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Somersault

A somersault is an acrobatic movement in which a person turns forward or backward in a complete revolution along the ground or in the air, with the body rotating 360 degrees around a horizontal axis and the feet passing over the head.^[1] This maneuver is a fundamental skill in gymnastics, tumbling, diving, and other athletic disciplines, requiring balance, strength, and coordination to execute safely and effectively.^[2] The term "somersault" originated in the 1520s from the Old French sombresault, derived from Old Provençal sobresaut, combining Latin supra ("over") and saltare ("to leap"), literally meaning "a leap over."^[3] Historical evidence of somersault-like acrobatics dates back to the Bronze Age, where ancient art depicts primitive forms such as bull-leaping, involving somersaults over bulls in Minoan Crete around 2000 BCE.^[4] These early practices evolved through ancient Greek and Roman performances, where acrobats incorporated flips and rolls into theatrical displays, and later influenced medieval European tumbling troupes that entertained at fairs and courts.^[4] Somersaults are classified by direction of rotation, takeoff method, body shape, and additional elements like twists or aerial execution.^[5] Basic types include the forward somersault (also called a front flip or salto forward), where the gymnast tucks or pikes the body while rotating head over heels forward, and the backward somersault (back flip or salto backward), involving rotation in the opposite direction.^[6] Variations such as the aerial somersault occur entirely in the air without hand support, while twisted somersaults add rotational components around the vertical axis, increasing complexity for advanced routines.^[5] In competitive gymnastics, somersaults form the core of floor exercises, vaults, and beam dismounts, often combined into sequences like double or triple rotations for higher difficulty scores.^[7] Beyond gymnastics, somersaults appear in diving, where they are performed from springboards or platforms with precise entry into water, and in freestyle skiing or snowboarding as part of aerial tricks.^[4] Safety is paramount, with proper spotting techniques and padded equipment used in training to prevent injuries from improper landings.^[5] Notable milestones include the first triple back somersault in artistic gymnastics floor routines in the 1980s, a feat achieved by few athletes due to its extreme demands on power and control.^[7]

Origins

Etymology

The word somersault entered the English language in the early 16th century as a borrowing from Old French sombresault (also spelled sobresault), which denoted an acrobatic leap involving a full rotation.^[3] This French term, first attested around the 14th century, evolved from Old Provençal sobresaut, a compound of sobre ("over" or "above," derived from Latin supra) and saut ("jump" or "leap," from Latin saltus, the noun form of salire "to leap").^[3]^[8] The etymology thus conveys the conceptual idea of "a jump over," reflecting the motion of the body passing above the head during the maneuver.^[9] The roots trace further to Latin influences, where supra saltum (literally "above the leap") captures the essence of an overhead rotation, though the modern term developed through Romance language intermediaries rather than direct Latin adoption.^[1] Early French variants like soubresaut appear in medieval texts describing feats of agility, but the word's nasalized form sombresault became prevalent in Middle French before influencing English.^[10] The Oxford English Dictionary records the earliest English usage in 1530, in the works of scholar John Palsgrave, who employed it in his French-English dictionary Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse to describe acrobatic tumbling.^[10] By the mid-16th century, the term appeared in broader English literature, such as travelogues and plays depicting performers executing such leaps, solidifying its association with physical performance.^[3] Terminology for the somersault varies across languages, often emphasizing the rotational or leaping aspect through local linguistic adaptations. In Spanish, it is commonly voltereta (from voltear "to turn over") or salto mortal ("deadly leap," highlighting the risk), reflecting influences from Latin saltare.^[11] Italian uses capriola (from Latin capreolus "roe deer," evoking nimble animal jumps) or salto mortale, paralleling the Spanish form. German employs Salto (borrowed from Italian salto "jump," ultimately Latin saltus), while Japanese terms include chūgaeri (宙返り, literally "space reversal" or "aerial turn") for the aerial somersault, distinguishing it from ground-based rolls like dengurigaeshi (でんぐり返し).^[12] These variations illustrate how the concept adapted to cultural and phonetic contexts, with many Romance and Germanic languages favoring compounds rooted in the shared Latin heritage of leaping motions.^[3]

