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Corpus

Corpus is a Latin noun meaning "body," from which the English term derives, denoting either a physical body—particularly a dead one—or the main substance of a structure, organ, or collection of writings and data.^[1]^[2] The word entered English in the late 14th century, initially referring to the human body in contexts like anatomy or mortality, and later extending metaphorically to aggregated bodies of knowledge or evidence.^[3]^[1] In specialized fields, corpus signifies the principal part of anatomical features, such as the corpus callosum connecting the brain's hemispheres, or in law, the corpus delicti as the body of a crime's facts.^[2]^[4] Its most prominent modern application appears in linguistics, where a corpus constitutes a large, structured database of natural language texts or speech samples used for empirical analysis of usage patterns, grammar, and semantics, enabling data-driven insights over prescriptive rules.^[5]^[4] This methodological shift, rooted in computational processing of vast datasets, has transformed linguistic research by prioritizing observable frequencies and contexts from authentic sources.^[6]

Etymology and literal meaning

Origin and historical usage

The Latin noun corpus (neuter, genitive corporis), meaning "body" or "physical form," originates from the Proto-Italic *korpos, which derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷrep-, signifying "body, form, or appearance," likely from a verbal sense "to appear" or "to shape."^[1] This root reflects an ancient conceptualization of the term as denoting tangible, material substance, distinct from immaterial or spiritual entities, and it cognates with terms in other Indo-European languages emphasizing physical structure, such as Sanskrit kṛ́p ("form" or "beauty").^[7] In classical Latin usage from the Republican era (c. 509–27 BCE), corpus commonly referred to the human or animal body in anatomical, legal, and rhetorical contexts, as seen in works by authors like Cicero, where it denoted the corporeal entity subject to law or injury, underscoring a causal link between physical integrity and legal rights.^[1] Early Roman legal texts employed corpus to evoke the body as a foundational unit of personhood and property, with principles of bodily inviolability implicit in republican statutes, though direct attestations in fragmentary sources like the Twelve Tables (c. 451–450 BCE) focus more on procedural rights than the term itself; later compilations such as the Corpus Juris Civilis (529–534 CE) under Emperor Justinian explicitly used corpus to mean "body of law," extending the metaphor from physical to systematic form.^[8] Anatomically, corpus appeared in descriptions of bodily parts in early medical writings influenced by Greek translations, such as those adapting Hippocratic ideas into Latin, where it specified structured masses like the trunk or solid tissues.^[2] In the Vulgate Bible, Jerome's late-4th-century Latin translation (completed c. 405 CE), corpus frequently renders Greek sōma ("body"), as in Luke 22:19 ("Hoc est corpus meum" – "This is my body"), embedding the term in Christian theology and liturgy, which amplified its usage in ecclesiastical Latin during the medieval period.^[9] This religious adoption shifted emphasis toward ritual and symbolic applications, such as in the Feast of Corpus Christi (instituted 1264 CE), while maintaining the core physical connotation. The term entered English as corpus around 1386 CE, borrowed directly from Latin via medieval scholarly texts rather than Old French intermediaries, appearing in Chaucer's writings to denote bodily substance.^[3] In early scientific treatises, such as Galen's 2nd-century CE works translated into Latin by the 6th century, corpus described anatomical bodies or aggregated forms, laying groundwork for later empirical dissections without extending to abstract collections.^[2]

Biological and anatomical uses

General anatomical definition

In anatomy, the term corpus denotes the main body or central mass of a structure, typically distinguished from its appendages, extremities, or subsidiary parts.^[2] This designation emphasizes the principal load-bearing or functional core in descriptive nomenclature, as seen in standard references where it applies to both skeletal and soft tissue elements.^[10] For example, the corpus vertebrae refers to the vertebral body, a cylindrical, anterior mass that constitutes the primary weight-supporting component of a vertebra, separated from the posterior vertebral arch and processes.^[11] Such corpora are empirically delineated through cadaveric dissection and radiographic imaging, with MRI providing high-resolution confirmation of their spatial extent, density, and relation to adjacent tissues.^[12] In spinal evaluations, MRI sequences routinely visualize vertebral corpora to assess dimensions averaging 15-20 mm in height for thoracic levels, verifying their structural integrity against pathologies like fractures or degeneration.^[12] Similarly, the corpus adiposum buccae, or buccal fat pad, exemplifies a central adipose mass encapsulated between fascial layers in the cheek, functioning as a gliding plane for masticatory muscles and validated via cross-sectional imaging for volumetric analysis in clinical contexts. This anatomical convention underscores causal roles in biomechanics, where the corpus often bears compressive forces independently of peripheral attachments, as quantified in biomechanical studies using finite element modeling derived from CT and MRI data.^[11]

Specific anatomical structures

The corpus callosum is the largest white matter commissure in the human brain, comprising approximately 200–300 million myelinated axons that interconnect homologous regions of the left and right cerebral hemispheres.^[13] It spans the midline longitudinally, divided into four main segments: the rostrum, genu, body, and splenium, with fibers facilitating rapid interhemispheric transfer of sensory, motor, and cognitive information.^[14] Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have quantified its microstructural integrity, revealing fractional anisotropy values typically ranging from 0.7 to 0.85, which correlate with efficient axonal organization and support its role in bilateral neural synchronization.^[15] This structure exhibits bilateral symmetry in its connectivity, linking symmetric cortical areas across hemispheres, and has been documented in anatomical dissections since the 16th century, with early detailed observations by anatomists like Vesalius.^[16] The corpus spongiosum constitutes a midline cylindrical structure of erectile tissue encasing the penile urethra, extending from the bulb at the base to the glans distally, where it expands into the glans penis.^[17] Composed primarily of vascular sinusoids embedded in a framework of smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic fibers, it maintains urethral patency during erection by expanding without full rigidity, preventing ejaculatory obstruction.^[18] Embryologically, it arises from mesenchymal condensations around the urethral groove during the 9th–12th weeks of gestation, differentiating from the same primordia as adjacent corpora cavernosa through localized vascular remodeling.^[19] Its composition shows a predominance of collagen (approximately 35–46% by area) over smooth muscle (0.6–11%), ensuring structural resilience under hemodynamic stress.^[20]

