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Taurus missile

The Taurus KEPD 350 is a subsonic, jointly developed by Germany's Deutschland and Sweden's through their Taurus Systems GmbH venture, designed for long-range precision strikes against hardened bunkers, command centers, and other high-value infrastructure from standoff distances exceeding 500 kilometers. With a length of 5 meters, weight of 1,400 kilograms, and a MEPHISTO dual-stage weighing 481 kilograms optimized for deep penetration followed by fragmentation, the missile employs terrain-referencing navigation, inertial guidance, GPS, and image-based terminal homing to achieve meter-level accuracy even in GPS-denied environments. Development of the Taurus began in 1998 under German funding as a successor to shorter-range systems, with commencing in 2004 and initial operational capability achieved shortly thereafter for integration on platforms including the Tornado IDS, , Saab Gripen, F-15K Strike Eagle, and EF-18 Hornet. The missile's low-observable design, propulsion enabling speeds of 0.6 to 0.95, and programmable flight profiles—including low-altitude terrain-following to evade defenses—prioritize survivability and mission adaptability over supersonic dash capabilities found in some competitors. Primarily operated by the air forces of , , and , the Taurus has been noted for its robust penetration of up to 6 meters thick via delayed-fuse detonation, underscoring its role in deterrence and deep-strike operations without risking piloted in contested . Ongoing modernizations, including enhanced and extended variants, reflect adaptations to evolving threats like and air defense proliferation, though export restrictions under regimes such as the limit wider proliferation.

Development

Origins and early development

The Taurus KEPD 350 missile originated from a joint German-Swedish development program initiated in , driven by the need for a stand-off precision weapon capable of engaging hardened, deeply buried targets such as Soviet-era bunkers without exposing to high-risk environments. This effort addressed post-Cold War strategic requirements for low-observable, long-range cruise missiles that could penetrate advanced air defenses and deliver effects against fortified command centers, drawing on empirical assessments of adversary fortifications and the limitations of shorter-range munitions. In that year, Germany's funding supported the conceptual design of a powered, air-launched system designated KEPD-350, with the acronym denoting its target-adaptive unitary and dispenser capabilities, led by Deutschland (previously LFK GmbH) in collaboration with . The partnership emphasized modularity to allow integration across platforms like and Eurofighter aircraft, prioritizing aerodynamic efficiency and material selections informed by data and principles to enhance survivability over extended ranges. To oversee the project, TAURUS Systems GmbH was established in 1998 as a between (holding 67%) and Saab Dynamics AB (33%), headquartered in Schrobenhausen, , with responsibilities for engineering, production, and marketing phases. Early work focused on feasibility studies and subsystem prototyping, validating core concepts like terrain-referenced precursors through simulations and subscale models before full-scale commitments. This foundational phase culminated in a development contract emphasizing causal linkages between missile , target penetration mechanics, and mission success rates against reinforced structures.

Testing and initial deployment

The Taurus KEPD 350 underwent initial free-flight tests in October 1999, launched from a German aircraft at the Vidsel test range in , validating basic and release mechanisms. Further developmental trials, including image-assisted navigation system validation, occurred in June 2001, followed by final qualification flight tests in March 2004, which confirmed the missile's programmed range exceeding 500 km and precision navigation integrating inertial systems, GPS, and terrain-referenced matching for accuracy within meters of designated targets. Certification for operational use was achieved in 2004, enabling entry into service with the German in 2005, initially integrated on Tornado IDS aircraft for standoff precision strikes. The procured 600 missiles under a 2002 contract, with initial deliveries commencing that year to support enhanced bunker-busting capabilities against hardened targets. Spain approved acquisition of 43 missiles on June 24, 2005, for integration with EF-18 and later platforms, marking the first and deliveries beginning in after platform-specific testing. Early production lots from 2005 onward included validation of the dual-stage warhead's penetration performance in simulations and static tests against , achieving breach depths of up to 6 meters prior to main charge for internal structural defeat.

