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Truncated cube

A truncated cube is an Archimedean solid formed by truncating the vertices of a regular cube, replacing each original square face with a regular octagon and introducing new equilateral triangular faces at the truncated vertices, resulting in a semi-regular polyhedron with 14 faces (8 triangles and 6 octagons), 24 vertices, and 36 edges.^[1]^[2] This uniform polyhedron exhibits full octahedral symmetry, the same as that of the cube and octahedron, and is denoted by the Schläfli symbol t{4,3}, indicating its derivation from the cube via truncation.^[1] Its dual polyhedron is the triakis octahedron, a Catalan solid with 14 triangular faces.^[1] The truncated cube belongs to the set of 13 Archimedean solids, which are convex polyhedra composed of regular polygons meeting in identical configurations at each vertex but not necessarily all faces of the same type.^[3] The discovery of the Archimedean solids, including the truncated cube, is attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes around the 3rd century BCE, as reported by the later mathematician Pappus of Alexandria in his Collection, though Archimedes' original treatise on these figures is lost.^[3] These solids have since been studied extensively in geometry for their symmetry and properties, with applications in crystallography, architecture, and modern computational modeling.^[1]

Definition and Construction

Etymology and Historical Context

The term "truncated cube" derives from the geometric operation of truncation, which involves cutting off the vertices of a cube, transforming its original square faces into regular octagons and introducing new triangular faces at the truncated vertices.^[4] This naming convention follows the established polyhedral nomenclature where "truncated" refers to cutting off the corners of a polyhedron to produce new faces at the vertices and modify the original faces into regular polygons with twice as many sides, a process first systematically described in modern terms during the Renaissance. The truncated cube is one of the 13 Archimedean solids, a class of convex uniform polyhedra featuring regular polygonal faces and identical arrangements of faces around each vertex, denoted by the vertex configuration (3.8.8), meaning one equilateral triangle and two regular octagons meet at every vertex. According to the 4th-century mathematician Pappus of Alexandria, these solids, including the truncated cube, were first discovered and described by the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes in a now-lost treatise around 250 BCE, highlighting their early significance in classical geometry for exploring semi-regular forms beyond the Platonic solids.^[3]^[5] Knowledge of the Archimedean solids faded after antiquity but experienced a revival during the Renaissance, with Luca Pacioli detailing them in his 1509 manuscript De Divina Proportione, accompanied by illustrations from Leonardo da Vinci that visualized solids like the truncated cube to demonstrate proportional harmony in art and mathematics. This rediscovery culminated in Johannes Kepler's comprehensive enumeration of the 13 Archimedean solids in his 1619 work Harmonices Mundi, where he classified them as semi-regular polyhedra and explored their harmonic properties in relation to cosmology.^[6]^[7] By the 19th century, the Archimedean solids received further mathematical formalization through systematic studies of uniform polyhedra, integrating them into broader classifications of convex bodies and paving the way for modern polyhedral geometry.^[8]

Truncation Process

The truncation process constructs the truncated cube by systematically cutting off the vertices of a regular cube, transforming it into an Archimedean solid with regular polygonal faces.^[1] A regular cube begins with 8 vertices, 12 edges, and 6 square faces; the truncation operation replaces each vertex with an equilateral triangular face and converts each square face into a regular octagon.^[1] The detailed steps involve identifying the appropriate truncation depth along each edge from the vertices, set at \frac{2 - \sqrt{2}}{2} times the original edge length to achieve uniformity, where the cutting planes intersect the three edges meeting at each vertex.^[9] This depth ensures that the new edges created by the cuts on the triangular faces match the length of the shortened remnants of the original edges, resulting in 8 equilateral triangular faces from the vertices and 6 regular octagonal faces from the originals.^[2] Uniformity is maintained by this precise depth, producing a polyhedron where all 36 edges are equal in length and all 24 vertices are identical, each incident to one triangle and two octagons.^[1] Visually, the original square faces evolve into octagons by having their corners sheared off, with the four truncated original edges alternating with four new edges from the adjacent vertex cuts; the chosen depth adjusts these alternating side lengths to be equal, yielding true regular octagons.^[2]

