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Throw-in

A throw-in is a method of restarting play in association football when the whole of the ball passes over the touchline, either on the ground or in the air. It is awarded to the opponents of the player who last touched the ball before it crossed the line, and no goal can be scored directly from a throw-in.^[1] Throw-ins originated in the first codified Laws of the Game established by the Football Association in 1863, where the ball was thrown in straight from the boundary line by the first player to touch it after going out of bounds, at a right angle to the touchline, and not considered in play until it touched the ground. The rules evolved significantly over the following decades; in 1873, possession was standardized to the opposing team, and around 1883 the modern two-handed over-the-head technique was formalized to prevent unfair advantages. Early variations, such as awarding the throw to the first player to touch the ball after it went out, were common until the late 19th century, reflecting the game's transition from rugby-influenced handling to foot-based play.^[2]^[3] In contemporary association football, throw-ins represent a crucial set-piece opportunity, occurring an average of 35 to 40 times per match and accounting for a notable portion of possession transitions. They enable tactical innovations, such as long throws that bypass defensive lines and create chaos in the penalty area, as demonstrated by Irish player Rory Delap during his time at Stoke City in the late 2000s, where his throws—often exceeding 40 meters—led to multiple goals and forced opponents to adapt their strategies. Defensive teams frequently press aggressively during throw-ins to regain possession, while attacking sides use routines to exploit overloads or offside traps, underscoring the throw-in's role in modern game management.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Awarding the Throw-in

Circumstances for Awarding

A throw-in serves as a standard method to restart play in association football when the whole of the ball passes over the touchline, either on the ground or in the air.^[7] This occurs exclusively along the sidelines, distinguishing it from restarts involving the goal lines.^[7] The throw-in is awarded to the opponents of the player who last touched or played the ball before it fully crossed the touchline.^[7] This rule ensures that the team responsible for the ball going out of bounds does not retain possession, thereby promoting fair competition and territorial balance.^[7] To clarify its application, a throw-in differs from a goal kick, which is awarded when the entire ball crosses the goal line—on the ground or in the air—after last being touched by an attacking player.^[7] Similarly, a corner kick is given when the ball crosses the goal line last touched by a defending player.^[7] These distinctions maintain continuous play by directing restarts based on the location and the last touching team, preventing disruptions and rewarding defensive or offensive efforts accordingly.^[7]

Initial Positioning

Upon a throw-in being awarded, the ball must be thrown from the point on the touchline where it completely crossed the boundary, either on the ground or in the air.^[1] If the exact location is unclear, the throw-in is typically taken from the nearest point to where the ball is deemed to have exited the field, as determined by the referee.^[1] The thrower must position themselves facing the field of play, with part of each foot either on the touchline or on the ground outside it.^[1] This ensures the throw originates from a valid boundary position, maintaining the integrity of the restart. All opponents are required to stand at least 2 meters (2 yards) away from the point of delivery until the ball is in play, preventing interference and allowing fair execution.^[1] The ball enters play immediately upon crossing into the field of play after being thrown, at which point normal play resumes and the thrower may not touch it again until another player does so.^[1] If the ball touches the ground before entering the field, the throw-in is retaken from the same position by the same team.^[1]

Execution and Requirements

Performing the Throw-in

The throw-in in association football is executed by the player designated to restart play, who must deliver the ball using both hands simultaneously. The thrower grips the ball firmly and initiates the motion by bringing it behind the head, ensuring the delivery originates from this position before propelling it forward over the head in a single, continuous movement. This technique ensures the ball is released cleanly into the field of play without interruption, maintaining the flow of the game.^[1] The throw must be performed from the precise point on the touchline where the ball exited the field, with the thrower facing the field of play. While the rules permit the ball to be thrown in any direction, it is typically directed toward the opponents' half of the field to advance play effectively, though strategic considerations may vary based on the game's context. The motion emphasizes a fluid arc over the head, avoiding any pause that could constitute an invalid delivery. Improper arm motions, such as excessive bending or halting midway, may result in the throw being deemed incorrect, leading to a retake by the opposing team.^[1] Quick throw-ins are permitted to expedite restarts, provided the ball remains untouched and unaltered after crossing the touchline—no stopping, cleaning, or repositioning is allowed before the throw. This variant enables rapid transitions, particularly in fast-paced matches, as long as the delivery adheres to the standard procedure of both hands from behind and over the head. The ball enters play when it enters the field of play.^[1]

