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Tubular

Tubular is an adjective meaning having the form, shape, or structure of a tube, or consisting of or provided with tubes.^[1]^[2] The term derives from the Latin tubus, meaning tube or pipe.^[3] It has applications in various fields, including anatomy (e.g., tubular bones), botany, engineering (e.g., tubular structures), and music (e.g., tubular bells). In informal usage, particularly in 1980s surf and youth culture, "tubular" is slang for excellent, awesome, or cool, originating from the thrill of riding inside a wave's tube.^[4]^[5]

Definition and Origins

General Meaning

Tubular is an adjective primarily denoting a structure or form that has the shape of a tube, characterized by being hollow and cylindrical in cross-section, such as pipes used for fluid transport or straws for drinking.^[1] This term emphasizes the presence of an internal void enclosed by a continuous wall, distinguishing it from solid forms.^[6] While both tubular and cylindrical shapes share a circular cross-section, tubular specifically implies hollowness, whereas cylindrical can refer to either solid or hollow configurations, like a solid rod versus a pipe.^[7] In geometric terms, a tubular shape maintains a consistent wall thickness around the hollow core, providing a defined inner and outer diameter.^[2] Hollow tubular designs offer notable physical advantages, particularly a high strength-to-weight ratio, as the material distribution around the perimeter enhances resistance to bending and torsion without excessive mass.^[8] This efficiency arises from the moment of inertia being greater for a given amount of material in hollow sections compared to solid ones of equivalent weight.^[9] Such properties make tubular forms advantageous in various fields, including anatomy and engineering, where lightweight yet robust structures are essential.

Etymology and Linguistic Evolution

The word "tubular" derives from the Latin tubulus, meaning "small tube" or "small pipe," a diminutive form of tubus, denoting a tube or pipe.^[3]^[10] This Latin root entered English as an adjective in the late 17th century, initially adopted in scientific contexts to describe structures resembling tubes.^[10] The Oxford English Dictionary records the earliest known usage in 1682, in Nehemiah Grew's The Anatomy of Plants, where the British botanist and physician applied it to describe elongated, pipe-like features in plant tissues, such as "The Pins being also conceived to be Tubular, and prolonged to any length."^[10]^[11] Grew's work, presented to the Royal Society, marked the term's introduction into English botanical and anatomical literature, emphasizing microscopic observations of vascular and fibrous plant elements.^[12] Over the subsequent century, "tubular" evolved within scientific discourse, transitioning from botany to broader anatomical and physiological applications. In human anatomy, it appeared in descriptions of cylindrical body structures, such as vessels and ducts, building on Grew's foundational analogies between plant and animal forms.^[13] By the early 19th century, the term had become standard in medical texts for denoting tube-shaped organs, reflecting advances in microscopy and comparative anatomy pioneered by figures like Grew.^[14] This linguistic shift paralleled growing precision in scientific nomenclature, where "tubular" provided a concise descriptor for hollow, elongated forms observed under early lenses.^[15] The Industrial Revolution, spanning the late 18th to mid-19th centuries, significantly accelerated the term's adoption in technical and engineering contexts beyond biology. Innovations in manufacturing, such as hollow tubular iron columns introduced in the 1790s for architectural efficiency, and multi-tubular boilers patented in the 1820s for steam engines, popularized "tubular" to describe mechanical and structural components.^[16]^[17] Landmark projects like the Britannia Tubular Bridge in 1850 further entrenched its use in civil engineering, symbolizing the era's emphasis on wrought-iron tubes for strength and economy.^[18] In modern times, the word has briefly adapted into informal slang, particularly in 1980s surf culture to denote excellence, evoking the ideal tube of a wave.

