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Train driver

A train driver, also known as a locomotive engineer in some regions, is a professional responsible for operating passenger or freight trains along rail networks, ensuring safe, punctual, and efficient travel by controlling the locomotive's speed, braking systems, and adherence to signals and schedules.^[1]^[2] This role demands constant vigilance to monitor track conditions, communicate with control centers and crew, and respond to emergencies, making the driver the primary authority for the train's mechanical operation and overall safety.^[1]^[2] Train drivers perform a range of daily tasks, including pre-journey inspections of equipment and controls, operating the train according to rail rules and timetables, and documenting any incidents or mechanical issues encountered.^[1]^[2] They collaborate with conductors, dispatchers, and signaling teams to coordinate movements and avoid hazards, while also making necessary passenger announcements on routes serving the public.^[1] In freight operations, drivers focus on efficient cargo transport between depots, often over long distances that require extended periods away from home bases.^[2] The work environment typically involves climate-controlled cabs but includes irregular shifts exceeding 40 hours per week, with exposure to varying weather and potential isolation on remote lines.^[1]^[2] Entry into the profession generally requires a high school diploma or equivalent, along with passing medical, vision, hearing, and background checks; in the UK, candidates must be at least 20 years old (with the minimum age planned to lower to 18 starting December 2025) and are often required by operators to live within about an hour of a rail depot,^[3]^[4] while in the US, federal certification from the Railroad Administration involves on-the-job training and skills testing.^[2] Essential skills include strong concentration, attention to detail, mechanical aptitude, and teamwork, with ongoing training to maintain licenses and adapt to technological advancements in rail systems.^[1] Salaries vary by region and experience, ranging from £27,000 to £60,000 annually in the UK and a median of $77,400 in the US as of May 2024, with job growth projected to be stable at around 1% through 2034 in the US due to retirements offsetting limited expansion.^[1]^[2]

Definition and Role

Primary Responsibilities

Train drivers are responsible for the safe and efficient operation of trains, primarily by managing the locomotive's controls to initiate movement, regulate speed, and bring the train to a controlled stop. This involves using throttles to accelerate, applying air brakes for deceleration, and adhering strictly to signaling systems to prevent collisions or derailments. These actions ensure the train follows predetermined routes while maintaining optimal performance under varying conditions, such as inclines or curves.^[2]^[1] A key duty is continuous monitoring of track conditions, weather impacts, and onboard systems to identify potential hazards, including obstructions, signal failures, or mechanical anomalies. Train drivers must remain vigilant for environmental factors like fog or ice that could affect traction, and they are trained to execute emergency stops by applying full braking power if an imminent danger is detected, such as an obstacle on the line. This proactive surveillance helps mitigate risks and ensures passenger or freight safety throughout the journey.^[2]^[5] Effective communication forms another core responsibility, involving radio or intercom interactions with signalers, station staff, and dispatchers to coordinate train movements, receive route updates, and report any irregularities like delays or equipment issues. For passenger services, drivers may also make onboard announcements regarding stops or disruptions. These exchanges are essential for synchronizing operations across the rail network and responding promptly to changing conditions.^[1]^[2] Before departure, train drivers conduct thorough pre-trip inspections of the locomotive, braking systems, coupling mechanisms, and overall mechanical integrity to verify readiness and document any defects for repair. This process includes checking fluid levels, electrical systems, and safety devices to comply with regulatory standards. Additionally, drivers ensure adherence to speed limits, timetables, and load securing protocols, adapting these for both passenger comfort and freight stability across diverse train types.^[2]^[5]^[1]

Types of Trains Operated

Train drivers operate a diverse array of passenger trains, ranging from high-speed intercity services to commuter rails and subway or metro lines, with their primary focus on ensuring punctuality and passenger comfort through precise speed control and smooth handling. In high-speed intercity operations, such as France's TGV or Japan's Shinkansen, drivers monitor advanced signaling systems and computer interfaces to maintain velocities up to 300 km/h while adhering to rigorous safety margins that prevent deviations from scheduled times.^[6]^[7] For commuter and metro services, the role shifts toward frequent station stops in densely populated areas, where drivers manage rapid acceleration and braking to accommodate high passenger volumes and minimize dwell times at platforms.^[5] Freight trains, often consisting of long-haul haulers transporting bulk commodities like coal, grain, or intermodal containers, demand from drivers an emphasis on load balancing to maintain stability across uneven terrain and efficient yard switching to assemble or disassemble consists without damage. Unlike passenger operations, freight drivers prioritize fuel efficiency and cargo integrity over strict timetables, frequently coupling and uncoupling cars while coordinating with yard crews to optimize train weight distribution for safe transit over extended routes spanning thousands of kilometers.^[8]^[9]^[10] Specialized trains further diversify the driver's responsibilities, including heritage steam locomotives where the operating crew manually regulates boiler pressure, water levels, and coal or wood feeding to sustain propulsion, often on preserved tourist lines with nostalgic appeal. High-speed rail variants, beyond standard intercity, incorporate automated traction control that requires drivers to oversee system diagnostics for optimal performance. In increasingly common automated or driverless setups, such as certain metro lines, drivers transition to remote oversight roles from centralized control centers, intervening only in anomalies while monitoring video feeds and sensor data to ensure seamless operations.^[11] Adaptations in the driver's role arise from variations in control systems and route environments; electric-powered trains provide regenerative braking and instantaneous torque response for smoother urban maneuvering, contrasting with diesel locomotives that require more proactive throttle management to handle torque fluctuations and emissions monitoring on rural lines. Route-specific knowledge is essential, as urban drivers navigate complex signal interlockings and platform alignments, while rural counterparts focus on weather-impacted visibility and wildlife hazards over expansive, less monitored tracks.^[12]^[13]

