Tahar Rahim
Tahar Rahim (born 4 July 1981) is a French actor of Algerian descent.[1][2]
Rahim achieved breakthrough recognition for portraying Malik El Djebena, a young Corsican Arab imprisoned for homicide who rises in the criminal hierarchy, in Jacques Audiard's 2009 prison drama A Prophet, earning him the César Award for Best Actor.[3][4]
Subsequent roles include the real-life serial killer Charles Sobhraj in the 2021 BBC/Netflix miniseries The Serpent, which garnered a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Limited Series, and Mohamedou Ould Salahi in the 2021 legal drama The Mauritanian.[1][5]
He has appeared in international productions such as Ridley Scott's Napoleon (2023) and the biopic Monsieur Aznavour (2024), portraying Charles Aznavour, for which he received a César nomination.[1][6]
Rahim, married to actress Leïla Bekhti since 2010, continues to balance French cinema with Hollywood projects, noted for his versatile performances across languages and genres.[1][7]
Early Life
Birth and Family Background
Tahar Rahim was born on July 4, 1981, in Belfort, a small city in the Territoire de Belfort department of northeastern France.[8] [9] His parents were Algerian immigrants who had relocated from Oran, Algeria, to France, where they raised their large family in modest, working-class circumstances.[9] [10] Rahim is the youngest of ten siblings in a family of Algerian Arab Muslim heritage, reflecting the post-colonial migration patterns from North Africa to France during the late 20th century.[11] [12] This background instilled in him a bicultural identity, with French upbringing alongside Algerian roots, though specific details about his parents' professions or early family life in Oran remain limited in public records.[13]Education and Initial Career Aspirations
Rahim completed his baccalauréat at Lycée Condorcet in Belfort before pursuing postsecondary education.[13] Initially drawn to athletics and technology, he enrolled in sports studies, followed by computer science programs in Strasbourg and Marseille, but discontinued both after approximately two years due to lack of interest.[14][15] Recognizing his longstanding passion for cinema—sparked as early as age 14 when he aspired to act—Rahim transferred to the Paul Valéry University of Montpellier to study film and drama.[16][17] During this period, he appeared in the 2005 docufiction Tahar the Student, which documented his experiences as a film student.[18] Upon completing his studies around 2006, Rahim relocated to Paris to pursue acting professionally, supplementing income through manual labor in factories while auditioning for roles.[19] He later reflected that acting represented a deliberate pivot from unfulfilling academic paths toward creative self-expression, viewing it as a "teenager's dream" amid alternatives like professional sports.[20][21]Career
Early Roles and Breakthrough in A Prophet
Rahim's entry into professional acting was modest, featuring small roles in short films and documentaries during his studies at Paul-Valéry University in Montpellier.[22] His screen debut came with a minor two-line appearance in the 2007 French horror thriller Inside (À l'intérieur), directed by Alexandre Bustillo and Julien Maury, where he played an unnamed character amid the film's intense home invasion narrative.[23] Prior to this, he contributed to projects like The 9/11 Commission Report: The Hijackers, a documentary-style short exploring the events of September 11, 2001, reflecting his early interest in dramatic storytelling rooted in real events.[22] The pivotal breakthrough arrived in 2009 with the lead role of Malik El Djebena in Jacques Audiard's crime drama A Prophet (Un prophète), marking Rahim's first major feature film part at age 27.[20] Audiard, seeking an unknown actor to embody the character's raw vulnerability, discovered Rahim through auditions and cast him as the illiterate, 19-year-old petty criminal of Algerian descent sentenced to six years in a French prison, where he ascends the hierarchy by serving the Corsican mafia while confronting Arab inmate dynamics and supernatural visions of a deceased cellmate.[24] The film, which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2009, and received the Grand Prix, showcased Rahim's transformative performance, blending naivety, cunning, and moral ambiguity over the 155-minute runtime.[25] Rahim's portrayal earned critical acclaim for its authenticity and intensity, propelling him to international recognition; he won the César Award for Most Promising Actor on February 27, 2010, among nine nominations for the film, and received a Cannes Best Actor nomination.[26] A Prophet grossed approximately €17.5 million in France and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2010, solidifying Rahim's reputation as a versatile talent capable of anchoring complex narratives of survival and power.[16] This role contrasted sharply with his prior obscurity, launching a trajectory from peripheral parts to lead status in European cinema.[27]Expansion into International Cinema