Biological and Anatomical Applications

Tubular Structures in Human Anatomy

Tubular structures in human anatomy encompass a variety of tube-like formations that facilitate essential physiological processes, such as filtration, transport, and nutrient exchange. These structures are characterized by their hollow, cylindrical designs, which optimize fluid flow and cellular interactions throughout the body. In the renal system, nephrons serve as primary tubular filtration units, each consisting of a renal corpuscle and a associated tubule that processes blood filtrate to form urine. The nephron's proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs water, ions, and nutrients, while the loop of Henle and distal tubule fine-tune electrolyte balance and concentration.^[19]^[20] The fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes, exemplify reproductive tubular anatomy, extending from the ovaries to the uterus as paired, muscular conduits approximately 10-12 cm in length. Lined with ciliated epithelium, these tubes capture and transport ova via peristaltic waves and ciliary action, providing a site for fertilization where sperm meet the egg. Their fimbriated ends near the ovaries facilitate ovum uptake, underscoring their role in gamete conveyance.^[21]^[22] Blood vessels form extensive tubular networks that constitute the circulatory system's infrastructure, branching into arteries, veins, and capillaries to deliver oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. Arteries feature thick, elastic walls to withstand high pressure, whereas capillaries, with their thin endothelial linings, enable diffusion across vast surface areas—estimated at 500-1,000 square meters in adults. This networked design ensures efficient systemic perfusion, adapting to varying hemodynamic demands.^[23]^[24] Transport functions are prominently served by tubular segments of the digestive tract, including the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine, which propel ingested material through peristalsis. The small intestine's villi-lined tubes maximize absorption of digested nutrients via a surface area exceeding 200 square meters, while the colon's tubular structure facilitates water reabsorption and waste compaction. These segments' mucosal folds and muscular layers coordinate rhythmic contractions to advance contents over 20-30 hours.^[25]^[26] Structural support is provided by bone marrow cavities, elongated tubular spaces within long bones like the femur and humerus, housing hematopoietic tissue amid a supportive stromal framework. These cavities, filled with red marrow in active sites, maintain bone integrity while enabling blood cell production; yellow marrow predominates in less active areas, serving as an energy reserve. The trabecular architecture surrounding these cavities distributes mechanical loads effectively.^[27]^[28] Pathological conditions uniquely affecting tubular anatomy include acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the kidneys, a leading cause of acute kidney injury triggered by ischemia or nephrotoxins, resulting in epithelial cell death along the nephron tubules. ATN manifests as oliguria and elevated serum creatinine, with proximal tubules most vulnerable due to high metabolic demands; recovery hinges on tubular regeneration, though severe cases may progress to chronic renal failure.^[29]^[30]

Tubular Forms in Plants and Other Organisms

In plants, tubular structures play crucial roles in transport and reproduction, enabling efficient resource distribution and specialized interactions with pollinators. The xylem consists of elongated, tube-like cells, including vessels and tracheids, that form a continuous network for the unidirectional transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots to aerial parts.^[31] These dead, lignified cells provide structural support while facilitating passive flow driven by transpiration. Complementing this, the phloem comprises sieve tubes and companion cells that conduct sugars and organic nutrients bidirectionally, from photosynthetic sites to growing or storage tissues, ensuring balanced resource allocation.^[32] Tubular flowers represent another adaptation in plants, particularly in species like foxgloves (Digitalis purpurea), where elongated corollas form narrow tubes that restrict access to nectar, favoring pollinators with long proboscises such as bumblebees or hummingbirds.^[33] This morphology promotes precise pollen transfer by limiting visitation to compatible species, enhancing reproductive success in competitive ecosystems.^[34] In animals, tubular forms are evident in respiratory and body plan structures. Insects possess a tracheal system of branching, air-filled tubes that deliver oxygen directly to tissues without a circulatory intermediary, allowing rapid diffusion across their exoskeleton.^[35] These tracheae, reinforced by chitin, open via spiracles and extend to cellular levels, supporting high metabolic demands in diverse environments.^[36] Annelid worms, such as earthworms, exhibit elongated tubular bodies divided into repeating segments, with a fluid-filled coelom aiding hydrostatic movement and burrowing.^[37] This design facilitates peristaltic locomotion and internal organ arrangement within a flexible, cylindrical form.^[38] The evolution of tubular structures, particularly vascular tissues in plants, conferred significant advantages by enabling terrestrial colonization and vertical growth. Xylem and phloem allowed vascular plants to transport fluids over long distances, supporting taller statures that outcompeted non-vascular species for sunlight while providing mechanical rigidity against environmental stresses.^[39] This innovation, emerging around 420 million years ago, facilitated nutrient efficiency and structural integrity, driving diversification in seedless and seeded lineages.^[40]