Production and joint venture details

The TAURUS KEPD 350 is manufactured by TAURUS Systems GmbH, a between and AB, established to leverage complementary expertise in missile airframes, guidance systems, and propulsion for joint development and production. This collaboration, initiated in the early , has enabled sustained European-led manufacturing since initial deliveries in 2005, with the venture emphasizing and shared supply chains to maintain independence from U.S.-centric systems like the , thereby bolstering continental deterrence capabilities through indigenous high-precision standoff weaponry. Production is centered at TAURUS Systems' facilities in Schrobenhausen, , approximately 80 km northwest of , where final assembly, integration, and testing occur under a multi-national team framework. Saab contributes key sub-components from its Swedish operations, including elements of the navigation and sensor suites, supporting a distributed that enhances and . The missile's modular architecture—featuring interchangeable sections for , , and —allows for efficient ramp-up, with output adjustable to contractual demands without full redesign, as demonstrated in serial manufacturing phases post-2005 for export and domestic needs. Unit costs for the range from approximately €1 million to €1.5 million, encompassing development amortization, , and multi-mission versatility for neutralizing hardened or high-value targets, which offsets expenses through extended operational utility in air forces seeking robust, terrain-following strike options. These figures, derived from data, underscore cost efficiencies from the joint venture's and avoidance of foreign licensing dependencies, though production rates have fluctuated with demand, leading to pauses in active lines during low-order periods.

Design and technical specifications

Airframe and propulsion

The employs a compact, aerodynamically optimized measuring 5.1 meters in length and weighing 1,400 kg, designed to facilitate with launch while supporting terrain-hugging flight profiles. Its structure features deployable folding wings with a span of 2.1 meters, which extend post-launch to provide lift for sustained cruise at speeds of 0.8 to 0.95. The incorporates composite materials in its rectangular cross-section , reducing cross-section through minimized reflective surfaces and avoiding sharp edges, while preserving the rigidity required for high-stress, low-altitude operations. derives from a engine, such as the P8300-15 or F121-WR-100 variant, delivering efficient thrust for ranges beyond 500 km via high economy and operational reliability in denied . This engine selection prioritizes endurance over raw speed, enabling the missile's performance without excessive .

Guidance and navigation systems

The Taurus KEPD 350 utilizes a hybrid (INS) as its primary guidance backbone, continuously augmented by military-grade GPS for mid-course corrections, alongside terrain-referenced navigation (TRN) and image-based navigation (IBN) to maintain precision in contested environments. A (RADALT) supports low-level terrain-following flight, enabling the to hug contours at altitudes as low as 30-50 meters while fusing data from these sensors for redundant positioning. This multi-sensor architecture achieves a (CEP) of less than 3 meters even without GPS availability, prioritizing autonomous accuracy over satellite dependency. The missile's NAV/ATTACK mission computer processes pre-loaded flight plans, incorporating programmable waypoints and terrain-avoidance algorithms to dynamically replan routes in real-time, thereby circumventing detected threats like sites through causal evasion logic derived from onboard sensor inputs. This capability stems from extensive mission planning software that optimizes attack profiles prior to launch, ensuring adaptability without external updates. Resistance to jamming is inherent in the system's , which degrades gracefully by prioritizing /TRN/IBN when are spoofed or denied, as demonstrated in operational simulations confirming robustness against high-intensity interference. The design's emphasis on non-satellite reliant further mitigates vulnerabilities observed in GPS-dependent munitions during real-world conflicts.