Following the critical acclaim for his breakout performance in the French film A Prophet (2009), Tahar Rahim began expanding into English-language and international co-productions, starting with supporting roles that showcased his ability to portray complex characters across cultures. In 2011, he appeared as the enigmatic Seal Prince in The Eagle, a British-American historical adventure directed by Kevin Macdonald and starring Channing Tatum, where he delivered lines in the ancient Pictish language to depict a tribal leader in Roman-era Britain.[28] [29] This role marked an early foray into Hollywood-adjacent cinema, highlighting Rahim's physicality and intensity in a non-French context.[30] Rahim continued building his international profile through diverse supporting parts in mid-2010s productions. He featured in the 2015 American comedy Rock the Kasbah, directed by Barry Levinson and starring Bill Murray and Bruce Willis, playing a character amid the film's satirical take on talent scouting in Afghanistan.[31] Later, in the 2018 biblical drama Mary Magdalene, a UK-Australian co-production directed by Garth Davis with Rooney Mara and Joaquin Phoenix, Rahim portrayed Judas Iscariot, contributing to the film's exploration of faith and betrayal in first-century Judea.[32] These roles demonstrated his versatility in genre-spanning narratives, from action to comedy and historical drama, often requiring him to navigate English dialogue and multicultural ensembles.[33] A significant milestone came in 2021 with the lead role of Mohamedou Ould Slahi in The Mauritanian, an American legal drama directed by Kevin Macdonald (reuniting with Rahim from The Eagle), co-starring Jodie Foster and Benedict Cumberbatch. Rahim's portrayal of the Mauritanian detainee wrongfully held at Guantanamo Bay for 14 years earned him nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and the BAFTA Award for Leading Actor, praised for its emotional depth and physical transformation, including a 20-pound weight loss in three weeks.[34] [35] This performance solidified his transition to prominent Hollywood leads, drawing on real-life accounts to depict themes of injustice and resilience.[36] In recent years, Rahim has taken on high-profile antagonist and historical figures in major blockbusters. He played Paul Barras, the influential Directory leader who facilitated Napoleon's rise, in Ridley Scott's 2023 epic Napoleon, starring Joaquin Phoenix and Vanessa Kirby, contributing to the film's depiction of revolutionary France.[37] Most recently, in the 2024 Sony Spider-Man Universe film Madame Web, Rahim portrayed the villain Ezekiel Sims, a clairvoyant antagonist opposite Dakota Johnson, marking his entry into superhero cinema with a character driven by precognitive visions and moral ambiguity.[38] These projects reflect Rahim's broadening appeal in global franchises, balancing prestige dramas with commercial ventures while maintaining a focus on multifaceted roles.[5]Television and Streaming Projects
Rahim's early television appearances included a role in the French miniseries La Commune (2007), where he portrayed a character amid the historical Paris Commune events.[39] In 2015, he appeared as Khalil in six episodes of the Sky Atlantic/BBC Two crime drama The Last Panthers, a multinational production involving diamond heists and organized crime across Europe.[1] His international streaming breakthrough came with the role of FBI counterterrorism agent Ali Soufan in the Hulu miniseries The Looming Tower (2018), a 10-episode dramatization of pre-9/11 intelligence failures based on Lawrence Wright's book, spanning 1999 to 2001 and highlighting inter-agency conflicts between the CIA and FBI.[8] Rahim's performance as the Lebanese-American Soufan, who pursued al-Qaeda leads, drew praise for capturing the agent's determination amid bureaucratic obstacles.[40] In 2020, Rahim starred as aspiring jazz club owner Farid in the Netflix miniseries The Eddy, set in contemporary Paris and directed by Damien Chazelle, exploring themes of music, loss, and immigrant life through an eight-episode narrative involving murder and financial intrigue.[40] The series featured original jazz compositions and a multicultural cast, with Rahim's character navigating personal grief and club management challenges. Rahim received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film for his portrayal of real-life serial killer Charles Sobhraj in the BBC/Netflix eight-episode miniseries The Serpent (2021), which chronicles Sobhraj's 1970s murders of Western backpackers in Southeast Asia and his evasion tactics until his 1976 arrest in India.[41] To prepare, Rahim studied Sobhraj's mannerisms without meeting him, emphasizing the killer's manipulative charm and predatory instincts through physical transformations and accent work.[42] The production filmed across Thailand, India, and France, using period details to depict hippie trail crimes that claimed at least 12 confirmed victims.[43] In 2025, Rahim leads the cast of the Sky thriller series Prisoner, written by Matt Charman, alongside Izuka Hoyle, though details on his specific role and release remain forthcoming as of early announcements.[44]Recent Films and Versatility