Historical Development

The somersault, as a foundational acrobatic movement involving a forward or backward roll over the head and body, has roots in the Bronze Age Minoan civilization of Crete around 2000 BCE. Frescoes from the palace at Knossos depict bull-leaping rituals where acrobats appear to somersault over charging bulls, suggesting early ritualistic or athletic use of the skill.^[4] This practice appears in ancient Egyptian art dating to the New Kingdom period (c. 1550–1070 BCE). A notable example is a limestone ostracon from Deir el-Medina depicting a female acrobat in a backbend position, highlighting the skill's role in ritual and entertainment performances.^[13] Similarly, ancient Greek vase paintings from the late 4th century BCE illustrate tumblers executing somersaults, often in symposia or athletic contexts, as seen on an Attic hydria showing a female acrobat balancing on her hands with legs overhead.^[14] In Roman circuses, somersaults formed part of broader acrobatic displays alongside chariot races and gladiatorial events, evolving from Greek influences into structured entertainment by the 1st century CE.^[15] During the medieval period in Europe, the movement persisted in jesters' and tumblers' routines, where performers combined it with juggling and mimicry to amuse nobility. The 13th-century exemplum "Our Lady's Tumbler," preserved in manuscripts like the 14th-century Vatican Library copy, describes a juggler using somersaults in devotional acts, reflecting its integration into courtly and religious narratives by the late 12th to early 13th centuries.^[16] The 19th century marked the formalization of somersaults in modern circus and gymnastics contexts. Performers like Charles Blondin popularized aerial and equestrian variants, executing somersaults on tightropes and horseback in shows across Europe and America starting in the 1850s. Concurrently, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn codified gymnastics exercises in Germany, opening the first Turnplatz in 1811 and publishing "Die Deutsche Turnkunst" in 1816, which included rotational movements like somersaults to promote physical fitness and nationalism.^[17] Advancements in the 20th century integrated somersaults into competitive sports, with the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) founded in 1881 facilitating their standardization in events influenced by Swedish gymnastics systems. Somersault elements appeared in early Olympic gymnastics demonstrations, evolving into required routines by the 1920s. In diving, the movement debuted as a core technique at the 1904 St. Louis Olympics, where platforms and springboards emphasized rotational dives like plain somersaults.^[18]

Fundamentals

Definition and Mechanics

A somersault is defined as an acrobatic movement involving a complete 360-degree rotation of the body around its transverse (mediolateral) axis, typically executed in the sagittal plane and involving a forward or backward revolution over the head or shoulders, either along the ground or in the air.^[19] In gymnastics and diving, somersaults are often performed in the air, distinguishing aerial flips from ground-based rolls.^[19] The mechanics of a somersault can be divided into three key phases: takeoff, rotation, and landing. In the takeoff phase, the performer generates linear and angular momentum through muscular impulses, primarily from the legs and hips, propelling the body upward and initiating rotation.^[20] The rotation phase occurs in flight, where the body maintains angular momentum; performers often tuck or pike to control speed, with the tucked position facilitating faster rotation for completing the full turn. Finally, the landing phase involves absorbing impact forces through joint flexion, typically on the feet or hands, to dissipate energy and maintain balance.^[21] Central to somersault biomechanics is the conservation of angular momentum, governed by the equation L = I \omega, where L is angular momentum, I is the moment of inertia, and \omega is angular velocity. Once airborne, no external torques act on the body, so L remains constant; tucking the limbs closer to the body's center of mass reduces I, thereby increasing \omega to achieve the necessary rotation speed for a full somersault.^[22] Extending the body afterward increases I, slowing \omega for a controlled landing. Unlike a cartwheel, which involves rotation in the frontal plane around the sagittal axis for a lateral, side-to-side motion, a somersault's sagittal-plane rotation around the transverse axis produces forward or backward flipping.^[23] This fundamental difference in planes and axes underscores their distinct applications in acrobatic sequences.