Medical contexts

Corpus luteum and reproductive biology

The corpus luteum forms immediately after ovulation from the ruptured Graafian follicle in the ovary, transforming granulosa and theca cells into luteinized cells that vascularize and secrete hormones. In the typical 28-day human menstrual cycle, ovulation occurs around day 14, initiating the luteal phase (days 15-28), during which the corpus luteum reaches maximum size and function by approximately day 21, producing progesterone at peak levels of 10-30 ng/mL in serum and estradiol to support endometrial secretory changes for implantation.^[21]^[22]^[23] Progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum, verified through bioassays of luteal extracts in animal models as early as 1903 by Ludwig Fraenkel—who demonstrated its essential role in pseudopregnancy maintenance in rabbits—and later crystallized from sow corpora lutea in 1934 by Butenandt and Slotta, inhibits uterine contractility and promotes vascular stability in the endometrium via progesterone receptor-mediated gene expression.^[24]^[25] If implantation occurs, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) sustains the corpus luteum for 6-10 weeks until placental progesterone takeover; otherwise, functional luteolysis ensues around day 24-26, marked by declining progesterone below 3 ng/mL, triggering endometrial breakdown and menstruation.^[26]^[27] Luteolysis involves apoptosis, reduced vascular permeability, and immune-mediated processes, including prostaglandin F2α pulses from the endometrium, leading to structural regression into the avascular corpus albicans—a fibrous remnant resorbed over months—though human corpora lutea exhibit histological variability in degeneration rates and cell adhesion loss, independent of chronological cycle day.^[28]^[29]^[30] Corpus luteum cysts, defined histologically as fluid- or hemorrhage-filled structures exceeding 3 cm lined by luteinized granulosa and theca cells, arise from delayed regression or excessive vascular leakage, with incidence estimates varying by population; one study of unexplained infertility cycles reported 23.4% featuring post-LH peak cyst formation linked to suboptimal progesterone output.^[31]^[32] These cysts correlate causally with infertility through histological evidence of impaired luteinization and progesterone deficiency, disrupting endometrial receptivity, though reliable diagnosis remains challenging due to overlapping natural progesterone fluctuations and lack of validated histologic or biochemical thresholds beyond serial assays.^[27]^[33] Empirical data underscore endogenous corpus luteum variability as normative, contrasting with interventionist approaches in assisted reproduction that assume deficiency without causal proof, as natural cycles succeed via unmanipulated hormonal dynamics.^[26]^[29]

Other medical corpora

The corpus vitreum, synonymous with the vitreous body or vitreous humor, constitutes the transparent, gel-like matrix filling the posterior segment of the eyeball, comprising roughly 98-99% water bound by a network of type II collagen fibrils and hyaluronic acid.^[34] This structure maintains ocular shape and optical clarity, with its gel state arising from the hydration and entanglement of macromolecular components. Age-related degeneration manifests as syneresis, a liquefaction process where collagen fibrils fragment and aggregate, leading to phase separation into liquid vacuoles and collapsed gel, as evidenced by light and transmission electron microscopy of postmortem human samples from individuals aged 9 to 89 years.^[35] Such changes accelerate post-50 years, correlating with posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) in over 50% of cases by age 60, potentially precipitating retinal tears or detachment if the contracting vitreous exerts traction on the retina.^[36] Detection relies on B-scan ultrasonography, which delineates echodensities distinguishing liquefied from intact gel phases, or optical coherence tomography for in vivo volumetric assessment of vitreous opacities and mobility.^[37]^[38] In neuroanatomy and pathology, the corpus callosum denotes the principal white matter commissure bridging the cerebral hemispheres, comprising over 200 million myelinated axons subdivided into rostrum, genu, body, and splenium regions that relay contralateral cortical signals for integrated sensory-motor function and cognition.^[13] Lesions, quantified via MRI volumetry showing reductions exceeding 20% in conditions like multiple sclerosis or traumatic brain injury, impair interhemispheric transfer, as demonstrated in diffusion tensor imaging studies correlating fractional anisotropy metrics with cognitive deficits.^[13] Biopsy or postmortem histology in such cases reveals demyelination or axonal loss within callosal fibers, with clinical volumes assessed to gauge disease progression, though invasive sampling remains rare due to ethical constraints favoring noninvasive imaging.^[39]

Linguistic and computational uses

Definition and core principles

Corpus linguistics constitutes an empirical methodology for investigating language through the systematic analysis of corpora—large, structured collections of authentic, naturally occurring texts or transcribed speech data stored in machine-readable form. These corpora are designed via principled sampling to capture representative instances of language use across specified varieties, genres, or registers, often enhanced with annotations such as part-of-speech tags, syntactic parses, or semantic labels to facilitate quantitative pattern detection and qualitative interpretation.^[5]^[40] Central principles guiding corpus construction and application emphasize authenticity, ensuring data derives from real communicative contexts rather than contrived examples; sufficient size to yield statistically reliable frequencies and avoid distortions from sparse sampling; balance, through proportional representation of linguistic subdomains like spoken versus written modes or formal versus informal registers; and representativeness, aligning the corpus with the target language population to enable valid generalizations. These tenets reject small-scale or intuition-derived data, which often perpetuate anecdotal biases, and instead prioritize evidence-based insights into probabilistic linguistic behaviors, such as collocation frequencies or syntactic preferences observed across millions of tokens.^[41]^[42]^[43] Unlike armchair linguistics, which relies on individual introspection and hypothetical constructs prone to subjective error, corpus linguistics mandates falsifiability through data confrontation, wherein empirical patterns from corpora refute or refine unsubstantiated rules—evident, for example, in the prevalence of structures like split infinitives in attested English despite prescriptive aversion. This shift enforces causal realism by grounding claims in observable distributions, mitigating overgeneralization from limited human judgment and fostering replicable findings across diverse datasets.^[44]^[45]^[46]

Historical development

The historical development of linguistic corpora originated in the 1960s with the Brown Corpus, a pioneering one-million-word electronic collection of American English texts sampled from sources published in 1961, compiled by W. Nelson Francis and Henry Kučera at Brown University from 1961 to 1964. This corpus represented the first systematic digitization of prose for computational linguistic analysis, consisting of 500 samples across 15 genres such as news, fiction, and academic writing, and facilitated frequency-based studies that shifted research from introspective methods to empirical data.^[47]^[48] In the 1970s, corpus construction expanded internationally with the Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen (LOB) Corpus, a parallel million-word dataset of British English texts from the same period as Brown (1961 publications), developed through collaboration between Lancaster University, the University of Oslo, and the University of Bergen, and completed in 1978 under Geoffrey Leech's initiative. The LOB mirrored Brown's design to enable direct comparisons of regional varieties, emphasizing tagged markup for part-of-speech analysis and promoting standardized sampling protocols.^[49]^[50] The 1980s marked a transition toward larger-scale, computationally intensive corpora, exemplified by the COBUILD project, launched in 1980 as a partnership between Collins publishers and the University of Birmingham under John Sinclair, which built a multi-million-word Bank of English from diverse sources including newspapers and books to support dictionary compilation and pattern-based grammar studies. This era saw increased automation in parsing and annotation, driven by advances in natural language processing, allowing for probabilistic modeling of collocations and usage frequencies beyond manual tagging.^[51]^[52] From the 1990s onward, the proliferation of the internet enabled web-derived corpora, which harvested online texts to assemble massive datasets surpassing traditional print limitations in volume and currency, as advocated in early proposals to treat the web as a dynamic linguistic resource despite challenges like genre imbalance and noise from user-generated content. These corpora challenged print biases by capturing unfiltered, real-world language evolution, fostering methods for crawling and cleaning web data to approximate representativeness.

