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Victor Cha

Victor D. Cha is an American political scientist and expert specializing in Asian security and peninsula issues. He currently serves as of the and Department and Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), as well as Distinguished University Professor of government at . Cha has authored nine books on and Asian affairs, including the award-winning Alignment Despite Antagonism: The United States-Korea-Japan Security Triangle (1999, recipient of the Ohira Book Prize) and The Impossible State: , Past and Future (2012, selected as a Best Book). During the administration, he held the position of Director for Asian Affairs on the , overseeing policy on , , , , and Pacific Island nations, and served as U.S. Deputy Head of Delegation to the on 's nuclear program, earning two outstanding service commendations. In 2018, nominated Cha as U.S. to , but withdrew the nomination after Cha expressed opposition to a preemptive U.S. on absent support, highlighting his advocacy for coordinated alliance-based approaches to regional threats over unilateral action. A two-time Fulbright Scholar with a Ph.D. from and a B.A. from Oxford University, Cha has influenced U.S. policy through advisory roles, including membership on the Defense Policy Board under the Biden administration (2021-2025) and contributions to organizations like the .

Early Life and Education

Upbringing and Family Influences

Victor Cha was born in on October 27, 1961, to South Korean immigrant parents who arrived in the United States following the . His father, Moon Young Cha, immigrated to pursue graduate studies at , earning a degree from the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1959 and from the Business School in 1961. Cha spent his early childhood in Manhattan's , initially residing at 110th Street and Riverside Drive until age five, with his birth occurring at St. Luke’s Hospital. He grew up in close proximity to Columbia's campus, where family visits exposed him to the university environment from toddlerhood, including playful moments like jumping down the Low Steps in front of the statue. Cha has a younger brother, and these early experiences tied to his father's academic pursuits fostered an initial connection to the institution that Cha later attended as an undergraduate. The family's post-war immigrant status and emphasis on , exemplified by the father's advanced degrees , provided a backdrop of aspiration toward academic and professional achievement amid the challenges of assimilation for in mid-20th-century .

Academic Training and Degrees

Victor Cha earned a degree in from in 1983. Following his undergraduate studies, he pursued graduate training in international affairs, obtaining a from Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs in 1988. He then studied at Oxford University, receiving a Master of Arts with distinction in from College in 1989. Cha returned to for doctoral studies, completing a Ph.D. in in 1994, with research centered on and the U.S.-Japan-Korea security triangle. His academic trajectory emphasized East Asian security dynamics, laying the foundation for his subsequent expertise in Korean Peninsula affairs and U.S. alliances in the region.

Academic Career

Positions and Roles at Georgetown University

Victor Cha joined the faculty of in 1995 as an assistant professor in the Department of Government and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Over the course of his tenure, he advanced to full professor, holding the D.S. Song-KF Endowed Chair in and Government, a position endowed by the to support scholarship on Korean and broader Asian affairs. In October 2023, President appointed Cha as one of eight Distinguished University Professors, recognizing his contributions to scholarship, teaching, and service in and . This honor complements his ongoing role as Professor of Government, with joint appointments in the School of Foreign Service and the Department of Government in the College of Arts & Sciences. Cha has also directed the Asian Studies Program at Georgetown, a role he held through at least the mid-2010s, overseeing interdisciplinary initiatives on , including , , and . In addition to these academic positions, he participates in faculty committees, such as the Initiative for U.S.- Dialogue on Global Issues, contributing to Georgetown's efforts in policy-oriented research and global engagement.