Topological Description

The truncated cube is an Archimedean solid with a well-defined combinatorial structure derived from the truncation of the cube, denoted by the Schläfli symbol t\{4,3\}.^[1] This symbol indicates the operation that modifies the original cube's faces and vertices while preserving its octahedral symmetry.^[1] Combinatorially, the truncated cube has 24 vertices, 36 edges, and 14 faces, satisfying Euler's formula for convex polyhedra: V - E + F = 24 - 36 + 14 = 2.^[1]^[10] The faces consist of 8 triangular faces and 6 octagonal faces, where each edge is shared by exactly one triangle and one octagon.^[10] At each vertex, the configuration is (3.8.8), meaning one triangle and two octagons meet in that cyclic order.^[10] The dual polyhedron of the truncated cube is the triakis octahedron.^[1]^[10]

Geometric Properties

Faces, Edges, and Vertices

The truncated cube possesses 24 vertices, each of which is identical and incident to three edges meeting at equal angles, forming a vertex configuration of (3.8.8).^[1] This configuration ensures that every vertex is surrounded by one equilateral triangle and two regular octagons in cyclic order.^[1] It features 36 edges of equal length, denoted as a. In relation to the original cube from which it is derived, each of the 12 original edges contributes to the structure such that its two end segments—resulting from the vertex truncations—become edges of the new triangular faces, while the central segment forms a side shared between two octagonal faces; thus, each original edge effectively becomes two such triangular edges separated by an octagonal side.^[2] These edges can be categorized into 24 that lie between a triangular face and an octagonal face, and 12 that connect two octagonal faces.^[1] The faces consist of 8 equilateral triangular faces, each with side length a, and 6 regular octagonal faces, each also with side length a and thus a perimeter of $8a.^[1] All faces are regular polygons, contributing to the uniform nature of the polyhedron.^[5] Regarding incidences, each triangular face is adjacent to three octagonal faces, sharing one edge with each.^[11] Conversely, each octagonal face is adjacent to four triangular faces and four other octagonal faces, arranged alternately around its perimeter.^[11] The regularity of the truncated cube arises from its classification as an Archimedean solid, where all faces are regular polygons and the vertices are transitive under the full octahedral symmetry group O_h, ensuring equivalent environments at each vertex; this vertex-transitivity follows from the uniform truncation process applied to the cube, preserving the symmetry while regularizing the faces.^[5]

Metric Measures

The truncated cube consists of 8 equilateral triangular faces and 6 regular octagonal faces, all with edge length a.^[1] The surface area A is calculated by summing the areas of these faces. The area of an equilateral triangle with side a is \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} a^2, so the 8 triangles contribute $8 \times \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} a^2 = 2\sqrt{3}\, a^2. The area of a regular octagon with side a is $2(1 + \sqrt{2}) a^2, so the 6 octagons contribute $6 \times 2(1 + \sqrt{2}) a^2 = 12(1 + \sqrt{2}) a^2 = (12 + 12\sqrt{2}) a^2. Thus, the total surface area is A = (12 + 12\sqrt{2} + 2\sqrt{3}) a^2, or equivalently A = 2(6 + 6\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3}) a^2.^[1] For unit edge length a = 1, this yields A \approx 32.434.^[1] The volume V can be derived by considering the truncation process: start with an original cube of edge length c = a(1 + \sqrt{2}) and subtract the volumes of the 8 corner tetrahedra removed, each with orthogonal edge lengths t = a / \sqrt{2} and volume t^3 / 6 = a^3 / (12 \sqrt{2}). The original cube volume is c^3 = a^3 (7 + 5\sqrt{2}), and the total subtracted volume is $8 \times a^3 / (12 \sqrt{2}) = (\sqrt{2}/3) a^3, yielding V = [7 + 5\sqrt{2} - \sqrt{2}/3] a^3 = \frac{21 + 14\sqrt{2}}{3} a^3.^[1] Alternatively, the volume may be computed using vertex coordinates to integrate over the polyhedron, though detailed coordinates are addressed elsewhere. For unit edge length a = 1, V \approx 13.600.^[1] This volume exceeds that of a cube with the same edge length a, which is a^3, as the truncation effectively expands the polyhedron's enclosing space relative to the uniform edge measure.^[12] The formulas assume a uniform edge length a > 0; surface area scales quadratically with a, while volume scales cubically.^[1]