Types and methodologies

Linguistic corpora are classified by language coverage into monolingual types, which compile texts exclusively in one language to model intra-language patterns such as frequency distributions and syntactic structures.^[53] Parallel corpora align source-language texts with their direct translations in target languages, enabling verifiable alignment for tasks like detecting translation shifts or building bilingual lexicons.^[54] Comparable corpora consist of independent yet structurally similar texts across languages, without translation links, to support cross-linguistic contrasts while controlling for genre or domain.^[54] Multilingual corpora aggregate data from multiple languages, often without alignments, for broader typological analyses.^[55] Additional classifications distinguish spoken corpora, transcribed from audio recordings to capture prosody, disfluencies, and conversational dynamics, from written corpora sourced from books, articles, or digital media emphasizing edited prose.^[56] Domain-specific corpora target restricted fields, such as legal corpora drawing from statutes, case law, and contracts to reflect specialized terminology and register, contrasting with general-purpose corpora sampling diverse genres for baseline language models.^[57] These designs prioritize verifiable construction through documented sampling frames, where representativeness is assessed via stratified random selection proportional to real-world text production, reducing selection bias.^[58] Methodologies for corpus development emphasize empirical sampling to mitigate errors, with stratified techniques dividing populations by variables like genre or date before proportional extraction, as random sampling alone risks underrepresentation of rare variants.^[59] Processing pipelines include tokenization, which segments raw text into discrete units like words or subwords via rule-based or probabilistic algorithms, followed by lemmatization to map inflected forms to canonical base forms, preserving morphological integrity for cross-form queries.^[60] Annotation layers, such as part-of-speech tagging, add metadata through supervised machine learning trained on gold-standard subsets, with inter-annotator agreement quantified via Cohen's kappa to verify reliability.^[61] Analytical methodologies deploy statistical tests for pattern detection, including the chi-square test to evaluate word co-occurrences against expected independency, computing \chi^2 = \sum \frac{(O - E)^2}{E} where O denotes observed frequencies and E expected under null hypothesis, with p-values below 0.05 signaling significant associations like collocations.^[62] Log-likelihood ratios offer alternatives for sparse data, prioritizing effect sizes over mere significance to avoid overinterpreting large-corpus artifacts.^[63] Critiques of these approaches highlight sampling errors, where non-representative corpora inflate variance—addressed empirically by expanding sample sizes to narrow confidence intervals (e.g., quadrupling size halves standard error) and validating against external benchmarks like genre distributions in national archives.^[64] Such rigor ensures findings generalize beyond corpus artifacts, with balance metrics like dispersion indices quantifying coverage uniformity.^[65]

Applications and empirical impacts

In lexicography, corpus analysis facilitates dictionary construction by quantifying word frequencies, collocations, and contextual distributions to prioritize authentic usages over editorial intuition. The Oxford English Dictionary, for instance, draws on the Oxford English Corpus—a collection exceeding 2 billion words from sources including newspapers, blogs, and literature—to update entries, mark sense frequencies, and illustrate real-world examples, as implemented in quarterly revisions since the 2000s.^[66]^[67] This empirical method has enabled the inclusion of neologisms and variant forms based on attested prevalence, such as tracking the rise of terms like "selfie" through usage spikes in the corpus by 2013.^[68] Corpus linguistics has informed legal interpretation in U.S. courts since the 2010s, particularly for discerning the ordinary meaning of statutory language via patterns in large text databases. The Utah Supreme Court pioneered its application in cases like State v. Rasabout (2015), where collocational analysis of "discharge" in the Corpus of Contemporary American English revealed predominant associations with firearms, overriding dictionary ambiguities to affirm a conviction.^[69] Subsequent federal adoption, including Sixth Circuit references in 2022 opinions, has used corpora to test semantic hypotheses empirically, such as verb-object pairings, yielding outcomes divergent from traditional sources in 20-35% of revisited disputes.^[70]^[71] In language policy, corpora provide causal evidence countering unsubstantiated myths, such as presumptions of grammatical decay from informal variants. Analyses of historical corpora, for example, demonstrate stable frequencies of "split infinitives" across centuries, debunking prescriptive bans as disconnected from usage norms and supporting evidence-based reforms in education standards over anecdotal prohibitions.^[72] Similarly, quantitative patterns in bilingual corpora refute interference myths in policy debates, showing code-switching as a functional strategy rather than deficiency, with longitudinal data from immigrant language shifts indicating no erosion of proficiency metrics.^[73] These insights have influenced guidelines, prioritizing descriptive accuracy in curricula to align with observed causal dynamics of acquisition and variation.

Recent advancements

In recent years, the integration of generative AI with corpus linguistics has advanced empirical analysis through tools like CorpusChat, a platform developed and piloted in 2025 that deploys customized, corpus-informed chatbots to simulate natural language queries and generate data-driven responses grounded in large-scale textual evidence.^[74] This approach enhances truth-seeking by prioritizing corpus-derived patterns over subjective intuitions, enabling researchers to test hypotheses about language use via AI-mediated simulations that reveal probabilistic distributions of terms in context.^[74] Similarly, Corpus Sense, a 2025 web-based application, facilitates advanced content and discourse analysis by providing visualization and querying capabilities across extensive datasets, supporting replicable empirical investigations into linguistic structures.^[75] Developments in big data have scaled multilingual corpora to exceed 1 trillion words, as seen in resources underpinning multilingual large language models (MLLMs), which leverage parallel corpora for alignment and cross-lingual transfer learning post-2020.^[76] These corpora, often derived from web crawls and translated datasets, enable causal modeling of linguistic phenomena by capturing co-occurrence patterns across languages, allowing for rigorous testing of universal grammatical hypotheses and reducing reliance on monolingual biases in computational inference.^[77] For instance, enhanced parallel corpora for low-resource Indic languages have improved machine translation systems, providing empirical baselines for causal relationships in syntax and semantics through frequency-based validation.^[78] In legal applications, corpus linguistics has gained traction for determining statutory meaning empirically, as evidenced by 2025 analyses examining terms like "child" in contexts such as Alabama's 2013 statutes, where corpus data quantified ordinary usage to constrain interpretive discretion.^[79] This method counters judicial activism by favoring distributional evidence from general corpora over selective dictionaries or intuitions, with proponents arguing it aligns interpretation with verifiable public meaning at enactment.^[80] Recent scholarship highlights its role in revisiting cases to incorporate corpus frequencies, promoting causal realism in textualism by linking word meanings to observable usage patterns rather than normative preferences.^[81]

Musical contexts

Acoustic instrument design

The corpus of an acoustic string instrument refers to its hollow wooden body, which functions as a resonator to amplify the weak airborne sound produced by vibrating strings through coupling to air cavity modes (such as the Helmholtz-like A0 mode around 270-290 Hz) and plate vibration modes (B1+ and B1- around 450-500 Hz).^[82] This design enables efficient radiation of low frequencies via the f-hole openings and higher harmonics via top plate flexing, transforming string energy into audible volume levels exceeding 90 dB at typical playing distances.^[83] The modern violin corpus emerged in 16th-century Cremona, Italy, with Andrea Amati credited for establishing the foundational four-cornered, vaulted form by the 1550s, influencing subsequent makers like Nicolo Amati and Antonio Stradivari.^[84] Traditional construction uses tonewoods selected for density and elastic modulus: the top plate (belly) employs low-density spruce (Picea abies, ~0.35-0.45 g/cm³) for high stiffness-to-mass ratio, promoting efficient vibration and brighter timbre via elevated signature mode amplitudes, while the denser maple back and ribs (~0.55-0.65 g/cm³) reflect energy inward.^[85] Variations in wood density shift modal frequencies and spectral balance, with FFT analysis revealing that lower top-plate density enhances high-frequency content (>2 kHz) for projecting timbre, whereas higher density correlates with muffled response and increased instrument mass (typically 350-400 g for the body).^[86] ^[87] In contrast, solid-body electric variants, introduced by Leo Fender with the Esquire and Broadcaster models in 1950, eliminate the hollow corpus in favor of a dense wooden slab (e.g., ash or alder), relying on magnetic pickups for signal transduction rather than acoustic resonance.^[88] This results in shorter decay times (often <1 second for string vibrations) due to rapid damping without body modes, compared to acoustic corpora where resonances extend decay to 5-10 seconds, altering attack sharpness and sustain profile.^[89] Empirical modal testing via FFT confirms these differences, with solid bodies exhibiting damped string-dominated spectra lacking the formant-like peaks of hollow designs.^[82]