Training and Qualifications

Educational and Experience Prerequisites

To become a train driver, candidates typically require a minimum of a high school diploma or equivalent qualification, with an emphasis on subjects like mathematics, physics, and mechanical aptitude to build foundational knowledge relevant to rail operations.^[14]^[15] In regions such as the United Kingdom, this often translates to GCSE qualifications in English and mathematics at grades 9 to 4 (A* to C), ensuring proficiency in numerical and communication skills essential for interpreting signals and documentation.^[16]^[1] These educational benchmarks help assess a candidate's ability to handle technical aspects of train control without prior specialized degrees being mandatory. In the US, entry-level experience in the rail industry is common, often spanning at least one year in roles such as conductors or brakemen to build familiarity with track environments, safety protocols, and operational workflows, though not federally required.^[17]^[18] In the UK and many other regions, no prior rail experience is necessary; candidates can enter directly through trainee programs or apprenticeships.^[19] This progression, where applicable, builds practical insight into rail yard dynamics and emergency response, reducing the learning curve for full driver responsibilities. Age and health standards form critical prerequisites to ensure safety and competence. Most jurisdictions set a minimum age of 18 to 21 years; in the UK, candidates must be at least 20 years old for licensing as of November 2025, though training can commence slightly earlier. However, from December 2025, the minimum age will lower to 18 following a government announcement in May 2025.^[3]^[20] Health evaluations are mandatory, including tests for distance visual acuity (at least 6/9 in the better eye and 6/12 in the other, with correction if needed), hearing acuity, and color vision to distinguish signals.^[21]^[22] Applicants must pass color vision tests for safe signal interpretation; while severe deficiencies typically disqualify, a 2025 RSSB-implemented two-step approach (Ishihara screening plus functional testing) permits some with mild color vision deficiencies to qualify.^[23] Vocational programs and apprenticeships play a key role in cultivating essential soft skills, such as sustained concentration for monitoring routes over long shifts, rapid decision-making under pressure, and teamwork for coordinating with dispatchers and crew.^[24]^[25] These initiatives, often lasting 12 to 18 months, integrate simulations and on-the-job mentoring to enhance selective attention and problem-solving, preparing candidates for the cognitive demands of the role before advancing to certification exams.^[26]

Certification and Ongoing Training

Train drivers undergo structured training programs typically lasting 6 to 12 months, combining classroom instruction on railway rules, signaling systems, and operational procedures with hands-on simulator practice for emergency scenarios such as derailments or signal failures, followed by supervised on-track experience to build practical skills.^[17]^[27] In the United States, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) mandates that railroads develop comprehensive training plans under 49 CFR Part 240, emphasizing knowledge of federal regulations, locomotive handling, and safety protocols through a mix of formal instruction and field training.^[18] Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) requires training aligned with the Train Driving Licences and Certificates Regulations 2010, incorporating theoretical learning and route-specific competency assessments.^[28] Licensing for train drivers involves passing written examinations on technical and regulatory knowledge, practical assessments of operating skills, and competency tests administered by national authorities. In the US, the FRA certifies locomotive engineers via Part 240, which requires demonstration of eligibility, successful completion of training, and performance in knowledge and skills tests, resulting in a certificate issued by the railroad but overseen federally.^[18] In the UK, the ORR issues a train driving licence after candidates pass a general professional competence examination, alongside mandatory medical and occupational psychological fitness evaluations to ensure physical and mental suitability.^[28] The accompanying train driving certificate, issued by the employing operator, specifies authorized routes and rolling stock types.^[28] Ongoing training and recertification ensure drivers remain proficient amid evolving technologies and safety standards, with requirements for annual or biennial refreshers on updates to protocols, new equipment, and route changes, often including psychological evaluations to address stress management. Under FRA regulations, US locomotive engineers must undergo annual operational observations and periodic testing to maintain certification, with railroads required to monitor performance and provide refresher training as needed.^[18] In the UK, ORR licences are valid for 10 years and require renewal through re-examination of competence, while operators mandate regular training on safety and operational changes to sustain the driving certificate.^[28] Specialized endorsements are necessary for operating high-speed trains or those carrying hazardous materials, involving additional certifications beyond standard licensing. For hazardous materials in the US, drivers must complete Department of Transportation (DOT) hazmat training under 49 CFR Parts 172 and 174, covering safe handling, emergency response, and regulatory compliance for rail transport.^[29] High-speed operations, such as those on advanced rail networks, require supplementary training on specialized systems like advanced signaling and aerodynamics, often integrated into operator-specific programs following base certification.^[27]

Historical Development

Origins in the 19th Century

The role of the train driver originated in the early 19th century alongside the invention of practical steam locomotives, which revolutionized land transport. British engineer George Stephenson, often called the "Father of Railways," played a pivotal role through his development of efficient steam engines. His son Robert designed the iconic Rocket locomotive in 1829 at the Forth Street Works in Newcastle upon Tyne, incorporating innovations like a multi-tubular boiler for improved steam production. The Rocket's success in the Rainhill Trials that year—covering 20 miles at speeds up to 29 mph while hauling loads—proved steam locomotives could outperform horse-drawn alternatives, establishing the need for skilled operators to manage these complex machines.^[30]^[31] The Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR), opened on September 15, 1830, marked the first intercity line powered entirely by steam locomotives, where the train driver role formalized. Early drivers, known as enginemen and often drawn from colliery or construction backgrounds, handled basic operations on engines like the Rocket, which George Stephenson personally drove during the ceremonial opening. Their primary duties involved manually stoking the firebox to maintain steam pressure, regulating the throttle for speed control, sounding the whistle for signals, and applying hand-operated brakes on the locomotive and tenders—tasks essential for navigating the 35-mile route at average speeds of 16-20 mph while transporting passengers and goods like cotton. These responsibilities demanded constant vigilance, as there were no automatic systems, and drivers coordinated with firemen who assisted in fueling and basic maintenance.^[32]^[30] Working conditions for 19th-century train drivers were grueling and hazardous, reflecting the nascent industry's lack of regulation. Shifts often extended 12-16 hours daily, six or seven days a week, with exposure to intense heat, coal dust, and smoke on open cabs, leading to chronic respiratory issues and exhaustion. Wages were modest, while accident rates soared due to inconsistent track gauges, poor signaling, and mechanical failures; for instance, derailments and boiler explosions claimed numerous lives, with hundreds of railway workers killed annually in Britain. In the United States, similar perils arose as railroads expanded rapidly post-1830, exacerbating risks from unstandardized infrastructure.^[33]^[34]^[35] Key advancements in the 1840s solidified the driver's position, particularly the widespread adoption of enclosed footplates on locomotives in Britain and the emerging U.S. networks. These platforms allowed the driver and fireman to stand securely while operating controls, improving coordination for tasks like injecting water into the boiler and monitoring gauges—features refined on designs like those from the Great Western Railway. This team-based setup became standard, enhancing efficiency on expanding lines amid the "railway mania" boom.^[32]^[36]

