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2A70

The 2A70 is a 100 mm low-pressure rifled gun-launcher developed in the Soviet Union during the 1980s by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau as part of the 2K23 combat module.^[1] It functions both as a cannon for firing high-explosive fragmentation shells and as a launcher for the 9M117 Bastion (AT-10 Stabber) laser-guided anti-tank missiles, providing versatile firepower against armored and soft targets.^[2] Designed for integration into light armored vehicles, the 2A70 features a hydraulic buffer system to manage recoil and weighs 332 kg in its gun-only configuration, with a barrel length exceeding 3 meters.^[1] It achieves a rate of fire of 8–10 rounds per minute and employs a muzzle velocity of approximately 250–355 m/s depending on the ammunition type, enabling effective engagement ranges up to 4 km for standard high-explosive rounds and 6.5 km with extended-range variants.^[1] The weapon entered service in 1987 and remains in production at facilities like the Motovilikha Plants in Russia, with licensed manufacturing in China.^[1] Primarily mounted on the BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle, the 2A70 is paired with a 30 mm 2A72 autocannon and a 7.62 mm PKT coaxial machine gun, forming a multi-role armament suite supported by an advanced computerized fire-control system incorporating a laser rangefinder.^[2] It has also been adapted for other platforms, including the Russian BMD-4 airborne assault vehicle and Chinese ZBD-04/ZBD-04A infantry carriers.^[1] Ammunition includes 22 rounds of 3UOF17 or 3UOF19 high-explosive fragmentation projectiles stored in an autoloader, alongside up to eight manually loaded 9M117 missiles capable of penetrating modern reactive armor at distances up to 4,000 m.^[2] Operators of 2A70-equipped systems include Russia, China, the United Arab Emirates, Cyprus, Kuwait, and South Korea, highlighting its role in modern mechanized forces for direct fire support and anti-armor operations.^[1]

Development and history

Design origins

During the 1980s, the Soviet military identified a need for a low-pressure 100 mm gun-launcher to arm advanced infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and airborne combat vehicles, focusing on a versatile system capable of launching both conventional shells and anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) from the same barrel to enhance firepower in lightweight platforms.^[3] The KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula served as the lead developer, initiating work in the early 1980s to create the weapon as the core element of the 2K23 turret for the emerging BMP-3 IFV program.^[1]^[4] The 2A70 adopted a rifled barrel configuration for improved projectile stability and accuracy.^[3]^[1] Central objectives encompassed drastically reducing recoil forces to accommodate vehicles under 20 tons, enabling seamless ATGM launches through the gun tube, and supporting a sustained high rate of fire without accelerating barrel erosion.^[3]^[1] Early prototypes underwent testing in the mid-1980s, culminating in the first effective mounting on BMP-3 test vehicles by 1987.^[4]

Production and service entry

The 2A70 gun began production at the Motovilikha Plants in Perm, Russia, during the mid-1980s, following its development by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau.^[1] As the primary armament for the BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle, over 2,000 units have been manufactured to date, with several thousand in total circulation including variants and upgrades.^[1] The weapon entered service in 1987, initially equipping BMP-3 vehicles assigned to motorized rifle units for enhanced fire support capabilities in mechanized operations.^[1] This integration marked a significant advancement in Soviet armored infantry tactics, providing combined direct fire and missile-launching roles. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia's defense industry faced severe economic disruptions, including hyperinflation, funding shortfalls, and factory closures, which drastically reduced artillery production output throughout the 1990s.^[5] By the early 2000s, state-led modernization contracts and increased military procurement revived manufacturing, with Motovilikha Plants resuming scaled production of the 2A70 alongside other systems.^[6] As of 2025, production of the 2A70 continues at Motovilikha Plants, supporting ongoing Russian Armed Forces requirements and export orders to operators such as Cyprus, Kuwait, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates.^[7]^[2] Chinese reverse-engineered versions integrated into ZBD-04 family vehicles since the late 1990s.^[1]

Design

Specifications

The 2A70 is a 100 mm rifled gun-launcher designed for low-pressure operation, enabling compatibility with lightweight armored platforms. The gun features a barrel length of 3,943 mm, equivalent to 39.43 calibers, and has a mass of 332 kg for the gun assembly alone, excluding the autoloader and fire control systems.^[1] Its rate of fire is 8–10 rounds per minute, achieved through semi-automatic loading. Muzzle velocities vary by projectile type, with representative examples including 250 m/s for the 3UOF17 high-explosive fragmentation shell and 355 m/s for the 3UOF19 high-explosive fragmentation shell. Effective ranges extend up to 4,000 m for standard shells like the 3UOF17 and up to 6,500 m for extended-range variants such as the 3UOF19.^[1]^[8]^[9] The recoil system employs a hydraulic buffer in conjunction with the low-pressure propellant design, which reduces recoil forces to levels suitable for mounting on combat vehicles weighing under 20 tons, such as infantry fighting vehicles. The gun is operated by the vehicle's gunner using a semi-automatic autoloader for shell handling, while guided missiles require manual loading by the crew.^[1]^[2]