Engineering and Structural Uses

Tubular Elements in Construction and Machinery

Tubular steel is a primary material in construction for scaffolding and structural frames, offering a high strength-to-weight ratio that enables efficient assembly and support in various building projects.^[41] In scaffolding systems, steel tubing provides exceptional durability and reusability, with load-bearing capacities reaching up to 800 KN, making it suitable for supporting heavy workloads on construction sites.^[42] These tubular elements adapt well to complex designs, enhancing safety and stability for workers at height.^[43] The load-bearing advantages of tubular steel stem from its geometric properties, particularly the higher moment of inertia compared to solid sections, which increases resistance to bending, warping, vibration, and impact under pressure.^[41] This design efficiency allows tubular beams and columns to withstand significant longitudinal stress and flexing, reducing material usage while maintaining structural integrity in frames for buildings and temporary supports.^[41] Additionally, the material's rust resistance and low maintenance requirements extend its lifespan, even in harsh environments like marine or industrial settings.^[41] In machinery applications, tubular components are integral to hydraulic cylinders, where seamless or welded steel tubes form the pressure-resistant barrel that guides the piston and channels hydraulic fluid to generate linear force.^[44] Materials such as carbon steel provide cost-effective strength for general use, while stainless steel variants offer superior corrosion resistance in demanding conditions like construction equipment and manufacturing automation.^[44] Tubular conveyors, another key application, employ a stainless steel cable and disc system within a tubular casing to transport bulk materials gently, minimizing breakage and contamination through an enclosed, easy-to-clean design that outperforms traditional screw conveyors in hygiene and maintenance.^[45] The historical development of tubular elements in construction and machinery traces back to the 19th century, particularly with their adoption in boiler construction to meet growing industrial demands for efficient steam generation.^[46] Multitubular boilers, introduced during this period, incorporated multiple tubes to facilitate faster heat transfer from fire to water, producing more steam at higher pressures than earlier single-flue designs.^[46] This innovation, building on wrought-iron riveted construction techniques, supported the expansion of steam-powered machinery and marked a pivotal shift toward more compact and powerful systems in factories and engines.

Tubular Designs in Transportation and Infrastructure

Tubular space frame chassis, constructed from interconnected steel or composite tubes, are widely employed in high-performance race cars to achieve a high strength-to-weight ratio, enabling superior handling and acceleration under extreme loads.^[47] These designs distribute torsional forces effectively across the frame, providing rigidity that resists deformation during cornering or impacts while minimizing overall vehicle mass compared to traditional unibody structures.^[48] For instance, in Formula SAE competitions, tubular space frames fabricated from 4130 chromoly steel tubing allow teams to optimize for safety and ergonomics, with finite element analysis confirming torsional stiffness of approximately 2500–3000 Nm/deg in optimized configurations.^[49] In infrastructure, tubular truss bridges utilize circular hollow sections (CHS) for their aesthetic appeal and structural efficiency, particularly in urban settings where slender profiles minimize visual obstruction.^[50] Examples include the Lully Viaduct in Switzerland, a 1 km-long structure with 43 m spans featuring twin tubular space trusses in a triangular cross-section, which supports a concrete deck while enhancing fatigue resistance through welded K-joints.^[50] Similarly, concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) arch bridges in China, such as the First Hejiang Yangtze River Bridge with its 530 m span, leverage tubular elements for improved local stability and rapid construction via cable-stayed cantilever assembly, reducing project costs by integrating high-strength concrete within steel tubes.^[51] These designs excel in spanning rivers or valleys, offering spans over 400 m with construction times under two years in challenging terrains.^[51] Tubular tunnels, particularly immersed tube variants, form critical links in urban mobility by prefabricating concrete or steel sections on land before submerging them into dredged seabed trenches.^[52] This method ensures watertight connections for vehicular or rail traffic, as seen in the Fort McHenry Tunnel in Baltimore, USA, where twin 2.6 km (1.6 mile) bores composed of 0.8 cm thick steel tubes handle heavy highway loads beneath the Patapsco River.^[53] Advantages include reduced on-site disruption and suitability for shallow waters up to 30 m deep, with backfilling providing seismic stability.^[54] Modern innovations extend tubular designs to bicycles, where carbon fiber frames offer exceptional performance through lightweight tubular constructions that enhance rider efficiency.^[55] These frames can weigh under 1000 grams for road models, providing significant weight reduction over aluminum equivalents while maintaining high stiffness-to-weight ratios for better power transfer during sprints or climbs.^[55] In competitive cycling, such as Tour de France bikes, carbon fiber tubular elements reduce overall bicycle mass to under 7 kg.^[56]