In The Mauritanian (2021), Rahim portrayed Mohamedou Ould Slahi, a Mauritanian man detained without charge at Guantanamo Bay for 14 years, drawing on extensive research into Slahi's memoir and real-life accounts to depict his resilience amid torture and legal battles. The performance earned Rahim a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama, showcasing his ability to embody real historical figures with emotional depth.[45] Rahim expanded into high-profile English-language projects with Napoleon (2023), directed by Ridley Scott, where he played Paul Barras, a key revolutionary figure influencing Napoleon's rise, blending historical drama with political intrigue across lavish battle sequences.[46] This role marked his involvement in large-scale period epics, contrasting his earlier intimate character studies.[47] Demonstrating further range, Rahim took on the villainous Ezekiel Sims in Madame Web (2024), a Sony Marvel superhero film, portraying a biotech antagonist in fast-paced action sequences that diverged sharply from his dramatic roots. Critics noted the physical demands of the role, including stunt work and accent modulation, highlighting his adaptability to blockbuster formats.[48] In Monsieur Aznavour (2024), Rahim channeled the iconic French-Armenian singer Charles Aznavour, capturing the performer's charisma through vocal training and mannerism study, which underscored his versatility in biographical portrayals blending music, emotion, and cultural nuance. Upcoming projects like Alpha (2026), a sci-fi thriller, continue this trajectory into speculative genres, affirming Rahim's shift toward diverse international collaborations.[49] Rahim's recent output reflects a deliberate pursuit of varied roles—from legal dramas and historical figures to antagonists in action films and musical biopics—allowing him to transcend typecasting while maintaining authenticity across linguistic and cultural boundaries.[50] This evolution, evident in collaborations with directors like Scott and in franchises, positions him as a bridge between European arthouse and Hollywood spectacle.[51]Personal Life
Marriage and Family
Tahar Rahim married French-Algerian actress Leïla Bekhti in 2010 after meeting on the set of the film A Prophet in 2007, where they portrayed siblings.[52][53] The couple, both of Algerian descent, dated for three years prior to their marriage.[53] Rahim and Bekhti have four children together: a son born in 2017, a daughter born in 2020, a third child in 2021, and a fourth child in March 2024.[54][13] The family maintains a private life, with limited public details beyond these basic facts.[52]Cultural and Religious Identity
Tahar Rahim was born in Belfort, France, to parents who immigrated from the Oran region of Algeria, embedding his cultural identity in a Franco-Algerian duality marked by Maghrebi heritage and French assimilation.[55][10] As the youngest of ten siblings in a large immigrant family, Rahim has reflected on this background as shaping his perspective on identity, often channeling Arab roots into roles that explore themes of belonging and cultural tension without reducing to stereotypes.[11][56] His religious identity aligns with Islam, predominant in his Algerian ancestry, as evidenced by media portrayals of him as a Muslim actor and his selections for roles depicting devout Muslim figures, such as the founder of Paris's Great Mosque in Free Men (2018) and a Guantanamo detainee in The Mauritanian (2021).[57][58] Rahim has publicly addressed faith in interviews, linking it to family values and rejecting reductive Muslim character tropes, emphasizing nuanced representations over clichéd narratives.[19][59] In discussing The Mauritanian, he highlighted the rarity of sympathetic Muslim protagonists in Hollywood, drawing from personal cultural insights to portray characters who navigate faith amid adversity.[60][61] This approach underscores a commitment to authentic depictions informed by his heritage, bridging personal identity with broader dialogues on immigration and representation.[62]Public Views and Engagements