Features and innovations

The 2A70 employs a low-pressure chamber design to reduce recoil on light vehicle chassis, achieved through enlarged cartridge cases and reduced propellant charges compared to conventional high-pressure artillery systems. This engineering approach allows the gun to function effectively within the constraints of amphibious infantry fighting vehicles like the BMP-3, where excessive recoil could compromise mobility and structural integrity.^[1] A defining innovation is the gun-launcher capability, integrating artillery and missile functions in a single rifled barrel. The rifling imparts stabilizing spin to low-velocity high-explosive shells while also launching anti-tank guided missiles such as the 9M117 Bastion, which uses laser beam-riding guidance for accurate terminal homing up to 4 km. This dual-role design enhances versatility, enabling the crew to engage both soft targets and armored threats without switching weapons.^[2] The system integrates seamlessly with the vehicle's two-plane stabilized turret and advanced fire control suite, including day/night vision sights, a laser rangefinder, and ballistic computers. This setup permits accurate firing on the move, even over rough terrain or while afloat, at vehicle speeds approaching 60 km/h on roads.^[10]^[11] Durability is prioritized through a chrome-lined barrel and a hydraulic recoil buffer, supporting sustained operations in demanding environments. Additionally, a compressed-air fume extractor serves as a safety innovation, automatically venting gases after each shot to minimize crew exposure during rapid fire rates of up to 10 rounds per minute.^[1]

Ammunition

High-explosive shells

The 2A70 gun employs conventional unguided high-explosive (HE) and fragmentation rounds as its primary ammunition for supporting infantry and engaging light armor or soft targets. These shells utilize low-velocity propellants to minimize recoil on the host vehicle's lightweight chassis, enabling effective fire in direct support roles without compromising stability.^[12]^[13] The baseline cartridge is the 3UOF17, featuring the 3OF32 HE fragmentation projectile, which achieves a muzzle velocity of 250 m/s and a maximum range of 4 km. This round contains approximately 1.69 kg of explosive filling, producing irregular fragmentation patterns from 60S steel casing that limit its lethal radius against personnel. Early assessments highlighted shortcomings in the 3OF32's explosive power, attributed to a low charge-to-mass coefficient and thicker casing walls that reduced the number of effective fragments to around 1,993, resulting in inconsistent lethality, particularly at low temperatures where stability issues arose.^[12]^[14]^[12] To address these limitations, the improved 3UOF19 cartridge was developed with the 3OF70 projectile, offering a higher muzzle velocity of 355 m/s and an extended maximum range of 7 km. The 3OF70 incorporates 80G2S steel for enhanced fragmentation, achieving a 1.6 times higher charge coefficient than the 3OF32, which expands the kill zone by a factor of three through better fragment distribution and increased explosive efficiency. This upgrade significantly improves area suppression effects against exposed troops and unarmored vehicles.^[12]^[15]^[12] These unitary cartridges measure approximately 100 mm in caliber by 800 mm in length, facilitating storage in vehicle-mounted systems. Typical loadouts include 22 rounds in the BMP-3's autoloader or up to 34 in the BMD-4's conveyor-fed mechanism, with manual racks allowing for additional capacity in variants.^[15]^[2]^[15]