Empirical corpus analysis in musicology

Empirical corpus analysis in musicology entails the systematic compilation and statistical examination of large datasets of musical compositions to identify patterns in elements such as harmony, melody, and motifs, enabling data-driven insights into compositional practices and stylistic development.^[90] These corpora typically consist of symbolically encoded scores with annotations for structural features, facilitating computational mining for frequencies, transitions, and correlations that reveal underlying regularities beyond subjective interpretation.^[91] For instance, a 2025 dataset encompassing 1283 analytically annotated scores by 36 composers represents one of the largest resources for such studies, supporting modular infrastructure for querying harmonic and melodic attributes across historical repertoires.^[90] Methodologies emphasize statistical comparisons, such as calculating motif occurrence rates or harmonic progression probabilities, to trace causal influences on style evolution. In analyses of Western classical music, distributions of rare musical events—like specific interval leaps or dissonant chords—follow power-law patterns, indicating self-organized generative processes akin to those in natural systems rather than arbitrary innovation.^[92] Rock music corpora, drawn from over 200 songs in the Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs list, quantify harmony through Roman numeral labels, revealing prevalent substitutions like modal mixtures and their frequency variations by decade, which link quantifiable shifts to broader stylistic causation.^[93] Meta-corpora aggregating functional harmony from thousands of analyses further enable cross-repertoire comparisons, modeling evolutionary trajectories via latent variable frameworks that infer conserved motifs driving genre differentiation.^[94] Such empirical approaches yield impacts by substantiating or refuting qualitative assertions with verifiable metrics, including challenges to genre stereotypes through demonstrated intra-genre variability. Studies of 14 popular music genres, for example, validate some perceptual stereotypes (e.g., associations of heavy metal with aggression) but empirically falsify others by showing discrepancies between listener expectations and actual acoustic features like tempo or timbre distributions.^[95] In classical domains, corpus-derived motif frequencies across eras debunk notions of rigid period boundaries, instead highlighting gradual probabilistic shifts that align with cultural and technological causal factors.^[92] These findings underscore the value of large-scale data in privileging observable patterns over anecdotal narratives, fostering rigorous causal modeling of musical change.^[90]

Legal and forensic uses

Corpus delicti in criminal law

The corpus delicti doctrine, translating from Latin as "body of the crime," mandates that prosecutors establish the occurrence of a criminal offense through evidence independent of any confession or admission by the accused, ensuring convictions rest on verifiable facts rather than potentially unreliable self-incriminating statements.^[96] This principle originated in English common law and was incorporated into American jurisprudence to address risks of fabricated or coerced confessions leading to erroneous prosecutions.^[97] In practice, it requires proof of two core elements prior to admitting extrajudicial statements: (1) an injury, loss, or harm to a victim, property, or societal interest, and (2) evidence of criminal agency—meaning human conduct in violation of law—as the proximate cause of that harm.^[98]^[99] In United States criminal law, the doctrine applies across jurisdictions, though formulations vary slightly by state; for instance, in homicide cases, it demands evidence of death and that it resulted from criminal means rather than natural causes or accident.^[100] Prosecutors typically satisfy this threshold with circumstantial evidence, such as physical traces of violence or forensic indicators of unlawful activity, before relying on confessions for identification or intent.^[101] Failure to independently corroborate the offense's existence can lead to exclusion of confessional evidence and potential acquittal, as affirmed in federal and state appellate rulings emphasizing the rule's role in upholding due process.^[97] The doctrine's empirical rationale lies in mitigating false convictions, which data from exoneration databases indicate occur in approximately 25-30% of cases involving confessions due to psychological vulnerabilities, interrogation tactics, or mental health factors.^[102] By imposing an evidentiary floor—requiring tangible proof of harm and illegality—it counters causal chains where unverified admissions propagate miscarriages of justice, a concern validated through post-conviction reviews since the mid-20th century.^[97] While some jurisdictions have relaxed strict corroboration for trustworthiness-based alternatives, the core requirement persists to prioritize causal evidence over testimonial reliability alone.^[98]

Other juridical applications

The Corpus Juris Civilis, commissioned by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, represents a foundational juridical compilation of Roman law, systematically organizing prior legal texts into a cohesive body enforceable as imperial authority. Issued between 529 and 534 CE, it comprised four main components: the Codex Justinianus (first edition 529 CE, revised 534 CE), a collection of imperial constitutions; the Digesta or Pandectae (completed 533 CE), an encyclopedic digest of juristic writings; the Institutiones (533 CE), a textbook for legal education; and the Novellae Constitutiones, subsequent enactments issued post-534 CE.^[103]^[104] This corpus preserved and rationalized centuries of Roman jurisprudence, eliminating contradictions and redundancies through commissions led by Tribonian, influencing civil law systems across Europe for over a millennium.^[105] In contemporary jurisprudence, the term "corpus" frequently denotes the aggregate body of statutory texts or legislative materials analyzed to ascertain legislative intent, particularly under textualist and originalist methodologies. Courts and scholars employ empirical textual analysis of such statutory corpora to reconstruct ordinary meaning at enactment, prioritizing linguistic evidence over subjective policy considerations.^[106] Corpus linguistics, as an interdisciplinary tool, facilitates this by querying vast databases of contemporaneous language usage to quantify semantic patterns, enhancing objectivity in interpreting ambiguous provisions.^[71] For instance, U.S. state and federal courts have referenced corpus-derived data in cases involving statutory vagueness, such as determining "public meaning" in Second Amendment or tax code disputes, though adoption remains debated for potential over-reliance on digital proxies for historical context.^[107]^[80] Critics argue that while corpora provide verifiable distributional evidence, they must be supplemented with genre-specific legal texts to avoid anachronistic distortions.^[108]

As a proper name

Surname origins and notable bearers

The surname Corpus derives from the Latin corpus, meaning "body," and in Hispanic contexts, particularly Spanish, it refers to the feast of Corpus Christi (Body of Christ), a Catholic observance instituted in 1264 by Pope Urban IV. This etymological link reflects its adoption as a surname in medieval Iberian naming practices influenced by ecclesiastical terminology, later disseminating through Spanish colonization to regions like the Philippines and Mexico, where it remains prevalent today—borne by over 10,000 individuals in Mexico alone as of 2014 estimates.^[109]^[110]^[111] Notable bearers include Victor Navarro Corpus (1944–2024), a Filipino military officer and Philippine Military Academy Class of 1967 graduate who orchestrated the 1970 raid on the PMA armory, defected to the New People's Army, surrendered in 1976, and later served as director of the Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines from 2001 to 2003 under President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.^[112]^[113]