Musical and Acoustic Contexts

Tubular Bells and Percussion Instruments

Tubular bells, also known as orchestral chimes, consist of a set of tuned metal tubes, often made of brass or steel (with historical versions in bronze), suspended vertically in a frame and struck with large rawhide- or plastic-headed mallets to produce resonant, chime-like tones that mimic the sound of church bells.^[57] The tubes vary in diameter from about 30 mm to 40 mm and in length from 0.75 m to 1.55 m, with each tube individually tuned to specific pitches, often spanning a chromatic range from C4 to F5 or G5, allowing for melodic and harmonic contributions within an ensemble.^[57] A damper pedal mechanism enables control over the sustain of the vibrations, facilitating precise rhythmic articulation in performance.^[58] Invented in 19th-century England as a portable alternative to heavy church bells, tubular bells were patented for clock chimes by John Harrington of Coventry in 1884, marking an early application in mechanical music.^[59] They entered orchestral use around the 1880s, with their debut in a symphonic context occurring in 1886 during a performance of Arthur Sullivan's The Golden Legend in Coventry, where their portability and bell-like timbre addressed the need for simulating tower bells without the logistical challenges of actual peals.^[59] By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, instrument makers like J.C. Deagan in the United States refined their design for broader adoption in concert halls, establishing them as a standard percussion instrument in Western classical music.^[60] In orchestral repertoire, tubular bells serve primarily to evoke solemnity, grandeur, or otherworldly atmospheres, often substituting for or augmenting distant bell effects. Notable examples include their prominent role in Gustav Mahler's symphonies, such as the offstage calls in the first movement of Symphony No. 3 (1896), where they underscore themes of nature and eternity, and the thunderous accents in the finale of Symphony No. 6 (1904), heightening dramatic tension.^[61] Their use extends to modern film scores, as in Howard Shore's composition for The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–2003), where tubular bells contribute to the epic, mythical soundscape, particularly in cues evoking ancient rituals and monumental events.

Tubular Components in Organs and Other Instruments

In pipe organs, sound is generated through ranks of tubular pipes, where each rank consists of a graduated set of pipes tuned to produce a uniform timbre across the instrument's range. These pipes, typically cylindrical or conical in shape, function by admitting pressurized air—known as wind—from a central bellows system into the pipe's foot, causing the air column within to vibrate and resonate. The vibration initiates at the pipe's mouth or reed, depending on the pipe type, and the resulting sound waves propagate through the tube, amplified by the organ's windchest. This mechanism allows a single rank to cover an octave or more, with multiple ranks combined via stops to create diverse tonal palettes.^[62] The acoustics of these tubular components rely on the principles of resonance in cylindrical air columns, where the pipe's length determines the fundamental frequency and its harmonics. For open pipes, which have both ends open to the air, the fundamental frequency is given by f = \frac{v}{2L}, where v is the speed of sound and L is the pipe length, allowing even harmonics to form standing waves. In contrast, closed pipes, capped at one end, produce a fundamental frequency of f = \frac{v}{4L}, emphasizing odd harmonics and yielding a distinct, often more reedy timbre. These resonance properties enable precise pitch control, with pipe diameters and materials further shaping overtones for clarity in large venues.^[63]^[64]^[65] Similar principles apply to other musical instruments with tubular bores, such as flutes (cylindrical, producing even harmonics) and clarinets (cylindrical but closed at one end, emphasizing odd harmonics), where the bore shape influences timbre and playing technique. The evolution of tubular components in organs traces back to the ancient hydraulis, a water-powered instrument invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria around 250 BCE, which used hydraulic pressure to maintain steady air flow through bronze pipes for sustained tones. By the early Christian era, pneumatic bellows replaced water mechanisms, leading to the development of the portative and positive organs in medieval Europe. This progression culminated in the 19th and 20th centuries with modern tracker actions, mechanical linkages of wooden trackers and levers that directly connect keys to pipe valves, preserving tactile response while accommodating larger instruments with multiple manuals and pedalboards.^[66]^[67]