Basic Technique

The basic technique for a standard forward somersault begins with proper preparation to ensure balance and controlled initiation of the movement. The performer starts in a standing position with feet shoulder-width apart, knees slightly bent to lower the center of gravity, and arms extended forward or slightly upward for balance and momentum generation.^[24] Execution follows a sequence of coordinated actions to achieve full rotation. First, the performer generates an explosive push-off from the feet, jumping upward while swinging the arms downward and backward to propel the body into the air. Second, immediately after takeoff, the chin is tucked to the chest, and the knees are pulled tightly toward the torso to initiate and accelerate the forward rotation by reducing the body's moment of inertia. Third, once the rotation nears completion—typically after approximately 360 degrees—the body extends by pushing the hands forward and unfolding the legs to prepare for landing, absorbing impact on the feet with knees bent to maintain stability.^[24]^[25] This tucking action conserves and amplifies angular momentum generated at takeoff, allowing efficient rotation without additional external torque, as detailed in the fundamentals of mechanics.^[25] For beginners, spotting techniques are essential to build confidence and ensure safety during learning. A coach positions themselves beside or slightly behind the performer, placing one hand palm-up under the hips to guide elevation and rotation, and the other hand palm-down near the upper back or neck to assist with head tuck and prevent over-rotation. This hands-on-hips assistance helps initiate the tuck while the performer focuses on the push-off and extension. Apparatus adaptations enhance safety and accessibility for practice. On a mat, the soft surface cushions landings and allows repeated attempts without excessive impact; for added rebound, a trampoline can provide auxiliary lift during the push-off phase, facilitating smoother rotation for novices while maintaining ground-based execution.^[24]

Variations

Body Positions

In somersaults, athletes manipulate their body configuration to control the speed of rotation and achieve desired aesthetics, primarily by altering the moment of inertia around the somersault axis. These positions are fundamental to executing rotations efficiently while airborne, drawing on principles of angular momentum conservation where a decrease in moment of inertia increases angular velocity.^[26] The tuck position involves drawing the knees and head tightly toward the chest, with the body forming a compact, rounded shape that minimizes the moment of inertia. This configuration is ideal for performing multiple rotations, as it allows for the fastest spin rates by concentrating mass closer to the axis of rotation.^[27]^[28] In the pike position, the hips are flexed while the legs remain straight and together, creating a folded but elongated form that positions the upper and lower body at an acute angle. This setup provides a balance between rotational control and visual appeal, often used in dives or routines requiring precise timing and streamlined lines without the extreme compactness of a tuck.^[27]^[29] The layout, or straight, position features a fully extended body with arms typically at the sides or overhead, maximizing the moment of inertia and resulting in slower, more deliberate rotation driven primarily by initial takeoff velocity. It is commonly employed in free-flight elements or to emphasize height and extension in performances.^[26]^[28] Comparisons of rotational efficiency highlight the tuck's advantage, where the reduced moment of inertia (by about 80% relative to the layout) enables up to 5 times faster spin than the layout position, facilitating additional rotations within limited airtime. This difference arises from the tuck's mass distribution, which concentrates mass closer to the axis of rotation.^[28]^[26]

Directions

Somersaults are classified by the direction of their rotational path in relation to the performer's initial orientation, which influences the initiation, execution, and momentum generation of the movement. A forward somersault features rotation over the head in the direction of travel, where the performer initiates the skill by jumping or running forward to generate linear momentum that propels the body into a forward flip.^[5] This type aligns the axis of rotation with the sagittal plane, allowing the feet to pass overhead as the body completes a 360-degree turn before landing feet-first.^[30] In contrast, a backward somersault involves rotation over the back, with the performer typically starting by facing away from the intended landing direction and arching the body to initiate the backward flip, often propelled by a handspring or rebound from the apparatus or floor.^[5] The rotational axis remains in the sagittal plane but opposes the forward variant, resulting in the hips lifting upward and over the head in reverse.^[31] A side somersault, also known as a lateral or aerial somersault, entails rotation around the dorso-ventral axis passing through the navel, producing a sideways barrel-roll effect that is less common in ground-based gymnastics but frequently incorporated into aerial twisting sequences in trampoline or acrobatic routines.^[32] This lateral path requires a half-turn initiation during takeoff to align the body for sideways tumbling, often without hand contact.^[33] Biomechanically, forward somersaults primarily rely on linear momentum from the approach run or jump to initiate rotation, generating greater angular momentum through coordinated arm and leg actions at takeoff.^[34] Backward somersaults, however, depend more on rebound forces from the hands or feet during setups like handsprings, which provide upward propulsion and rotational torque but result in longer takeoff phases compared to forward variants.^[35] These differences affect joint moments and overall rotation potential, with forward executions demanding higher peak forces for sustained flight.^[34] Positional adjustments, such as tucks or pikes, further aid rotational control across all directions.^[5]