Dihedral Angles

The truncated cube features two types of dihedral angles, determined by the adjacencies between its regular octagonal and equilateral triangular faces. The dihedral angle between two adjacent octagonal faces is exactly 90°, preserving the right angle of the original cube's faces, as truncation does not alter the planes of these faces.^[13] This angle arises because the outward unit normal vectors to adjacent octagons are perpendicular, yielding \cos \theta = \mathbf{n_1} \cdot \mathbf{n_2} = 0.^[14] In contrast, the dihedral angle between a triangular face and an adjacent octagonal face is \arccos\left( -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \right), which approximates to 125.26°.^[13] This value is derived from the dot product of the unit normals to these faces, where the geometric arrangement from vertex truncation results in \cos \theta = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} \approx -0.57735.^[10] More precisely, this angle measures 125° 15′ 51″.^[14] These dihedral angles are crucial for the polyhedron's rigidity, influencing its stability in physical constructions and its capacity for uniform space-filling or spherical tiling without gaps or overlaps.^[13] Compared to the cube's uniform 90° dihedrals, truncation introduces the larger 125.26° angle at triangle-octagon edges, enhancing the overall uniformity while maintaining convexity, as both angles are less than 180°.^[14]

Coordinates and Representations

Cartesian Coordinates

The vertices of a truncated cube with edge length a = 1, centered at the origin, are given by the 24 points obtained from all permutations and all independent sign choices for the coordinates \left( \pm \frac{1}{2}, \pm \frac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{2}, \pm \frac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{2} \right), where the \pm \frac{1}{2} term occupies one of the three axes. This set ensures the octahedral symmetry of the polyhedron, with the smaller coordinate value corresponding to the direction truncated from the original cube's vertices. Unlike many other Archimedean solids, these coordinates involve only the factor \sqrt{2} and do not relate to the golden ratio. The edge vectors are the differences between coordinates of adjacent vertices, where adjacency connects a triangular face to an octagonal face or along an octagonal edge. For example, starting from the vertex \left( \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{2} \right), one adjacent vertex along an octagonal edge is \left( -\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{2} \right), yielding the edge vector \left( -1, 0, 0 \right); another adjacent vertex along a triangular edge is \left( \frac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{2} \right), yielding the edge vector \left( \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, 0 \right). All such vectors have length 1 by construction. The centers of the six octagonal faces are located at \left( \pm \frac{1 + \sqrt{2}}{2}, 0, 0 \right) and cyclic permutations thereof, lying in the planes parallel to the original cube's faces. The centers of the eight triangular faces lie along the directions of the original cube's vertices, at positions r_3 \left( \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \right) for all combinations of signs, where r_3 = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{17 + 12\sqrt{2}}{3}} is the distance from the origin to a triangular face center. These face centers can be computed as the averages of the three or eight vertices of the respective faces. To normalize for edge length a = 1, the above coordinates are already scaled accordingly; for general a, multiply all coordinates by a. The full octahedral symmetry group O_h of order 48 acts on these coordinates via permutations of axes and sign changes, preserving the structure. These Cartesian coordinates provide the foundation for computational geometry tasks, such as deriving the volume through tetrahedral decomposition or integration over the polyhedron's boundary, where the volume V = \frac{21 + 14\sqrt{2}}{3} a^3 can be verified using vertex data via the divergence theorem or surveyor's formula.^[1]