Evolution in the 20th Century

The role of the train driver underwent significant transformation in the 20th century, driven by the shift from steam-powered locomotives to electric and diesel-electric models, particularly in the post-World War II era. Steam locomotives, dominant since the 19th century, required drivers to manage complex manual controls for fuel, water, and boiler pressure, often in tandem with firemen. By the 1920s, experimental diesel locomotives emerged, with the first commercial diesel-electric unit sold in 1925 to the Central Railroad of New Jersey for switching duties.^[37] The transition accelerated during the 1930s and 1940s, as diesel-electrics offered greater efficiency, reliability, and lower maintenance costs; major U.S. railroads fully dieselized by 1960, with the last steam locomotive built by the American Locomotive Company in 1948.^[37] This change simplified operations for drivers, introducing throttle controls for precise power management and multiple-unit systems allowing one engineer to operate multiple locomotives from a single cab, reducing crew sizes and enhancing train handling.^[37] Automatic air brakes, initially patented in 1869, became universally mandated by the 1893 Railroad Safety Appliance Act and were standard on all U.S. freight and passenger trains by the early 1900s, enabling safer stops for longer consists and minimizing the physical demands on drivers during emergencies.^[38] Safety advancements further evolved the driver's responsibilities, with block signaling systems gaining widespread adoption to prevent collisions. Early 20th-century innovations like automatic train stop (ATS) and cab signals, developed from the 1900s onward, provided in-cab indications of track conditions, allowing drivers to respond proactively rather than relying solely on visual signals. These were federally required for passenger trains by 1947, significantly reducing accident rates by automating speed enforcement and block occupancy detection. Labor organizations, such as the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (founded in 1863 but influential throughout the century), advocated for these technologies and standardized practices, pushing for federal oversight on safety amid rising rail traffic.^[39] The union played a key role in the 1926 Railway Labor Act, which formalized collective bargaining and dispute resolution, ensuring drivers' input on operational changes.^[40] World Wars I and II intensified demands on train drivers, leading to labor shortages and the establishment of standardized training programs. During World War I, U.S. railroads were nationalized in 1917 under the Federal Railroad Administration to handle surging freight for military mobilization, with drivers facing extended shifts and rapid onboarding of inexperienced personnel.^[41] In World War II, railroads transported over 90% of the military's freight by 1944, prompting formal training initiatives to address shortages—employment peaked at over 1.4 million in 1943, but drivers underwent regimented instruction on signaling and load securing to maintain efficiency.^[42] These efforts, coordinated by unions and government, emphasized uniform procedures across regions, laying groundwork for modern certification.^[42] Key labor milestones reshaped working conditions, beginning with the 1907 Hours of Service Act, which capped train employees' duty at 16 hours within 24 to combat fatigue-related accidents, directly benefiting drivers by mandating rest periods.^[43] The act was amended in 1969 to reduce limits to 12 hours, with required off-duty time, promoting safer operations.^[43] The 1922 Great Railroad Strike, involving 400,000 shop and maintenance workers protesting a 12% wage cut, highlighted tensions in the industry, though operating brotherhoods like the Locomotive Engineers avoided direct action; it ultimately spurred the 1926 Railway Labor Act for equitable negotiations.^[44] These developments professionalized the role, balancing technological progress with protections against exploitation.^[39]

Regional and Cultural Variations

Naming Conventions

In English-speaking countries, the term for a train driver varies by region, reflecting historical and operational influences. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the standard term is "train driver," a designation used by official railway authorities to describe the individual responsible for operating locomotives on mainline and regional services.^[45]^[46] In the United States, the preferred term is "locomotive engineer" or simply "engineer," a title that emphasizes the technical expertise required to manage the train's mechanical systems, as codified in federal railroad regulations.^[47] For urban rail systems like subways, the term "motorman" or "train operator" is commonly applied, particularly in North American contexts, to denote the operator of electric multiple-unit trains without a separate locomotive.^[48]^[49] Non-English languages exhibit similar diversity in terminology, often tied to national railway operators. In Germany, the official term used by Deutsche Bahn is "Lokführer," which translates to "locomotive leader" and highlights the driver's command over the engine. In France, the Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (SNCF) employs "conducteur de train," meaning "train conductor" in a literal sense, though it specifically refers to the locomotive operator rather than the passenger-facing role.^[50] In India, Indian Railways designates the role as "loco pilot," a term derived from "locomotive pilot," underscoring the piloting of the train through complex networks, with assistants termed "assistant loco pilots."^[51]^[52] Historically, terminology for train drivers has evolved, particularly in the 19th century when railways emerged. In the early 1800s, both in the UK and US, the term "engineer" was prevalent, originating from the mechanical ingenuity needed to operate steam engines, with the earliest documented use dating to 1816 in Britain.^[47] Over time, British usage shifted to "engine driver" and eventually "train driver" by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, aligning with the professionalization of rail operations and the decline of steam-specific roles, while the US retained "engineer" to preserve the emphasis on engineering skills amid expanding freight networks.^[46] This divergence influenced modern international standards, such as those from the International Union of Railways, which favor "train driver" for cross-border consistency.^[47] Cultural and hierarchical factors have shaped these terms to distinguish the train driver's specialized role from other crew members. In many traditions, particularly during the steam era, the driver (or engineer) was positioned as the technical expert controlling the locomotive, separate from the "fireman" who shoveled coal and assisted with maintenance, and the "conductor" who oversaw the entire train's operations, passenger safety, and scheduling as the crew's leader.^[53]^[54] This hierarchy is evident in terms like "loco pilot" in India, which elevates the driver's authority over propulsion while subordinating it to the conductor's broader command, reflecting colonial-era influences from British railways where roles were rigidly delineated to ensure safety and efficiency.^[51]^[55] Such distinctions persist today, with terminology reinforcing the driver's focus on mechanical handling amid crew collaborations.

