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W18 engine

A W18 engine is an eighteen-cylinder piston engine featuring three banks of six cylinders arranged in a W configuration around a common crankshaft, typically with the banks angled at 40 to 75 degrees to optimize compactness and power density.^[1]^[2] This layout allows for high displacement and output in a relatively short block length, making it suitable for applications requiring substantial power, though its complexity has limited widespread adoption.^[3] Historically, W18 engines found primary use in aviation and marine propulsion during the early 20th century, when multi-cylinder designs were pursued for heavy aircraft and boats. The Daimler-Mercedes D VI, developed in 1918 as a 44.3-liter water-cooled W18 for large German R-class bombers, produced around 520 horsepower but saw no production due to the end of World War I.^[3] More successfully, Italian manufacturer Isotta Fraschini produced the Asso 750 W18 in 1927, a 47.1-liter engine delivering 750 horsepower at 1,600 rpm, which powered aircraft such as the Caproni Ca.111 reconnaissance plane and the Savoia-Marchetti S.55X flying boat notable for its 1933 transatlantic formation flight.^[1] An upgraded Asso 1000 variant followed in the 1930s, increasing output to 1,000 horsepower and 57.3 liters displacement, while marine adaptations like the supercharged ASM 184 reached 1,500 horsepower for torpedo boats used by Italy, Finland, Sweden, and Britain into the 1960s; later diesel evolutions by CRM Motori extended the design's lifespan over 90 years.^[1] In automotive contexts, W18 engines have remained experimental or conceptual, reflecting their rarity in road vehicles due to manufacturing challenges and emissions regulations. Volkswagen Group's Bugatti concepts from 1998 to 2000, including the EB 118 and EB 18/4 Veyron, featured a 6.25-liter naturally aspirated W18 producing 547 horsepower, conceived by Ferdinand Piëch as three fused VR6 units but ultimately replaced by a W16 for the production Veyron to enable turbocharging and higher output.^[4] Similarly, Mercedes-Benz explored an 8.0-liter W18 in the early 1990s for the W140 S-Class flagship (codenamed "800 SEL"), comprising three 2.6-liter inline-sixes at 75-degree angles for up to 680 horsepower and 590 lb-ft of torque, but abandoned it in favor of the simpler 6.0-liter V12 due to cost and complexity.^[5] Most recently, in October 2025, Porsche patented a turbocharged W18 design with three 60-degree banks of six cylinders—each bank fed by its own turbocharger—for enhanced airflow efficiency and a block length comparable to a straight-six, potentially for future hybrid hypercars amid the company's commitment to internal combustion alongside electrification.^[2]

Design and Configuration

W Engine Layout

The W engine is a reciprocating piston engine configuration featuring three banks of cylinders arranged in a W shape when viewed from the front, all sharing a single crankshaft. This design differs from inline layouts, where cylinders align in a straight row, and V configurations, which use two angled banks; instead, the W formation positions two outer banks symmetrically around a central bank, creating a compact triangular cross-section that converges on the crankshaft.^[6] In a typical cross-section, the central bank stands vertically or near-vertically, while the outer banks angle outward at approximately 60 degrees each, allowing pistons to reciprocate toward the shared crankpins without interference.^[7] The evolution of W configurations began with early aviation engines like the 1917 Napier Lion W12, which used three banks of four cylinders each at 60-degree intervals for broad-arrow symmetry, and progressed to higher cylinder counts such as W18 by scaling bank sizes while maintaining narrow overall angles for compactness. Modern variants, such as the production W16 and experimental W18 designs, often incorporate narrow-angle adaptations—such as 60-degree bank separations—to further reduce dimensions, evolving from modular VR (narrow-V) building blocks where two such units combine to form the W shape.^[6]^[8]^[9] Mechanically, all banks connect to a common forged crankshaft with offset crankpins to accommodate paired connecting rods, enabling a firing order that distributes combustion events evenly—such as 1-3-5-2-4-6 for simpler W12 variants—to minimize torque fluctuations. This shared crankshaft and symmetric layout contribute to inherent balance characteristics, where primary and secondary forces from multiple cylinders cancel more effectively than in a straight-18 engine, reducing overall vibration through shorter crank length and lower torsional flex.^[8]^[10] The W layout excels in power density by packing numerous cylinders into a footprint comparable to a smaller V engine, while its narrow profile enhances packaging efficiency for high-performance applications requiring substantial displacement without excessive length or width.^[11]^[9]