Orthogonal Projections

Orthogonal projections of the truncated cube provide two-dimensional representations that emphasize its Archimedean symmetry and the arrangement of its triangular and octagonal faces. These projections are obtained by aligning the viewing direction with principal symmetry axes of the underlying octahedral group, resulting in views that reveal distinct patterns of visible and occluded features. Such projections are valuable for illustrating the polyhedron's structure without distortion from perspective, preserving parallelism and proportions along the projection direction.^[15] The cube-axis projection, aligned perpendicular to an octagonal face, displays a central regular octagon formed by the projected front face, surrounded by four equilateral triangles adjacent to alternate sides of the octagon and portions of four additional octagons visible at the periphery. In this view, 20 edges are typically visible, with the remaining edges occluded by the foreground faces, highlighting the radial alternation of triangular and octagonal elements around the core. The overall outline remains octagonal, contrasting with the simpler square outline of an untruncated cube projection along the same axis.^[8] In the face-axis projection, oriented perpendicular to a triangular face, the outline appears as a regular hexagon enclosing an internal structure composed of six partial octagons arranged symmetrically around the central triangular projection, interspersed with additional triangular facets. This view reveals 18 visible edges, with occlusions distinguishing front octagons from rear ones, and underscores the polyhedron's vertex figure as a triangle. The hexagonal boundary arises from the projection of the six surrounding octagonal faces' outer edges.^[15] The vertex-axis projection, directed toward a vertex, exhibits threefold rotational symmetry with a layered arrangement of octagons: a smaller inner octagon projected near the center, encircled by intermediate triangular elements and a larger outer octagonal ring formed by projected edges. Approximately 22 edges are visible in this orientation, with layered occlusions creating depth through overlapping polygons, and the triangular symmetry evident in the equal spacing of features. This projection emphasizes the convergence of three squares, three octagons, and three triangles at each vertex.^[15] These projections can be computed using matrix transformations that map 3D coordinates to 2D by selecting two orthogonal basis vectors perpendicular to the viewing axis. For the cube-axis aligned with the z-direction (perpendicular to an octagon), the projection onto the xy-plane is given by [x', y'] = [x, y], discarding the z-coordinate while preserving distances in the plane. Similar transformations apply to other axes by rotating the coordinate system; for instance, along a vertex axis in the (1,1,1) direction, the projection matrix involves orthonormal vectors orthogonal to \mathbf{n} = (1,1,1)/\sqrt{3}, such as \mathbf{u} = (1,-1,0)/\sqrt{2} and \mathbf{v} = (1,1,-2)/\sqrt{6}, yielding [x', y'] = [ \mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{v} ] for a vertex \mathbf{v}.^[15] Key visual elements in these projections include occluded edges hidden behind foreground faces, which can be identified by tracing connectivity without intersections, and distinctions between front and back faces based on size and overlap—the nearer faces appear larger and less distorted. Compared to cube projections, the truncated versions introduce additional polygonal layers and increased edge complexity, transforming simple silhouettes into intricate, symmetric diagrams suitable for analysis. Modern software renders, such as those generated by polyhedron modeling tools, replicate these views for interactive exploration.^[8] Historically, orthogonal projections of the truncated cube appeared in illustrations by Johannes Kepler in his 1619 work Harmonices Mundi, where he depicted all Archimedean solids using parallel projections to convey three-dimensional form on the page, influencing subsequent geometric visualizations. Earlier, Piero della Francesca employed similar orthogonal techniques around 1480 in his Libellus de quinque corporibus regularibus, including views of the truncated cube's circumsphere projection to demonstrate its regularity.^[8]

Spatial Arrangements

Spherical Tiling

The truncated cube realizes a uniform spherical tiling comprising 8 spherical triangles and 6 spherical octagons, where the edges are great circle arcs on the unit sphere.^[16] This configuration arises from projecting the vertices of the Euclidean truncated cube onto the sphere, resulting in 24 vertices that correspond to the truncated positions of the original cube's vertices in spherical geometry.^[1] The tiling fully covers the spherical surface without overlaps or gaps, dividing it into these 14 bounded regions bounded by geodesic edges.^[16] At each vertex of the tiling, the vertex figure is a spherical triangle formed by great circle arcs connecting three adjacent vertices, with two octagons and one triangle meeting in the arrangement (3.8.8).^[1] The interior angles of the spherical polygons exceed their Euclidean counterparts due to the positive curvature of the sphere, adjusting for sphericity while maintaining uniformity.^[16] Unlike icosahedral tilings, this spherical tiling exhibits octahedral symmetry, governed by the full octahedral group O_h of order 48, which acts transitively on the vertices.^[1] The area of each spherical polygon is quantified by its spherical excess, defined for a spherical n-gon as the sum of its interior angles minus (n-2)\pi radians; the total excess across all faces sums to $4\pi steradians, accounting for the full surface area of the unit sphere.^[17] This property follows from the Gauss-Bonnet theorem applied to the closed spherical surface.^[17] Such spherical tilings, including the truncated cube, find applications in cartography through stereographic projections that preserve angles and in the design of geodesic domes based on Archimedean solids for structurally efficient spherical approximations.^[18] Compared to Platonic spherical tilings, the truncated cube's mixed polygonal faces enable more complex subdivisions while retaining high symmetry for modeling curved surfaces.^[16]