Cultural and Informal Meanings

Slang Usage in Surf and Youth Culture

In the 1960s and 1970s, the slang term "tubular" emerged within California surf culture as a descriptor for the hollow, barreling section of a wave—known as the "tube"—that skilled surfers could ride inside, symbolizing the pinnacle of wave-riding excellence.^[68] This usage reflected the technical and aesthetic ideal of surfing, where entering the tube represented mastery and thrill, gradually extending to denote anything outstanding or "awesome" in surfer vernacular.^[69] By the late 1970s, "tubular" had begun infiltrating youth expressions beyond beaches, often paired with intensifiers like "totally tubular" to convey enthusiasm. Into the 1980s, "tubular" evolved into a hallmark of broader youth and Valley Girl slang, detached from its strict surf origins but retaining its connotation of radical coolness.^[69] Films such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982) further propelled its adoption, showcasing stoner-surfer archetypes whose casual, exaggerated speech patterns normalized terms like it in teenage dialogue across America.^[70] This shift marked "tubular" as a playful emblem of 1980s optimism and rebellion, though its peak usage waned by the decade's end as slang trends cycled.

References in Media and Entertainment

The Houston Chronicle's Tubular blog, active from the mid-2000s through the early 2010s, served as a dedicated platform for television criticism and entertainment commentary, featuring recaps of popular shows like Lost and American Idol written by contributors such as Therese Odell.^[71] Launched to capture the growing online interest in TV analysis, the blog incorporated the slang term "tubular" to evoke a fun, nostalgic tone aligned with 1980s youth culture.^[72] In video games, "Tubular" appears as the name of a challenging level in Super Mario World, a 1990 Super Nintendo Entertainment System title developed by Nintendo. This auto-scrolling stage in the Special World requires precise flying mechanics with power-ups like the Super Mushroom or P-Balloon to navigate narrow pipes and avoid hazards, emphasizing platforming skill over exploration.^[73] The term "tubular" has been incorporated into various other media, often nodding to its surf slang origins for a sense of coolness or excitement. In 1980s advertising, Atari's 1982 commercial for its home consoles featured a beach party scene where actors exclaimed "totally tubular" amid surfing imagery and arcade gameplay, promoting the brand's fun, youthful appeal.^[74] Television episodes have used punning titles like the 2013 American Dad! installment "Steve and Snot's Test-Tubular Adventure," where teen characters clone themselves for a school dance in a comedic sci-fi plot.^[75] Books such as Mark Bellomo's 2010 Totally Tubular '80s Toys catalog iconic playthings from the decade, including He-Man figures and Cabbage Patch Kids, framing them through retro slang to celebrate nostalgic pop culture.^[76]