Warhead and penetration capabilities

The Taurus KEPD 350 employs a 481 kg dual-stage (Multi-Effect Penetrator Highly Sophisticated and Target Optimised) , engineered specifically for defeating hardened and deeply buried targets through sequential penetration and internal detonation. The initial precursor charge breaches outer defenses, such as layers, while the main follow-through charge delivers optimized blast and fragmentation effects within voids or chambers, minimizing surface collateral while maximizing subsurface destruction. Central to its penetration efficacy is the programmable intelligent multi-purpose (PIMPF), which incorporates void-sensing, layer-counting, and impact-delay modes to trigger detonation only after traversing multiple protective barriers, such as those in command facilities or bunkers. This fuze enables variable timing—up to microseconds of delay—tailored via pre-mission programming, allowing the to navigate intermediate obstacles before exploding in target cavities for enhanced lethal radius against personnel and equipment. Manufacturer specifications highlight the warhead's superior penetration relative to comparable stand-off munitions, with the tandem design providing deeper access to high-value hardened targets compared to single-stage alternatives, as validated in controlled impact simulations emphasizing defeat. This capability stems from the MEPHISTO's material composition and charge configuration, which prioritize transfer for breaching over broad-area blast, proving causally effective in scenarios requiring precise neutralization of fortified without on surrounding terrain.

Stealth and survivability features

The employs low-observable design elements to reduce its cross-section, including a sleek with rectangular cross-section constructed from composite materials and coated with -absorbent substances that scatter and absorb waves, thereby minimizing reflections detectable by enemy systems. These features exploit the physics of detection, where angular shaping and material absorption limit the missile's signature compared to higher-reflectivity designs. Additionally, the configuration helps suppress infrared emissions, further complicating detection by heat-seeking sensors. To evade ground-based radars, the missile utilizes terrain-referenced (TRN) combined with image-based for low-altitude, terrain-hugging flight profiles at heights of approximately 35 , following topographic contours to remain below the and reduce line-of-sight exposure. This approach, supported by inertial, GPS, and multi-sensor fusion systems, maintains precise path adherence even in GPS-denied environments, enhancing penetration of layered defenses. Survivability is further bolstered by integrated electronic countermeasures that provide self-protection against interceptors and , alongside redundant modes that ensure operational continuity if primary systems are disrupted. These capabilities collectively enable stand-off launches from beyond high-threat zones, allowing the to reach deep targets while preserving the launching and crew from direct engagement risks.

Operational capabilities and integration

Range, speed, and mission profiles

The operates with a range exceeding 500 kilometers, allowing for deep-strike missions from standoff distances that minimize exposure of launch platforms to enemy air defenses. This capability surpasses many contemporary air-to-ground munitions, such as the AGM-158 JASSM's baseline variant at around 370 km, enabling strikes on rear-echelon targets that shorter-range systems cannot reach without increased risk. The missile achieves high subsonic speeds between 0.6 and 0.95 during cruise, prioritizing fuel efficiency for extended loiter potential and low / signatures over supersonic dash profiles. This velocity supports terrain-hugging flight paths at altitudes as low as 30-50 meters, reducing detectability during ingress while conserving energy for terminal maneuvers. Standard mission profiles emphasize low-level terrain-following navigation for penetration, followed by precision terminal strikes on hardened, static, or semi-static high-value assets like bunkers, command centers, or hubs. Flexible routing permits threat avoidance via pre-programmed waypoints and pop-up attacks, with the range facilitating causal interruption of enemy sustainment by targeting infrastructure beyond forward defenses—evident in simulations where such standoff weapons degrade operational tempo more than tactical munitions limited to 100-300 km.

Target types and effectiveness

The Taurus KEPD 350 is primarily designed for standoff precision strikes against hardened and deeply buried targets (HDBT), such as bunkers, (C2) nodes, ammunition depots, and bridges. Its (Multi-Effect Penetrator, High Sophisticated and Target Optimised) dual-stage , weighing approximately 481 kg, features a precursor charge to breach or earth layers followed by a main blast charge that detonates internally, enabling destruction of fortified structures while limiting external relative to unguided bombs that disperse energy primarily on the surface. Effectiveness against these targets is enhanced by an intelligent programmable that detects material density and voids during penetration, timing detonation for optimal effect within the structure, as demonstrated in live-fire tests including South Korea's 2024 exercise where the missile successfully engaged a simulated target. The system's navigation integrates inertial, GPS, and terrain-reference matching for a (CEP) of under 3 meters, supporting high-confidence hits on point targets even in GPS-denied environments. This capability allows neutralization of enemy infrastructure and logistics hubs—such as ammo storage that could sustain prolonged operations—disrupting momentum without necessitating or ground assaults on defended positions, thereby preserving operational tempo through deep precision effects rather than area saturation.