Statements on Human Rights and Torture
Tahar Rahim has publicly condemned torture as inhumane and incompatible with democratic principles, particularly in discussions surrounding his role as Mohamedou Ould Slahi in the 2021 film The Mauritanian, which depicts the detainee's 14 years of imprisonment at Guantanamo Bay without charge, including 70 days of documented torture.[63][64] In interviews promoting the film, Rahim emphasized that such practices violate universal human rights, stating, "Nobody should do this, no government, no kingdom, no one. And plus, this is our democracy. We’re not supposed to do this and it’s completely inhumane."[63] He described Guantanamo as a "human rights stain on American history," arguing that no individual, regardless of suspected guilt, should endure such treatment without due process or rule of law protections.[63][64] Rahim's statements frame human rights abuses at Guantanamo not merely as isolated incidents but as failures of fear-driven policy overriding universal values, asserting, "We’re talking about universal values and the fact that we should not be guided or led by our fears."[65] He reiterated in multiple outlets that the film's core message transcends debates over innocence or guilt, focusing instead on inherent rights: "It’s about human rights. You know, we live in countries where we are supposed to be protected by the rule of law," and "You don't torture people."[64][66][21] To authentically portray Slahi's ordeal, Rahim voluntarily underwent simulated torture techniques, including waterboarding and force-feeding, while losing 22 pounds and using real shackles in filming, underscoring his commitment to highlighting the brutality without endorsing it.[66][65] Beyond the film, Rahim has linked these views to broader advocacy for fair judgment and forgiveness, questioning how prolonged torture could yield truth and praising Slahi's resilience as evidence against guilt-by-assumption: "How can you go through 70 days of torture if you’re not innocent?"[63] He has noted Slahi's post-release restrictions—effectively an "open sky prison" in Mauritania, barring travel to his family in Berlin—as ongoing human rights concerns, advocating for films like The Mauritanian to challenge preconceptions and promote empathy over division.[65] Rahim's commentary remains tied to this context, with no prominent public statements on human rights or torture outside of The Mauritanian-related promotions as of October 2025.[65][64]Political Positions and Activism
Tahar Rahim has publicly opposed the rise of far-right politics in France, particularly in response to electoral developments. In the wake of the European Parliament elections on June 9, 2024, which prompted President Emmanuel Macron to dissolve the National Assembly, Rahim described feeling a "profound disappointment," characterized by anger and distress over the prospect of a "racist ideology prevailing."[50] In terms of activism, Rahim signed an open petition in June 2024, joined by approximately 230 French artists and addressed to Macron, calling for the French government to officially recognize the State of Palestine amid ongoing conflict in Gaza.[13] This action aligns with broader artistic expressions of support for Palestinian statehood, though Rahim has not detailed further personal involvement in related campaigns.[14] Rahim's political engagements remain limited in public record, with no documented endorsements of specific electoral candidates or affiliations with political parties. His statements emphasize universal opposition to practices like torture, as articulated in discussions around roles portraying human rights abuses, but these are framed more as ethical stances than organized activism.[63]Perspectives on Identity and Immigration
Tahar Rahim, born in 1987 in Belfort, France, to parents who immigrated from Algeria, grew up as the youngest of ten siblings in a multicultural suburb characterized by diverse immigrant communities from Asia, southern and eastern Europe, North Africa, and beyond.[11][19] This environment exposed him to a variety of languages, foods, music, and traditions through everyday interactions with neighbors, shaping his view of cultural exchange as inherently enriching.[67] Rahim has described his formative experiences as emblematic of a blended French identity, stating, "I grew up in a suburb where all cultures came together: French, Gypsies, North Africans, Africans, Arabs…you could discover all of them just by visiting their houses and having tea. You eat their food, hear their music, see different architecture or art, have conversations with them, and I’m a part of that. This is my France."