Validity Criteria

For a throw-in to be considered valid under the Laws of the Game, the thrower must adhere to specific procedural requirements outlined in Law 15. At the moment of delivery, the thrower is required to stand facing the field of play with part of each foot either on the touchline or on the ground outside the touchline, ensuring both feet remain on or behind this boundary until the ball is released.^[1] This positioning prevents any encroachment onto the field of play and maintains fairness in the restart. The throwing motion itself must be executed using both hands to deliver the ball simultaneously from behind and over the head, originating from the point where the ball crossed the touchline.^[1] The ball enters play when it enters the field of play. If it touches the ground before entering the field of play or fails to enter and instead goes out over the opposite touchline or goal line, the throw-in is retaken by the same team.^[1] Additionally, the thrower is prohibited from touching the ball again until it has been touched by another player, thereby avoiding any immediate double touch that could confer an unfair advantage.^[1] This rule upholds the principle that the restart should involve at least one other participant before the thrower regains possession. The evolution of foot position requirements, such as the allowance for feet to be behind the touchline, reflects post-1863 refinements to enhance practicality while preserving the throw-in's integrity.^[1]

Violations and Penalties

Common Infractions

One of the most frequent errors in throw-ins occurs when the thrower fails to maintain proper positioning relative to the touchline. According to the Laws of the Game, the thrower must face the field of play with part of each foot on the touchline or on the ground outside the touchline; lifting both feet off the ground or stepping entirely in front of the touchline renders the throw invalid.^[1] This infraction often happens due to impatience or poor balance, particularly in youth or amateur games where players may jump or step forward to generate more power.^[8] Another common violation involves incorrect delivery technique, such as bending the arms excessively or throwing the ball sideways rather than from behind and over the head using both hands. The official procedure requires the ball to be thrown from behind and over the thrower's head.^[1] Such errors, often stemming from attempts to mimic non-standard styles seen in training, frequently result in the throw being retaken by the opposing team, disrupting the flow of play.^[9] Opponents encroaching within the required 2-meter (2-yard) distance from the point of the throw-in before the ball is in play constitutes a widespread infraction, especially in high-pressure situations where defenders press aggressively. The rules mandate that all opponents remain at least this distance away to allow a fair restart.^[1] This violation is particularly prevalent at set pieces, as teams seek to gain territorial advantage, leading to cautions for unsporting behavior if deemed deliberate distraction or impediment.^[10] Finally, the thrower touching the ball a second time before it has touched another player or been out of play is a notable error, though less common than positioning faults. Once released, the ball must contact another player or go out of play before the thrower can handle it again; premature contact typically occurs in confusion during follow-up plays near the touchline.^[1] This rule upholds the principle of fair possession transfer in restarts.^[8]

Consequences and Restart Options

When a throw-in is performed incorrectly, such as failing to use both hands, not delivering the ball from behind and over the head, or having both feet off the ground at the moment of release, the opposing team is awarded a throw-in from the same point on the touchline where the ball went out of play.^[1] This retake ensures that procedural errors do not result in a more severe sanction like a free kick, maintaining the restart's neutrality unless additional infractions occur.^[1] Throw-in violations do not typically lead to direct free kicks or penalties; instead, only indirect free kicks are awarded if the offence involves the thrower touching the ball again before it has touched another player, or if an opponent impedes or distracts the thrower, which may also warrant a caution for unsporting behaviour.^[1] If a handball offence happens during the throw-in, a direct free kick is given to the opponents, escalating to a penalty kick only if it occurs in the thrower's own penalty area (except when committed by the goalkeeper, in which case an indirect free kick applies).^[1] These sanctions apply solely when other fouls coincide with the throw-in procedure, emphasizing that isolated procedural mistakes revert play to a simple retake rather than punishing the team with set-piece advantages.^[1] The game's clock continues to run during the execution of a throw-in, with no automatic stoppage unless an injury, substitution, or other significant interruption requires the referee to halt play.^[11] Any delays caused by throw-in disputes or preparations are accounted for by the referee adding time at the end of the half, promoting continuous flow without pausing the match timer for routine restarts.^[11] To indicate an invalid throw-in, the referee blows the whistle and gestures toward the opposing team, signaling them to retake possession from the designated spot, thereby promptly resolving the infraction without further disruption.^[10] This clear communication helps maintain match tempo and player awareness of the restart options.^[10]