Research Focus and Contributions to Asian Studies

Victor Cha's research primarily examines U.S. in , with a particular emphasis on dynamics, the Korean peninsula, and North Korean security challenges. His work integrates historical analysis, , and empirical data on and regional power balances, often challenging conventional views by highlighting U.S. strategic agency in forming asymmetric during the . For instance, in Powerplay: The Origins of the U.S. Alliance System in (Princeton University Press, 2016), Cha argues that American with , , and originated from deliberate U.S. efforts to manage threats through "powerplay"—binding weaker partners while retaining flexibility for abandonment or risks—rather than mere bilateral necessities. This framework, supported by declassified documents and case studies, has influenced scholarly debates on alliance resilience amid rising Chinese influence. Cha has made significant contributions to understanding through rigorous, data-driven analyses that prioritize verifiable intelligence over speculative narratives. In The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future (Ecco, 2012; updated 2018), he chronicles the regime's survival mechanisms, drawing on defectors' accounts, economic indicators, and assessments to explain its resistance to collapse despite internal frailties and external pressures. His co-authored The Black Box: Methods and Data in the Study of Korean Unification and (Columbia University Press, 2024) addresses methodological gaps in unification studies by compiling quantitative datasets on demographics, economics, and governance, enabling causal modeling of post-division scenarios. These publications, cited over 1,400 times across peer-reviewed outlets, underscore systemic biases in prior toward overly optimistic models, advocating instead for deterrence-focused policies grounded in regime opacity. Beyond monographs, Cha's journal articles have advanced theoretical and policy-oriented insights into Asian security. His piece "Abandonment, Entrapment, and Neoclassical Realism in Asia" (International Studies Quarterly, 2000) refines neoclassical realism by applying it to U.S. alliances, using historical metrics like troop deployments and aid flows to quantify entrapment risks in South Korea and Japan. Similarly, contributions to Survival and Foreign Affairs on credible engagement with Pyongyang emphasize verifiable compliance metrics over diplomatic summits, critiquing approaches that downplay nuclear coercion. At Georgetown University, where he directed the Asian Studies Program from 2009 to 2023, Cha established the M.A. in Asian Studies, securing over $1 million in funding and fostering interdisciplinary research on U.S.-ROK alliances, evidenced by program outputs like the Washington Research Consortium on Korea. His efforts have elevated empirical rigor in the field, countering institutional tendencies toward ideologically driven analyses of regional threats.

Government Service

Service in the George W. Bush Administration

In December 2004, Victor Cha joined the (NSC) as Director for Asian Affairs, overseeing U.S. policy and security issues related to , the Korean Peninsula, , , and the Pacific Islands. His responsibilities included coordinating interagency efforts on alliance management, regional security challenges, and diplomatic engagements in . During his tenure, which lasted until 2007, Cha served as the primary NSC point person for these portfolios, reporting to senior officials on developments such as North Korea's nuclear program and trilateral cooperation with and . A key aspect of Cha's service involved multilateral diplomacy on the North Korean nuclear threat. He acted as Deputy Head of the U.S. Delegation at the in , supporting lead negotiator Christopher Hill in negotiations aimed at denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula through coordinated efforts with , , , and . These talks, initiated in 2003 and continuing through Cha's period, resulted in temporary agreements like North Korea's 2005 commitment to abandon nuclear weapons and the 2007 enablement actions protocol, though implementation faltered amid verification disputes. Cha's role emphasized integrating alliance interests with pressure tactics against , reflecting the Bush administration's shift from initial confrontation to conditional engagement. Cha received two Outstanding Service commendations from the NSC for his contributions, highlighting his effectiveness in managing complex regional dynamics. Prior to formal appointment, he provided advisory input on Asian as an academic consultant, testifying before on issues like the U.S.-Korea-Japan triangle and North contingencies. His service bridged scholarly expertise with operational policy, informing responses to events such as the 2006 North tests and test.

Nomination for U.S. Ambassador to South Korea and Withdrawal

In 2017, the administration selected Victor Cha, a expert and former official, to serve as U.S. to , formally notifying the South Korean government of its intent to nominate him. The ambassadorial post had remained vacant since January 2017, following the departure of Mark Lippert amid escalating tensions on the Korean Peninsula, including North Korea's series of and tests. On January 30, 2018, the White House abruptly withdrew Cha from consideration before submitting his nomination to the Senate, citing irreconcilable policy differences on North Korea. The core disagreement centered on Cha's opposition to a potential "limited" preemptive strike—often termed a "bloody nose" option—against North Korean military targets to deter further provocations without triggering full war. In an op-ed published that day in The Washington Post, Cha argued that such an action would likely provoke a massive North Korean retaliation, potentially devastating Seoul—located just 35 miles from the demilitarized zone and home to 10 million residents—and escalating to nuclear conflict, rendering the strategy self-defeating. He advocated instead for enhanced sanctions, alliances, and deterrence short of military action. The withdrawal highlighted internal administration debates over coercive options amid Pyongyang's advancing capabilities, with Cha's hawkish yet risk-averse stance on denuclearization clashing with considerations of strikes floated by some officials. Although some anonymous diplomatic sources in claimed the decision unrelated to policy, contemporaneous reporting from U.S. outlets consistently attributed it to these views, underscoring Cha's prioritization of and empirical risks over untested tactics. The episode left the ambassadorship unfilled until later in 2018, when Harry Harris was nominated.

