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WH

The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and serving as both a private home for the first family and a public symbol of the executive branch. Designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban following a competition won in 1792, construction began that year under President George Washington's oversight, with the cornerstone laid shortly thereafter, though Washington never occupied it; the building was first inhabited by President John Adams in 1800. Originally known informally as the "President's Palace" or "Executive Mansion," it received its current name officially in 1901 under Theodore Roosevelt after earlier whitewashing of its sandstone exterior in 1798 to protect against weathering. Over its history, the White House has undergone significant expansions and reconstructions, including major additions by in 1807 for office space and a thorough rebuild after British forces burned it during the in 1814, restoring its neoclassical structure while adapting to growing presidential needs. It functions as a ceremonial venue for state dinners, diplomatic receptions, and national addresses, hosting world leaders and embodying American governance, with features like the Oval Office—established in 1909—central to decision-making on policy, crises, and legislation. Notable events include its role in pivotal moments such as the end of announcements and civil rights advancements, alongside extensive renovations like Harry Truman's 1948–1952 project that preserved its integrity amid structural decay. While revered as a of American with preserved artifacts and artwork, it has faced challenges including security enhancements post-9/11 and occasional structural maintenance, underscoring its enduring functionality despite evolving threats and administrative demands.

Government and politics

White House

The , commonly abbreviated as WH in political and media shorthand, denotes the official residence and principal workplace of the , situated at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in It operates as the administrative hub for the , facilitating daily governance, policy formulation, and coordination with federal agencies. The term WH specifically references this governmental entity in contexts distinguishing it from other meanings of the abbreviation, emphasizing its role in embodying presidential authority rather than architectural or historical minutiae. Construction commenced with the cornerstone laid on October 13, 1792, under the oversight of , though the building remained unfinished when and his family occupied it in November 1800. This underscores its establishment as the seat of executive power amid the early formation of the U.S. government, symbolizing the continuity and centrality of the in national affairs. The structure's enduring presence has reinforced its status as an icon of American executive authority, distinct from legislative or judicial branches. In political usage, references to the White House or WH often serve as a metonym for the President's office, staff, and policy positions, as seen in official communications and reporting on executive actions. This convention streamlines discourse on presidential initiatives, such as announcements from the Oval Office or interactions with , without implying the physical building itself. Such shorthand prevails in governmental documents and , prioritizing functional clarity in discussions of U.S. governance.

Units of measurement

Watt-hour

The watt-hour (Wh), often abbreviated as Wh, is a unit of defined as the amount of energy delivered by a power of one watt sustained for one hour. This equates precisely to 3,600 joules, derived from the fact that one joule equals one watt-second and one hour comprises 3,600 seconds. The unit stems from the base SI units of (watt, or joule per second) and time (second), providing a practical measure for cumulative rather than instantaneous . In practical applications, the watt-hour quantifies and consumption across devices and systems. For instance, capacities are commonly rated in Wh, such as a specified at 10–15 Wh, indicating the total energy available before recharge under ideal conditions. batteries, like those in the , are rated in kilowatt-hours (kWh), where 1 kWh equals 1,000 Wh, enabling direct comparisons of range potential; a 75 kWh pack thus stores 75,000 Wh. Household appliances' is assessed via Wh per cycle or per year, as in ratings, where a might consume 400–500 kWh annually, or 400,000–500,000 Wh. The watt-hour relates to other units like ampere-hours (Ah) through voltage: energy in Wh equals current in Ah multiplied by voltage in volts (Wh = Ah × V), allowing conversion for systems at constant voltage, such as a 12 V lead-acid battery with 100 Ah capacity yielding 1,200 Wh. This formula underscores verifiable energy calculations, independent of efficiency losses, which must be factored separately based on device-specific testing; for example, round-trip efficiency in lithium-ion batteries typically ranges from 85–95%, but raw Wh ratings provide the baseline capacity. Multiples like kilowatt-hour (kWh) dominate utility billing, with global residential averages around 3,000–10,000 kWh yearly depending on climate and usage, reflecting total delivered energy.