Vertex Arrangement

The truncated cube possesses 24 vertices, all of which are equivalent under the full octahedral symmetry group O_h, which consists of 48 elements including rotations and reflections. This symmetry ensures a uniform spatial distribution, with the vertices positioned in a manner consistent with the Archimedean nature of the solid.^[1] These vertices are grouped into 6 sets of 4 coplanar vertices each, corresponding to parallel planes aligned with the faces of the original cube; within each set, the 4 vertices form a square. The triangular faces serve to link these layers, connecting vertices from adjacent sets and facilitating the geometric transition between the octagonal faces. This layered arrangement underscores the polyhedron's derivation from truncating the cube's vertices, resulting in a compact, symmetric configuration that maximizes uniformity.^[19] Inter-vertex distances begin with the nearest neighbors at the edge length a, corresponding to the polyhedron's skeletal connections. Subsequent distances include face diagonals across the regular octagonal faces (short diagonal a(1 + \sqrt{2}), long diagonal a\sqrt{4 + 2\sqrt{2}}), followed by space diagonals that span the interior, up to the maximum antipodal distance of a\sqrt{6 + 4\sqrt{2}}. All vertices lie on a bounding sphere of circumradius R = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7 + 4\sqrt{2}} \, a \approx 1.7788 a, providing a measure of the vertices' enclosure within the polyhedron's extent.^[1] The vertex arrangement of the truncated cube finds application in modeling crystal lattices and molecular structures, particularly for hard-particle systems. Simulations of truncated cube-shaped particles reveal phase behaviors including plastic crystal phases, where the specific vertex configuration enables ordered structures.^[20] Topologically, each vertex exhibits degree 3, joining one triangle and two octagons.^[1]

Decompositions and Graphs

Dissection

The truncated cube can be decomposed into 14 pyramids, with the apex of each pyramid at the geometric center of the polyhedron and the base coinciding with one of the 14 faces (eight equilateral triangles and six regular octagons). The volume of the truncated cube is the sum of the volumes of these pyramids, where each pyramid's volume is given by V = \frac{1}{3} A h, with A the area of the base face and h the perpendicular distance from the center to the plane of that face; this approach provides a general method for computing the volume of any tangential polyhedron like the truncated cube.^[21] Dissections of the truncated cube into simpler polyhedra, such as tetrahedra, are possible and have been studied in the context of cluster models and lattice embeddings. For example, a truncated cube can be subdivided into 154 tetrahedral cells when constructed as a semiregular figure in the cubic lattice by removing eight tetrahedral pyramids from a larger cube, resulting in a non-overlapping union that fills the volume without gaps.^[22] Such decompositions relate to broader geometric constructions, including those using Hill tetrahedra, which are irregular space-filling tetrahedra discovered by M. J. M. Hill in 1896 and used to dissect a cube into six congruent pieces; extensions of these methods apply to truncated forms derived from the cube.^[23] The study of dissections for the truncated cube is historically connected to scissor congruence problems, particularly through the Dehn invariant, introduced by Max Dehn in 1901 to resolve Hilbert's third problem by showing that not all equal-volume polyhedra are equidissectable. The Dehn invariant of a polyhedron is the sum over its edges of the edge length tensor the dihedral angle at that edge, modulo rational multiples of \pi. For the cube, all dihedral angles are \pi/2, yielding a Dehn invariant of zero. In contrast, the truncated cube has dihedral angles of \arccos(-\sqrt{3}/3) \approx 125.26^\circ between triangular and octagonal faces and $90^\circ between adjacent octagonal faces; since \arccos(-\sqrt{3}/3) is not a rational multiple of \pi, the Dehn invariant is nonzero. Thus, even when scaled to equal volume, the truncated cube is not scissor congruent to the cube, as their Dehn invariants differ.^[24]^[25]