Operational Differences by Region

In North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, train drivers primarily operate long-haul freight trains over extensive distances, often exceeding 1,000 miles per trip, with operations emphasizing efficiency on vast networks like those managed by Class I railroads. The Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 mandated the implementation of Positive Train Control (PTC) systems on main lines carrying passengers or hazardous materials, requiring full deployment by 2020 to automatically prevent collisions, overspeeding, and derailments by monitoring train location and enforcing speed limits.^[56] These systems integrate GPS, wireless communication, and onboard computers, allowing drivers to focus on navigation while the technology intervenes if necessary, though crew typically includes an engineer and conductor for safety oversight. In Europe, including the UK and EU member states, train driving practices are governed by strict interoperability standards under the Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSIs), which ensure seamless cross-border operations through harmonized signaling and control systems like the European Train Control System (ETCS), a form of automatic train protection (ATP) that enforces speed restrictions and prevents signal-passed-at-danger incidents.^[57] Drivers prioritize passenger services on dense, high-frequency networks, with EU Directive 2005/47/EC limiting shifts to a maximum of 9 hours daytime or 8 hours nighttime between rest periods to mitigate fatigue, alongside mandatory competence certification for cross-border routes.^[58] ATP variants, such as the UK's legacy system on the Great Western Main Line, provide continuous cab signaling to alert drivers of restrictions, reflecting a regulatory focus on safety and uniformity across the continent. In Asia, operational differences are pronounced in high-density networks; Japan's Shinkansen high-speed rail, operational since 1964, incorporates advanced Automatic Train Control (ATC) systems from inception to maintain speeds up to 320 km/h while preventing collisions through continuous speed supervision and automatic braking. Train drivers employ vigilance protocols like shisa kanko (pointing and calling), a method originating in the early 20th century to reduce errors by verbalizing and gesturing at signals, contributing to the system's zero passenger fatalities over 60 years.^[59] In contrast, India's vast network, serving approximately 20 million passengers daily as of 2025, involves drivers managing overcrowding in unreserved coaches—often exceeding capacity by 50%—amid a mix of manual and semi-automatic signaling on legacy lines, where token systems and manual block working require close coordination with station staff to avoid conflicts.^[60] Recent upgrades to Automatic Block Signaling continue on high-density routes, but manual interventions persist in rural sections, heightening drivers' responsibilities for safe passage.^[61] Australia's train driving centers on resource-heavy freight operations, with driver-only operations (DOO) standard on long interstate hauls of coal, iron ore, and minerals across arid outback routes spanning thousands of kilometers.^[62] Under the Rail Industry Safety and Standards Board (RISSB) Code of Practice, DOO requires drivers to handle all train management solo, supported by in-cab signaling and remote monitoring from control centers, with maximum shift lengths capped at 9 hours for fatigue prevention. This model, prevalent since the 1990s privatization, enables cost-effective bulk transport but demands rigorous risk assessments for isolation and emergency response.^[63] In Africa, train driving varies widely due to colonial legacies, where 19th- and early 20th-century networks built by European powers—such as Britain's Uganda Railway or France's Dakar-Niger line—prioritized resource extraction over integration, resulting in fragmented, aging infrastructure with inconsistent standards.^[64] Post-independence neglect has led to variable operations; in South Africa, drivers on Transnet Freight Rail manage heavy-haul coal and ore trains with modern signaling, but in countries like Nigeria or Tanzania, manual token systems and under-maintained tracks persist, requiring drivers to navigate speed restrictions and frequent delays amid limited automation.^[65] Safety protocols often blend colonial-era practices with local adaptations, though recent Chinese-funded upgrades, like the Standard Gauge Railway in Kenya, introduce ATP-like systems to modernize driver responsibilities.^[66]

Career and Professional Aspects

Career Progression

Train drivers typically begin their careers in entry-level roles within the rail industry, such as conductors or guards, before advancing to trainee positions that lead to qualification as a full driver. In the United States, aspiring locomotive engineers often start as conductors and must accumulate seniority—sometimes taking 3 to 30 years—before bidding for engineer roles, followed by 5 to 6 months of specialized training.^[17]^[67] In the United Kingdom, direct entry as a trainee driver through apprenticeships usually takes 1 to 2 years, including supervised driving hours to achieve certification.^[26] Once qualified, drivers may specialize in specific routes or progress to mid-level roles like route experts or instructors, building expertise over several years. Advancement opportunities include senior positions such as lead driver, supervisor, or transitions into management roles within rail operations. In the US, experienced locomotive engineers can move into supervisory or training capacities, leveraging their operational knowledge.^[68] Salary progression reflects this experience; in the US, entry-level locomotive engineers earn around $53,000 to $60,000 annually, while those with 8+ years of service average over $100,000, often boosted by overtime and union-negotiated rates.^[69]^[70] Employment as a train driver is primarily with major rail operators, such as Amtrak in the US or Network Rail in the UK, where hiring emphasizes safety records and prior rail experience. Union protections play a key role in career stability; in the UK, the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF) negotiates contracts for over 22,000 members, ensuring fair pay and working conditions.^[71] In the US, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (BLET), part of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, represents engineers on freight and passenger lines, advocating for seniority rights and benefits.^[72] Retirement for train drivers often occurs after 30 or more years of service through industry-specific pension plans. In the US, the Railroad Retirement Board provides full benefits at age 60 with 30 years of service or age 62 otherwise, with no strict mandatory retirement age but ongoing medical fitness requirements up to age 70.^[73] In the UK, the Railways Pension Scheme allows retirement between ages 60 and 65, depending on the scheme section, subject to medical assessments.^[74]