Aircraft compatibility and launch platforms

The Taurus KEPD 350 missile is primarily integrated with the IDS and aircraft via underwing pylons, enabling carriage of up to two missiles per aircraft while maintaining aerodynamic stability and electrical interfaces for pre-launch arming and data transfer. These integrations include a secure datalink system, such as the Tadiran-enhanced variant, which supports post-launch trajectory retargeting and battle damage assessment relays to the launching platform without compromising the missile's autonomous navigation. Compatibility extends to additional platforms including the , , and Boeing F-15K Strike Eagle, with pylon adapters ensuring compatibility with interfaces for power, targeting data, and release sequencing. Launch procedures are engineered for low-observable release profiles, utilizing gravity drop or rocket-assisted ejection to minimize carrier aircraft exposure to enemy defenses, followed by turbofan ignition at safe standoff distances exceeding 500 km. For stealth-capable fighters, the KASOM variant—previewed in 2025—features a downsized (4 m length, 950 mm width) optimized for internal weapons bay carriage in platforms like the KF-21 Boramae and its stealth-enhanced KF-21EX derivative, reducing radar cross-section while preserving core guidance interfaces through conformal datalink pods. This adaptation maintains seamless integration sequencing, with bay doors enabling rapid deployment to avoid detection during high-threat penetrations.

Operators and deployments

Current operators

The German Luftwaffe operates the largest inventory of missiles, numbering approximately 600 units as of 2025. These are primarily integrated with IDS strike aircraft, with certification underway for the to replace retiring by 2030. Post-2022 geopolitical tensions have prompted enhanced stockpile , including a December 2024 modernization program for the full inventory and a 2025 Saab contract valued at €155 million for sub-component upgrades plus ten-year life cycle support to ensure sustained readiness. The Spanish Air Force maintains about 43 Taurus missiles in service since 2014, fully integrated with platforms following a dedicated certification test campaign in . This integration enhances versatility for standoff strikes, with routine operations confirming operational status amid fleet modernization. South Korea's deploys 267 Taurus KEPD 350K variants, adapted for its 60 F-15K Slam Eagle fighters and declared operational in 2016. Live-fire exercises on October 8 and 10, 2024—the first in seven years—successfully demonstrated missile separation, flight, and precision targeting against simulated bunkers, validating ongoing and .

Export history and restrictions

The first export of the occurred to , which ordered missiles in November 2004 for integration with its F/A-18 and Eurofighter aircraft, marking the system as the inaugural foreign sale following its development by the Taurus Systems between MBDA Deutschland and . Deliveries commenced in 2007 with the initial batch of two units, culminating in the acquisition of 43 missiles for approximately €57 million, with full operational integration certified by the Spanish Air Force in 2009. This approval reflected 's status as a ally, aligning with Germany's export criteria emphasizing technology security and alliance interoperability over broader proliferation risks. South Korea followed as the second export customer, procuring 260 Taurus KEPD 350K variants between 2013 and 2016 specifically for its F-15K Slam Eagle fleet, enhancing regional deterrence amid North Korean threats. The deal underscored selective approvals for strategically aligned partners capable of safeguarding sensitive navigation and targeting data, with the variant adapted for Korean operational needs while adhering to core design parameters. Geopolitically, this export bolstered U.S.-aligned capabilities in without disseminating technology to adversarial states, consistent with Germany's restraint in transfers that could destabilize proliferation balances. Exports have faced rejections for other prospective buyers, primarily due to (MTCR) guidelines classifying the Taurus as a Category II item requiring rigorous case-by-case scrutiny to mitigate risks of diversion or unauthorized replication, alongside Germany's domestic policies prioritizing non-proliferation and end-use reliability. These restrictions, rooted in causal concerns over enabling long-range strike proliferation to unstable regimes or non-allied actors, have confined approvals to a narrow set of vetted operators, thereby preserving the weapon's strategic edge for core users like members and key partners. Such controls have proven effective in curbing uncontrolled spread, as evidenced by the absence of illicit diversions despite global demand for standoff munitions. These limited exports have yielded economic advantages for the Taurus Systems joint venture, sustaining production expertise and infrastructure through demand-driven manufacturing cycles that offset development costs and support ongoing upgrades. For instance, foreign orders have facilitated economies of scale, enabling the partnership between MBDA Deutschland and Saab to maintain technical proficiency and respond to surges in requirements from approved customers, without diluting control over proprietary elements like terrain-reference navigation.