Multiple Rotations

Multiple somersaults, involving more than one full 360-degree rotation around the mediolateral axis, represent a significant escalation in acrobatic difficulty, requiring precise control of angular momentum throughout the flight phase. In a double somersault, the performer initiates rotation via takeoff impulse and maintains it by dynamically adjusting body configuration, particularly through a compact tuck that minimizes the moment of inertia to accelerate the first rotation, followed by extension for the second. This maneuver demands exceptional core strength and timing to preserve the rotation axis and avoid drift, distinguishing it from single rotations by the need for prolonged aerial stability.^[36]^[37] The evolution of multiple somersaults traces from rudimentary single rotations in 19th-century circus performances to sophisticated variants in 20th-century competitive gymnastics, driven by advancements in training and equipment like the trampoline. The first double back somersault on floor was executed by Renata Stodůlková at the 1973 Czech Championships, marking a breakthrough in artistic gymnastics. Triple somersaults emerged later, with Valeri Liukin performing the first triple back in tuck position at the 1987 World Championships in Rotterdam, propelled from a round-off entry.^[38]^[7]^[39] In trampoline gymnastics, elite athletes routinely incorporate up to 3.5 rotations, exemplified by Wayne Miller's pioneering triple twisting double back somersault in 1964, which combined layout and puck positions to overcome equipment limitations of the era.^[40] Quadruple somersault attempts gained prominence in the 1980s, particularly in flying trapeze acts, where Miguel Vazquez achieved the first successful quadruple back somersault catch in 1982, pushing the boundaries of aerial coordination. While quadruples remain rare in gymnastics due to physical demands, they highlight the progression toward higher rotation counts in controlled environments like trampolines. Challenges in executing multiples include securing adequate air time—typically 1.5 to 2 seconds for a double to complete rotations without compromising form—and mitigating disorientation from rapid spinning, which can disrupt vestibular cues and lead to spatial confusion akin to the "twisties." The tuck position, by concentrating mass closer to the axis, is essential for generating the necessary rotational speed in these sequences.^[41]^[42]^[43]

Applications

In Gymnastics

In artistic gymnastics, somersaults are integral to floor exercise routines, where they form the core of tumbling passes that demonstrate power, amplitude, and control. Forward and backward somersaults are commonly executed in connected series across the 12x12-meter mat, serving as mounts to initiate routines or dismounts to conclude them with high difficulty. On vault, somersaults occur post-entry, with the gymnast propelling off the table in layouts, tucks, or pikes, often combined with twists for added complexity; a prominent example is the Yurchenko vault, featuring a round-off entry to a back handspring onto the springboard, followed by a backward somersault off the vault table.^[44] Scoring in the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) Code of Points emphasizes both difficulty value (DV) and execution, with somersaults contributing significantly to the D-score through their base values and potential bonuses for connections. For instance, a double layout somersault— a stretched double backward salto—carries an F-level DV of 0.6 on floor exercise, rewarding form, height, and landing control, while deductions up to 1.0 per element apply for flaws in amplitude or body position. Vault somersaults are scored holistically by their full difficulty, such as a Yurchenko layout with 1.5 twists at 5.0 DV, prioritizing explosive repulsion and precise post-flight landing.^[45] Nadia Comăneci's groundbreaking floor routine at the 1976 Montreal Olympics exemplified somersault integration, featuring a double back salto as a highlight in her all-around and event performances, contributing to her historic perfect 10.0 scores and elevating the emphasis on clean, powerful tumbling in competitive routines.^[46] On balance beam, somersaults manifest as aerial elements—full rotations without hand support—such as the front aerial (forward somersault cartwheel) or back layout, executed along the 5-meter, 10-centimeter-wide apparatus to fulfill acrobatic series requirements while maintaining balance. In contrast, uneven bars incorporate somersaults within release moves, where gymnasts let go mid-swing for a backward salto before recatching the bar, as in the Gienger (layout back somersault with half twist, DV 0.4) or Olga Korbut's pioneering 1972 backward aerial release, adding flight phases to the continuous swinging sequence.^[2]^[44]