Truncated Cubical Graph

The truncated cubical graph is the 1-skeleton of the truncated cube, an Archimedean solid, consisting of 24 vertices and 36 edges, where each vertex has degree 3, making it a cubic graph.^[26] This graph arises from truncating the vertices of a cube, replacing each original vertex with a triangle and adjusting the square faces to octagons, resulting in a 3-regular polyhedral graph.^[26] Key properties include a girth of 3, due to the triangular faces forming odd cycles, which implies the graph is non-bipartite.^[27] It is Hamiltonian, admitting a cycle that visits each vertex exactly once, and has a diameter and radius of 6, measuring the longest shortest path between any pair of vertices.^[27] The graph is isomorphic to the 3-dimensional cube-connected cycle graph, a structure derived by replacing each vertex of a 3-cube (hypercube) with a cycle of length 3.^[26] As a 3-connected planar graph, it embeds without crossings on the sphere (genus 0), corresponding to the topology of the convex polyhedron, though projections onto other surfaces like the torus are possible for visualization.^[26] In applications, the truncated cubical graph serves as a model in network theory, particularly as the cube-connected cycle architecture for parallel computing, offering efficient routing and scalability with fixed degree 3 and logarithmic diameter scaling in higher dimensions.^[28] In chemical graph theory, it models molecular structures for computing topological indices, such as the reformulated Zagreb index, to predict physicochemical properties of compounds with truncated cube-like frameworks. The spectrum of the adjacency matrix consists of eigenvalues $3^1, $2^3, \left(\frac{1 + \sqrt{17}}{2}\right)^3, $1^1, $0^5, (-1)^3, \left(\frac{1 - \sqrt{17}}{2}\right)^3, and (-2)^5.^[26] The characteristic polynomial is

(x - 3)(x - 2)^3(x - 1)x^5(x + 1)^3(x + 2)^5 \left(x^2 - x - 4\right)^3.

^[27] The dual of the truncated cube is the triakis octahedron, a Catalan solid consisting of 24 isosceles triangular faces, 36 edges, and 14 vertices.^[1]^[29] The rhombicuboctahedron is closely related as the expansion of the cube, where vertices are moved outward along edges to form new square faces, contrasting with the truncation process that cuts off vertices to produce triangular and octagonal faces.^[30] The truncated octahedron arises from truncating the octahedron, the dual Platonic solid to the cube; together, these truncations of dual Platonic solids form a pair of Archimedean solids sharing the same octahedral symmetry group.^[2] The cuboctahedron serves as the rectification of the cube, an intermediate form where edges are reduced to points, resulting in 8 triangular and 6 square faces with 12 vertices, bridging the original cube (8 vertices) to the truncated cube (24 vertices).^[31]^[32] In terms of face types, the truncated cube features 8 equilateral triangles and 6 regular octagons, while its relatives like the cuboctahedron introduce squares and the rhombicuboctahedron incorporates 18 squares and 8 triangles, highlighting progressive modifications in edge and face configurations from the cubic parent.^[1] The truncated cube also appears in uniform compounds, such as the compound of five truncated cubes.^[33]

Symmetry Variations

The truncated cube possesses the full octahedral symmetry group O_h, of order 48, which encompasses all rotations and reflections preserving the cube's underlying structure.^[1] This group acts transitively on the 24 vertices, as analyzed via the orbit-stabilizer theorem: the orbit size is 24, implying a stabilizer of order $48/24 = 2 for each vertex, typically a reflection through the plane bisecting the three faces meeting at that vertex.^[34] A chiral variant arises from the rotational subgroup O of order 24, excluding reflections and yielding left- or right-handed forms that maintain orientational symmetry but lack mirror images. Gyrated versions, obtained via gyration operations in Conway polyhedron notation, further emphasize this chirality by twisting the structure along symmetry axes, reducing it to pure rotational symmetry while preserving topological connectivity.^[35] Symmetry mutations reduce the group to subgroups like D_{4h} (square prismatic, order 16) or D_{3d} (trigonal, order 12), achieved through distortions aligned with 4-fold or 3-fold axes, such as partial or asymmetric corner cuts parallel to specific planes.^[34] These lower-symmetry forms result in non-uniform edge lengths or irregular faces, as the relaxation of full octahedral constraints allows deviations from edge-equality while retaining partial axial symmetries.^[34] In such cases, vertex orbits under the reduced group may split into multiple sets, altering the transitive action observed in the full symmetry.^[34] The truncated cube shares its full O_h symmetry with related polyhedra like the rhombicuboctahedron. The truncated cube appears as a cell in several uniform 4-polytopes, extending its structure into higher dimensions. The truncated tesseract, a uniform polychoron serving as the direct 4D analog of the truncated cube, is formed by truncating the regular tesseract and features 8 truncated cubes alongside 16 regular tetrahedra as its cells.^[36] This operation replaces each of the tesseract's 8 cubic cells with a truncated cube, preserving the octahedral symmetry in four dimensions, and the figure has the Schläfli symbol t{4,3,3}.^[36] In prismatic constructions, the truncated cubic prism is a uniform 4-polytope composed of 2 truncated cubes, 6 octagonal prisms, and 8 triangular prisms, demonstrating how the truncated cube integrates with prismatic elements to form convex polychora. Additionally, highlighting relations in runcinated and omnitruncated families. Within 3D honeycombs, the truncated cube is a key component of the truncated cubic honeycomb, a uniform space-filling tessellation that pairs truncated cubes with regular octahedra at each vertex, yielding a vertex figure of a square pyramid.^[37] Alternated truncations involving the truncated cube lead to chiral figures; specifically, the alternated form of the truncated cube relates to the snub cube, a chiral Archimedean solid with 32 triangular and 6 square faces, derived through alternation processes in the full octahedral group.