Non-combat testing and exercises

The underwent initial free-flight tests at the in in November 2002, validating core flight dynamics and navigation systems under controlled conditions. These trials, conducted by Taurus Systems, confirmed the missile's ability to execute terrain-following profiles over extended distances without live warheads. German integration testing with aircraft occurred at the same range, including launches by the 33rd Tactical Air Wing against simulated ground targets to assess platform compatibility and release accuracy. In 2017, the deployed four Tornados and over 200 personnel for extensive evaluations, focusing on operational reliability in varied environmental conditions. These non-combat firings demonstrated consistent and impact precision, with post-test analyses reporting successful hits on hardened mock structures. South Korean Air Force exercises in October 2024 marked the first live-fire demonstration of the Taurus KEPD 350K variant in seven years, launched from F-15K fighters over a 400 km course to pre-designated maritime targets in the . The missiles evaded simulated intercepts by F-16 and F-35 aircraft during the drill, underscoring low-observable features and autonomous navigation resilience. Video footage released showed penetration of bunker-like targets with high fidelity, providing empirical data on effectiveness against fortified sites in peacetime scenarios. As of October 2025, the has seen no confirmed deployments, relying instead on these validations to affirm deterrence value through simulated deep-strike profiles. Test outcomes, including repeated long-range successes, have empirically refuted doubts on real-world performance by evidencing sub-meter accuracy in GPS-contested environments via inertial and terrain-reference systems.

Controversies and political debates

German domestic opposition and escalation concerns

The government of Chancellor , primarily driven by the (SPD), has consistently opposed supplying Taurus missiles to , citing fears that their use could lead to direct involvement in the and provoke escalation, including potential strikes on territory or broader confrontation. Scholz has argued that the missiles' range and precision targeting capabilities—requiring detailed mission planning—would implicate in offensive operations deep into territory, contrasting with shorter-range systems where operational control remains with Ukrainian forces. This stance aligns with a post-World War II tradition of restraint in military exports, often framed as caution against repeating historical aggressions, though critics attribute it more directly to ingrained that prioritizes over deterrence against unprovoked invasion. Such concerns have fueled domestic opposition, particularly from pacifist elements within the SPD and Greens, who view long-range strikes as crossing a threshold toward collective suicide rather than defensive necessity, despite Russia's initiation of the conflict through territorial conquest. Surveys indicate broad public skepticism, with only about 25% of Germans supporting deliveries as of mid-2025, reflecting a cultural aversion to arms that could enable strikes beyond immediate frontlines, even as allies like the and have authorized analogous systems without triggering or direct retaliatory escalation. Empirical evidence counters these fears: Ukraine's deployment of missiles and /French / systems into Russian territory since late 2024 has elicited Russian rhetorical threats and localized responses but no systemic widening of the war, as Moscow's restraint appears tied to its own operational limits rather than Western munitions alone. In contrast, the conservative bloc has advocated for Taurus supplies, arguing that alliance obligations under —coupled with Ukraine's right to self-defense against Russian aggression—necessitate providing capabilities to degrade invading forces, without inherently making Germany a , as end-use control would rest with . leader has dismissed escalation hypotheticals as unfounded, emphasizing that withholding precision weapons prolongs the war by allowing logistics impunity, and that prior deliveries demonstrate no causal link to broadened conflict. This position underscores a critique of risk-averse policies that empirically fail to deter aggression, prioritizing causal accountability on the invader over speculative fears of retaliation.