Think Tank and Advisory Roles

Leadership at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)

Victor Cha assumed the role of inaugural Korea Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in May 2009, shortly after concluding his academic leave from . In this capacity, he established and led the first permanently endowed U.S. policy studies program dedicated to , expanding CSIS's existing chairs on and into a comprehensive Korea initiative focused on security, alliances, and economic issues in . The program, under his direction, has prioritized empirical analysis of Korean Peninsula dynamics, including North Korea's nuclear program and U.S. extended deterrence commitments, producing policy-relevant reports grounded in historical data and strategic assessments rather than speculative narratives. Cha advanced to Senior Vice President for at CSIS, overseeing broader regional programming, before ascending to President of the and Department, a position he holds as of 2025. His leadership has emphasized interdisciplinary collaboration, integrating geopolitical risk modeling with alliance management strategies; for instance, he directed the CSIS Commission on Policy and Extended Deterrence, which in January 2023 issued recommendations based on declassified intelligence trends and alliance simulation exercises to strengthen U.S.- deterrence amid escalating DPRK tests (over 90 launches documented in 2022 alone). This effort built on earlier program milestones, such as the 2019 10-year anniversary event, which highlighted sustained output including congressional testimonies and bilateral dialogues with Korean counterparts. Key initiatives under Cha's tenure include the U.S.-Korea NextGen Scholars Program, launched to cultivate emerging experts through mentorship and data-driven research on alliance resilience, and contributions to CSIS compendia like Navigating Disruption: Ally & Partner Responses to U.S. Foreign Policy (2025), which analyzes empirical shifts in Indo-Pacific partnerships post-2020 U.S. elections using alliance treaty metrics and trade volume indicators. His oversight has yielded targeted publications, such as the April 2024 analysis Breaking Bad: South Korea's Nuclear Option, which evaluates proliferation risks through causal modeling of DPRK advancements (e.g., solid-fuel ICBM yields estimated at 1-2 megatons) and alliance cost-benefit frameworks, cautioning against unilateral ROK armament absent verifiable U.S. guarantees. These outputs reflect Cha's emphasis on verifiable metrics over ideological priors, informing U.S. policy debates with primary-source reliance on DoD reports and IAEA inspections rather than unverified media claims.

Other Policy Advisory Positions and Fellowships

In addition to his leadership roles at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Cha served on the United States Defense Policy Board from 2021 to 2025, having been appointed by the Biden administration to provide advisory input to the Secretary of Defense on matters of national security and defense strategy. Cha holds a non-resident senior fellowship in Human Freedom at the George W. Bush Institute in Dallas, Texas, where his work focuses on initiatives addressing human rights challenges, particularly in North Korea. He also serves as an adjunct senior fellow at the East-West Center, contributing expertise on Asia-Pacific geopolitics, Korean Peninsula issues, and U.S. alliances in the region. In 2022, Cha was elected to the board of directors for the , an organization dedicated to promoting democratic institutions globally, and to the board of The Korea Society, which advances understanding of through policy dialogue and cultural exchange. These roles involve strategic oversight and advisory contributions to nonprofit efforts in and .