W18-Specific Features

The W18 engine extends the W configuration to eighteen cylinders arranged in three banks of six, with bank angles typically between 40 and 60 degrees to one another—as in early aviation examples like the Daimler D VI at 40 degrees and recent patents like Porsche's at 60 degrees—for improved balance, reduced vibration, and a more compact overall length compared to inline or V equivalents.^[3]^[12] This layout converges the banks on a single crankshaft, allowing scalability while minimizing the engine's frontal area and height.^[13] Cooling in W18 engines presents unique challenges due to the multi-bank setup, often employing water-cooling systems with intricate coolant passages to ensure even temperature distribution across the closely packed cylinders.^[3] Early designs incorporated water jackets around each cylinder and copper intake manifolds for heat dissipation, while modern variants prioritize airflow separation to maintain cooler intake charges and prevent hotspots in the dense arrangement.^[12] Lubrication systems address similar complexities by using centrally driven oil pumps connected to the crankshaft, distributing oil through shared galleries to all banks while managing higher oil volumes needed for the increased surface area.^[3] Valve and camshaft arrangements in W18 engines accommodate the high cylinder count with dedicated overhead camshafts per bank; historical examples feature a single overhead camshaft per row actuating one intake and one exhaust valve per cylinder via rocker arms, totaling 36 valves.^[3] Contemporary designs typically employ dual overhead cams per bank to manage four valves per cylinder, enabling better breathing and higher revs in the 72-valve setup.^[14] Fuel and ignition systems are adapted for uniform delivery across eighteen cylinders, with early carbureted setups using multiple inline carburetors—one per bank—and dual magnetos for redundant sparking.^[3] Modern implementations incorporate electronic sequential fuel injection to optimize distribution and timing, paired with coil-on-plug ignition for precise control in high-output applications.^[12] W18 engines achieve compactness through material choices like aluminum blocks and heads in recent prototypes, with overall lengths often under 2 meters to fit automotive bays, though weights vary significantly based on displacement—for example, the 44.3-liter Daimler D VI weighed 742 kg—while modern aluminum prototypes are lighter.^[14]^[3]

History and Development

Early Aviation Origins

The W18 engine configuration originated during World War I amid the urgent demand for high-power aviation engines to propel large strategic bombers and long-range reconnaissance aircraft, surpassing the capabilities of prevailing V12 and radial designs.^[3] In response to the German Inspectorate of Aviation's (Idflieg) 1915 specification for a 500 hp powerplant, Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft initiated development of the Mercedes D.VI in October of that year, marking the layout's debut with its first test run in 1916.^[15] This water-cooled engine arranged three banks of six cylinders around a common crankshaft, with the central bank upright and the flanking banks inclined at 40 degrees to minimize overall width; it displaced 44.3 liters, delivered 513 hp at 1,440 rpm for takeoff, and weighed approximately 742 kg.^[3] Intended for Riesenflugzeuge (R-planes) like those from Zeppelin-Staaken, only a handful of units were completed by the Armistice, and none entered operational service due to the war's abrupt end and subsequent Treaty of Versailles restrictions on German aviation.^[3] In the 1920s and 1930s, the W18 layout saw sporadic adoption as nations vied in an aero engine arms race, driven by pursuits of speed records, long-distance formations, and advanced military seaplanes that demanded compact, high-output powerplants.^[16] France's Hispano-Suiza 18R, initiated in 1928 specifically for the Schneider Trophy seaplane contest, exemplified this era's racing focus; its liquid-cooled design derived from the 12Nb V12, employing three banks at 80 degrees with a 54.1-liter displacement and supercharger enabling up to 1,200 hp at 2,000 rpm in flight testing, though initial targets reached 1,680 hp on the bench.^[16] Approximately four examples powered experimental racers, including two Nieuport-Delage NiD-650s and two Bernard H.V.120s, but developmental delays and airframe issues prevented competitive success in the 1929 or 1931 events, highlighting the configuration's complexity for high-speed applications.^[16] Italy advanced the W18 for both racing and military roles, with Isotta Fraschini's Asso 750 entering production in the late 1920s as a water-cooled unit producing 750–900 hp from a similar three-bank setup at 40-degree angles from the center bank.^[1] This engine equipped torpedo bombers and flying boats like the Savoia-Marchetti S.55, which formed the backbone of Italo Balbo's 1933 transatlantic mass flights of 24 seaplanes from Rome to Chicago, demonstrating the layout's viability for extended maritime operations.^[1] An upgraded variant, the Asso 1000, followed in the 1930s with a 57.3-liter displacement and output up to 1,100 hp at 1,800 rpm, powering record-setting aircraft such as the Caproni Ca.90.^[1] A key technical evolution during this period involved refining bank angles for enhanced aerodynamics; while early designs like the D.VI used 40 degrees and the 18R 80 degrees, the configuration's adaptability allowed for better integration with streamlined cowlings, reducing drag and improving efficiency in pursuit of higher speeds.^[1]

