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Xu

Xu (Chinese: 徐; pinyin: Xú) is a highly prevalent , estimated to be borne by over 30 million individuals in , making it one of the top surnames by population. The name traces its origins to the ancient State of Xu, a vassal territory during the located in present-day and provinces, from which descendants adopted the territorial name as their hereditary surname. The character 徐 literally denotes "slowly," "gradually," or "calmly," reflecting attributes historically associated with the clan's reputed temperament. Distinct from this is another surname romanized as Xu but written 许 (pinyin: Xǔ), meaning "permit" or "allow," which derives from separate legendary and feudal sources, such as the sage Xu You, though it is far less common. In modern distributions, the Xú surname predominates among populations and overseas diaspora communities in and beyond, underscoring its enduring demographic significance without notable controversies tied to the name itself.

Surnames

Xu (徐)

Xu (徐) is one of the most common surnames in , ranking 11th in prevalence with approximately 20.2 million bearers as of recent population surveys. The character 徐 (Xú in ) literally denotes "slowly," "gradually," or "leisurely," reflecting attributes of measured pace or composure. The surname's origins trace to the ancient State of Xu (徐國), a feudal domain established during the (c. 2070–1600 BC) in regions corresponding to modern-day northern and provinces. Legend attributes its founding to a grant by the flood-control hero (c. 2200 BC) to a loyal , marking one of the earliest recorded derivations from a territorial name. Many lineages claim descent from Boyi (伯益), a under Yu associated with and , whose descendants adopted the after the state's absorption by the around 512 BC. Additional branches emerged from ethnic groups in northern and from the Ying (嬴) clan during the Xia period, though the core association remains with the Xu state's . In contemporary distribution, the predominates in eastern and , particularly , , , and provinces, where historical population centers from the state of persist. communities, especially those emigrating from and since the 17th century, have carried the name to , , and , often romanized as Hsu in Wade-Giles systems used in and older records. Genetic studies of Y-chromosome markers among bearers show clustering consistent with ancient eastern origins, supporting the state's role as a rather than later adoptions.

Xu (許)

The surname Xu (許), romanized as Xǔ in standard , traces its primary origin to the ancient feudal state of (許國), enfeoffed during the Dynasty (c. 1046–771 BC) in the region of present-day Runan County, . The state's establishment is attributed to a grant by to Xie (偰), a descendant of the legendary hermit-sage Xu You (許由), who lived during the time of the mythical (c. 2357–2258 BC) and famously rejected the imperial throne by washing his ears in a stream to cleanse them of the proposition, embodying ideals of moral purity and renunciation of worldly authority. This Xu You lineage forms the core mythic foundation for the surname, with descendants of the state's ruling family adopting 許 upon its annexation by the state of in 512 BC during the . The 許 etymologically denotes "to permit," "to ," or "to allow," reflecting connotations of or concession in ancient usage. Alternative origins include branches from non-Han ethnic groups; for instance, certain Manchu clans, such as the Shunbulu (順布魯) and Yilali (伊拉哩), adopted 許 as a sinicized during the (1644–1912). The appears in inscriptions with ties to early celestial practices, underscoring its antiquity predating formalized state nomenclature. In terms of distribution, (許) ranks among China's more common s, placing 26th to 36th in various national tallies, with an estimated population of approximately 8.8 million as of the early , concentrated historically in , , and provinces before broader migration. Overseas, it appears among Chinese diaspora communities, often rendered as Hsu in Wade-Giles romanization (prevalent in ) or Hứa in adaptations from historical migrations. Prominent historical bearers include Xu Shen (許慎, 58–147 AD), an Eastern Han scholar whose (121 AD) systematized Chinese character etymology and phonetics, serving as a foundational lexicographic work for over 1,800 years. Another is Xu Shao (許邵, 150–195 AD), renowned in the late Eastern Han for his incisive character assessments that influenced official appointments under the . In modern times, figures such as Taiwanese weightlifter Hsu Shu-ching (許淑綾, b. 1991), who won Olympic gold in 2012 and 2016, exemplify the surname's continued prominence.