Publications and Intellectual Output

Major Books and Monographs

Cha has authored or co-authored nine books on Asian security, U.S. alliances, , and related topics, with several recognized as seminal works in scholarship. His early monograph, Alignment Despite Antagonism: The United States-Korea-Japan Security Triangle (, 1999), analyzes trilateral security cooperation from 1965 to 1998, positing a "quasi-alliance" model where U.S. bilateral ties with and foster alignment despite bilateral historical frictions. The book earned the 2000 Masayoshi Ohira Memorial Prize for its contributions to understanding East Asian security triangles. In Powerplay: The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia (, 2016), Cha theorizes the U.S. preference for bilateral "hub-and-spokes" alliances over multilateral institutions post-World War II, attributing this to strategic control amid unipolar dominance and fears of allied abandonment or entrapment. The work draws on and historical case studies to explain the system's durability against challenges like China's rise. Cha’s expertise on features prominently in The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future (Ecco, 2012), which dissects the regime's ideological foundations, leadership succession, , and economic isolation, informed by his service and visits to . Selected by as a top book of 2012, it critiques engagement policies while outlining denuclearization preconditions based on regime behavior patterns. Co-edited Nuclear North Korea: A Debate on Engagement Strategies (Columbia University Press, 2003; updated 2018) structures scholarly arguments for and against diplomatic outreach versus , incorporating Cha's chapter on coercion's limits and updated analyses of post-2017 tests. Recent monographs include Korea: A New History of South and North (co-authored with Ramon Pacheco Pardo; , 2023), tracing peninsula developments from late-19th-century modernization through division and contemporary unification s, using archival data on great-power influences. The Black Box: Demystifying the Study of Korean Unification and (Columbia University Press, 2024) applies data scraping, microsurveys, and doctrinal analysis to illuminate regime opacity, yielding empirical insights on unification scenarios and policy failures.

Key Articles, Reports, and Op-Eds

Victor Cha has contributed extensively to discourse through articles, reports, and op-eds, often focusing on U.S. toward , alliance management in , and nuclear challenges. His writings emphasize hawkish realism, advocating sustained pressure on while critiquing overly optimistic engagement approaches. In a prominent 2002 Foreign Affairs article, "Winning Asia," Cha argued for strengthening U.S. alliances in the region to counterbalance China's rise and North Korea's threats, proposing deeper trilateral cooperation among the U.S., , and despite historical frictions. This piece, published amid shifts in U.S. foreign policy, highlighted the need for forward-deployed forces and joint military exercises to deter aggression. Cha gained widespread attention with his January 30, 2018, Washington Post , "Giving North Korea a 'bloody nose' carries a huge risk to Americans," where he warned against limited military strikes on , noting they could provoke massive retaliation against U.S. allies and bases, potentially killing tens of thousands. The piece, informed by his experience, underscored 's artillery capabilities targeting , influencing debates on "" rhetoric during the administration. Other notable op-eds include his September 15, 2021, Washington Post contribution, "There's a simple option for defusing the coming crisis with ," which called for resuming U.S.- military exercises to signal resolve amid stalled denuclearization talks. Co-authored with , a November 22, 2019, Washington Post piece (also published via CSIS) critiqued alliance strains under , urging renewed commitment to the U.S.- mutual defense amid burden-sharing disputes. Key CSIS reports include "Challenges for Korean Unification Planning" (December 1, 2011), which analyzed economic, political, and security hurdles to absorbing , estimating costs exceeding $1 trillion while advocating preemptive alliance preparations. In "The Politics of U.S.-Korea Civil Cooperation" (November 24, 2015), Cha examined domestic barriers to agreements, recommending streamlined approvals to bolster nonproliferation incentives. His 2020 analysis, "Splendid Isolation: and ," detailed Pyongyang's border closures and self-reliance campaigns, arguing they masked internal vulnerabilities without altering ambitions. Cha has published op-eds in outlets including the , , , and , frequently addressing alliance dynamics and North Korean provocations.