Historical Evolution

Origins Before 1863

In pre-1863 England, folk football—often referred to as mob football—lacked formalized boundaries and rules, with the ball going out of play typically triggering unstructured scrambles among participants to retrieve it and resume chaotic kicking across fields, streets, or entire villages. These games, played during festivals like Shrovetide, prioritized mass participation over organization, resulting in violent, unregulated restarts without designated methods like throws or kicks.^[12] The emergence of English public school football variants in the mid-19th century introduced greater structure to restarts, though practices differed significantly by institution, reflecting local traditions rather than uniformity. At Eton College, the 1847 Laws of the Eton Field Game declared the ball "dead" when outside or level with the side markers and required it to be thrown in or restarted via a "bully" (a scrum) alternately from a line parallel to where it stopped, prohibiting kicks in such cases.^[13] Harrow School's 1858 rules specified that if the ball was kicked beyond the ground's limits, it "must be kicked straight in again" from that point, with no hand or arm contact below the elbow allowed afterward.^[14] Similarly, the 1848 Cambridge Rules, drafted by University of Cambridge students, stated that the ball was out when it passed the sideline flag-posts and "shall be thrown in straight" from there.^[15] The Sheffield Rules of 1858, the earliest codified set by an independent club (Sheffield FC), treated a ball in touch as dead and required the team that first touched it out to bring it to the touchline edge and "throw it straight out at least six yards from touch."^[16] This approach emphasized possession based on initial contact, contrasting with school-based kicks or scrums. Overall, the absence of a national standard across these folk and institutional codes often produced inconsistent and disorderly play during early competitive matches between teams from different regions or schools.^[17] These diverse practices laid informal groundwork for the unified restart methods later established in the Football Association's 1863 laws.^[18]

Codification in 1863

The throw-in was formally introduced as part of the original Laws of the Game adopted by the Football Association (FA) on 1 December 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in London. Law 5 of these laws stipulated that when the ball crossed the touchline (referred to as "in touch"), the first player to touch it would throw it back into play from the point on the boundary line where it had exited the field.^[2]^[19] This marked the first standardized procedure for restarting play in association football after the ball went out of bounds along the sides of the pitch, distinguishing it from goal-line restarts like kick-offs or goal kicks. The initial requirements for the throw-in were straightforward and aimed at ensuring fairness and accuracy in the restart. The throw had to be made from behind the boundary line at the exact point of exit, directed at right angles to the touchline to prevent angled advantages, and the ball was not considered in play until it had touched the ground inside the field. No specific arm motion or hand position was prescribed in the 1863 laws, allowing flexibility in execution, though the emphasis was on a direct throw rather than carrying or kicking the ball.^[2]^[20] This innovation served to expedite the return of the ball to play compared to earlier practices in various football variants, where kick-ins from the touchline often required placing and kicking the ball, leading to delays. By permitting a throw, the FA laws facilitated quicker restarts, reducing interruptions and promoting continuous action on the field. Prior to 1863, kick-ins were common in codes like the Cambridge Rules of 1848, but the throw-in represented a deliberate shift toward a more efficient method influenced by rugby-style line-outs.^[19]^[21] The throw-in rule was immediately adopted in FA-sanctioned matches, with the first recorded game under the new laws occurring on 19 December 1863 between Barnes FC and Richmond FC at Mortlake Green, ending in a 0-0 draw.^[21]^[19]^[22] This rapid implementation underscored the FA's intent to unify disparate regional rules and establish association football as a distinct code separate from rugby, with the throw-in playing a key role in maintaining game flow from the outset.