Religious and cultural uses

Corpus Christi in Christianity

Corpus Christi, known formally as the Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ, is a liturgical feast in the Roman Catholic Church dedicated to the real presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist, affirming the doctrine that the consecrated bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ.^[114] The feast was instituted by Pope Urban IV on August 11, 1264, through the papal bull Transiturus de hoc mundo, in response to the Eucharistic miracle of Bolsena in 1263, where a host reportedly bled during Mass, reinforcing belief in the sacrament's reality.^[115] Urban IV extended the observance, previously local to the Diocese of Liège, to the universal Church, commissioning St. Thomas Aquinas to compose its proper liturgy, including hymns such as Pange Lingua and Tantum Ergo, which emphasize the Eucharist as Christ's substantial presence.^[116] The feast falls on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday, typically in late May or early June, and includes Mass with a focus on adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. A hallmark of Corpus Christi observances is the public procession, where the consecrated host is carried through streets under a canopy, accompanied by clergy, laity, and floral decorations symbolizing reverence for the sacrament.^[117] These processions emerged in Germany around 1275 and became widespread across Europe by 1350, evolving into elaborate medieval pageants that drew community participation, often involving guilds and civic authorities in cities like York, England, where they integrated with mystery plays depicting biblical history.^[117] Historical records indicate high engagement in urban centers; for instance, in 14th-century Vienna, imperial processions featured the Habsburg court, clergy, and thousands of participants, serving as public affirmations of Catholic doctrine amid religious tensions.^[118] By the late Middle Ages, such events reinforced communal faith in the Eucharist's transformative power, with participants genuflecting and singing as the host passed, fostering a visible unity under the Church's sacramental teaching. Theologically, Corpus Christi underscores the doctrine of transubstantiation, whereby the substance of bread and wine is wholly converted into Christ's body and blood, while accidents (appearances) remain, as defined by the Council of Trent in its thirteenth session on October 11, 1551.^[114] This decree, responding to Protestant challenges, affirmed the Aristotelian framework of substance and accidents inherited from Aquinas, declaring the Eucharist not merely symbolic but a real, objective change effected by divine power at consecration.^[119] The feast thus counters reductive interpretations by emphasizing empirical witnesses to miracles and scriptural basis in John 6, where Christ declares the bread as his flesh, interpreting the sacrament as causal participation in his sacrificial offering rather than memorial alone.^[114] Trent's canons anathematize denials of this presence, grounding the celebration in conciliar authority to preserve doctrinal integrity against reformist views like consubstantiation or symbolic presence.^[120]

Broader symbolic interpretations

In literary and artistic discourse, "corpus" metaphorically denotes the entirety of an author's or creator's output, symbolizing a cohesive "body" of intellectual or expressive material that reflects their thematic and stylistic essence. This interpretation, rooted in the Latin corpus meaning "body," treats the works as an organic whole subject to analysis for patterns of influence and evolution. For instance, the corpus of William Shakespeare—comprising 36 plays and associated poetry—is substantially preserved through the First Folio, compiled and published in 1623 by his colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell, which introduced 18 plays to print for the first time and standardized much of the textual record.^[121]^[122] Philosophically, "corpus" evokes the material body's symbolic role as extended substance, as articulated by René Descartes in his dualistic framework distinguishing the corporeal from the mental. In res extensa, the body represents divisible, spatially extended matter operating mechanistically under physical laws, akin to a machine, in opposition to the indivisible, non-extended thinking substance (res cogitans). This conceptualization, detailed in Descartes' Principles of Philosophy published in Latin in 1644, underscores a symbolic separation of human embodiment from consciousness, influencing subsequent views of the body as a deterministic entity amenable to scientific dissection rather than spiritual unity.^[123]^[124]