In Diving and Other Sports

In diving, somersaults form a core component of competitive routines performed from springboards (typically 1-meter or 3-meter heights) and platforms (5-meter, 7.5-meter, or 10-meter). Forward somersaults involve the diver facing the water and rotating headfirst toward it, while backward somersaults begin with the diver facing away from the water, rotating over the board or platform edge. These movements are quantified in half-somersault increments, with a full somersault equating to 360 degrees of rotation around a horizontal axis through the hips; for instance, a forward 1.5 somersault in pike position (code 103B) requires 540 degrees of total somersault rotation, executed with the body bent at the hips and legs straight.^[47]^[48] Diving somersaults are scored based on execution across phases including approach, takeoff, flight (where rotation occurs), and entry into the water, with judges awarding points from 0 to 10 for form, technique, and minimal splash. Each dive carries a fixed degree of difficulty (DD) multiplier, calculated by World Aquatics (formerly FINA) formulas considering somersault count, body position, direction, twists, and apparatus height; higher somersault numbers and tighter positions like tuck increase the DD. For example, a forward double somersault in tuck position (code 104C) from a 1-meter springboard has a DD of 2.0, meaning a perfect score of 10 across seven judges yields 140 points after multiplication and averaging.^[49]^[50] In trampoline gymnastics, somersaults are executed in continuous 10-bounce routines emphasizing height, form, and difficulty, often combining multiple rotations with twists for aerial control. Competitors perform up to triple somersaults (1080 degrees) in tucked or piked positions, frequently paired with 360- to 720-degree twists, as seen in elite routines where difficulty values reach 1.7 for a triple tucked somersault with a half twist. Trampolining debuted as an Olympic sport at the 2000 Sydney Games, introducing men's and women's individual events focused on such somersault sequences judged on air time, execution, and landing stability.^[51]^[52] Somersaults also feature prominently in freestyle skiing aerials, where athletes launch from a steep ramp to perform forward or backward rotations up to quadruple somersaults (1440 degrees) with integrated twists, landing on a sloped landing hill; a common advanced maneuver is the double full, involving two somersaults each with 720 degrees of twist. In snowboarding halfpipe, riders execute off-axis somersaults within the curved snow structure, such as the double cork 1080—a pair of inverted somersaults totaling 1080 degrees of rotation with spins—emphasizing amplitude and style over water entry precision.^[53]^[54]

In Martial Arts and Acrobatics

In martial arts, somersaults, particularly forward rolls known as mae ukemi, are essential techniques in disciplines like judo and aikido for safely absorbing the impact of falls during throws or takedowns. These rolls distribute force across the body by tucking the chin, rounding the back, and rolling from shoulder to opposite hip, thereby minimizing direct contact with the ground and reducing injury risk from high-impact landings.^[55] A study on aikido forward rolls demonstrated that proper execution can significantly lower peak impact forces during person-to-floor contact, enhancing safety in training and combat scenarios.^[56] Backward rolls, or ushiro ukemi, serve a complementary role, allowing practitioners to evade ongoing threats by rolling away after being thrown, repositioning quickly while protecting the head and neck from harm.^[57] In aikido, this technique emphasizes controlled rotation to maintain awareness and readiness for counter-movement.^[58] In acrobatics and circus performances, somersaults form the core of dynamic tumbling sequences, where performers execute multiple rotations in rapid succession to create visually stunning acts. Russian bar routines exemplify this, involving two bases who balance a flexible bar on their shoulders while a flyer bounces and launches into somersaults—often forward or backward in tucked, piked, or layout positions—with twisting along the transverse axis for added complexity.^[59] These sequences typically chain somersaults with tempo jumps for propulsion, enabling mid-air multiples that start and end on the bar, demanding precise timing and trust between performers to achieve heights of several meters.^[60] Such acts, inspired by trampoline techniques, highlight somersaults' role in building aerial momentum within group dynamics. Breakdancing incorporates aerial somersaults as high-risk power moves that blend rotation with explosive transitions, showcasing athleticism in urban dance battles. The coin drop, a foundational power move, involves a controlled drop from standing into an inverted position on the elbows or hands, often transitioning to spins or freezes, requiring core strength and momentum control to execute cleanly and serve as a bridge between ground-based footwork and dynamic flair in routines.^[61] Culturally, somersaults feature prominently in traditional practices like Chinese wushu, where flips such as the front somersault (qian fan) and back crash integrate acrobatic rotations with strikes for fluid, performative combat sequences.^[62] In capoeira, the au—a cartwheel variation—evolves into somersault hybrids through adaptations like the au batido, combining lateral rotation with forward momentum for evasive, rhythmic dodges that mimic animal agility in Afro-Brazilian martial dance.^[63] These elements underscore somersaults' adaptability across global performance traditions.