Business and industry

Warehouse

A , abbreviated as WH in and contexts, is a large-scale building designed for the bulk of , raw materials, , and products prior to their to manufacturers, retailers, wholesalers, or end consumers. These facilities serve as critical nodes in s, enabling the temporary holding of items to balance fluctuations, facilitate , and support just-in-time manufacturing and operations by minimizing stockouts and excess . The modern warehouse traces its origins to the 19th-century , when and necessitated dedicated storage sites near factories and ports to handle increased volumes of raw materials and . By the late 1800s, these evolved into multi-story brick or iron-framed structures optimized for vertical space and manual handling, often integrated with emerging canal and railroad networks for efficient inbound and outbound flows. In the , advancements like forklifts in the and conveyor systems post-World War II shifted designs toward single-level layouts with wider aisles, paving the way for today's automated fulfillment centers equipped with , AI-driven sorting, and sensors for real-time tracking. Warehouse efficiency is quantified through metrics such as throughput, which measures the volume of goods processed per unit time (e.g., orders picked per hour), and ratio, calculated as divided by average value, indicating how frequently stock is replenished—typically targeting 4-6 turns annually for sectors to optimize use and reduce holding costs. High-performing facilities achieve order throughput rates exceeding 100 lines per hour via , while low turnover (below 2) signals overstocking risks, often mitigated by algorithms. Economically, warehouses underpin the sector, which accounted for approximately 8.7% of U.S. GDP in 2024 through costs totaling $2.6 trillion, with transportation and warehousing subsectors contributing $744 billion in value-added output in Q2 2025 alone. Globally, warehousing facilitates the flow of over $3.2 trillion in annual goods value via major operators, driving in handling and while enabling scalable growth amid rising online retail demands. This infrastructure's causal role in reducing lead times and transaction costs has amplified trade efficiency, though vulnerabilities like supply disruptions highlight dependencies on resilient and .

Westinghouse

The , abbreviated as WH, was an American manufacturing company founded on January 8, 1886, by inventor in , , initially to produce electrical equipment supporting (AC) distribution systems. The firm rapidly expanded into railway technologies, leveraging Westinghouse's earlier invention of the air brake in 1869, which improved train safety by enabling automatic braking across multiple cars, and later air signaling systems that enhanced operational efficiency on railroads. By licensing Nikola Tesla's polyphase AC patents in 1888, Westinghouse challenged Thomas Edison's (DC) dominance, demonstrating AC's superiority for long-distance transmission due to its efficiency in transformers and motors, grounded in the physical principle that higher voltages reduce line losses via (P = I²R). Key milestones included powering the 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition with an AC system that lit over 100,000 bulbs at a cost of $399,000, underbidding General Electric and proving AC's scalability for large-scale applications. This success paved the way for Westinghouse's contract to build AC generators for the Niagara Falls hydroelectric plant, operational by 1896, transmitting power 20 miles to Buffalo and establishing AC as the global standard for electrification. These achievements stemmed from empirical testing showing AC's lower transmission costs—Niagara's 5,000-horsepower generators delivered power with minimal losses, contrasting DC's limitations—and causal engineering realities favoring polyphase systems for industrial loads. Over decades, Westinghouse diversified into consumer appliances, broadcasting via early radio stations like KDKA (first commercial broadcast in 1920), and , constructing the in 1957 as the U.S.'s first full-scale civilian plant generating 60 megawatts. In 1995, it acquired for $5.4 billion, shifting focus toward media before divesting non-core assets amid financial pressures. The persisted, developing the reactor design certified in 2011, but faced bankruptcy in 2017 due to $6 billion in overruns on projects like Vogtle Units 3 and 4, exacerbated by regulatory requirements imposing annual compliance costs averaging $60 million per plant and extending licensing timelines. Such overregulation, by prioritizing incremental mandates over probabilistic risk assessments, has demonstrably slowed and raised , hindering deployment of advanced reactors despite their inherent via systems. The business was acquired by in 2018, continuing operations in fuel and services.

Linguistics

Wh- questions and movement

In generative syntax, wh-questions involve interrogative elements prefixed with "wh-" (e.g., what, who, where, when, why, how), which undergo movement to a clause-initial position known as Specifier of (Spec-) to satisfy feature-checking requirements such as [+Q] ( force). This , formalized in Noam Chomsky's 1977 paper "On Wh-Movement," derives from underlying declarative structures via successive-cyclic application of the transformation Move α, leaving a or copy in the original θ-position to preserve argument structure and binding relations. Empirical diagnostics include superiority effects, where multiple wh-phrases favor the subject extracting first (e.g., Who bought what? over What did who buy?), and subjacency constraints limiting extraction across bounding nodes like NPs or clauses, as evidenced in acceptability judgments across English speakers. Cross-linguistic data reveal variation in strategies, with English mandating overt fronting for narrow , while languages like and permit in-situ wh-phrases, interpreted via unselective or operators rather than . Processing studies demonstrate that English listeners rely on prosodic cues like high rising intonation and semantic context for wh-question resolution, whereas employs direction-of-change semantics and particle licensing (e.g., ne for exhaustive ), with eye-tracking evidence showing faster disambiguation through verb predictability than syntactic movement alone. In , child acquisition corpora indicate early production of echo questions without movement, evolving to adult-like partial fronting under prosodic licensing, highlighting causal roles of input frequency over parameters. Critiques of emphasize its abstractness, which often abstracts away from -attested variability in question formation, such as dialectal in-situ uses in English vernaculars or probabilistic intervention effects in chain resolution. Data-driven approaches, including large-scale analyses of grammatical , reveal that wh-question correlates more strongly with and linear order than with derivational , challenging movement-based models' causal primacy in favor of emergent patterns from usage. Computational simulations of syntactic learnability further indicate that state-of-the-art algorithms trained on naturalistic text acquire wh-dependencies without explicit movement rules, privileging surface distributions over latent traces for predictive accuracy. These empirical discrepancies underscore the need for hybrid models integrating formal constraints with quantitative evidence, as overly idealized generative architectures risk undergenerating attested processing efficiencies in real-time language use.