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Mar 15, 1985 · Truncated Cube. The Archimedean version of a truncated cube3s cannot be embedded in the cubic lattice (since it has faces that are regular ...
[23]
Generalizations of Schöbi's Tetrahedral Dissection
Jun 21, 2008 · Dissections · Hill tetrahedra · Schöbi · Polytopes · Voronoi cell · Source coding · Constant-weight codes.
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(PDF) Dihedral angles between the adjacent faces with a common ...
Aug 16, 2024 · This paper presents the tables that have been prepared using his data tables of the various polyhedra for determining the dihedral angle ...
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[PDF] arXiv:1910.07112v8 [math.KT] 28 Apr 2022
Apr 28, 2022 · The answer, given in 1901 by Dehn is “yes”: the cube and regular tetrahedron are not scissors congruent, even if they have the same volume. Dehn ...Missing: truncated | Show results with:truncated
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Truncated Cubical Graph -- from Wolfram MathWorld
The cubic Archimedean graph on 24 nodes and 36 edges that is the skeleton of the truncated cube. It is implemented in the Wolfram Language as GraphData ...
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truncated cubical graph - Wolfram|Alpha
### Graph Properties of Truncated Cubical Graph
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The cube-connected cycles: a versatile network for parallel ...
An interconnection pattern of processing elements, the cube-connected cycles (CCC), is introduced which can be used as a general purpose parallel processor.
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Triakis Octahedron
Dihedral Angle: acos(−(3+8*sqrt(2))/17), ≈147.350100126 degrees. Dual Solid: Truncated Cube. (values below based on unit-edge-length Truncated Cube). Short ...
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https://www.geom.uiuc.edu/~sudzi/polyhedra/archimedean/rhombi_cubocta.html
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Cuboctahedron - Polytope Wiki
The cuboctahedron, or co, is a quasiregular polyhedron and one of the 13 Archimedean solids. It consists of 8 equilateral triangles and 6 squares.
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Cuboctahedron net volume formula and calculator - RedCrab
Rectification process. The cuboctahedron is the rectification of both the cube and octahedron. By truncating these Platonic solids at their edge midpoints ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Point group symmetries of truncated cubes
A truncated cube is formed by cutting the corners of a cube to create small, equal faces of the form {111}.
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Conway Notation for Polyhedra - George W. Hart
Symmetry: Starting with a symmetric solid, the result usually has the same symmetry, but not always. The only operators which can reduce symmetry are s and g.
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Truncated Hypercube | Visual Insight - American Mathematical Society
Dec 15, 2013 · This particular truncated 4-cube was drawn in a curved style by Jos Leys. You can see more of his 4d polytopes here: • Jos Leys, 4d Polychora. A ...
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Archimedean polychora - MPIFR Bonn
Another type of Wythoffian construnction is the truncation. This corresponds to ringing two nodes in the Coxeter-Dynkin (CD) graph. Here, the vertices of a ...
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https://www.academia.edu/116556410/Coloring_Uniform_Honeycombs
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Uniform polyhedra --- List - George W. Hart
Octahedral Symmetry · stellated truncated cube (2 3 | 4/3) · great triakisoctahedron (face) · compound of stellated truncated cube and dual.<|control11|><|separator|>