Post-1863 Developments

Following the initial codification of the Laws of the Game in 1863, the throw-in rule underwent significant evolution in the late 19th century as the Football Association (FA) sought to unify the divergent codes played in England, particularly the Sheffield Rules, which had permitted more flexible re-entry of the ball into play. In 1871, a rule required the thrown ball to travel at least 6 yards before being playable, aiming to prevent immediate interceptions. This was dropped in subsequent revisions. In 1877, the throw-in direction was changed to allow delivery in any direction, rather than strictly at right angles to the touchline.) The integration of the Scottish Football Association (SFA) in 1881 introduced further refinements, reflecting Scotland's preference for a more athletic delivery. The straight-arm method was formalized, requiring the thrower to extend arms fully overhead for a two-handed release from behind and over the head, which improved distance and accuracy compared to earlier one-handed or underarm variations.^[23] Concurrently, the rules permitted goals to be scored from throw-ins provided the ball was touched by another player before entering the net, opening up strategic opportunities for quick transitions but prohibiting direct goals to maintain balance. These changes, debated at joint meetings of the home nations, addressed inconsistencies in regional play and laid the groundwork for the International Football Association Board (IFAB), formed in 1886 to oversee unified laws. In 1878, a partial offside adjustment allowed offside players to play the ball from a throw-in if it first bounced on the field. The full exemption came in 1920, when players receiving the ball directly from a throw-in could no longer be penalized for offside, regardless of position, encouraging fluid restarts and aligning with the emphasis on continuous play.^[24] In 1931, on a proposal by the Irish Football Association, the awarding of the throw-in was changed to the opponents of the player or team that last touched the ball before it went out, reversing the 1863 rule and standardizing possession to the opposing team. Early 20th-century tweaks focused on precision and safety, standardizing the minimum opponent distance at 2 yards (approximately 1.8 meters) from the throw-in point to allow sufficient space while curbing crowding; this had been in place since around 1905. Simultaneously, variations like two-handed sideways throws—where the ball was released laterally without passing fully overhead—were banned to enforce the straight-arm overhead technique, ensuring uniformity and preventing exploitative variations that could favor stronger throwers unfairly. These modifications, implemented amid IFAB's annual reviews, refined the throw-in into a reliable set piece central to modern tactics.^[10] The terminology for the restart was formally confirmed as "throw-in" in the 1997-98 edition of the Laws of the Game, solidifying its place as Law 15 and distinguishing it from other boundary restarts like goal kicks and corner kicks.^[25] To enhance game flow and reduce time-wasting, the IFAB trialed modifications in 2019 and 2020 allowing quick throw-ins without requiring the ball to come to a complete stop before delivery, a change that was subsequently adopted globally in subsequent Laws editions.^[26]^[27] Several outdated requirements were eliminated in the 20th century to streamline execution, including mandates for specific foot pivoting on the touchline and underhand throwing motions, which had previously complicated enforcement and limited tactical flexibility.^[3]

Tactical and Unusual Variations

Long Throws

Long throws in association football involve specialized techniques to maximize the distance the ball travels, typically aiming for 30-40 meters to reach the opponent's penalty area directly. The primary mechanics include a running start of several steps to build momentum, which propels the ball farther than a stationary throw, followed by a release that imparts backspin for lift and extended flight time. This backspin, generated through a wrist snap and arm extension at a low release angle, creates a curved trajectory that counters gravity and enhances distance, as demonstrated in biomechanical studies where higher spin rates increased throw distances by up to 5 meters compared to no-spin throws.^[28]^[29] One of the most notable practitioners of long throws was Rory Delap, an Irish defender who played for Stoke City in the Premier League during the late 2000s. Delap's throws, often likened to "grenades" for their power and flat trajectory, routinely covered 40 meters or more, leading to seven assists from throw-ins in the 2009-10 season alone and contributing to Stoke's set-piece dominance. His background as a youth javelin thrower informed his technique, allowing him to deliver the ball with exceptional speed and accuracy into crowded boxes.^[6]^[30] Tactically, long throws provide a significant advantage by bypassing the midfield entirely, delivering the ball directly into attacking zones and creating immediate pressure akin to corner kicks. This set-piece opportunity forces defenses to reorganize quickly, often leading to chaotic clearances or rebounds that favor the attacking team, as seen in Stoke City's improved goal tally from such plays under manager Tony Pulis. Unlike open play, long throws exploit the lack of an offside rule, allowing unmarked runs into dangerous areas.^[28]^[31] Despite their potency, long throws remain bound by standard throw-in validity rules, requiring both feet to remain in contact with the ground, the ball to be thrown from behind and over the head with both hands, and no forward body movement during release. There is no special allowance for distance in these regulations, meaning illegal throws—such as lifting the feet or using one hand—result in the same penalties as shorter variants, with no measurement of throw length influencing officiating.

