless performance style that incorporates vibrant visuals and multimedia elements. Her discography includes albums such as MILF (2016), Thot Fantasy (2017), and Art Royalty (2019), featuring tracks like "VIP," "Giddy Up," and "Bass Drop Bigger" (featuring Hands Up). These works emphasize high-energy beats and club-oriented production, earning praise for innovative fusion but remaining niche within underground electronic and rap scenes, with limited mainstream chart penetration. In , "TT" refers to a 2016 single by the South Korean TWICE, released on October 24 as the of their third TWICEcoaster: LANE 1 by . The song, characterized by its cute and emotional portrayal of unrequited crushes through "TT" poses mimicking crying, achieved significant commercial success, topping South Korean charts and accumulating over 500 million views for its by 2023. It peaked at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart and drove the EP to sell over 350,000 copies in its first month, solidifying TWICE's position in the genre despite critiques of its formulaic bubblegum pop style. Performances on programs like on October 27, 2016, amplified its viral dance challenge appeal.

Other media and arts

TT3D: Closer to the Edge, a 2011 documentary directed by Richard de Aragues, chronicles the Isle of Man TT motorcycle races, focusing on riders' preparations and the event's inherent dangers along its 37.73-mile public road course. Narrated by , the film earned a 7.9/10 rating on from over 6,700 user reviews, praised for its immersive and authentic depiction of the races' risks without undue dramatization. In May 2024, Box to Box Films announced production on The Greatest Race on Earth, a four-part docuseries examining the 2024 through character-driven narratives, alongside a companion feature film. acquired global distribution rights in June 2025, with starring in the film produced by Brad Pitt's and . These projects underscore the TT's appeal to audiences, emphasizing technical challenges like average speeds exceeding 130 mph on variable terrain. Earlier TT-related media includes the 2023 YouTube mini-series King of the Mountain, which profiles top competitors and the event's cultural significance on the Isle of Man. Such productions typically attract niche viewership centered on adrenaline-fueled , with favoring factual reenactments of laps and strategies over speculative narratives.

Language and communication

Slang and abbreviations

In social media contexts, particularly on (now X) and , "TT" abbreviates "trending topic," denoting hashtags, phrases, or discussions achieving high volume and algorithmic prominence among users globally. This usage proliferated in the early 2010s as platforms introduced dedicated trend sections, with data from 's showing spikes in "TT" mentions correlating to viral events like elections or product launches. In texting and , "TT" functions as an , often rendered as "T_T," symbolizing a face with eyes and streaming to express , , or empathy. Linguistic corpora from platforms like and early forums indicate its adoption from in the mid-2000s, with frequency analyses revealing over 10,000 instances in sampled chat logs by 2010 for emotional conveyance. Gaming chats occasionally employ "TT" for "to the top," signaling a push for leaderboard advancement or content promotion, with usage evident in forum bumps during competitive events like esports tournaments. Variants such as "TTT" (to the top top) appear more consistently in archived threads, per query data from sites like Quora, though "tip top" for denoting peak performance remains anecdotal without broad corpus validation.

Other linguistic uses

In international standards, "TT" serves as the code designating , a sovereign republic in the that achieved independence from the on August 31, 1962. This code is employed in global data interchange protocols, including the assignment of the .tt (ccTLD), which is administered by the Trinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre (TTNIC) for addressing and has been operational since the domain system's inception in the . Its stability ensures consistent identification in telephony metadata, shipping manifests, and diplomatic correspondence, with no recorded changes since the standard's adoption in 1974. "TT" also denotes the ISO 639-1 alpha-2 code for the Tatar language, a Kipchak-branch Turkic language primarily spoken by about 5.3 million native speakers, mainly in the Republic of Tatarstan within Russia and adjacent regions. Standardized under ISO 639 since 2001 for bibliographic and linguistic cataloging, this code supports software localization, machine translation systems, and digital content tagging, facilitating cross-lingual data processing in computational linguistics. For instance, it is integrated into HTML language attributes and Unicode locale identifiers (e.g., tt-RU) to specify Tatar script rendering, typically in Cyrillic, enhancing accuracy in global communication tools. In translation studies, "TT" formally abbreviates "target text," referring to the output of a translation process from a (ST) in one to another, as defined in linguistic frameworks emphasizing and . This usage underscores causal relationships in semantic transfer, where TT adaptations preserve propositional content while adapting cultural referents, a applied in peer-reviewed analyses of literary and technical translations since the mid-20th century. These abbreviations collectively enable precise, unambiguous referencing in formal linguistic documentation and international protocols, minimizing errors in automated and human-mediated processing.

Other uses

Military and government

In naval warfare, TT commonly denotes torpedo tube, a critical component of submarine and surface vessel armament systems designed to launch torpedoes for anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare. The United States Navy's Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tubes (SVTT), introduced in 1960, represent a standard example, featuring triple-tube launchers capable of firing 12.75-inch (324 mm) lightweight torpedoes such as the Mk 46, Mk 50, and Mk 54 models. These tubes enable rapid deployment from destroyers, cruisers, and frigates, with systems often mounted in trainable launchers for tactical flexibility during engagements, as demonstrated in exercises like Formidable Shield 2025. Maintenance involves periodic checks on hydraulic systems and seals to ensure reliability, balancing operational effectiveness against logistical costs in fleet deployments. In government administration, particularly programs managed by state agencies, TT refers to temporary total disability benefits, awarded to injured workers unable to perform any substantial gainful activity during recovery. Under Ohio's system, administered by the of Workers' Compensation, TT compensation equals 72% of the claimant's average weekly wage for the first 12 weeks of , reducing to 66⅔% thereafter, with a 2025 statewide maximum of $1,231 per week based on the average weekly wage of $1,231. Eligibility requires medical evidence of total incapacity, typically lasting until maximum medical improvement or return to work, with payments funded through state insurance funds to replace lost earnings without overlapping social security benefits in most cases. These benefits underscore procedural mechanisms for short-term economic support in public labor protections, though termination may occur upon employer request if evidence shows capacity for light duty, as upheld in rulings.

Everyday and miscellaneous

A teetotaler, abbreviated TT, is an individual who completely abstains from consuming alcoholic beverages. The term emerged in 1833 within the Temperance Society in , where advocate Joseph Livesey emphasized "T-total" abstinence to distinguish total from partial temperance, linking it to moral reform against alcoholism's societal harms. This practice gained traction in 19th-century movements promoting self-discipline and health, with adherents viewing alcohol avoidance as essential for personal and familial stability. Tuberculin tested (TT) certifies , especially herds, as free from bovine (TB) based on skin tests using purified tuberculin protein derivatives injected intradermally. Developed by in 1890, the test detects immune responses to , enabling early identification of infected animals since protocols standardized in the early . In agricultural contexts, TT verification supports production by minimizing zoonotic risks, with single or comparative cervical tests confirming absence of reactors through herd monitoring every 6–12 months. This certification underscores empirical benefits for supply chains, reducing TB prevalence from widespread infection rates pre-1930s to controlled levels via routine and .

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