Safety and Training

Common Risks and Injuries

Performing somersaults, particularly when executed with improper technique such as inadequate tucking of the chin to the chest, places excessive strain on the cervical spine, potentially resulting in whiplash or, in severe cases, fractures due to hyperextension upon landing.^[64] This risk is heightened in forward somersaults where the head may inadvertently contact the surface without hand support, leading to axial loading on the neck.^[65] Among common injuries associated with somersaults, ankle sprains frequently occur during landing phases, comprising approximately 12% of all pediatric gymnastics-related injuries reported in U.S. emergency departments from 2012 to 2018.^[66] These sprains arise from the high-impact forces absorbed by the lower extremities, often exacerbated by rotational instability during dismounts or tumbling sequences. Concussions represent another prevalent injury, accounting for about 3.3% of gymnastics cases from the same period, particularly in multiple rotations where vestibular disruption causes disorientation and subsequent poor landing control.^[66] Such disruptions can lead to falls that impact the head. Environmental factors significantly influence somersault injury severity; for instance, harder landing mats provide less shock absorption, increasing the force transmitted to joints and the spine during impact.^[67] In aquatic contexts like diving somersaults, insufficient water depth can contribute to cervical impacts or compression injuries upon entry, amplifying the risk of spinal trauma.^[68] In the United States, gymnastics activities, including somersaults and flips, contributed to an average of 72,542 annual emergency department visits among youth based on 2012-2018 data, with tumbling and dismounts accounting for 50-70% of these incidents.^[66]

Training Methods

Training methods for somersaults emphasize progressive skill-building to ensure safety and proper technique development. For beginners, instruction typically begins with foundational rolls to introduce body positioning and momentum control. Wall rolls, where the athlete rolls backward against a padded wall to simulate rotation without full commitment, help build awareness of tucking and untucking.^[69] Forward rolls on flat mats progress to incline mats or wedges, allowing the athlete to roll upward against gravity, which reduces fear and promotes a rounded back position essential for forward somersaults.^[70] These drills are followed by spotting techniques, where a coach provides hands-on assistance—such as guiding the hips or shoulders—to support partial rotations and prevent incomplete tucks that could lead to awkward landings.^[71] As athletes advance to full somersaults and multiples, harness systems or spotting belts are employed to facilitate controlled practice of complex variations like double or twisting somersaults. These devices, attached to overhead rigging, allow coaches to adjust rotation speed and height, enabling repetition without full impact.^[72] Video analysis tools capture movements in slow motion, permitting detailed review of form elements such as arm swing timing and body alignment to correct deviations early.^[73] This method, often integrated with biomechanical feedback, helps refine aerial phases and landing stability. Conditioning plays a crucial role in supporting somersault execution, focusing on core strength and flexibility to generate rotational power and maintain shape. Core exercises like planks build endurance in the abdominal and lower back muscles, essential for holding tucked positions during flight.^[74] Flexibility drills, including seated forward bends, enhance hip and hamstring mobility, reducing strain during the pike or tuck phases.^[75] Coaching strategies prioritize visual cues to enhance control and safety. Athletes are taught to spot landmarks—such as a fixed point on the wall or ceiling—during the rotation to gauge progress and prevent over-rotation, which can result in backward falls or increased injury risk like neck hyperextension (as detailed in common risks).^[76] Coaches emphasize consistent feedback on these cues, combining verbal prompts with demonstrations to foster independent spotting over time.^[71]