References

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Corpus - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Latin corpus meaning "body," the word refers to "matter of any kind," a physical body, or a collection of facts or things.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[2]
CORPUS Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Oct 17, 2025 · 1. The body of a human or animal especially when dead. 2. a : the main part or body of a bodily structure or organ.
[3]
corpus, n. meanings, etymology and more - Oxford English Dictionary
What does the noun corpus mean? There are eight meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun corpus, one of which is labelled obsolete. See 'Meaning & use' for ...
[4]
CORPUS Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
a large or complete collection of writings. · the body of a person or animal, especially when dead. · a body, mass, or part having a special character or function ...
[5]
Corpus Linguistics - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Corpus linguistics is defined as the linguistic studies of corpora, which are collections of examples of language in use that are selected and compiled in a ...
[6]
Definition and Examples of Corpus Linguistics - ThoughtCo
May 12, 2025 · Corpus linguistics is the study of language based on real-life language data stored in computer databases. The methods of corpus linguistics ...
[7]
*kwrep- - Etymology and Meaning of the Root
Proto-Indo-European root meaning "body, form, appearance," probably a verbal root meaning "to appear." It might form all or part of: corporal (adj.)
[8]
corpus | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
Corpus is a Latin word for "body" which can have several meanings, including referring to the body of the prisoner (as in habeas corpus) in the context of ...
[9]
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Revision of Vulgate - New Advent
It is now understood that "capitula" or "breves", or, as we might call them, "tables of contents", which in most ancient Bibles are to found before each Book of ...
[10]
Corpus | definition of corpus by Medical dictionary
1. an ovarian follicle containing blood. · 2. a corpus luteum containing a blood clot. · 3. a blood clot formed in the cavity left by rupture of a graafian ...
[11]
Vertebra - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The vertebral body (corpus vertebra) supports the weight of the trunk. It is generally cylindrical in shape, but there is a wide range of variation for the ...
[12]
Anatomy, Back, Vertebral Column - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
The vertebral column, or spine, supports the body's structure and nervous system, enabling movement and sensation. It has 33 vertebrae and supports the head ...Embryology · Muscles · Clinical Significance<|separator|>
[13]
Neuroanatomy, Corpus Callosum - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
The corpus callosum is the primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
[14]
The structural basis for interhemispheric functional connectivity - NIH
Sep 15, 2020 · Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has provided insights into the association between brain structure and function. Diffusion tensor ...2.3. Imaging Data Analyses · 2.3. 1. Rs-Fmri Data... · 3. Results<|separator|>
[15]
Tractography Based Segmentation of the Corpus Callosum - PMC
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) measures the diffusion of water and can be used to describe the integrity of the corpus callosum white matter tracts, thereby ...
[16]
Corpus Callosum: History - SpringerLink
The corpus callosum was recognized in the very first anatomical descriptions as an identifiable part of the brain. In this article I will trace some of the ...
[17]
Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Penis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
The bulbospongiosus muscles compress the bulb of the penis and the corpus spongiosum which can aid in emptying the spongy urethra. The anterior fibers of the ...
[18]
Modifications of Erectile Tissue Components in the Penis during the ...
Aug 29, 2014 · In the corpus spongiosum, there is about four times more collagen than smooth muscle fibers and elastic system fibers, during all fetal period ...
[19]
Penile embryology and anatomy - PubMed
Jun 29, 2010 · The corpora cavernosa and spongiosum are all made of spongy erectile tissue. Buck's fascia circumferentially envelops all three structures, ...Missing: corpus | Show results with:corpus
[20]
Modifications of erectile tissue components in the penis during the ...
Aug 29, 2014 · In the corpus spongiosum, the amount of collagen, smooth muscle fibers and elastic system fibers varied from 34.65% to 45.89%, from 0.60% to 11 ...
[21]
Form and function of the corpus luteum during the human menstrual ...
Peak luteal function, as determined by maximum luteal area, progesterone concentration and estradiol concentration, is observed 6 days following ovulation.Missing: empirical | Show results with:empirical
[22]
Corpus Luteum: Development, Anatomy & Function - Cleveland Clinic
The corpus luteum produces the hormone progesterone that makes your uterus a healthy environment for a developing fetus. A new corpus luteum forms each time ...Missing: empirical data
[23]
Corpus Luteum Function - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Corpus luteum function refers to the transient endocrine activity established after ovulation, characterized by the secretion of progesterone and estradiol, ...
[24]
Ludwig Fraenkel: 'spiritus rector' of the early progesterone research
The search for the corpus luteum hormone progesterone took more than three decades and the efforts of many scientists all over Europe and the USA.
[25]
The history of natural progesterone, the never-ending story
Progesterone was first isolated in 1934 by groups investigating the endocrine function of the corpus luteum [6] .Progesterone deficiency inhibits the ...
[26]
Progesterone and the Luteal Phase: A Requisite to Reproduction - NIH
Progesterone production from the CL is critical for natural reproduction and progesterone supplementation seems to be an important aspect of any ART treatment.
[27]
Diagnosis and treatment of luteal phase deﬁciency: a committee ...
In medically unassisted cycles, progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum is essential for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, until the placenta ...
[28]
Luteolysis: A Neuroendocrine-Mediated Event
—In many nonprimate mammalian species, cyclical regression of the corpus luteum. (luteolysis) is caused by the episodic pulsatile secretion of uterine PGF2α, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[29]
The human corpus luteum: life cycle and function in natural cycles
Corpus luteum regression is associated with loss of cell–cell adhesions sites. ... variability. Neither traditional dating criteria nor any combination of ...Missing: albicans | Show results with:albicans
[30]
Structure of the corpus luteum in the ovulatory polycystic ovary
Corner (1956) stated that 'the human corpus luteum during menstruation shows great variability in degenerative changes' (Corner, 1956). As changes in the CL ...Results · Early Corpora Lutea (days... · Mature Corpus Luteum (days...
[31]
Corpus luteum cyst - Pathology Outlines
May 20, 2025 · Corpus luteum cyst is an ovarian cyst > 3 cm in diameter, lined by luteinized granulosa and theca cells.
[32]
Luteal cysts and unexplained infertility: biochemical and ultrasonic ...
Forty-one (23.4%) demonstrated luteal phase cyst formation. In 21 cycles the dominant follicle reduced in size after the LH peak (cystic corpus luteum cycles), ...
[33]
Luteal Phase Deficiency: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
The sum of the three progesterone levels was 34 ng/mL, which indicated normal corpus luteum function. In treatment cycles, whether they include ovulation ...
[34]
Age-Related Liquefaction of the Human Vitreous Body: LM and TEM ...
This is the first study to evaluate vitreous liquefaction at the light and electron microscopic level. A breakdown of collagen fibrils into smaller fragments ...Missing: corpus ultrasound
[35]
Age-related liquefaction of the human vitreous body: LM and TEM ...
This is the first study to evaluate vitreous liquefaction at the light and electron microscopic level.Missing: corpus ultrasound
[36]
Posterior Vitreous Detachment: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
Posterior vitreous detachment is a natural and common age-related eye problem. It's rare in people younger than 40, usually occurring after age 50. The ...
[37]
Vitreous Opacities: Benign or Serious? - Review of Optometry
Jun 15, 2023 · B-scan ultrasound can image the entire vitreous body and can detect differences in density between liquefied and gel vitreous, as well as ...
[38]
Volumetric Optical Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Age ... - IOVS
Aging of the vitreous body is characterized by fibrous degeneration with gel liquefaction.4,5 Fibrous vitreous liquefaction results from molecular changes ...Missing: corpus | Show results with:corpus<|separator|>
[39]
Corpus Callosum: What It Is, Function, Location & Disorders
Aug 19, 2024 · The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibers that allow your brain's left and right hemispheres to communicate.
[40]
Fundamental Principles of Corpus Linguistics (Appendix 1)