Arts and entertainment

W. H. Auden

Wystan Hugh Auden (1907–1973), whose initials form the abbreviation WH, was a British-born poet who became a U.S. citizen in 1946 and is recognized for his technical virtuosity in fusing traditional metrical forms with explorations of moral ambiguity, political upheaval, and existential dread. Born on 21 February 1907 in , , Auden gained early acclaim in through collections like Poems (1930), which addressed the Great Depression's social fractures and the threat of through innovative, Freud-influenced diagnostics of collective . His verse often prioritized causal analysis of human behavior over abstract experimentation, critiquing modernist excesses in favor of accessible that grounded psychological insight in empirical observation. Auden's engagement with contemporary crises peaked in works such as "," penned days after Nazi Germany's on 1 September 1939, which precipitated ; the poem dissects the "low dishonest decade" of and ideological betrayal, urging "we must love one another or die" as a pragmatic antidote to totalitarian abstractions. Initially drawn to amid the 1930s economic slump and , Auden endorsed left-wing causes in poems envisioning class struggle as a cure for bourgeois alienation, yet empirical disillusionment with Stalinist purges prompted his 1939 relocation to and abandonment of collectivist dogma. This pivot manifested in verse dramas co-authored with , such as The Ascent of F6 (1936), which satirized imperial ambition and personal ambition's corrosive effects through charade-like structures blending and . Post-emigration, Auden's oeuvre shifted toward Christian-inflected realism, evident in (1947), a Pulitzer Prize-winning that diagnoses via four archetypes navigating urban and faith's redemptive limits, sold over 100,000 copies in initial editions and adapted into a symphony. His critical writings, including lectures on Shakespeare emphasizing as causal driver of over symbolic overlay, further influenced mid-century literature by advocating poetry's role in clarifying ethical choices rather than evading them. While secular academics, often shaped by institutional left-leaning biases favoring ideological continuity, critiqued this religious orthodoxy as escapist retreat from materialist analysis, Auden's later conservatism aligned with first-principles rejection of totalitarianism's empirical failures, yielding enduring impact: thousands of scholarly citations annually, translations into over 30 languages, and adaptations like the film use of "" demonstrating causal persistence beyond transient politics. Such contradictions—early Marxist optimism versus mature skepticism of utopian engineering—debunk sanitized hagiographies, revealing a thinker whose evolution tracked verifiable historical causalities from interwar radicalism to humanism.

Media and gaming

In gaming, "WH" frequently abbreviates , a franchise by emphasizing army assembly, painting, and tactical battles in fantasy and settings. The original Fantasy Battle launched in 1983, introducing core mechanics like rank-and-file combat and magic phases, while debuted in September 1987 with its dystopian "" universe of interstellar warfare involving factions such as Space Marines and Orks. The series has achieved strategic depth through detailed rulebooks and expansions, fostering large-scale communities with global tournaments and online engagement estimated at 2.4 million participants for alone. Warhammer's immersive world-building spans novels, video games, and animations, contributing to Games Workshop's 2025 revenue of £617 million and pre-tax profit of £262.8 million, driven primarily by core hobby sales. However, the faces criticisms for escalating model prices—often exceeding £100 per starter —and alterations, such as Necron retcons or faction power shifts, which some fans argue prioritize sales over narrative consistency and dilute the original satirical edge on and . These changes have sparked debates in community forums, with detractors viewing them as commercialization tactics amid Games Workshop's licensing expansions, including video games like 2 generating £52 million in . Another gaming use of "WH" denotes World Heroes, a series of 2D fighting games developed by ADK and published by SNK starting with the 1992 Neo Geo arcade title featuring historical figures like Hattori Hanzō and Rasputin as combatants. The franchise, spanning four main entries through 1995, emphasized unique character abilities and versus modes but received mixed reception for unbalanced mechanics compared to contemporaries like Street Fighter II, with later ports preserving its cult appeal among retro arcade enthusiasts. In media, "WH" refers to Wolfram & Hart, the ancient, supernatural law firm serving as a primary in the television series (1999–2004), a spin-off produced by . Depicted as an instrument of elder demons with branches worldwide, the firm manipulates clients through occult resources and ethical amorality, employing characters like the ruthless lawyer Lindsey McDonald; its arc culminates in season 5 when protagonist Angel's team assumes control of the branch to combat internal corruption. The portrayal drew critical acclaim for exploring moral ambiguity in corporate power, contributing to Angel's average viewership of 4.6 million per episode in its peak seasons.