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[30]
None
### Summary of Moment of Inertia Values and Effects on Rotation
[31]
Joint moments required to hold a posture while somersaulting
One inertial property data set was used to explore the joint moments required for three sport specific postures –tuck, pike and layout–. Even though the joint ...Missing: positions | Show results with:positions
[32]
Glossary of Terms - USA Gymnastics
Flip or somersault, with the feet coming up over the head and the body rotating around the axis of the waist. Scissors. A combination requirement in a ...
[33]
Glossary of Gymnastics terms - 888 Sport
Apr 12, 2024 · Forward Somersault - A front salto tumbling skill on the ground or balance beam or performed as a beam mount, performed in the tuck, pike, or ...
[34]
Trampoline 101: Olympic terminology and glossary
Apr 5, 2024 · Side somersault: Somersault around the dorso-ventral axis. Also called a barrel roll. Somi: Short for somersault.
[35]
Glossary of Terms - Brentwood Trampoline Club
side somersault a 360° rotation around an axis passing through the navel (dorso-ventral axis).
[36]
Differences in the mechanics of takeoff in reverse and forward ...
Feb 4, 2022 · This study compared forward and reverse takeoffs for joint strength, activation complexity, technique kinematics, and rotation potential.
[37]
Generation of forward angular impulse with different initial conditions
The take-off phase duration of the backward and reverse somersaulting dives is approximately twice that of the forward and inward somersaulting dives ...
[38]
(PDF) The Physics of Somersaulting and Twisting - ResearchGate
Aug 6, 2025 · The consequent ability to induce rotation might appear to contradict our initial requirement for a constant angular momentum of the body, ...Missing: disorientation | Show results with:disorientation
[39]
Biomechanical Analysis of Sports Technique Key Elements in Back ...
Mar 19, 2014 · The main goal of this work is the computerized video analysis of the characteristic key technical elements of the double somersault dismount off uneven bars.
[40]
1973: Stodůlková's Double Back on Floor - Gymnastics History
Jan 7, 2024 · Renata Stodůlková of Baník Ostrava did a double salto in the first acrobatic line of her new floor exercise. As the first gymnast in the world!
[41]
Elements explained: The Miller on trampoline - FIG News
Apr 16, 2020 · Years before he became a world champion, Wayne Miller (USA) was the first Trampoline gymnast to perform a triple twisting double back somersault ...
[42]
First flying trapeze quadruple somersault - Guinness World Records
Miguel Vazquez (Mexico) first completed a quadruple back somersault from trapeze to catcher in Tucson, Arizona, USA, on 10 July 1982.Missing: trampoline 1980s
[43]
Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Two Gymnastics Acrobatic Series ...
Jul 5, 2013 · This study demonstrated that the optimal connection series was round-off, flic-flac to stretched salto which enabled the best height in the somersault.
[44]
Simone Biles: What are the twisties in gymnastics? - BBC
Jul 28, 2021 · In gymnastics, it can cause a person to lose their sense of space and dimension as they're in the air, causing them to lose control of their ...Missing: risks | Show results with:risks
[45]
Women's Artistic Gymnastics - FIG - Discipline
Vault is the fastest event and features a gymnast propelling themselves over a vaulting table at full sprint, flipping or twisting back onto the mat.
[46]
None
Summary of each segment:
[47]
https://www.inlandempirediving.com/divenumbersscoring
[48]
Dive Numbers & Scoring | Master Diving Techniques Today
The third and fourth digits tell you the number of somersaults and twists, respectively. For example,101 is a forward dive; a 102 is a forward somersault 5331D ...
[49]
[PDF] fina diving rules - 2022-2025
Nov 30, 2022 · D 1.5.4 The third digit shall indicate the number of half somersaults being performed. For example 1 = ½ somersault, 9 = 4 ½ somersaults, etc ...
[50]
Diving 101: Types of dives - NBC Olympics
Apr 25, 2024 · How is a dive's degree of difficulty determined? ... Generally, the more somersaults and twists required for the dive, the higher the DD rating.
[51]
Understanding FINA's Degree of Difficulty Table for Diving - LiveAbout
Jun 15, 2018 · The Degree of Difficulty factor for each dive is calculated on the basis of its body position, the number of somersaults and/or twists, and other factors.
[52]
Trampoline gymnastics scoring guide
For example, a single somersault in the tucked position earns 0.5 points while a triple somersault tucked with a half twist is valued at 1.7.
[53]
https://www.usskiandsnowboard.org/news/aerial-skiing-101
[54]
Aerial Skiing 101 - US Ski Team
Jan 29, 2020 · We have created a quick guide for all-things-aerials so that you can understand how it all works. Strap in, this will be a flipping-awesome ride!
[55]
Freestyle Skiing 101: Glossary - NBC Olympics
Jul 15, 2025 · 720 (or 7): An aerial maneuver in which the skier rotates 720 degrees – two full spins. 900 (or 9): An aerial maneuver in which the skier ...