Sep 22, 2022 · Principle 1: Either when building a corpus or when using one, corpus linguists should use research questions in order to engage with their data ...
[41]
Understanding Corpus Linguistics by Danielle Barth & Stefan ...
May 19, 2023 · In the first part, the authors enumerate such concepts as size, balance, representativeness as well as authenticity and spontaneity as the core ...
[42]
Corpus and Text — Basic Principles
However unsteady is the notion of representativeness, it is an unavoidable one in corpus design, and others such as sample and balance need to be faced as well.
[43]
Principles of corpus linguistics and their application to translation ...
May 26, 2020 · We define a corpus as a large, principled sample of texts designed to represent a target domain of language use. Corpus representativeness is ...Missing: core | Show results with:core
[44]
[PDF] "Corpus linguistics" or "Computer-aided armchair linguistics" - IS MUNI
Armchair linguistics does not have a good name in some linguistics circles. A caricature of the armchair linguist is something like this.
[45]
“Corpus Linguistics” or “Computer-aided Armchair Linguistics”
Oct 31, 2023 · Armchair linguistics does not have a good name in some linguistics circles. A caricature of the armchair linguist is something like this. He ...
[46]
[PDF] Unit 1 Corpus linguistics: the basics - Lancaster University
Rather, the term corpus as used in modern linguistics can best be defined as a collection of sampled texts, written or spoken, in machine readable form which ...Missing: core | Show results with:core
[47]
Background and history - CoRD | The Brown Corpus (BROWN)
The Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English, compiled in the 1960s, was the first publicly available electronic corpus.
[48]
BROWN Corpus search online | Sketch Engine
The original corpus was published in 1963–1964 by W. Nelson Francis and Henry Kučera (Department of Linguistics, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island, USA) ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[49]
The Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen Corpus (LOB) - CoRD
LOB background and history. The initiative to compile a British English counterpart to the Brown Corpus was taken by Geoffrey Leech, Lancaster University.
[50]
UCREL History
... Bergen, and the completed corpus was hence called the Lancaster/Oslo-Bergen (or LOB) corpus (Johansson, Leech and Goodluck, 1978). After completion of the LOB ...
[51]
The history of cobuild - Collins Dictionary Language Blog
Collins and the University of Birmingham, led by Professor John Sinclair, developed an electronic corpus in the 1980s, which is where these examples of English ...
[52]
[PDF] An Account of the COBUILD PROJECT IN LEXICAL COMPUTING
COBUILD dictionary project, going back to early 1980, resulted in the publication in 1987 of the Collins CO-. BUILI) English Language Dictionary. There are ...<|separator|>
[53]
Corpus types: monolingual, parallel, multilingual… | Sketch Engine
A monolingual corpus is the most frequent type of corpus. It contains texts in one language only. The corpus is usually tagged for parts of speech and is used ...
[54]
[PDF] Unit 5 Multilingual corpora - Lancaster University
For us this means that parallel corpora refer to those that contain collections of L1 texts and their translations while comparable corpora refer to those that ...
[55]
12.6 Corpus linguistics - Psychology Of Language - Fiveable
Historical development of corpus linguistics. Emerged in the 1960s with the advent of computer technology for language analysis; Brown Corpus (1961) marked ...
[56]
Types of corpora – Slovak National Corpus
Corpora are divided according to: 1. language – monolingual corpora are available for many languages (national corpora) – bilingual and multilingual (parallel) ...
[57]
What are language resources? - European Commission
Large general domain corpora, whether monolingual (e.g. official corpora of national languages) or multilingual, should be sought, as well as domain-specific ...
[58]
[PDF] Unit 2 Representativeness, balance and sampling
The above discussion suggests that in constructing a balanced, representative corpus, stratified random sampling is to be preferred over simple random sampling ...
[59]
[PDF] Representativeness in corpus design. - Northern Arizona University
Dec 15, 2008 · To reduce the standard error (and thus narrow the confidence interval) by half, it is necessary to increase the sample size by four times. For ...
[60]
Corpus Linguistics Glossary | Department of Modern & Classical ...
... Lemmatization: grouping together all of the different inflected forms of ... test: an alternative statistical test to chi-square test. References. Baker ...
[61]
[PDF] Statistics in Corpus Linguistics - CLC
The book gives step-by-step guidance through the process of statistical analysis and provides multiple examples of how statistical techniques can be used to ...
[62]
[PDF] Unit 6 Making statistical claims
The most commonly used statistical test in corpus linguistics is probably the chi-square test. (also called the Pearson chi-square test). The chi-square test ...
[63]
[PDF] Useful statistics for corpus linguistics - Stefan Th. Gries
A chi-square test shows that the frequencies of the inflectional forms of give are not compatible with the assumption that they are equally fre- quent: x=377.72 ...
[64]
Representativeness in Corpus Design | SpringerLink
The present paper addresses a number of issues related to achieving 'representativeness' in linguistic corpus design.
[65]
[PDF] Exploring Methods for Evaluating Corpus Representativeness
Linguistic representativeness determines the suitability of a corpus sample for answering specific research questions about specific linguistic features.
[66]
Oxford English Corpus search - Sketch Engine
The Oxford English Corpus (OED) contains all types of English including novels, everyday newspapers, blogs, emails and social media.
[67]
The role of corpora in dictionary making - FutureLearn
One example is the Oxford English Corpus, which contains 21bn words and is used by lexicographers working on the OED and other Oxford dictionaries.
[68]
Corpus-driven Lexicography - Oxford Academic
Jul 5, 2008 · A corpus-driven approach involves a bottom-up methodology, beginning by selecting unedited examples from the corpus, identifying their shared ...
[69]
"Ordinary Meaning and Corpus Linguistics" by Stefan Th. Gries and ...
In both cases, United States v. Costello and Smith v. United States, the courts made statements about language that are contradicted by corpus analysis. We also ...
[70]
The Corpus Linguistics Bug: New Cases in the Sixth, Fourth Circuits.
Jun 10, 2022 · In a previous post, we discussed corpus linguistics, an emerging tool in statutory and constitutional interpretation.
[71]
Testing Ordinary Meaning - Harvard Law Review
at a conservative divergence rate between 20–35%.Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[72]
Corpus evidence and electronic lexicography - Oxford Academic
Corpus evidence opens up radical possibilities for lexicography. Traditional dictionaries tend to distort meaning because they pay insufficient attention to ...
[73]
(PDF) Corpus Linguistics and Lexicography - ResearchGate
Jul 3, 2025 · Corpus linguistics is primarily interested in semantics. The meaning of words, phrases and text segments is negotiated in discourse and manifests itself in the ...
[74]
CorpusChat: integrating corpus linguistics and generative AI for ...
This article reports on the development and piloting of an innovative AI-empowered platform—CorpusChat—offering customised corpus-informed chatbots for ...
[75]
Corpus sense: A comprehensive tool for advanced text and ...
Corpus Sense is a web application with a focus on content and discourse analysis designed to facilitate the exploration, analysis and visualization of ...
[76]
A survey on multilingual large language models: corpora, alignment ...
Apr 3, 2025 · In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of MLLMs, delving deeply into discussions surrounding these critical issues.Missing: developments | Show results with:developments
[77]
A Survey on Multilingual Large Language Models: Corpora ... - arXiv
Apr 1, 2024 · In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of MLLMs, delving deeply into discussions surrounding these critical issues.
[78]
Parallel Corpora for Machine Translation in Low-Resource Indic ...
Apr 22, 2025 · The development of MT systems for Indic languages heavily relies on the availability of high-quality parallel corpora. These corpora serve as ...
[79]
Statutory Interpretation and Corpus Evidence: Tensions Between ...
Aug 2, 2025 · This paper examines how linguistic meaning interacts with legal interpretation for the statutory term child, focusing on the 2013 Alabama ...
[80]
Corpus-linguistic approaches to lexical statutory meaning
Recent corpus-linguistic work on ordinary meaning in legal/statutory interpretation has rightfully questioned the notion that dictionaries are a suitable tool ...
[81]
[PDF] Corpus Enigmas and Contradictory Linguistics - Stanford Law School
May 21, 2024 · Second, corpus linguistics may offer legislative and ratification history that contradicts textualist commitments in statutory interpretation ...
[82]
[PDF] Violin Acoustics
Introduction. This article describes how sound is excited by the violin and how the quality of its sound is related to the vibrations and acoustic ...
[83]
[PDF] Resonance and Radiation of Acoustic Instruments