[19] He emphasizes the additive value of immigration-driven diversity, asserting, "Languages connect you to a country's culture… I believe in the addition of cultures. Really, I think that is the most enriching thing on earth," while dismissing national borders as "invisible lines" that do not preclude mutual enrichment.[67] In reflecting on his career trajectory after moving to Paris in 2006 to pursue acting—initially supporting himself through factory and nightclub work—Rahim has critiqued media portrayals of immigrants and individuals of North African descent, rejecting roles that reinforce stereotypes such as terrorists or "bad Frenchmen."[19][68] He has noted improvements in representation for actors of North African origin, avoiding typecasting to demonstrate broader potential: "North African-origin actors are better represented than when I started out… We show others that they can make it without being typecast—which is something I never wanted."[19] This stance aligns with his selection of diverse roles that explore human complexity over reductive ethnic narratives, as seen in his reluctance to embody one-dimensional depictions: "Usually, people like Mohamedou were depicted in only one way, with one face, one voice, and it’s always the same. And I don’t want to be a vehicle for those kind of stories."[69] Rahim's perspectives underscore a personal embrace of hybrid identity grounded in faith and community, where he maintains a "strong connection to God" as a reminder of self amid cultural multiplicity, without advocating for separation or forced assimilation but rather organic integration through shared human experiences.[19]Reception and Impact
Awards and Nominations
Tahar Rahim received his breakthrough awards in 2010 for his performance as Malik El Djebena in A Prophet, winning the César Award for Best Actor and the César Award for Most Promising Actor.[70][71] These dual wins marked the first time an actor achieved both categories in the same year at the Césars.[72] Subsequent nominations highlighted his international acclaim, including a nomination for the European Film Award for Best Actor for A Prophet in 2010.[72] For The Mauritanian (2021), he earned a BAFTA Film Award nomination for Best Leading Actor, a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama, and a nomination for European Actor at the European Film Awards.[72][3] In television, Rahim was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Limited Series or Television Movie for portraying Charles Sobhraj in The Serpent (2021).[3] In 2025, Rahim received a César nomination for Best Actor for his role as Charles Aznavour in Monsieur Aznavour.[70]| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | César Awards | Best Actor | A Prophet | Won[72] |
| 2010 | César Awards | Most Promising Actor | A Prophet | Won[72] |
| 2010 | European Film Awards | Best Actor | A Prophet | Nominated[72] |
| 2021 | BAFTA Film Awards | Best Leading Actor | The Mauritanian | Nominated[72] |
| 2021 | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama | The Mauritanian | Nominated[3] |
| 2022 | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actor – Limited Series or Television Movie | *The Serpent* | Nominated[3] |
| 2025 | César Awards | Best Actor | Monsieur Aznavour | Nominated[72] |
Critical Praise and Achievements
Rahim's portrayal of the young Corsican prisoner Malik El Djebena in Jacques Audiard's A Prophet (2009) marked his breakthrough, earning universal critical acclaim for its raw intensity and nuanced depiction of moral corruption within the French prison system. Reviewers highlighted his physical and emotional transformation, from initial vulnerability to hardened pragmatism, with WWD describing him as "applauded by critics" and dubbing him the "French Al Pacino" for the role's commanding presence.[51] Collider noted the performance as a "standout," crediting Rahim with elevating the film's gritty realism through authentic embodiment of immigrant struggles and survival instincts.[27] In The Mauritanian (2021), Rahim's depiction of Guantanamo detainee Mohamedou Ould Salahi drew praise for its visceral authenticity, capturing the character's endurance amid torture and isolation. Pajiba commended how Rahim made "resentment and pain and exhaustion... palpable and real," affirming the performance's merit beyond its awards recognition.[73] The Film Stage emphasized his "multi-faceted" range, blending vulnerability with underlying rage to anchor the film's political narrative despite its dramatic shortcomings.[74] Awards Daily described it as "extraordinary," providing emotional depth and hope that resonated with audiences familiar with Salahi's real ordeal.[75] Critics have consistently praised Rahim's versatility across multilingual projects, from the cunning serial killer Charles Sobhraj in The Serpent (2021), where his chilling charisma drove the series' tension, to supporting roles in films like The Past (2013), noted for melancholy restraint.[76] This adaptability has solidified his reputation as a chameleon-like actor capable of bridging European arthouse and Hollywood productions, with outlets like DiscussingFilm attributing his wider recognition to sustained critical favor since A Prophet.[77]Criticisms and Debates Surrounding Roles