Anti-tank guided missiles

The 2A70 rifled gun, mounted on vehicles such as the BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle, incorporates an anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) capability through specialized cartridges that enable the firing of laser beam-riding missiles directly from the barrel. This system extends the weapon's engagement envelope beyond traditional kinetic or unguided rounds, allowing precise strikes against armored targets at standoff ranges. The primary missile is the 9M117 Bastion (NATO designation AT-10 Stabber), housed in the 3UBK10-series cartridge, which weighs approximately 27 kg and includes a semi-automatic command to line-of-sight (SACLOS) guidance mechanism using a modulated infrared laser beam for noise-proof homing.^[16]^[17] The 9M117 Bastion features a high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead capable of penetrating 550–600 mm of rolled homogeneous armor (RHA), sufficient to defeat contemporary main battle tanks equipped with explosive reactive armor (ERA) at the time of its introduction. Its effective range spans 100–4,000 m, with a flight time of about 13.5–17.6 seconds to maximum distance, during which the missile is guided within a 6 m diameter zone via the vehicle's stabilized optics. The firing sequence involves an initial ejection from the barrel using a propellant charge, followed by deployment of control fins and ignition of the solid-fuel rocket motor approximately 1.5 seconds post-launch, which sustains acceleration for around 6 seconds; this process ensures compatibility with the gun's rifling for initial stabilization. Hit probability is at least 0.8 against stationary or slow-moving targets at 4,000 m, leveraging the two-axis stabilized 1K13 day/night sighting system. Developed by the Tula KBP Instrument Design Bureau and entering service in 1983, the Bastion system was integrated into the 2A70 to enhance anti-armor versatility against NATO threats.^[16]^[4]^[18]^[17] An upgraded variant, the 9M117M Arkan (also known as 9M117M1), loaded in the 3UBK23-series cartridge, improves upon the original with a tandem HEAT warhead for enhanced penetration of up to 700–800 mm RHA behind ERA, addressing more advanced reactive protections. This version extends the maximum range to 5,500 m while incorporating refinements to the seeker for better performance against moving targets at speeds up to 70 km/h, maintaining the laser beam-riding guidance but with improved jamming resistance and environmental operability from -40°C to +50°C. The Arkan's development in the late 1990s further broadened the 2A70's role, enabling beyond-line-of-sight engagements and top-attack profiles against low-flying threats like helicopters, in addition to ground armor. Ammunition capacity for these missiles is typically limited to 8 rounds in a dedicated compartment on compatible platforms.^[16]^[17]^[19]

Vehicle integration

Primary platforms

The BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle represents the core primary platform for the 2A70 gun, having been designed around this armament as part of the 2K23 weapon system since its adoption in 1987.^[1] The 100 mm rifled low-pressure gun is mounted in a two-man stabilized turret alongside the coaxial 30 mm 2A72 autocannon and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun, enabling versatile fire support capabilities while the vehicle is stationary, moving, or afloat due to its amphibious design.^[2] The turret incorporates an autoloader for efficient operation, with the BMP-3 carrying a total of 40 rounds for the 2A70, including high-explosive fragmentation shells and up to 8 anti-tank guided missiles launched through the barrel, alongside 500 rounds for the 2A72.^[4]^[20] The BMD-4 airborne infantry fighting vehicle, introduced in the early 2000s and entering service with Russian Airborne Forces in 2005, also integrates the 2A70 as its primary armament in the Bakhcha-U turret configuration, sharing the same two-man layout and coaxial 2A72 autocannon as the BMP-3.^[21] This lighter 13.5-ton chassis benefits from the 2A70's low recoil design, enhancing stability and accuracy during airborne drops or high-mobility operations, while the advanced fire control system supports firing on the move or in water.^[22] The BMD-4 accommodates 34 ready-to-fire 100 mm rounds plus reserves, including 4 Arkan guided missiles, making it suitable for paratrooper fire support roles.^[22] Secondary platforms include the BTR-90M wheeled armored personnel carrier prototype from the 1990s, which incorporated the 2A70 in a BMP-3-derived turret for enhanced firepower, though production remained limited and it did not enter widespread service.^[23] By 2022, Russia operated approximately 350 BMD-4s equipped with the 2A70, while the BMP-3 fleet, numbering around 760 active pre-2022 invasion, has seen fluctuations due to ongoing production and combat losses, with new deliveries reported as of 2025.^[24]^[25]

Adaptations and variants

The BMP-3M upgrade, introduced in the 2010s, incorporates advanced fire control enhancements for the 2A70 gun, including the SOZH-M gunner's sight with laser rangefinder and the VESNA-K thermal imaging system, enabling improved target acquisition in low-visibility conditions. These digital sights, combined with the AST-B target tracker, extend the effective range of the 9M117M1 anti-tank guided missile to 5.5 km from the original 4 km, enhancing precision strikes against armored targets.^[26] The BMD-4M airborne infantry fighting vehicle variant adapts the 2A70 for paratroop operations, featuring a two-man Bakhcha-U turret with reinforced mounting to withstand airdrop stresses and integration with an all-welded aluminum armored structure that protects against 30 mm projectiles from the front. This setup supports amphibious assaults and rapid deployment, with an automatic loader accommodating 34 rounds of 100 mm ammunition, including four 9M117M1 missiles, while the vehicle's hydro-pneumatic suspension adjusts ground clearance from 130 to 530 mm for varied terrain.^[27]^[28] The Chinese ZBD-04A infantry fighting vehicle employs the ZPL-04 100 mm rifled gun, a licensed adaptation of the 2A70 developed by NORINCO since the early 2000s, with modifications to the barrel and fire control for compatibility with indigenous ammunition and the vehicle's chassis. This integration provides the ZBD-04A with versatile firepower, including high-explosive fragmentation rounds and anti-tank guided missiles, while maintaining the dual-gun configuration with a coaxial 30 mm autocannon for infantry support roles.^[29]