Specialized and Historical Contexts

Mathematical and Geometric Interpretations

In differential geometry, the term "tubular" refers to a neighborhood of a submanifold that locally resembles a bundle of tubes or disks normal to the submanifold, providing a structured way to analyze the geometry around embedded objects. This concept is central to the tubular neighborhood theorem, which asserts that for any smooth embedding of a compact submanifold Y into a smooth manifold X, there exists an open neighborhood \tau(Y) \subset X of Y that is diffeomorphic to an open subset of the normal bundle N_Y X, via a diffeomorphism that restricts to the inclusion map on the zero section Y. The precise definition of an \epsilon-tubular neighborhood, for small \epsilon > 0, is the image under the exponential map of the disk bundle of radius \epsilon in the normal bundle, consisting of all points in X that can be reached by traveling a distance at most \epsilon along geodesics perpendicular to Y, assuming X is equipped with a Riemannian metric. This construction ensures that the neighborhood is a disjoint union of small open disks (or balls in higher dimensions) centered on Y, with no overlap for sufficiently small \epsilon, and it facilitates local coordinates where Y corresponds to the zero section. Tubular neighborhoods find key applications in singularity theory, where they enable the study of singular sets by isolating normal slices around strata, allowing classification of singularities via normal forms within these tube-like regions, as developed in stratified Morse theory for understanding intersection homology.^[77] In Morse theory, they are used to deform functions near critical submanifolds, establishing Thom isomorphisms in the cohomology of tubular neighborhoods and facilitating the computation of manifold topology through handle attachments and flow lines. These tools underpin broader topological invariants, such as those in equivariant settings for group actions on manifolds.

Historical Ethnic and Regional References

In the 19th century, the term "tubular" referred to the Tubalar, a small Turkic ethnic group inhabiting the mountainous regions of southern Siberia in what is now the Altai Republic of Russia.^[78] The Tubalar emerged from the historical merging of Turkic tribes with indigenous Siberian populations, including Ket and Samoyedic groups, and were traditionally nomadic reindeer herders adapted to the taiga and alpine environments. Their Turkic linguistic and cultural affiliations linked them to broader Altaic nomadic traditions, with oral epics and shamanistic practices central to their identity.^[79] The usage of "tubular" in these ethnic historical contexts largely declined after the early 1900s, coinciding with the cultural integration and Russification policies imposed on indigenous Siberian groups under Soviet rule.^[80] By the mid-20th century, forced collectivization, language suppression, and relocation efforts accelerated the assimilation of the Tubalar into broader Russian society, eroding distinct nomadic practices and leading to the obsolescence of older terminologies like "tubular."^[81] Ethnographic references faded as these groups adopted sedentary lifestyles and intermarried with neighboring populations.^[82] As of the 2010 Russian census, the Tubalar population numbered 1,965, primarily in the Altai Republic, where efforts to preserve their language and traditions continue.