People

Historical Figures

Xu Huang (died 227 CE), Gongming, was a prominent military general who served under the warlord during the late Eastern and the early period. Initially an official in Hedong Commandery, he joined the forces of Yang Feng amid the chaos following the and later defected to around 196 CE after Yang Feng's defeat. Huang distinguished himself in several campaigns, including the defense against Ma Chao's invasion in 211 CE and the pivotal relief of Fan Castle in 219 CE, where his night assault routed Guan Yu's army, preventing the loss of a key supply point. His tactical acumen and loyalty earned him promotions to titles such as General of the Right and Marquis of Lu Township by 220 CE under . Xu Da (1332–1385), styled Tiande, was a key founding general of the , contributing decisively to the overthrow of the Mongol regime. Born in 1332 in Zhongli village, Haozhou (present-day Fengyang County, Province), Da hailed from the same locale as Zhu Yuanzhang, the future , and joined his rebel forces in the 1350s during the Red Turban uprising. He led major expeditions, including the capture of in 1356 and northern campaigns that expelled Yuan forces from much of by 1368, culminating in the dynasty's establishment. Enfeoffed as Duke of Wei for his merits, Da maintained disciplined governance over his troops but died in 1385, reportedly from a sudden illness or poisoning amid court intrigues. Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), also known as Paul Xu, was a high-ranking Ming dynasty official, polymath, and one of China's earliest documented converts to Christianity in 1603 under the influence of Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci. Serving as a scholar-bureaucrat, he advanced through the imperial examinations, reaching positions such as Minister of Rites and supervisor of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau, where he oversaw calendar reforms incorporating Western methods. Guangqi co-translated key Euclidean mathematical texts into Chinese, authored treatises on agriculture like the Nongzheng quanshu (Complete Treatise on Agricultural Administration) advocating practical farming techniques, and promoted firearms and military drill based on European models to bolster Ming defenses against Manchu threats. His integration of Confucian ethics with Jesuit science reflected a pragmatic synthesis, though it drew suspicion from traditionalists; he died in Shanghai, leaving a legacy in Sino-Western scientific exchange.

Contemporary Individuals

Xu Jiayin (许家印), also known as , born in 1958 in Province, , founded Evergrande Group in 1996, which grew into one of the country's largest developers with assets exceeding $300 billion by 2021. After graduating from Wuhan University of Science and Technology in 1982, he worked as a steel factory technician before entering , leveraging high debt to fuel expansion that made him 's richest person in 2017 with a over $40 billion. Evergrande's 2021 default on $300 billion in liabilities triggered a crisis, leading to his detention by authorities in September 2023 amid investigations into illegal activities, though he remains a member of the National Committee of the . Tsui Hark (徐克), born Tsui Man-kong in 1950 in to Chinese parents, is a prominent filmmaker and producer who pioneered the revival of and genres in the . Immigrating to in 1966, he studied at the before directing influential works like Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain (1983) and producing hits such as (1986), blending , , and fantasy to shape modern Chinese cinema. As head of Film Workshop, he has directed over 20 s, including The Blade (1995) and Detective Dee series, earning acclaim for innovative visuals amid 's cinematic golden age. Xu Bing (徐冰), born in 1955 in , , is a conceptual artist renowned for installations exploring language, culture, and semiotics, such as his invented "Square Word Calligraphy" system that mimics English but uses pseudo-Chinese characters. A graduate of the in 1987, he gained international recognition after emigrating to the U.S. in 1990, receiving a Fellowship in 1999 for works like Book from the Sky (1987-1991), which used unreadable pseudo-characters to critique linguistic authority. Serving as vice-president of the from 2008, his projects, including the massive sculptures from 2013 made from construction debris, address and ecology in contemporary . Xu Xing (徐星), born in July 1969, is a paleontologist at of and in , who has named more than any other living scientist, exceeding 50 by 2020. Specializing in feathered dinosaurs from Province's , his discoveries, including feathered specimens like (1996) and (2000), have provided key evidence for the dinosaur-bird evolutionary link, challenging prior assumptions about avian origins. Xu's fieldwork emphasizes empirical fossil analysis, contributing to over 100 peer-reviewed papers and advancing understanding of ecosystems through CT scans and phylogenetic studies. Xu Xiaodong (徐晓冬), born in 1980, is a Beijing-based who gained notoriety in 2017 by knocking out a master in 10 seconds, sparking debates on the efficacy of traditional versus modern combat sports. Trained in and MMA, he has challenged and defeated practitioners of and , arguing that many traditional styles prioritize performance over practical fighting ability, leading to bans from platforms and reported harassment by authorities. Despite professional setbacks, including periods, Xu advocates for evidence-based training, competing in regional MMA bouts and promoting functional through online content as of 2023.