Operators and export

Russian and allied operators

Russia is the primary operator of the 2A70 gun-missile system, integrated into the BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle and BMD-4 airborne combat vehicle, with the system entering service in 1987 for use by the Ground Forces and Airborne Troops. As of 2025, the Russian Ground Forces maintain approximately 700 BMP-3 and BMP-3M vehicles equipped with the 2A70, while the Navy's coastal forces operate around 70 BMP-3s and 40 BMP-3F amphibious variants. The Airborne Troops employ the BMD-4, which also features the 2A70, as part of their airmobile capabilities, with ongoing deliveries supporting modernization efforts under the State Armament Program for 2011–2020 and subsequent initiatives. These vehicles have undergone upgrades, including enhanced fire control systems and additional armor, to improve survivability and integration with modern networked warfare tactics.^[8]^[30]^[31]^[25] In Russian service, the 2A70 provides motorized rifle units with versatile firepower for infantry support, including direct fire against armored threats via anti-tank guided missiles like the 9M117 Bastion, and high-explosive shells for suppressing enemy positions. Training programs emphasize missile guidance and combined arms operations, with the system playing a key role in exercises such as Zapad-2021, where BMP-3-equipped units demonstrated amphibious and fire support roles. Modernization continues into 2025, with batches of upgraded BMP-3s delivered to replenish losses and enhance anti-drone protections, maintaining an active inventory of over 1,000 units across services focused on high-intensity conflict scenarios.^[32] Ukraine inherited a limited number of BMP-3 vehicles from Soviet stockpiles, equipping mechanized brigades with the 2A70 for armored infantry support prior to 2014. These systems were employed in defensive operations, leveraging the gun's missile capability for anti-tank roles, though significant losses during the 2022 conflict reduced operational numbers; captured Russian BMP-3s have since supplemented Ukrainian forces, with at least 68 integrated by late 2022.^[33]^[34] Among allied states, Belarus has access to BMP-3s through joint military exercises with Russia, such as Zapad-2025, where Russian-provided vehicles supported cross-border maneuvers, though no large-scale permanent transfers are confirmed. Syria received BMP-3s as part of Russian military aid following 2015, deploying them in coastal defense roles during the civil war, with the 2A70's firepower aiding in urban and anti-insurgent operations; post-combat feedback led to armor enhancements for Russian variants. As of 2025, Russian inventories of 2A70-equipped vehicles stand at over 1,000 active units across services, with production and upgrades ongoing to sustain operational readiness.^[35]^[32]^[8]

International operators

The 2A70 gun has been integrated into BMP-3 vehicles exported to various international operators, primarily in Asia and the Middle East, with licensed production enabling local adaptations in some cases. China acquired rights to the BMP-3's fire control system, 100 mm gun (equivalent to the 2A70), and 30 mm 2A72 cannon in 1997 for incorporation into the indigenous ZBD-04 infantry fighting vehicle, which entered production around that time and features local ammunition adaptations. Approximately 400 ZBD-04 units, armed with this licensed 2A70-equivalent, serve in the People's Liberation Army, including marine corps elements.^[36] The United Arab Emirates operates a significant fleet of BMP-3 vehicles, approximately 650 units including BMP-3EM export variants purchased and upgraded between 2007 and 2011 with enhanced optics for improved targeting in desert environments, as of 2025. These vehicles support training for desert warfare operations and have been deployed in regional conflicts. Indonesia acquired 54 BMP-3F amphibious variants starting in 2010 for marine corps use, emphasizing their role in littoral and island defense operations.^[37]^[38] Cyprus received 43 BMP-3 units in 1995–1996 for its National Guard. Kuwait operates around 400 BMP-3 vehicles, delivered by 2015, enhancing its mechanized capabilities. South Korea has 33 BMP-3 units in service with its Marine Corps. Venezuela received approximately 130 BMP-3 units by 2012, bolstering its mechanized infantry capabilities, with no verified local assembly of derivatives. Azerbaijan imported over 100 BMP-3M vehicles from 2013 onward to modernize its armored forces. Iraq ordered 500 BMP-3s post-2018, with initial deliveries commencing that year to support counter-insurgency operations against ISIS remnants. Licensed or local production efforts include a 2016 agreement between Russia and India's Texmaco for joint BMP-3 manufacturing, reflecting ongoing interest via Rosoboronexport, though full-scale output remains pending.^[37]^[37]^[37]^[37]^[39] By 2025, exports of 2A70-equipped BMP-3 vehicles have exceeded 2,000 units worldwide, underscoring the system's commercial success in non-Russian markets.^[40]

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