Policy Positions and Analyses

Perspectives on North Korea's Nuclear Threat and Denuclearization

Victor Cha assesses North Korea's nuclear arsenal as an acute and evolving threat to U.S. , South Korea, Japan, and the broader Indo-Pacific region, emphasizing that Pyongyang perceives nuclear weapons as indispensable for regime survival amid perceived external hostility. He highlights advancements such as multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), sea-based ballistic missiles, and potential submarine-launched capabilities, which challenge existing missile defenses and increase the risk of escalation. Cha argues that North Korea's program, now estimated to include dozens of warheads and delivery systems capable of striking the U.S. homeland, represents a departure from Cold War-era deterrence dynamics due to the regime's internal instability and coercive bargaining tactics. Cha maintains that the objective of complete, verifiable, and irreversible denuclearization (CVID) remains the cornerstone of U.S. policy toward , rejecting alternatives like or tolerated as insufficient for long-term stability. He contends that Pyongyang's leadership, centered on , views nuclear weapons not merely as deterrents but as leverage for extracting concessions, rendering voluntary denuclearization improbable without sustained external coercion. In analyses of past negotiations, including the 2018-2019 Trump-Kim summits, Cha credits initial "maximum pressure" sanctions for prompting but criticizes subsequent U.S. concessions—such as halting exercises without verified dismantlement—as enabling North Korean obfuscation and program expansion. Regarding feasibility, expresses realism about the challenges, noting that North Korea's entrenched nuclear infrastructure, including undeclared sites and foreign assistance from and , complicates verification efforts. He advocates a multifaceted combining intensified sanctions, trilateral U.S.-South Korea-Japan extended deterrence (including nuclear consultations), and targeted diplomacy focused on interim verifiable steps like fissile material freezes or test moratoriums, rather than premature grand bargains. Cha links denuclearization prospects to broader regime behavior, arguing that progress requires addressing North Korea's abuses and illicit activities, as isolated nuclear talks have historically failed to yield lasting compliance. While eschewing preventive military strikes due to the potential for catastrophic retaliation, he supports bolstering alliance capabilities to deter adventurism and signal resolve.

Views on U.S. Alliances and Strategy in East Asia

Victor Cha has argued that the deliberately constructed a bilateral "hub-and-spokes" alliance system in during the early era as a strategic "powerplay" to maintain dominance over its allies and mitigate risks of abandonment or . Unlike the multilateral framework in , this network of discrete bilateral treaties—with , , , the , and —prevented regional powers from forming independent coalitions that could exclude or balance against the , ensuring American centrality in Asian . Cha contends this , rooted in unipolar power post-World War II, fostered stability by subordinating allies' autonomy to American leadership, a structure that has persisted due to its effectiveness in deterring aggression and promoting under auspices. In contemporary strategy, Cha views these alliances as indispensable for countering assertiveness and the emerging axis of , , , and , emphasizing their role in deterrence and collective resilience amid geopolitical shifts. He advocates modernizing the system through enhanced burden-sharing, noting that allies like contribute approximately $1.5 billion annually in host-nation support as of 2025, while provides $1.05 billion, set to rise to $1.14 billion in 2026, reflecting their economic capacity to offset costs. Cha stresses that allies must increase defense spending, overcome domestic political hurdles to , and integrate commitments with economic measures to resist Chinese , arguing that "without , there is no commercial opportunity, there is only commercial by ." For specific allies, Cha recommends deepening bilateral ties while expanding regional coordination without diluting the hub-and-spokes model. In , he supports revising the (SOFA) for greater access to dispersed bases, such as in the Nansei Islands, and establishing joint operational commands to enhance deterrence against and . For , he proposes reorienting Forces Korea for broader roles, potential adjustments in troop levels based on allied capabilities, and preparing for "dual contingencies" involving both North Korean threats and scenarios, urging to elevate defense budgets to cover such demands. Cha warns that failure to adapt risks eroding alliance credibility, but maintains the system's flexibility allows the to lead without ceding strategic initiative to rivals.

Critiques of U.S. Foreign Policy Approaches

Victor Cha has critiqued the Obama administration's "strategic patience" approach to as overly passive, enabling to expand its and arsenals without sufficient pressure or incentives for verifiable denuclearization. In a 2015 Senate testimony, he described the policy as allowing to advance its capabilities "every day" while U.S. efforts focused on waiting for regime-initiated talks that never materialized on acceptable terms. Cha contrasted this with the need for "effective deterrence," including tighter sanctions enforcement, enhanced military exercises with allies, and coordinated pressure to raise the costs of provocation, rather than rhetorical commitments to dialogue absent leverage. Cha has similarly faulted broader U.S. engagement strategies since the 1990s for repeatedly conceding economic aid and sanctions relief in exchange for temporary freezes that violated, as seen in the collapse of the 1994 due to covert enrichment. In his 2012 book The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future, he argues these approaches misread Pyongyang's survival imperatives, treating nuclear development as negotiable rather than a non-negotiable hedge against collapse, leading to policy cycles of optimism followed by betrayal. He advocates —combining diplomatic isolation, financial interdiction, and alliance deterrence—over incentives-first models, warning in a 2003 co-authored analysis that engagement without enforcement rewards and erodes credibility. More recently, Cha has warned against high-level U.S.- summits yielding "big, bold, and very bad" deals that prioritize optics over substance, as potentially pursued in a second term, where Kim Jong-un's strengthened position could extract concessions like sanctions easing without irreversible dismantlement or intrusive inspections. In a May 2025 Foreign Affairs article, he highlighted how such rushed diplomacy risks legitimizing 's arsenal, echoing past failures by sidelining verification and accountability. Cha also critiques U.S. policy for underemphasizing allied burden-sharing in , noting in a March 2025 Senate testimony that Indo-Pacific partners lag in defense spending and trade reciprocity, weakening collective responses to threats from and despite U.S. overextension. He further argues that security-centric deals have marginalized , allowing Pyongyang's abuses to persist unchecked in favor of elusive nonproliferation gains.