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Sep 4, 2024 · Hydraulic tubes are cylindrical components designed to carry hydraulic fluids, such as oil, under high pressure from one part of a system to ...
[50]
How Is a Tubular Conveyor Different From a Screw Conveyor
A tubular cable and disc conveying system is a mechanical conveyor made up of a tubular casing with a cable running through the center. The cable is made from ...
[51]
The History of Steam Boilers: A Journey Through Time
### Historical Development of Tubular Elements in Boiler Construction (19th Century)
[52]
(PDF) Design and Analysis of a Tubular Space Frame Chassis of a ...
This paper showcases various methods of material selection, design optimization techniques and Finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS.
[53]
[PDF] Design and Analysis of a Tubular Space Frame Chassis for FSAE ...
Due to its advantages of easy to be manufactured and easy to be repaired, space frame chassis is the most favorite choice for race car development of newly ...
[54]
[PDF] Design, Manufacturing, and Verification of a Steel Tube Spaceframe ...
This document examines and analyzes the critical factors in designing and building a Formula. SAE chassis from 4130 chromoly steel tubing. The paper focuses on ...
[55]
(PDF) Modern Tubular Truss Bridges - ResearchGate
Aug 9, 2025 · The use of circular hollow section, CHS, members in bridges is increasing. During the design of three recently constructed bridges, ...
[56]
Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Arch Bridges in China - ScienceDirect.com
This paper covers the key construction technologies of CFST arch bridges, such as the design, manufacture, and installation of steel tube arch trusses.<|separator|>
[57]
Immersed Tube Tunnels - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
An immersed tube tunnel is defined as a type of underwater tunnel constructed by first digging a trench in the bed under water, placing prefabricated tunnel ...
[58]
Immersed Steel Tube Tunnels in the U.S.: A Historical Survey
The Fort McHenry Tunnel is the largest highway immersed tube tunnel project ever undertaken in the United States. Each bore is made up of a 0.8-cm (5/16-inch) ...Historical Overview · Steel Tube Tunnels -- Design... · Concrete Pouring Sequence<|separator|>
[59]
How Are Underwater Tunnels Built?
Jan 2, 2025 · An example of this technique is the Channel Tunnel connecting the UK and France. Submerged Floating Tunnels: A less common and more ...Missing: tubular | Show results with:tubular
[60]
The Design Process of an Optimized Road Racing Bicycle Frame
Feb 18, 2022 · For example, a carbon/epoxy bicycle frameset may weigh less than 1 kg, and this is much less than the 5 kg weight of a same steel frame [4].Missing: scholarly | Show results with:scholarly
[61]
Nondestructive Evaluation of Carbon Fiber Bicycle Frames Using ...
Nov 20, 2017 · Bicycle frames made of carbon fibre are extremely popular for high-performance cycling due to the stiffness-to-weight ratio, which enables ...Missing: tubular | Show results with:tubular
[62]
Tubular bells - Vienna Symphonic Library
Tubular bells were developed as an easily portable instrument for everyday use in the orchestra. Their sound was intended to be as close as possible to church ...
[63]
Reimagining Chimes - Yamaha Music
Mar 11, 2021 · The instrument known as chimes (sometimes referred to as tubular chimes or orchestral bells) is not that old, having first appeared in ...
[64]
Seven Things About Chimes You May Not Know - Yamaha Music
Jul 10, 2020 · In 1884, John Harrington, of Coventry, England, patented the first clock-chime of tubular bells. It won gold medals at Invention Expeditions ...
[65]
Tubular Bells - Organology: Musical Instruments Encyclopedia
Historical Background. The history of tubular bells begins in the late 19th century with the work of J.C. Deagan, an American instrument maker. Inspired by ...
[66]
The bells ring out for the first time in Mahler's Third at the Royal ...
Apr 25, 2023 · This will be the first ever performance of Mahler's Third Symphony at the Royal Albert Hall to use real bells. ... tubular bells. Due to ...
[67]
Organ Types and Components
The pipe organ produces sound by directing a steady supply of air through specially-designed pipes. It requires one pipe per key, 61 pipes per manual rank, and ...Missing: tubular | Show results with:tubular
[68]
Resonances of open air columns - HyperPhysics Concepts
An open cylindrical air column can produce all harmonics of the fundamental. The positions of the nodes and antinodes are reversed compared to those of a ...
[69]
Open vs Closed pipes (Flutes vs Clarinets) - UNSW
This page compares the acoustics of open and closed cylindrical pipes, as exemplified approximately by flutes and clarinets, respectively.
[70]