Fictional Characters

Xu Xian is the male protagonist in the , a traditional originating from the Southern and popularized in various literary and dramatic adaptations. Portrayed as a compassionate but naive from , he marries , a who has taken human form to repay a past-life debt; their union leads to conflicts with the monk Fahai, who seeks to separate them due to her supernatural origins. In modern media, Xu Wenwu serves as the primary antagonist in the 2021 Marvel Cinematic Universe film and the Legend of the Ten Rings, where he is depicted as a centuries-old warlord who discovered the ancient Ten Rings artifacts around 1000 years prior, using them to build a vast criminal empire and achieve apparent immortality. Father to the hero , Wenwu's character draws partial inspiration from the comic but reimagines him with deeper familial motivations and historical depth, culminating in his sacrificial redemption against a greater threat. Xu Sanduo is the central figure in the 2006 Chinese television series (Sheng Zhang You Xi), a fictional recruit in the who rises through perseverance and loyalty despite humble origins and initial hardships. Broadcast on CCTV-7, the series portrays his transformation into an exemplary soldier, emphasizing themes of discipline and patriotism that resonated widely, spawning the cultural phrase "Xu Sanduo spirit" to denote unyielding dedication in military and civilian contexts.

Places

Ancient States

The State of Xu (許) was a regional polity of the Zhou dynasty (11th century–221 BCE), situated in the upper reaches of the Ying River basin in present-day Xuchang, Henan province. Its ruling lineage descended from Bo Yi (伯夷), a minister serving the legendary Emperor Shun (舜), with the Jiang (姜) clan holding sovereignty. Following the Zhou conquest of the Shang, King Wu of Zhou (r. 1049/46–1043 BCE) reaffirmed the clan's authority over the territory. Facing persistent threats from neighboring powers, the state relocated its capital multiple times: initially at Xu (許), then to Ye (鄢), Chengfu (成府), Baiyu (白羽), and finally Rongcheng (容城). Historical records document at least 25 rulers, including Xu Zhuanggong (許莊公), who reigned from 731 to 712 BCE amid alliances and conflicts detailed in Spring and Autumn period annals. The polity relied on Chu for protection against encroachments by Zheng, but this dependence proved untenable. Xu (許) endured until approximately 480 BCE, when Zheng forces extinguished it during the late Spring and Autumn period, absorbing its lands into larger contestations among warring states. Archaeological evidence, including bronzes inscribed with Xu lineage names, corroborates its administrative and ritual practices within the Zhou feudal framework. A distinct polity known as Xu (徐), associated with Dongyi groups east of the Zhou core, operated semi-independently in the Huai River valley from the late Shang through early Zhou eras, but its non-vassal status and resistance to Zhou enfeoffment differentiate it from the integrated Xu (許).

Modern Locations

Xuzhou (徐州), located in northwestern province, eastern , is the primary modern location associated with the historical name Xu. Situated at the confluence of the Grand Canal and major lines, it serves as a key transportation hub, ranking as China's second-largest railway junction after . The city spans approximately 20,786 square kilometers and had a population of about 9.08 million as of 2020. Geographically, occupies a strategic position in a lowland gap amid the Hills, facilitating its role as a historical and economic crossroads between . Administratively, it governs five districts (Yunlong, Quanshan, Gulou, Tongshan, and Jiawang), three counties (Fengxian, Pei, and Tongshan), and two county-level cities (Xinyi and Pizhou). Its economy emphasizes , , and , bolstered by proximity to reserves and the Beijing-Shanghai corridor. While preserves archaeological ties to the ancient state through sites like the tombs, its modern development focuses on urban expansion and infrastructure, including the Xuzhou Han Culture Scenic Area, which attracts visitors for its terracotta warriors and imperial mausoleums dating to the Western period (206 BCE–9 CE). No other significant contemporary locations bear the name at a comparable scale, though smaller villages like Xu Jia Chong in province exist with familial surname associations rather than direct nominal inheritance.

Institutions

Universities and Colleges

Xuzhou University of Technology, located in , Province, , originated as Xuzhou Electrical Manufacturing School in 1958 and achieved university status in 2002, with further elevation in 2010. It enrolls approximately 23,000 full-time students across 19 schools and 70 undergraduate majors, emphasizing applied , , and disciplines. Xuzhou Medical University, also situated in Xuzhou and founded in 1958 as Xuzhou Health Cadre School, specializes in medical education with programs in clinical medicine, nursing, stomatology, and public health; it serves around 16,000 students and maintains affiliations with 29 hospitals for clinical training. These institutions operate in Xuzhou, a city named after the historical Xu commandery (徐郡) established during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), which traces its etymology to the ancient Xu state (徐国) and connects to the origins of the surname Xu (徐) through regional nomenclature in present-day Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.