[56]
Which martial arts technique is most likely to save your life?
Sep 20, 2015 · Martial art students learn safe ways to fall and roll from a variety of angles and positions. Direct impact with the ground is avoided and the ...
[57]
(PDF) The Aikido inspiration to safety and efficiency: an investigation ...
This study measures the effectiveness of aikido-specific movements to minimise impact forces, and arguably the risk of injuries, in person-to-floor contact. In ...
[58]
Aikido Backward Roll - Black Belt Wiki
This page provides you with instructions for the Aikido Backward Roll or Ushiro Ukemi. Students use this falling technique (Ukemi) when they have been thrown.
[59]
Ukemi- ” The Art of Falling Down ”. - Aiki No Michi
Jun 3, 2016 · Ukemi is that art of receiving technique! This is a far better way to describe it, especially to beginners, as it is the correct way.
[60]
[PDF] North American Practices of the Russian Bar Circus Discipline
Oct 27, 2023 · These somersaults can also include twisting in the transverse axis (i.e., left, or right) throughout the maneuver. The maneuvers are usually.
[61]
The Russian bar - Acrobatics - BnF / CNAC
The artists took inspiration from trampoline techniques and carried out a chandelle (vertical jump) before taking off for a somersault. The catchers had to hold ...
[62]
How to do a Coin Drop with Hands | Power Move Basics - YouTube
Mar 29, 2012 · Support Future Tutorials or Join my Training Group: https://www.patreon.com/Vincanitv This tutorial teaches a Coin Drop which is a essential ...
[63]
Learn Wushu Online - Chinese Martial Arts - Flash Mavi
How to Learn Wushu Jumps - Training Methods; Standing Lotus Kick · Split Kick · Kip Up (li yu da ting - aka skip up); Front Flip Back Crash (qian ka shuai bei) ...
[64]
Capoeira Aú - La laue
Pronounced “a-oo” the Aú is the capoeira cartwheel. This capoeira cartwheel is done differently than a cartwheel in gymnastics.Missing: somersault hybrid
[65]
My question concerns spinal injuries in children from doing ...
Incorrect somersaults, especially placing weight on the head without hand support, can strain a child's neck and spine. Proper technique involves tucking the ...
[66]
[Hyperextension somersault trauma] - PubMed
Hyperextension somersault trauma is characterized by a plunge from a low height, with the danger of somersaulting of the body and impact at the forehead.Missing: improper tucking
[67]
Epidemiology of Pediatric Gymnastics Injuries Reported in US ... - NIH
Jun 13, 2022 · An estimated 72,542 youth gymnastics–related injuries were reported in US emergency departments each year. A large proportion (61.3%) occurred ...Missing: somersault CDC
[68]
Gymnastics-related Injuries to Children Treated in Emergency ...
Apr 1, 2008 · The gymnastic skills being performed at the time of injury were handsprings/flips (42.3%), cartwheels/round-offs (30.7%), handstands (8.9%), ...
[69]
Documentation:FIB book/Biomechanics of Gymnastics Landings on ...
Dec 5, 2023 · Mat stiffness is referred to as the rigidity of the landing pad itself. Stiffer mats provide less cushioning during impact and can lead to ...<|separator|>
[70]
https://www.physicaleducationupdate.com/public/Gymnastics_Roll_Upward_for_Beginners_Somersaults.cfm
[71]
How To Do A Front Tuck/Front Flip (Complete Guide With 17 Drills)
Oct 4, 2017 · Chin position should be neutral during the dive, then tucked in during the roll. · No part of the head should touch the ground. · Get some height.
[72]
Gymnastics: Roll Upward for Beginners' Somersaults | PE Update.com
When you're teaching somersaults, your students will have greater success if they roll up an incline. This is the opposite of what most people would think.<|control11|><|separator|>
[73]
6 Spotting Techniques All Tumbling Coaches Should Know
Jul 3, 2019 · Give athletes height on take off; Stop over rotation on saltos and twists; Brace an athlete from a bail or hard landing; Provide extra rotation ...
[74]
Spotting Belts For Gymnastics, Tumbling &Trampoline
US Made gymnastic, trampoline spottings belts, twisting-rotator belts, spotting belts for gymnastics, stunt and trampoline training.
[75]
E-SCORE VIDEO ANALYSIS Integrated Video Analysis for Gymnastics
Designed to help your gymnast improve by allowing her to see where deductions can occur and where corrections should be made, while simultaneously giving the ...<|separator|>
[76]
5 Non Traditional Core Exercises Every Gymnast Should Use
Oct 20, 2016 · The Gymnastics Strength and Power Guide. 1. Basic Core Bracing and Breathing; 2. Plank Kettlebell / Dumbell Drag Throughs; 3. Medball Slam and ...Missing: somersault | Show results with:somersault
[77]
The Top Gymnastics Exercises for Strength and Flexibility - Flip Zone
Start with exercises like push-ups, pull-ups, and squats. These exercises will help you build the strength and flexibility you need to move on to more advanced ...
[78]
Do gymnasts "spot" during a back tuck somersault - ResearchGate
Mar 29, 2025 · Spotting is a method by which gymnasts or platform and springboard divers fixate specific visual cues while somersaulting with a high rotational ...