Recognition, Criticisms, and Influence

Awards, Honors, and Academic Distinctions

Victor Cha received the Hubert H. Humphrey Award from the in 2023, recognizing notable public service by a political scientist. In the same year, named him Distinguished University Professor, its highest honor for tenured faculty members. At , Cha was awarded the Dean's Teaching Award in 2010, the Distinguished Research Award in 2011, and the Distinguished Award in 2016. He earned a BA with honors from Oxford University and holds a , , and BA from . Cha is a two-time Fulbright Scholar and recipient of a fellowship. He served as an Olin Fellow at , as well as a Fellow, CISAC Fellow, and Koret Fellow at .

Criticisms and Debates Surrounding His Hawkish Stance

Cha's advocacy for "hawk engagement"—a strategy blending conditional with deterrence, sanctions, and of North Korean commitments—has elicited critiques from engagement-oriented scholars who argue it overly prioritizes over opportunity. In a structured with , Cha contends that unconditional engagement rewards Pyongyang's duplicity, as evidenced by repeated violations of agreements like the 1994 , where pursued covert uranium enrichment despite pledges. Kang counters that Cha's conditional framework demands too much upfront compliance from a regime incentivized by survival fears, potentially foreclosing incremental trust-building measures that could test denuclearization sincerity. This exchange underscores broader academic contention that hawkish preconditions harden North Korean resolve, perpetuating rather than catalyzing reform. Critics on the diplomatic left, including some South Korean policymakers aligned with the , have faulted Cha's emphasis on regime fragility and inevitable collapse—as articulated in his 2012 book The Impossible State—for underestimating Pyongyang's adaptive authoritarianism and over-relying on external pressure without viable internal catalysts. They assert this perspective contributed to Bush-era policy rigidity, where Cha's insider role at the prioritized advocacy and skepticism, yielding no verifiable dismantlement despite revelations of North Korea's 2002 uranium program. Such views, per detractors, risk escalatory miscalculations by framing the regime as a "" impervious to calibrated incentives, ignoring historical precedents like Libya's 2003 under assured security guarantees. Conversely, debates among hawks highlight Cha's perceived restraint, particularly his opposition to "bloody nose" preventive strikes during the administration's 2017-2018 deliberations. Administration officials criticized Cha's testimony that limited attacks could provoke overwhelming retaliation—potentially involving 25 million residents within artillery range and U.S. assets in —for prioritizing catastrophic risks over demonstrative resolve against North Korea's ICBM tests, which reached U.S. soil capability by November 2017. This stance led to his 2018 withdrawal as ambassador nominee, with hardliners viewing it as insufficiently aggressive amid Pyongyang's sixth test (estimated 150-250 kiloton yield) and Hwasong-15 missile launch. These intra- and inter-factional critiques reflect causal tensions in policy realism: Cha's framework, grounded in North Korea's 70-year record of treaty breaches and 2006-2017 nuclear expansions despite sanctions totaling over $10 billion in enforcement costs, prioritizes verifiable over optimism. Yet opponents, often from institutions favoring multilateral incentives, argue it neglects survival as a denuclearization lever, as seen in recent responses questioning Cha's dismissal of phased deals post-2018 Singapore summit. Empirical outcomes—North Korea's arsenal growth to 50-60 warheads by —bolster Cha's caution against naive engagement but fuel charges of policy paralysis.

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