Other Uses

Currency

The xu (Vietnamese: xu, sometimes transliterated as su) was a minor unit of currency in , defined as one hundredth of a đồng from the establishment of separate northern and southern monetary systems in the mid-20th century until its effective discontinuation in the late . It functioned analogously to a or , enabling subdivision for low-value transactions amid post-colonial economic transitions. The unit originated with the introduction of the đồng by the (precursor to ) in 1951–1953, which replaced the and its subdivisions, and was similarly adopted in the of (North ) from 1946 onward as part of independence-era reforms. In , the of Vietnam minted xu-denominated coins starting in 1953, initially in higher fractions like 10 xu, 20 xu, and 50 xu (aluminum composition, reflecting wartime material constraints), with smaller 1 xu, 2 xu, and 5 xu pieces added in 1975 amid final efforts to stabilize circulation before the fall of Saigon. These coins bore inscriptions in quoc ngu script, featuring national symbols such as the or , and circulated alongside đồng notes for and informal exchanges. issued comparable xu coins from the , though production was limited by conflict and centralized planning, often prioritizing đồng banknotes. Paper notes in xu values, such as the 10 xu provisional issues by forces in 1963, also appeared during wartime to support guerrilla economies. Following national unification in 1976, the Socialist Republic of retained the xu nominally within the đồng system (1 đồng = 10 hào = 100 xu), but exceeding 300% annually by the early rendered fractional units obsolete for practical use, leading to their phased elimination through re-denominations in 1978 and 1985. No xu coins or notes have circulated since, with modern Vietnamese đồng transactions relying solely on whole dong amounts, though the subunit persists in official definitions without enforcement. Numismatic evidence confirms xu coins' scarcity today, valued primarily for historical significance rather than redemption.

Philosophical Concepts

In Chinese philosophy, xu (虛) denotes emptiness or void, encompassing a cosmological state as the undifferentiated origin of the universe—often linked to formless qi rather than mere absence—and a psychological condition of an unoccupied, unbiased mind conducive to receptivity. This dual aspect underscores xu's role in enabling transformation and harmony, as ancient thinkers interpreted it variably: some as a pure vacuum preceding creation, others as subtle, dynamic potential from which phenomena emerge. Daoist philosophy elevates xu as a generative principle integral to the Dao, representing non-being in dialectical unity with being (shi, the real). The Tao Te Ching, compiled around the 4th–3rd century BCE, employs xu to demonstrate its utility in Chapter 11, observing that "thirty spokes converge upon a hub, yet it is the central void (xu) that renders the wheel functional; clay is shaped into a vessel, yet it is the internal void that renders it useful; doors and windows are cut to form a , yet it is the empty space within that renders it habitable." Here, xu is not nihilistic but pragmatically essential, fostering flexibility and non-action () by prioritizing potential over solidity. In later traditions, such as Xunzi's Confucianism (circa 310–235 BCE), xu describes the heart-mind (xin)'s innate receptive quality, free from interference by prior impressions or desires, allowing undistorted intake of sensory data for deliberate judgment. Xunzi posits the heart-mind as naturally xu (empty), ling (spiritually responsive), and ming (discerning), stating in Chapter 21 that this emptiness enables it to "receive" and unify diverse inputs without prejudice (Xunzi 21.8). Paired with unity (yi) and tranquility (jing), xu thus supports ethical cultivation and social order by ensuring clear, adaptive cognition. This contrasts with fuller states of bias, emphasizing xu's causal role in accurate perception and action.

Acronyms and Abbreviations

XU is the abbreviation for , a private Jesuit Catholic university located in , , founded in 1831. In physics, xu (or XU) denotes the X unit, a non-SI defined as exactly 1.002 077 89 × 10^{-13} meters, historically used to express wavelengths of X-rays and gamma rays based on the spacing in rock salt crystals. In medical billing under the U.S. (HCPCS), XU is a modifier signifying "unusual non-overlapping service," applied to procedures distinct from and not overlapping the usual components of the primary service, introduced to provide specificity beyond modifier 59. XU may also abbreviate in , referring to a component responsible for executing instructions, as seen in certain PowerPC designs.

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