Places

Geographical locations

In the Netherlands, postal codes incorporate the two-letter suffix "WH" for specific addresses in regions including province, such as 2493 WH in 's-Gravenhage () and 2548 WH in . These suffixes denote localized street ranges within broader numeric postcode districts, with "WH" appearing in urban areas around and other municipalities like (3448 WH). W. H. 'Bud' Barron (FAA identifier: DBN), a public-use facility, is situated in , , , at coordinates 32°34'29"N 82°58'42"W, approximately 2 miles southwest of the city center. The airport features a 5,005-foot asphalt and supports operations for small . W.H. Vliegenbos, a forested spanning about 20 hectares, is located in Amsterdam-Noord, , serving as a recreational green space with walking paths and biodiversity amid residential surroundings.

Military and history

Whitehead torpedo

The Whitehead torpedo was the first effective self-propelled underwater weapon, invented by British engineer in collaboration with Austrian naval officer Giovanni Luppis and perfected in Fiume (now , ) in 1866. Drawing from Luppis's earlier coastal defense rocket-powered "coast saver" concept, Whitehead redesigned it as a locomotive torpedo propelled by a compressed-air engine driving a single propeller, with a of guncotton explosive. The key innovation was a hydrostatic valve and pendulum-based equilibrium tube system for automatic depth regulation, enabling the torpedo to maintain a preset submersion level without surface guidance, addressing prior failures in towed or spar torpedoes that required close-range delivery. Initial models, tested in 1866, achieved speeds of 6 to 7 knots over ranges of approximately 200 to 400 yards, with a 14-inch , 11-foot , and 156-pound total weight including a 10- to 18-pound charge. By the , refinements extended performance to 1,000 yards at similar speeds, though early versions suffered from inconsistent depth-keeping and air flask inefficiencies, prompting iterative improvements like multi-cylinder engines and rudders linked to hydroplanes. The Austrian adopted it first in after successful demonstrations, followed by orders from , , , and others; by the , Whitehead's Fiume factory supplied over 2,500 units to at least 16 , spurring the development of dedicated boats and altering fleet tactics toward dispersed formations to evade submerged attacks. In naval warfare, the Whitehead torpedo shifted emphasis from passive mines and spar weapons to offensive, long-range strikes, proving decisive in conflicts like the 1894 Sino-Japanese War and extensively deployed during World War I by surface ships and early submarines, where variants sank dozens of vessels despite circular running risks. Propulsion reliability advanced through additions like the 1885 Obry gyroscope for straight-line stability, reducing early erratic paths observed in tests, though pre-gyrostabilized models faced criticism for up to 50% failure rates in British trials due to valve fouling and pressure leaks. Ethical concerns emerged contemporaneously, with some naval officers dubbing it the "devil's device" for its indiscriminate underwater lethality and potential to undermine traditional broadside engagements, yet empirical data from live-fire exercises validated its superiority over alternatives like Harvey torpedoes, which lacked self-regulation.

Other uses

Miscellaneous abbreviations

In educational contexts, particularly in curricula and course coding systems, WH abbreviates , as specified in frameworks like Florida's substituted subject area requirements for social studies credits. This usage facilitates standardized tracking of high school history courses covering global events from ancient civilizations to modern eras, with enrollment data from programs like World History exceeding 400,000 students annually as of 2023. In plumbing and specifications, WH denotes Water Heater, marking the fixture responsible for heating water for residential or commercial use, often indicated on architectural floor plans with symbols showing connections to hot and cold water lines. Standards from bodies like the International Plumbing Code require such appliances to meet efficiency ratings, such as Energy Factor values of at least 0.82 for gas models installed after , to minimize energy loss in domestic systems. Within the oil and gas sector, WH stands for , the surface termination assembly sealing the top of a completed wellbore and enabling flow control, pressure monitoring, and connection to production equipment. Regulatory glossaries from agencies like Louisiana's Department of Natural Resources define it as the interface handling pressures up to 15,000 in high-volume fields, with maintenance protocols mandated under Standard 6A to prevent leaks, as evidenced by incident reports from U.S. operations averaging 20 wellhead failures yearly between 2010 and 2020. These niche abbreviations, while frequent in domain-specific documents, exacerbate in interdisciplinary , where context disambiguation relies on accompanying schematics or glossaries rather than universal standardization.

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