Challenges and Safety Considerations

Train drivers face significant physical challenges due to irregular shift patterns, often including nights, weekends, and holidays, which contribute to chronic fatigue and disrupted sleep cycles. In the European Union, regulations from the European Agreement on the Organisation of Working Time of Mobile Staff in the European Railway Sector limit shifts to a maximum of 9 hours during daytime and 8 hours at night between rest periods, with a minimum of 12 consecutive hours of daily rest (reducible to 9 hours once per week) to mitigate fatigue risks.^[58] These rules aim to prevent accidents by ensuring adequate recovery, as studies show that extended shifts increase error rates in high-stakes environments like rail operations.^[75] Safety protocols are rigorously enforced to protect drivers and passengers, including mandatory drug and alcohol testing programs administered by bodies like the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). In the United States, post-accident and random testing requires breath alcohol levels below 0.04% and verified negative drug results for covered employees, with violations leading to removal from service.^[76] Additionally, the FRA's 2024 final rule mandates a minimum two-person crew for most train operations to enhance vigilance and response capabilities, with exceptions for low-risk freight lines.^[77] Incident reporting is critical, exemplified by the implementation of Positive Train Control (PTC) systems following the 2008 Chatsworth collision, which automatically prevents collisions, overspeed derailments, and incursions into work zones through GPS and wireless communication.^[78] Mental health strains are prevalent among train drivers, particularly from exposure to near-misses and person-under-train suicides, which can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and long-term anxiety. A prospective study found that drivers witnessing multiple railway suicides developed PTSD symptoms, with cumulative trauma exacerbating emotional distress.^[79] To address this, employee assistance programs (EAPs) offering confidential counseling were expanded in the rail sector during the 2010s; for instance, Amtrak's EAP, formalized around 2015, provides recovery support for trauma-related issues, while similar initiatives by UK rail unions like ASLEF include peer support and helplines.^[80]^[81] Emerging risks include cybersecurity threats to automated signaling and control systems, potentially compromising train operations and placing drivers in hazardous override situations. Vulnerabilities in interconnected rail networks, such as those in PTC or European Train Control System (ETCS), could enable ransomware attacks disrupting signals or falsifying data, as highlighted in FRA risk assessments.^[82] Climate-related disruptions, like intensified flooding from extreme weather, further challenge safety by eroding tracks and causing sudden stops, increasing driver stress and accident potential; for example, U.S. rail networks report heightened vulnerabilities to floods that can halt operations and endanger crews.^[83]^[84]

Notable Train Drivers

Historical Figures

One of the most iconic figures in early railroad history is John Luther "Casey" Jones, an American locomotive engineer born in 1863 who worked for the Illinois Central Railroad. On April 30, 1900, while piloting the Cannonball Express near Vaughan, Mississippi, Jones's train collided with a stalled freight train due to miscommunication in signaling; he remained at the throttle to apply the brakes, sacrificing his life but enabling his crew and passengers to escape unharmed, making him the sole fatality. His heroism inspired numerous folk ballads, such as "The Ballad of Casey Jones," which popularized railroad lore and heightened public awareness of the dangers faced by engineers, contributing to early calls for improved signaling and safety protocols in the United States.^[85] In the United Kingdom, early train drivers on the Great Western Railway (GWR) exemplified the profession's demanding nature and push for reform. One such figure was Jim Hurst, engaged as one of the first engine drivers by superintendent Daniel Gooch in the 1840s, operating broad-gauge locomotives during the railway's formative years when speeds and reliability were being tested.^[86] Drivers like Hurst navigated rudimentary infrastructure, often setting informal speed benchmarks on routes like London to Bristol, while enduring long hours and hazardous conditions that spurred advocacy for better working terms. By the late 19th century, this momentum led to the formation of the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF) in 1880, initiated by drivers including William Ullyott of Leeds, who organized the first branch to address fatigue, pay, and safety amid growing accident rates.^[87] Equivalents in other regions highlight similar risks and responses. In France, during the 1840s expansion of lines like the Paris-Saint-Germain railway—opened in 1837 as the nation's first passenger route—engine drivers confronted mechanical failures in unproven technology. A notable incident occurred on May 8, 1842, in the related Paris-Versailles line at Meudon, where driver Georges lost control after an axle fractured on the return train from Versailles, causing derailment, fire, and up to 200 deaths in what became France's deadliest 19th-century rail disaster; Georges perished in the crash, underscoring the era's perils without standardized brakes or inspections.^[88] Such tragedies, alongside drivers' firsthand experiences, fueled union-like efforts and regulatory pushes across Europe for axle strength tests and crew protections. Collectively, these historical figures advanced the profession through their actions and legacies. In the United States, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, founded in 1863 by drivers seeking mutual aid after frequent wrecks, lobbied for federal safety laws like the 1893 Safety Appliance Act mandating air brakes. In Britain, ASLEF's early campaigns reduced shift lengths from 12-14 hours and promoted signalman training, while French incidents prompted the 1842 inquiry leading to mandatory inspections. These contributions laid groundwork for organized labor in railroading, emphasizing driver expertise in averting disasters without reliance on later technologies like automatic train control.^[35]