Ukraine supply requests and rejections (2023–2025)

In May 2023, Ukraine formally requested deliveries of Taurus KEPD 350 cruise missiles from Germany, seeking the capability to conduct deep strikes against Russian military infrastructure such as command centers and logistics depots beyond the range of existing Western-supplied systems like the British Storm Shadow. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz rejected the request, arguing that providing the missiles—capable of reaching up to 500 kilometers—would risk direct NATO involvement in the conflict by enabling strikes on Russian territory proper, potentially escalating to broader confrontation. Ukrainian officials countered that their forces could integrate and target the missiles independently using domestic intelligence, citing successful precision operations with analogous UK and French systems that had not provoked Russian retaliation against donor states. Throughout 2024, reiterated appeals amid battlefield setbacks, including Russian advances in , but faced consistent refusals from Scholz's government, which emphasized the missiles' complexity requiring specialized German software for mission planning and the potential for misuse leading to civilian casualties or hits on strategic Russian assets like the Kerch Bridge linking to the mainland. In January 2024, the rejected a non-binding opposition motion to approve transfers by a vote of 485 to 178, reflecting Scholz's coalition's stance that such weapons crossed an absent allied . A February 2024 parliamentary vote similarly opposed Taurus-specific aid while endorsing general long-range capabilities, underscoring intra-coalition divisions where Greens and SPD prioritized over offensive enablers. Into 2025, requests intensified following elections and coalition shifts, with President expressing optimism for negotiations under potential new leadership like CDU's , who had pledged support during campaigning. However, Defense Minister affirmed in June 2025 that was not contemplating deliveries despite ongoing pleas, prioritizing cohesion and avoiding unilateral actions that could invite reprisals against European infrastructure. A renewed bid in July 2025 met outright denial, with officials reiterating concerns over the system's integration demands and the strategic calculus of deterring revanchism without direct provocation. Allied pressures mounted, including calls in October 2025 for a "" to enhance Kyiv's deep-strike options and U.S. discussions linking potential transfers to reciprocity, yet these failed to sway amid evidence that withheld capabilities allowed to shield rear-area supply lines, prolonging attrition and testing resolve. Empirical patterns from deployments—over 100 reported uses with minimal deviation errors—suggested operational maturity could mitigate misuse risks, but policymakers maintained that Taurus's terrain-matching guidance necessitated cautious evaluation to preserve deterrence credibility against authoritarian aggression.

Intelligence leaks and security incidents

In March 2024, Russian state media published a 38-minute audio recording of an intercepted video conference among four senior German Luftwaffe officers, including Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz, discussing the potential delivery and operational use of Taurus KEPD 350 cruise missiles to Ukraine. The conversation, held on February 19, 2024, via an unencrypted platform, covered hypothetical targeting scenarios such as strikes on the Kerch Bridge connecting Russia to occupied Crimea—referred to as a "city in the middle of the bridge"—as well as ammunition depots and command infrastructure, while emphasizing the missiles' range and precision for deep strikes. German officials confirmed the recording's authenticity but attributed the interception to an "operational mistake" in conference security protocols, such as failing to use secure channels, rather than a cyber breach. The leak exposed internal German military deliberations on integrating Taurus missiles with Ukrainian systems, including training requirements and logistical challenges, but did not reveal classified technical specifications of the weapon itself or alter its core capabilities. In response, Defense Minister initiated an investigation and described the incident as part of Russia's broader "information war" to sow division in allies, leading to enhanced communication security measures across the without suspending Ukraine-related discussions. Critics within German defense circles highlighted a contrast between field-level pragmatism in the officers' assessments and bureaucratic over-caution, arguing the leak stemmed from outdated secure comms practices rather than inherent policy flaws. Russia exploited the recording through outlets like to amplify narratives, claiming it proved Western escalation plans and pressuring against arms transfers, though analysts noted the discussions reflected routine contingency planning without endorsing actual strikes. The episode underscored vulnerabilities in operational security amid hybrid threats, prompting calls for robust, encrypted alternatives to ad-hoc platforms while affirming that no strategic aid decisions were compromised, as the talks predated any formal supply commitments. No further Taurus-specific leaks have been reported as of October 2025, with the incident reinforcing emphasis on compartmentalized planning to mitigate similar risks.