[PDF] Acoustics of Organ Pipes and Future Trends in the Research
A set of pipes producing the same timbre for each note is called a rank and each key on a pipe organ controls a note that may be sounded by differ- ent ranks ...Missing: tubular | Show results with:tubular
[71]
Origin of the Pipe Organ - The Organ Historical Society
The pipe organ originated from the hydraulis, invented by Ktesibios in 3rd century BC, which had four basic components.
[72]
The origins of the Pipe organ:The birth of the ... - Yamaha Corporation
The earliest pipe organs are thought to have been water organs, or hydrauli, developed at that time in northern Africa.<|control11|><|separator|>
[73]
Words of the 80s: Totally Tubular Slang - Dictionary.com
Nov 8, 2017 · Tubular actually means consisting of tubes, and perhaps that is how it became a surf term, first used by the most rad surfers in California in ...
[74]
1980s Slang: 27 Totally Tubular Terms - Mental Floss
Feb 9, 2024 · According to the OED, the word originated in the 1970s as a surfing term meaning “dangerous, challenging,” perhaps in reference to rough seas.
[75]
Big Wednesday: four decades between surfing and myth making
May 15, 2018 · Contemporary surfing culture and iconography have been deeply influenced by the legacy of John Milius' 1978 cult film Big Wednesday.Missing: tubular slang
[76]
https://www.amazon.com/Totally-Tubular-Toys-Mark-Bellomo/dp/1440212821
[77]
'Gag Me With a Spoon!": The Weird Origins of 7 Iconic 80s Idioms
Jul 29, 2024 · THE MEANING: That's awesome! THE ORIGIN: The word “tubular,” which means “having the form of or consisting of a tube,” ...
[78]
Simple as falling off a blog - Chron
By MARY VUONG, Copyright 2006 Houston Chronicle March 30, 2006 ... Unaffiliated blogs include TVgasm and the Chronicle's Tubular at blogs.chron.com/tubular.
[79]
'Lost': SEE YA IN ANOTHA LIFE, BRUTHA! - foolish watcher
May 23, 2020 · Lost May 23, 2020. Nearly 14 years ago, I was invited by the Houston Chronicle's new television blog, Tubular, to write a weekly recap of ...
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Tubular - Super Mario Wiki
May 19, 2025 · Tubular is the second level of the Special Zone in Super Mario World. Little to no ground is present in the level, so the whole level must ...Layout · Enemies · Names in other languages
[81]
Rewind: Atari's Totally Tubular Beach Party-Themed '80s Commercial
Dec 14, 2012 · Rewind: Atari's Totally Tubular Beach Party-Themed '80s Commercial ... starred in Call of Duty ads, a central assumption was that pale, zit ...Missing: surf- | Show results with:surf-
[82]
Steve and Snot's Test-Tubular Adventure - IMDb
Rating 7.5/10 (864) Steve and Snot's Test-Tubular Adventure ... Steve and Snot create two clones so that they can have a date to a school dance, but things do not go as planned.Steve ...
[83]
Totally Tubular '80s Toys: Bellomo, Mark - Amazon.com
You'll find everything from He-Man to Cabbage Patch Kids, Trivial Pursuit to Rubik's Cube, Transformers to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and Pac-Man to Mario ...
[84]
[PDF] Morse theory, stratifications and sheaves - School of Mathematics
Oct 8, 2019 · ... tubular neighborhood is stratified- homeomorphic to the mapping ... ory and structure of the singularities plays a key role in the analysis of ...
[85]
History of the Turkish people in Altai - Face Music
This comprised in the north the Tubular people, the Kumandin, the Chalkan ... In the 19th century, this system had finally collapsed under Russian rule.<|separator|>
[86]
Altaians | Encyclopedia.com
Altaian is the general name for a group of Turkic peoples living in the region of the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia in the Altai Republic.
[87]
(PDF) Pottery of the older settlement phase (Early Bronze Age)
According to Tudor Soroceanu (1991: 65–66), who has extensively addressed this category of pottery at Mureş culture sites, tube-shaped vessels may have also ...
[88]
(PDF) Early Bronze age pottery manufacture in Western Anatolia
Aug 6, 2025 · The spread of distinctive, so-called Early Transcaucasian pottery styles over a wide expanse of Eastern Turkey, Western Iran, and the ...
[89]
Xenophobia and indigenous peoples in Russia. What does ... - Batani
Sep 12, 2022 · The second half of the 20th century. Besides the problem of assimilation, losing the native languages and traditional culture, the challenge ...
[90]
ALTAI REGION AND ALTAI PEOPLE - Facts and Details
Among the Altai groups are the Chelkan, Kumandin, Telengit, Teles, Telut and Tubalar. Most Altai are bilingual in their native Turkic tongue and Russian.
[91]
Soviet Policy on Nationalities, 1920s-1930s - UChicago Library
The Soviet policy on nationalities, or national minorities, was based on Lenin's belief that alongside the “bad” nationalism of predatory colonialist ...