Modern Examples

In the 21st century, train driving has seen increased diversity, with several women breaking barriers in traditionally male-dominated roles across various countries. Arshdeep Kaur, an Australian train driver of Indian origin, gained attention for transitioning from a teaching career and beauty pageant participation to operating Sydney Trains services starting in 2020; her story highlights the accessibility of rail careers to diverse backgrounds.^[89] Similarly, Saskia Hjaltason has been a professional train driver in Denmark since 2014, managing regional railcar operations for Lokaltog and previously Nederlandse Spoorwegen, exemplifying the growing presence of women in European rail networks.^[90] Sofia Dorofeeva stands out as Russia's first female train machinist qualified to operate high-speed services, graduating from Moscow's College of Railway Transport in 2020 and later training to drive the Sapsan train between Moscow and St. Petersburg in 2025; her background as an art student who illustrated trains further underscores her unique path into the profession.^[91]^[92] In Turkey, Güler Baran has operated freight and passenger trains for Turkish State Railways since the early 2020s, inspired by a childhood toy train gift, and uses social media to promote women in rail while driving routes across the country.^[90]^[93] A landmark achievement in Africa came with Isabella Adams Israel, who became West Africa's first female electric multiple unit (EMU) train driver in 2024, operating services on Nigeria's Abuja Light Rail after completing rigorous training; her role on China-built infrastructure marks a milestone for gender inclusion in the region's emerging rail sector.^[94]^[95] These individuals not only perform critical operational duties but also inspire recruitment efforts amid global rail modernization, contributing to safer and more inclusive industry practices.