Tahar Rahim has frequently addressed debates over typecasting in French and international cinema, noting that early in his career he was predominantly offered roles portraying terrorists, "bad Frenchmen," or stereotypical ethnic minorities, which he consistently refused to avoid perpetuating clichés.[68][78] This stance sparked discussions on minority representation, with Rahim crediting his breakout in A Prophet (2009) for highlighting systemic issues in casting Arabs as villains, though some industry observers argued such selectivity limited opportunities for emerging actors from immigrant backgrounds.[78][79] In The Serpent (2021), Rahim's portrayal of serial killer Charles Sobhraj, a figure of Vietnamese-Indian descent, drew minor online debate regarding ethnic accuracy, with critics questioning whether casting a French-Algerian actor constituted a form of whitewashing or overlooked Sobhraj's Southeast Asian heritage despite Rahim's physical transformation and acclaimed performance.[80] Sobhraj's real-life mixed ethnicity contrasted with Rahim's North African features, prompting discussions on authenticity in true-crime adaptations, though the production emphasized behavioral mimicry over exact resemblance and avoided contact with Sobhraj out of respect for victims' families.[81] Rahim's role as Mohamedou Ould Slahi in The Mauritanian (2021) elicited mixed responses amid broader critiques of the film's handling of Guantanamo detention and torture depiction; while his performance earned praise for conveying quiet dignity, some reviewers faulted it for maintaining emotional distance, rendering Slahi somewhat opaque and the narrative superficial rather than deeply humanizing.[82][83] Others noted the stylized torture sequences diluted the procedural drama's impact, potentially underplaying the raw brutality Slahi endured for 14 years.[84] More recently, in Julia Ducournau's Alpha (2025), Rahim's depiction of the uncle figure Amin was singled out as a strong element in a polarizing film accused of being repetitive, visually unappealing, and conceptually shallow in its AIDS allegory, with detractors arguing his "magnificent work" was undermined by grating supporting characters, clichéd arcs, and unrelenting squalor that hardened into artistic lifelessness.[85][86][87] The film's divisive Cannes reception fueled debates on whether Rahim's alpha-male subversion aligned with Ducournau's provocative style or exposed flaws in ensemble dynamics and dialogue.[88] His participation in Lou Ye's Love and Bruises (2011), a film mired in controversy over its graphic sexual violence and the director's history of censorship in China, raised questions about Rahim's involvement in boundary-pushing narratives that border on exploitation, though specific critiques targeted the film's pessimistic worldview rather than his performance.[89][90]Filmography
Feature Films
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | A Prophet | Malik El Djebena | Breakout role as a young prisoner navigating Corsican and Arab gang dynamics in a French prison.[91] |
| 2010 | The Eagle | Seal Prince | Antagonist leader of Pictish warriors in Roman Britain.[92] |
| 2011 | Black Gold | Auda | Supporting role in historical drama set in 1930s Arabia.[93] |
| 2011 | The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec | Inspector Prosper | Role in fantasy adventure film.[93] |
| 2013 | The Past | Samir | Iranian mechanic entangled in family drama.[94] |
| 2013 | Grand Central | Gary | Lead in romantic drama about nuclear plant workers.[93] |
| 2014 | Samba | Wilson | Brazilian immigrant friend to the protagonist in comedy-drama about undocumented workers.[95] |
| 2014 | The Cut | Nazaret Manoogian | Armenian survivor of the genocide seeking his family.[93] |
| 2015 | A Perfect Day | Mambrú | UN worker in war-torn Balkans handling a crisis.[93] |
| 2016 | The Anarchists | Jean Albertini | Role in period drama about anarchists in early 20th-century France.[93] |
| 2018 | Mary Magdalene | Judas | Biblical drama portraying the disciple.[93] |
| 2019 | The Kindness of Strangers | Marc | Refugee father in New York dramedy.[93] |
| 2021 | The Mauritanian | Mohamedou Ould Salahi | Lead as Guantanamo detainee based on real events.[96] |
| 2023 | Napoleon | Paul Barras | Supporting role in historical epic.[93] |
| 2024 | Madame Web | Ezekiel Sims | Villain in superhero film.[97] |