Upgrades, variants, and future developments

Modernization contracts (2024–2025)

In December 2024, the German entered into a contract with Systems GmbH—a between Deutschland and —for the maintenance and modernization of the system. This agreement incorporates technological enhancements to align the missiles with evolving operational demands, extending their service life and ensuring readiness until at least 2045. In March 2025, Saab secured a follow-on order valued at SEK 1.7 billion (approximately €150 million or $159 million) from Germany's Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support (BAAINBw) for TAURUS KEPD 350 sub-components. The contract encompasses significant system upgrades alongside a ten-year life cycle maintenance program from 2025 to 2035, targeting the German Luftwaffe's existing stockpile to bolster reliability and sustainment amid fleet aging. These upgrades prioritize incremental enhancements to core subsystems for improved performance in contested environments, without modifications to the missile's established range exceeding 500 km or warhead configuration. The efforts reflect a pragmatic approach to preserving the weapon's precision strike capabilities against hardened targets, informed by operational feedback rather than expansive redesign.

New variants (Taurus Neo and KASOM)

In October 2024, German Defence Minister announced the development of the Taurus Neo, a next-generation variant of the , intended to incorporate lessons from recent conflicts including enhanced standoff capabilities. plans to procure approximately 600 Taurus Neo missiles at a cost of €2.1 billion, with initial deliveries projected for 2029. The variant builds on the original's , aiming for improved range exceeding the baseline model's over 500 km and superior penetration against hardened targets through advanced warhead and propulsion refinements. At the ADEX 2025 exhibition in October 2025, Taurus Systems unveiled the KASOM (Korean Advanced Stand-Off Missile), a compact derivative of the optimized for integration into the internal weapons bays of to preserve low-observable profiles. Measuring 4 meters in length and 950 mm in width, the KASOM features reduced weight compared to the full-sized KEPD 350, enabling carriage by platforms such as the KF-21 Block 3 fighter. Like its predecessor, it retains modular architecture for adaptability, with Taurus Systems actively seeking international partners for further development and production. Both variants emphasize evolutionary upgrades to the core Taurus system, prioritizing cost-effective enhancements in precision, survivability, and target engagement without fundamental redesigns.

International collaborations and production expansions

In October 2025, Germany's initiated discussions with Japan's to co-develop a next-generation engine for the and its variants, aiming to replace U.S.-sourced components and mitigate vulnerabilities. This collaboration reflects broader efforts by both nations to enhance defense autonomy, as and have increasingly prioritized diversified s amid geopolitical pressures from actors like and . Kawasaki's involvement leverages its expertise in compact , originally tested for Japanese anti-ship missiles, potentially enabling upgrades to existing Taurus stockpiles and future production runs. Parallel to these engine partnerships, announced plans in August 2025 to expand its Taurus arsenal through new procurement contracts, targeting an increase to approximately 600 NEO missiles with deliveries slated to commence in 2029. These expansions include modernization initiatives approved in late 2024 and further budgetary allocations in September 2025, focusing on sustaining capacity and integrating enhanced capabilities for long-term deterrence. Manufacturer , a key partner in Taurus , has committed to doubling overall missile output in 2025 by hiring over 2,500 personnel, which supports scaled-up manufacturing for systems like Taurus amid European rearmament efforts. These initiatives underscore a strategic shift toward resilient, allied production networks, prioritizing or partnered technologies to counter dependency risks while strengthening collective defense postures in the and European theaters.

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