Mid-20th Century Experiments

During World War II, Czechoslovakian firm Tatra engineered the T955, an experimental air-cooled diesel W18 prototype intended for heavy bomber applications. The engine displaced 22.2 liters with a bore of 110 mm and stroke of 130 mm, delivering a maximum output of 220.6 kW (296 hp) at 2,000 rpm.^[17] Development was ultimately canceled amid wartime disruptions and shifting priorities under German occupation.^[18] By the late 1960s, interest in W18 configurations extended to motorsport, as evidenced by Ferrari's 1967 W3 prototype—a single module of three cylinders designed as a building block for a potential 3.0-liter W18 engine aimed at Formula One racing. This compact three-bank layout was tested to evaluate feasibility for high-revving performance but was abandoned in favor of more conventional V12 architectures due to complexity and regulatory constraints on engine configurations. Following World War II, experimental W18 development in aviation waned sharply as jet engines supplanted piston designs for their superior speed and reliability in military and commercial roles.^[19] Efforts pivoted toward ground vehicles, driven by demands for fuel-efficient, high-power units in trucks and racing cars during an era of oil crises and emissions regulations. Key challenges included persistent reliability problems in diesel W18 variants, such as cooling inconsistencies and vibration in multi-bank setups, alongside racing-specific hurdles like homologation rules favoring simpler cylinder arrangements.^[1]^[18]

Modern Prototypes and Patents

In the late 1990s, Mercedes-Benz explored the development of the M216 engine, an 8.0-liter W18 configuration designed as three banks of six cylinders for potential use in the W140 S-Class flagship sedan, codenamed the 800 SEL.^[5] This prototype aimed to deliver up to 680 horsepower and 800 Nm of torque through advanced engineering, but the project was ultimately canceled due to prohibitive development costs exceeding those of existing V12 options and emerging stricter emissions regulations that favored more compact powertrains.^[20] The M216 represented Mercedes' attempt to outpace rivals like BMW's experimental V16 engines by pushing cylinder counts to extremes, though it never progressed beyond conceptual blueprints and early testing phases.^[21] Simultaneously, Bugatti, under Volkswagen Group ownership, showcased multiple W18-powered concept vehicles that laid the groundwork for its hypercar revival. The EB 118 coupe, unveiled at the 1998 Paris Motor Show, featured a 6.3-liter naturally aspirated W18 engine producing 547 horsepower, paired with permanent all-wheel drive to demonstrate the layout's potential in a grand touring format.^[22] This was followed by the EB 218 sedan in 1999, which retained the same powertrain to explore luxury sedan applications, and further refined in the 18/3 Chiron (1999) and EB 18/4 Veyron (2000) prototypes, where the W18 evolved into a more compact W16 for the production Bugatti Veyron due to packaging constraints in the final hypercar design.^[22] These concepts were heavily influenced by Ferdinand Piëch, then Volkswagen chairman, who sketched the initial W18 idea on an envelope during a 1997 train journey, envisioning an 18-cylinder engine as the core of Bugatti's resurgence to achieve unprecedented performance benchmarks.^[4] More recently, Porsche filed a patent in April 2024 (published October 2025) for a novel W18 engine architecture tailored for high-performance hybrid applications, featuring three inline-six cylinder banks arranged at 60-degree angles around a single crankshaft.^[13] This tri-turbocharged design optimizes space efficiency—comparable to an inline-six in length and a wide-angle V12 in width—while enabling individual turbochargers per bank to enhance boost response and exhaust routing beneath the cylinders for better thermal management.^[12] The patent emphasizes compatibility with electrification, positioning the W18 as a modular power unit for future plug-in hybrids, though no production intent has been confirmed.^[23] Overall, late-20th and 21st-century W18 developments reflect a resurgence driven by demands for extreme power density and integration with hybrid systems to meet evolving emissions standards, yet persistent challenges in manufacturing complexity, cost, and regulatory compliance have kept these engines confined to prototypes and patents without entering full production.^[24]