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https://www.railway-technical.com/trains/rolling-stock-index-l/diesel-locomotives/
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Assisted and driverless train operation - Siemens Mobility Global
Rail Perception System combines sensors and data analytics technologies on vehicles to automatically perceive the surrounding and to trigger actions.
[14]
How to become a Train Driver - Study Work Grow
Completing high school with good results in Maths and English; Obtaining a driver's license; Completing relevant training programs or qualifications in train ...
[15]
Freight Conductor - CSX.com
Minimum Qualifications · High School diploma/GED · 18 years of age or older · Valid Driver's License · One year of related experience.
[16]
How to Become a Train Driver | Hours, roles & qualifications
They are responsible for ensuring trains leave and arrive on schedule, passengers are comfortable and safe, and cargo is undamaged during transportation. If ...
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How To Become a Train Driver In North America - TrainDriver.Org
To become a train driver, you need to be 21+, have a good education, meet medical standards, start as a conductor/brakeman, and complete training. You can pay ...
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Engineer & Conductor Training | AAR
And to work as a conductor, candidates must undergo training that can last months, with a mix of intensive classroom, real-world training and ongoing exams.
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Lowering the minimum age requirement for train drivers from 20 to 18
May 7, 2025 · Since 2010, there has been a legal requirement to be at least 20 years old before you can become a licensed train driver in the UK . This is ...Background · Minimum age requirements · Period of enhanced supervision<|control11|><|separator|>
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Interested in becoming a train driver? - ScotRail
You must be over 21 years old (you can start training at 20) · Be able to pass a safety critical medical examination including eyesight, hearing, colour vision ...
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Train Driver Requirements | Medical Standards & Retirement Age
Train driving is not permitted by persons who have lost the sight of an eye or have defective colour vision. Colour vision must be assessed 'normal' as ...Missing: blindness | Show results with:blindness
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Hearing and Vision - Metro Trains
Train drivers require normal colour vision and other Category 1 and 2 positions require good, but not necessarily perfect/normal colour vision.
[23]
RSSB research identifies better colour vision testing for drivers
Jan 23, 2025 · Being able to see and distinguish colours is an important requirement for safety-critical roles on the railway, with the Ishihara test commonly ...Missing: hearing | Show results with:hearing
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Train driver selection: The impact of cognitive ability on train driving ...
Nov 24, 2023 · Safe and effective train driving performance relies on drivers with high selective attention, fluid intelligence, and verbal reasoning abilities ...
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How to become a train driver - Routes into Rail
Feb 29, 2024 · Most become train drivers via a Level 3 apprenticeship (1.5 years, 18+ years old, Level 2 English/maths). Level 2 apprenticeships or other rail ...
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[PDF] Guide to training and examination requirements | ORR
Dec 16, 2021 · 1.1. This guide sets out the requirements of the Train Driving Licences and Certificates. Regulations 2010 (as amended) (TDLCR) for the training ...
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49 CFR Part 240 -- Qualification and Certification of Locomotive ...
This part prescribes minimum Federal safety standards for the eligibility, training, testing, certification and monitoring of all locomotive engineers to whom ...
[29]
Train driving licences and certificates | Office of Rail and Road - ORR
A valid train driving licence (and valid certificate) is required for driving trains on Britain's mainline railway.
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Hazardous Materials Training Requirements | PHMSA
Jan 15, 2025 · Each hazmat employer must train and test their hazmat employees, certify their training, and develop and retain records of current training.
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George Stephenson (1781–1848) - Network Rail
George and his son Robert planned the railway, making it the first in the world designed for locomotives. The first iron rail was laid on May 23, 1823, and the ...
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Stephenson's Rocket, Rainhill and the rise of the locomotive
Jun 11, 2018 · Discover the story of Stephenson's Rocket and the Rainhill trials and meet the pioneers who assured the steam locomotive's place in history.
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Liverpool and Manchester Railway - Science and Industry Museum
Dec 20, 2018 · The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the world's first steam powered, inter-urban railway designed to transport both passengers and goods.
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How Industrial Relations Shaped the Railway | Avanti West Coast
Jul 30, 2025 · Industrial relations in the 19th century. Early railway workers endured long hours, low wages and frequent workplace injuries. The industry ...
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"I heard the sound of the train": The perilous lives of Britain's railway ...
Sep 5, 2024 · Historian Mike Esbester explains the high rates of injury and death among British railway workers in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Caution! Railway safety since 1913
Apr 10, 2018 · Railway work was incredibly dangerous in the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly if you were a shunter or platelayer. For example ...
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History of rail - Railway 200
Robert Stephenson's 'Rocket' design goes beyond simply being a successful early engine, becoming an iconic example of what railways can do. Champion of the 1829 ...Missing: 19th | Show results with:19th
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american diesel-electric locomotives - National Park Service
Feb 14, 2002 · The American Locomotive Company built its last steam locomotive in 1948, the Lima Locomotive Works erected its last in 1949, and Baldwin soon ...Missing: transition | Show results with:transition
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[PDF] George Westinghouse Jr.1 - ASME
Jun 11, 2020 · Finally, in 1893, President Benjamin Harrison signed the Railroad Safety Appliance Act, requiring all American railroads to adopt air brakes and ...
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Railroad Unions - Organized Labor Since the 19th Century
Sep 29, 2025 · Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers & Trainmen (BLET) ... This union was founded in 1863 as Brotherhood of the Footboard and is one of the oldest ...
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[PDF] 20 Years Later: - Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen
It was the first federal law dealing with overtime pay. The BLET also had a leading role in persuading Congress to pass the Rail- way Labor Act in 1926. The act ...
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FreightWaves Classics: U.S. railroads were nationalized in World War I
Jun 9, 2021 · U.S. railroads were nationalized during World War I. Read why that occurred and the ramifications of the action.
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Freight Rail & Military Operations - Association of American Railroads
In 1940, just before World War II, American railroads moved 70% of all freight transported in the United States. That number skyrocketed between the war years ...10 Ways Freight Rail... · 6. Hospital Trains · 7. Readying America For Wwii<|separator|>
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[PDF] 2014-05_Hours_of_Service_Passenger.pdf
The Federal Hours of Service Act was enacted by Congress on March 4, 1907, to promote the safety of employees and travelers on railroads by limiting the hours ...
[45]
200 Years of Labor History - National Park Service
Sep 5, 2025 · 124) Great Railroad Strike of 1922, 1922. Despite the post-WWI economic boom, railroad maintenance worker pay was cut by 12%, leading to a ...
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7313 Train and Tram Drivers - Australian Bureau of Statistics
Train and Tram Drivers drive trains and trams to transport passengers and freight on rail networks. Indicative Skill Level: The occupation Train Driver in this ...
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Driver or Engineer? | RailUK Forums
May 18, 2015 · There are a large number of technical terms where US rail usage differs from UK (Australia, South Africa etc often provide further options) ...
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Who, What, Why: Why are US train drivers called engineers? - BBC
May 18, 2015 · the earliest documented use of engineer as train driver was 1816 in the UK · it means someone who operates equipment as well as the older meaning ...
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Subway FAQ: Subway Terminology Glossary - nycsubway.org
Operator of all intra-city toll bridges and tunnels. T/O or TO: Train Operator. Formerly known as the Motorman. Track types: NYCT uses four types of track: Type ...
[50]
MOTORMAN definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
1. a person who operates or drives an electrically operated vehicle, as a streetcar or subway train. 2. a person who ...
[51]
[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - Railway Operations - I
A C LP handles goods trains or shunters. Local or suburban drivers of EMUs, DMUs, etc. are classified as Motormen and are considered on par with the A grade ...
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[PDF] Work-Life of Indian Railway's Drivers (Loco-Pilots) - IOSR Journal
Abstract : Railways' Drivers / Loco-Pilots are the most important person in executing the huge task of transporting nearly 25 Million passengers and more ...
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Blog: 6 Railroad Workers of Past & Present | Strasburg Rail Road