Plucking the strings produces sound, but very little of this sound actually comes from the strings themselves. Instead, the vibrating strings transfer energy to.
[84]
Acoustic evolution of old Italian violins from Amati to Stradivari - PMC
May 21, 2018 · The shape and design of the modern violin are largely influenced by two makers from Cremona, Italy: The instrument was invented by Andrea Amati ...
[85]
(PDF) Two models for predicting the violin timbre from the material ...
Oct 5, 2019 · Using lower density wood in top plate will increase the levels of the signature modes. • Using top plate wood with high stiffness will ...
[86]
A weighty argument: wood density in violins | Focus - The Strad
Aug 24, 2021 · High wood density in violins can make them heavy, affecting their acoustic quality. Heavier violins are less favored by musicians, and CT scans ...
[87]
Violin wood density – Patrick KREIT
The wood's stiffness increases with its density and decreases when its moisture content rises. Water acts as a plasticizer, modifying the mechanical properties ...
[88]
Part 1: The Electric Guitar is History - zZounds Music Blog
Apr 4, 2022 · By 1950, Leo Fender had introduced his first electric guitar designs: the single-pickup Esquire, and the dual-pickup Broadcaster, whose name was ...
[89]
Predicting the decay time of solid body electric guitar tones - PubMed
This paper implements and justifies a framework for the study of decay times of electric guitar tones. Two damping mechanisms are theoretically and ...Missing: rates Fender 1950s
[90]
A corpus and a modular infrastructure for the empirical study of (an ...
Apr 23, 2025 · With 1283 analytically annotated, symbolically encoded music scores by 36 composers, our corpus amounts to one of the largest published resources of its kind.
[91]
[PDF] When in Rome: A Meta-corpus of Functional Harmony
Nov 30, 2023 · 'When in Rome' brings together all human-made, computer-encoded, functional harmonic analyses of music. This amounts in total to over 2,000 ...
[92]
Statistical Evolutionary Laws in Music Styles - PMC - NIH
Nov 5, 2019 · Here we analyze Western classical music data and find statistical evolutionary laws. For example, distributions of the frequencies of some rare ...Missing: motifs | Show results with:motifs
[93]
[PDF] A corpus analysis of rock harmony - David Temperley
Abstract. In this study, we report a corpus analysis of rock harmony. As a corpus, we used Rolling Stone magazine's list of the '500 Greatest Songs of All ...
[94]
Latent evolutionary signatures: a general framework for analysing ...
Mar 20, 2024 · Here, we introduce a general framework to jointly identify underlying units and their associated evolutionary processes. We model musical styles ...
[95]
[PDF] The content and validity of music-genre stereotypes among college ...
We empirically examined the content and validity of 14 music-genre stereotypes. Guided by research on person-environment interactions, inter- personal ...Missing: debunking | Show results with:debunking
[96]
corpus delicti | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
Corpus delicti is a common law Latin phrase that translates to “body of the crime.” The phrase generally refers to the principle that no one should be convicted ...
[97]
[PDF] Corpus Delicti, Trustworthiness and Corroboration, and the Federal
Apr 25, 2024 · The corpus delicti rule—prohibiting conviction of a crime based solely on a confession—has been a part of criminal law in the United States for.
[98]
The Corpus Delicti Rule in California Law - Eisner Gorin LLP
The corpus delicti rule states that the prosecutor must prove the corpus delicti in every criminal case but cannot use someone's confession or statements as the ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[99]
Corpus Delicti - North Carolina Criminal Law
Nov 21, 2011 · It refers to the substance of the crime, which ordinarily includes two elements: the act and the criminal agency of the act.Missing: history US
[100]
Corpus Delicti - Ohio Public Defender
Jun 16, 2020 · When the offense is homicide, the corpus delicti involves two elements: (1) the fact of death and (2) the criminal agency of another as the cause of death.Missing: doctrine history
[101]
The Anatomy of Florida's Corpus Delicti Doctrine - The Florida Bar
Oct 9, 2000 · Corpus delicti, which means “the body of a crime,” is a common law doctrine that requires the state to prove that a crime has been committed ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[102]
Corpus Delicti Rule: Essential Legal Principle for Proving Criminal ...
The corpus delicti rule stands as a fundamental principle in criminal law, serving as a safeguard against wrongful convictions based solely on confessions or ...<|separator|>
[103]
The Justinian Code | World History - Lumen Learning
Corpus juris civilis The modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman ...
[104]
Roman Law Research: Corpus Juris Civilis - Library - LibGuides
May 23, 2025 · This compilation, known collectively as the Corpus Juris Civilis, consisted of three different original parts: the Digest (Digesta), the Code ( ...
[105]
Corpus Iuris Civilis ( Mommsen et al. )
The Corpus Iuris Civilis ... Justinian in 529-534. The first part was the Codex Justinianus compiled all of the extant imperial constitutiones from the time of ...
[106]
Corpus Linguistics & Original Public Meaning: A New Tool To Make ...
May 18, 2016 · A corpus, in linguistic terms, is merely a searchable body of texts used to determine meaning through language usage. A corpus, usually tens or ...<|separator|>
[107]
The Corpus and the Courts | The University of Chicago Law Review
Feb 28, 2021 · Legal corpus linguistics was once characterized as the “best mechanism” for finding ordinary meaning. Now it is characterized more humbly: it is ...
[108]
[PDF] Against Corpus Linguistics - Georgetown Law
Corpus linguistics uses large databases to find meaning, but this article argues against it due to dangers like resource quality and biases.
[109]
Last name CORPUS: origin and meaning - Geneanet
Etymology. Corpus : Hispanic (Philippines): from Spanish corpus 'feast of Corpus Christi' (from Latin corpus 'body') i.e. The Feast of the Blessed Sacrament ...
[110]
Corpus Name Meaning and Corpus Family History at FamilySearch
Hispanic (Philippines): from Spanish corpus 'feast of Corpus Christi' (from Latin corpus 'body'), i.e. The Feast of the Blessed Sacrament or Body ...
[111]
Corpus Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
This last name is most widespread in Mexico, where it is borne by 10,039 people, or 1 in 12,364. In Mexico Corpus is mostly found in: Nuevo León, where 27 ...
[112]
From rebel officer to intel chief: Victor Corpus, 79 - News - Inquirer.net
Apr 5, 2024 · Victor Corpus, a former instructor at the Philippine Military Academy (PMA) who defected to the New People's Army (NPA) and then turned his back on the ...Missing: Filipino | Show results with:Filipino
[113]
Former ISAFP chief Victor Corpus dies - Rappler
Apr 4, 2024 · Victor Corpus served as chief of the Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines during the early years of the Gloria Arroyo ...
[114]
General Council of Trent: Thirteenth Session - Papal Encyclicals
This sacred and holy Synod delivering here, on this venerable and divine sacrament of the Eucharist, that sound and genuine doctrine.
[115]
The Origins of the Feast of the Corpus Christi - EWTN Vatican
May 23, 2023 · After these events, on August 11th, 1264, Pope Urban IV, with the bull Transiturus, established the Feast of Corpus Christi for all of ...
[116]
The true story of the feast of Corpus Christi | Salt + Light Media
Jun 17, 2022 · It's also true that Pope Urban IV instituted the feast of Corpus Christi for the universal Church in 1264, and it is generally accepted that ...
[117]
The history of Corpus Christi - by Meghan Lescault - The Pillar
Jun 13, 2022 · These processions for Corpus Christi originated in Germany around 1275. By 1350, as the feast had become a universal practice, so too had the ...Missing: medieval Europe
[118]
The Corpus Christi procession – 'God's Court Ball'
The Corpus Christi processions were held at the Viennese Court from the late sixteenth century as a clarion signal to sectarian adversaries and as great public ...
[119]
Thirteenth Session of the Council of Trent - EWTN
This holy council, stating that sound and genuine doctrine of the venerable and divine sacrament of the Eucharist, which the Catholic Church, instructed by our ...
[120]
Eucharistic Theology in the Reformation and the Council of Trent
In such a way, the Council denied with the concept of "transubstantiation" the doctrine of "consubstantiation", in other words, that the substance of the bread ...
[121]
First Folio - Folger Shakespeare Library
The First Folio of Shakespeare, published in 1623, is an extraordinary book. About half of Shakespeare's plays had never previously appeared in print.Missing: corpus | Show results with:corpus
[122]
All-purpose Corpus - DAILY WRITING TIPS
A corpus is a body of literature, a body of information, or an author's body of works. In this sense, corpus means “collection.” There's a subcategory of ...
[123]
Time to move beyond the mind-body split - NIH
Descartes distinguished between the res cogitans and the res extensa. The former referred to the soul or mind and was said to be essentially “a thing which ...
[124]
Principles of Philosophy. - PhilPapers
Principles of Philosophy was written in Latin by Rene Descartes. Published in 1644, it was intended to replace Aristotle's philosophy and traditional ...