Applications

Aviation

The Mercedes D.VI was an early W18 aero engine developed by Daimler during World War I, featuring a displacement of 44.3 L and producing 382 kW (513 hp) at 1,440 rpm takeoff or 368 kW (493 hp) continuous at 1,400 rpm.^[3] Intended for large Riesenflugzeuge (giant) bombers, it incorporated three banks of six cylinders in a compact W configuration to provide high power for heavy aircraft, though production was limited and it saw no operational flights before the war's end in 1918.^[3] The engine's dry weight was approximately 742 kg (1,636 lb), yielding a power-to-weight ratio of about 0.52 kW/kg (0.31 hp/lb), which was competitive for its era but constrained by the need for robust water-cooling systems in multi-bank designs.^[3] In the interwar period, the Hispano-Suiza 18R represented a high-performance evolution of the W18 layout for racing seaplanes, with a 54.1 L displacement and supercharged output of up to 1,253 kW (1,680 hp) planned at 2,400 rpm.^[16] It powered experimental aircraft like the Nieuport-Delage NiD-450 and Bernard HV.120 in the 1929 and 1931 Schneider Trophy races, where it enabled speeds exceeding 500 km/h (310 mph) but suffered from reliability problems including overheating and mechanical failures that led to crashes and limited adoption beyond prototypes.^[16] Weighing 600 kg (1,323 lb) dry with gear reduction, the 18R achieved a power-to-weight ratio of approximately 2.08 kW/kg (1.27 hp/lb) planned, highlighting the challenges of balancing supercharging with thermal management in liquid-cooled W18 configurations.^[16] The Isotta Fraschini Asso 750, produced in the 1930s, was a water-cooled W18 engine with 47.1 L displacement, delivering up to 694 kW (930 hp) in supercharged form (Asso 750 R) at 1,900 rpm, and installed in aircraft such as over 150 Caproni Ca.111 reconnaissance planes and 25 Savoia-Marchetti S.55X flying boats, including those in the 1933 transatlantic formation flight.^[1] Its three-row design provided reliable power for maritime patrol missions, though the engine's complexity contributed to higher maintenance demands compared to V12 alternatives.^[1] At a dry weight of 727 kg (1,603 lb) for the R variant, it offered a power-to-weight ratio of about 0.95 kW/kg (0.58 hp/lb), suitable for multi-role capabilities including bombing and transport.^[1] During World War II, the Tatra T955 emerged as a prototype air-cooled diesel W18 engine, with a 22.2 L displacement and output of 221 kW at 2,000 rpm, developed in 1943 but abandoned without production due to the war's conclusion. This diesel design aimed to reduce fuel consumption for long-endurance operations, a significant advantage over gasoline counterparts. Overall, W18 engines in aviation exhibited varying power-to-weight ratios depending on design and era, with liquid-cooled variants often achieving higher outputs but facing thermal challenges. By the late 1940s, the rise of jet propulsion supplanted piston engines like the W18 due to superior speed and power density, leading to their retirement from frontline aviation roles.^[25]