Jul 18, 2023 · Explore the types of railroad workers that were most popular in the 19th and 20th centuries, and how their jobs evolved into the positions found on modern ...
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The people who work on trains
Dec 20, 2023 · The people who work on trains have a variety of jobs and each member of a train crew has a specific function. Here's a list of onboard jobs.
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Discover the History behind a Modern Day Train Driver
After ten years or so, and still studying in his own time, a fireman would be examined and passed for driving, becoming a Passed Fireman, thereafter being ...
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Positive Train Control (PTC) | FRA - Federal Railroad Administration
Oct 10, 2023 · The Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (RSIA) mandated the implementation of PTC systems on Class I railroads' main lines over which five ...
[57]
Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSIs)
This TSI applies to the operation and traffic management subsystem of infrastructure managers and railway undertakings related to the operation of trains on the ...Infrastructure TSI · Rolling Stock - Locomotives... · Control Command and...
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Rail staff - Your Europe - European Union
Your rail drivers' shifts cannot exceed 9 hours during daytime and 8 hours during the night between 2 daily rest periods.Missing: TSI ATP max
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Safety and Convenience: How the Shinkansen Changed Japan
Oct 25, 2024 · A look back at the high-speed network focuses on its incredible safety record and the changes it has brought to Japanese society.
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Overcrowded Indian trains a relic of colonialism - Asia Times
Jun 14, 2023 · A devastating rail crash that left almost 300 people dead has refocused international attention on the importance of railways in the lives of Indians.
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[PDF] Driver Only Operations Code of Practice - RISSB's
Sep 16, 2024 · In Australia, rail traffic may be managed by two crew members in various combinations, or as driver only operations. Two person operations can ...
[62]
Driver Only Operations (DOO) are commencing but the appropriate ...
Jun 29, 2015 · It should be pointed out that the Rollingstock Operator has been operating freight trains in DOO mode over select services and routes across the ...
[63]
[PDF] THE RAILWAYS OF AFRICA “VISIONS 2025”
Jul 12, 2007 · The railway infrastructure and operation in Africa was constructed and utilized to satisfy the needs of colonial powers. It was not intended to ...
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Colonial inheritance, postcolonial neglect, and the management of ...
The Nigerian Railway (NR) network was constructed and managed from 1898 to 1960 by British colonial authorities. The.
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How colonial railroads defined Africa's economic geography - CEPR
Mar 2, 2017 · This column, taken from a recent VoxEU eBook, explores how colonial railroad investments transformed Africa's economic geography.Missing: operations | Show results with:operations
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Pathway to engineer : r/railroading - Reddit
Apr 20, 2025 · Yes, you have to be a conductor first until your seniority can hold engineer. Which could be in 3 years but could take 30 years.
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A Career in Rail: Train Driving and Beyond
If you decide to progress your career outside of driving you can use your driving skills and knowledge as a great platform to move into rail operations, such as ...
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Locomotive Engineer Salary in the United States (2025)
The average locomotive engineer gross salary in United States is $83,757 or an equivalent hourly rate of $40. In addition, they earn an average bonus of $1,901.
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Locomotive Engineer Salary in 2025 | PayScale
The average salary for a Locomotive Engineer is $99218 in 2025. Visit PayScale to research locomotive engineer salaries by city, experience, skill, ...
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ASLEF: Home
ASLEF is Britain's trade union for train drivers. Its 22,000+ members are employed in the train operating companies, the freight companies, ...Contact us · Members Area · Join | ASLEF · News & Features
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Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen | Advocating ...
The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen (BLET) is a Division of the Rail Conference of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT). Read More.BLET News · Contact Us · History · About the BLET
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U.S. Railroad Retirement Board. - RRB.Gov
Disability Requirement - The applicant must either be rated totally and permanently disabled as defined in FOM-I-1305.15, or be at least age 55 and unable, ...
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When to retire - Railways Pension Scheme
This is usually between 60 and 65 years old, depending on the section of the Scheme you're a member of and its Normal Retirement Age (NRA). Once you've reached ...
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A survey of train driver schedules, sleep, wellbeing, and driving ...
Mar 10, 2022 · Train drivers work long hours on 24 h schedules and many factors impact their fatigue risk at work, creating a clear imperative for good ...Missing: maximum | Show results with:maximum
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Drug and Alcohol | FRA - Federal Railroad Administration
FRA has a customized post-accident toxicological testing (PATT) program that includes blood, urine, and tissue (for post-mortem) specimen collection through the ...Missing: two- crew
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https://railroads.dot.gov/railroad-safety/divisions/drug-and-alcohol/drug-and-alcohol
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Positive Train Control (PTC): Overview and Policy Issues
Cab signals, ATS, and ATC were developed beginning in the early 1900s, and have been required by federal regulations since 1947 for passenger trains traveling ...
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Health Effects of Person-Under-Train Incidents on Train Drivers—A ...
Jan 26, 2025 · A prospective study found that all drivers exposed to four or more railway suicides developed PTSD. The study also reported that “positive ...
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Amtrak Health Benefits - United Passenger Rail Federation
Apr 12, 2015 · Amtrak Employee Assistance Program (EAP). It is Amtrak's policy to give all employees and their dependents an opportunity for help in recovering ...
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[PDF] Rail Cyber Security Strategy
Sep 16, 2025 · Key threats include ransomware and malware, which can encrypt critical data and disrupt train operations, as well as supply chain ...
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[PDF] Cyber Security Risk Management for Connected Railroads
Jun 7, 2020 · components of the rail systems, such as voltage control, train dynamics, traction power, movement trajectory, etc. Like computer-based ...
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Freight Rail Climate Resiliency - Association of American Railroads
Freight rail networks span 140,000 miles across diverse terrains, making them vulnerable to extreme weather like hurricanes, floods, and winter storms. Water ...
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Climate change risks on railway infrastructure: A systematic review ...
Jul 1, 2025 · Railway networks are highly vulnerable to climate hazards, such as high temperatures, heatwaves, heavy rainfall, snowfall, flooding, and extreme ...
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The tragic train accident that created an American folk hero
Aug 17, 2023 · Key Takeaways: Casey Jones, a railroad engineer, died heroically at age 37 in a train crash while attempting to save his passengers' lives by ...
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[PDF] Engine Drivers and Their Work - Victorian Voices
"How long have you been connected with the London and North-Western Railway?" "Thirty-three years." "Have you ever been in an accident?" "I have ...
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Drivers, firemen, and strikes - Green Signals
Feb 7, 2024 · ASLEF is a trade union with a long and proud history, for train drivers. It all started on February 7 1880, when William Ullyott of Leeds ...
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[PDF] The Meudon Railway Disaster (France, 1842) - HAL-SHS
Mar 13, 2023 · A rumor circulated in the newspapers about a mysterious ticket lost by the driver of the train, a man called Georges: A. N°45. CHEMIN DE FER ...
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Beauty queen Arshdeep Kaur, 27, reveals why she quit her teaching ...
Oct 12, 2020 · Teacher and former Miss World finalist, 27, reveals why she quit her job to become a Sydney train driver - and why it's one of the best ...
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Russia's first female train conductor drew her dream job in anime ...
Aug 4, 2020 · Sofia Dorofeeva is Russia's first woman to earn a diploma as a train conductor. She graduated magna cum laude from Moscow's College of ...
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Russian Railways has trained the first female machinist to drive the ...
Feb 6, 2025 · Russian Railways has trained Sofia Dorofeeva to operate the Sapsan high-speed train, which runs between Moscow and St. Petersburg.
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Nigerian woman fulfills train-driving dream on China-built light rail
Aug 28, 2024 · After eight months of classroom training and three months of hands-on experience, Adams-Israel faced her most daunting test: driving a train ...
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Face | Female EMU driver Isabella: Breaking barriers in West Africa
Feb 21, 2025 · Isabella Adams Israel drove the EMU from ALABA station to Mile 2 station in Abuja, Nigeria on January 22, 2025. With seven years of experience ...