Flip Throws

The flip throw, also known as a somersault or acrobatic throw-in, involves the thrower executing a front handspring or full somersault while holding the ball, culminating in an overhead release as the body rotates forward.^[32] During the technique, the player begins with feet positioned behind the touchline, grips the ball with both hands, and initiates the flip to generate momentum, releasing the ball from behind the head at the peak of the rotation.^[32] This method adheres to FIFA Law 15 requirements for throw-ins, including the use of both hands and straight arms during delivery, provided the feet remain on or behind the touchline until the ball is released. While sometimes debated for compliance with the overhead delivery requirement, IFAB and FIFA have confirmed the technique is legal if standard criteria are met.^[33] The technique is fully legal under the Laws of the Game, as long as the thrower complies with the standard criteria of facing the field, delivering the ball from behind the head with both hands, and ensuring both feet start behind the touchline.^[34] However, its execution demands significant gymnastic ability and coordination, making it accessible primarily to athletes with prior training in flips or tumbling.^[35] Notable examples include American high school player Michael Lewis, who gained attention in 2015 for a flip throw during a McKinney Boyd match that was deflected by the goalkeeper into the goal and later set the Guinness World Record for the longest throw-in (male) at 59.817 meters on April 21, 2023.^[36]^[37]^[38] Such displays are more common in youth and amateur leagues, where the technique has been used to create viral moments, but it remains rare among professional players due to the elevated risk of injury from the physical demands of the flip, including potential strains to the neck, shoulders, or back.^[35] The primary advantage of the flip throw lies in the additional distance achieved through the rotational momentum of the body, which can propel the ball up to 50 meters or more, far surpassing typical standing throw-ins of 20-30 meters and providing a tactical edge in reaching the penalty area directly.^[37]^[32] This extended range enhances attacking opportunities but requires precise control to avoid errant deliveries that could turn possession over to opponents.^[35]

Strategic Applications

In possession-based teams, short throws are employed to quickly retain the ball and facilitate controlled build-up play from the flanks. By throwing the ball to a nearby teammate in space, such as a full-back or winger, teams like Manchester City under Pep Guardiola minimize turnovers and maintain territorial advantage, allowing seamless integration into passing sequences.^[39]^[40] This approach contrasts with more direct methods and is particularly effective in the attacking third, where quick retention disrupts defensive pressing.^[41] Long throws serve as a potent weapon in direct playing styles, exemplified by Route One football, where the ball is launched toward the opposition's penalty area to bypass midfield and create aerial duels. Teams adopting this tactic, such as those in lower Premier League divisions or historically Stoke City under Tony Pulis, exploit the throw's distance—often exceeding 30 meters—to target tall forwards, increasing the likelihood of second-ball wins and counter-attacks.^[42]^[43] Recent data indicates a resurgence, with long throws into the box comprising 45% of the previous season's total in the Premier League.^[44] Such applications integrate techniques like the long throw for immediate pressure rather than mere restarts.^[45] Defensively, teams employ strategies to neutralize throw-ins, including deliberate delays to waste time when leading and zonal marking to cover key areas rather than individual players. Time-wasting involves legal obstructions of the thrower, such as positioning to slow the restart, which can consume valuable seconds in the match's closing stages without incurring fouls.^[46] Zonal systems prioritize protecting spaces near the goal line or box edges, forcing opponents into less dangerous options and reducing conversion to attacks; for instance, Premier League sides often rotate players to screen short throws while maintaining zone integrity.^[41]^[47] Throw-ins hold substantial tactical weight, accounting for approximately one-third of all dead-ball situations and representing a key avenue for possession regains, with Opta recording an average of 35 per Premier League match. Analysis of the 2018-2019 season reveals that 54% of throw-ins result in possession retention for at least seven seconds, while 8.8% lead directly to shots, underscoring their role in transitioning to attacks.^[48]^[41] These metrics highlight how effective throw-in strategies can influence overall game control, particularly in high-possession contests.^[49]

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The undervalued set piece: Analysis of soccer throw-ins during the ...
Feb 10, 2021 · From the 16,154 throw-ins, 83% of throws resulted in a successful first contact, 54% resulted in the team retaining possession for 7 seconds or ...
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(PDF) The undervalued set piece: Analysis of soccer throw-ins ...
83% of throw-in's resulted in a successful first contact, 54% resulted in possession being retained and 8.8% of throw-ins led to a shot at goal from the ...