Automotive

The W18 engine configuration has seen limited application in automotive contexts, primarily confined to experimental prototypes and concept vehicles due to its complexity, weight, and packaging challenges in road-going chassis. Unlike more conventional V or inline layouts, the W18's three banks of six cylinders offer high power density but demand sophisticated engineering for vibration control and thermal management, making it suitable for high-performance road and racing applications where extreme output is prioritized over efficiency. These engines were explored in the late 1990s and early 2000s as manufacturers pushed boundaries in luxury sedans and hypercars, though none reached full production. Bugatti's early revival under Volkswagen Group heavily featured the W18 in several landmark concepts, serving as testbeds for the brand's resurgence in ultra-luxury performance vehicles. The 1998 EB 118 concept, designed by Italdesign, incorporated a front-mounted 6.3-liter naturally aspirated W18 engine producing 547 horsepower (408 kW) and 479 lb-ft (650 Nm) of torque, driving all four wheels through a permanent AWD system derived from the Lamborghini Diablo VT. This sedan prototype demonstrated the engine's versatility in a grand tourer format, with projected top speeds exceeding 300 km/h during high-speed testing at the Nardo ring, though its immense size—necessitated by the engine's three VR6-derived banks at 60 degrees—posed significant chassis integration hurdles. The following year's EB 218 refined this approach with a rear-engine layout, retaining the same 6.3-liter W18 unit at 547 horsepower (408 kW) and 479 lb-ft (650 Nm), emphasizing improved weight distribution for better handling in a four-door saloon body while maintaining all-wheel drive. Culminating the series, the 2000 EB 18/3 Chiron concept shifted to a mid-engine two-seater configuration, again powered by the 6.3-liter W18 delivering 547 horsepower (408 kW) and 479 lb-ft (650 Nm), with its low-slung design and carbon-fiber elements highlighting potential for track-capable road cars, though the engine's 600-plus kg weight limited acceleration benchmarks to conceptual estimates around 0-100 km/h in under 4 seconds. Mercedes-Benz pursued a W18 variant under the M216 designation for the W140 S-Class platform in the mid-1990s, aiming to crown its flagship with unmatched luxury propulsion. The proposed 8.0-liter W18, arranged in three banks of six cylinders based on inline-six units at 75-degree angles, was rumored to generate up to 680 horsepower (507 kW) and 590 lb-ft (800 Nm) of torque, far surpassing the production V12 options and positioning the "800 SEL" as a techno-showcase against rivals like the BMW 7 Series. Development included dyno testing for torque curves peaking at over 750 Nm from low revs, enabling effortless highway cruising above 250 km/h, but the project was shelved in 1999 amid cost concerns and shifting priorities toward aftermarket tuning partnerships like Brabus, which modified existing V12s to achieve similar outputs without the W18's fabrication complexity. Integration challenges, such as fitting the engine's bulky dimensions into the S-Class's engine bay while meeting emissions standards, further contributed to its cancellation. In racing contexts, Ferrari briefly evaluated a W18-derived layout through a 1967 experimental program led by engine designer Franco Rocchi, scaling from a single-cylinder W3 module to a conceptual 3.0-liter unit projected at around 480 horsepower for Formula 1 evaluation. However, the configuration was rejected due to excessive weight outweighing benefits in power delivery for Grand Prix chassis demands. Despite these setbacks, the W18's automotive legacy endures through its influence on subsequent hypercar powertrains, notably informing the Bugatti Veyron's 8.0-liter W16 engine, which adapted the multi-bank architecture for quad-turbocharging and over 1,000 horsepower while addressing the W18's mass and refinement issues. In October 2025, Porsche patented a turbocharged W18 design with three 40-degree banks of six cylinders—each bank fed by its own turbocharger—for enhanced airflow efficiency and a block length comparable to a straight-six, potentially for future hybrid hypercars as the company commits to internal combustion alongside electrification.^[2]

Marine

The W18 diesel engines developed by CRM Motori SpA in Italy during the 1980s and 1990s represented a specialized application of the W engine configuration for marine propulsion, primarily in custom installations for yachts and patrol boats. These engines featured a three-bank layout with a 40° angle between banks, indirect injection via pre-chamber, and turbocharging with three units, delivering high torque suitable for displacement hulls in luxury motorboats and naval vessels. With a displacement of 57.2 liters (bore 150 mm, stroke 180 mm), variants produced between 1,213 kW (1,650 hp) at 2,050 rpm for continuous duty and up to 1,765 kW (2,400 hp) at 2,300 rpm in lighter duty ratings.^[26]^[27] Design adaptations for marine environments included closed-circuit fresh-water cooling to mitigate saltwater corrosion, alongside robust materials in critical components for extended exposure to harsh conditions. The engines emphasized steady-state operation for propulsion systems often paired with reversible propellers to enhance maneuvering in patrol and yacht applications, with compression ratios of 14:1 optimized for standard marine diesel fuels. Installed in select Italian naval vessels, such as historical patrol motor boats, and luxury motor yachts, production was limited to a small number of units, focusing on high-torque output for efficient powering of displacement hulls in these specialized roles.^[26]^[28]^[1] Performance metrics highlighted fuel efficiency of around 0.22 kg/kWh at continuous ratings, contributing to operational economy in extended voyages, while service life exceeded 10,000 hours under proper maintenance, aligning with typical marine diesel expectations. However, adoption remained rare due to the high manufacturing costs of the complex W18 layout compared to more conventional V16 or inline alternatives, which offered similar power with simpler servicing. By the 2000s, these engines were largely phased out in favor of modular, easier-to-maintain designs, though legacy units persist in heritage naval applications.^[26]^[27]^[29]

References

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A W18 engine is an eighteen-cylinder piston engine with three banks of six cylinders in a W configuration. 1915 Mercedes D.VI 517 hp aeroengine. 1930s ...
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