Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Buffer

Buffer is a software platform for social media management, founded in 2010 by Joel Gascoigne as a tool to simplify content scheduling and publishing across networks like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn.^[1] Designed initially as a personal productivity hack to buffer tweets at optimal times, it evolved into a comprehensive service offering analytics, engagement tracking, and AI-assisted content creation for creators, small businesses, and marketers.^[1]^[2] The company, headquartered remotely with 73 employees across 15 countries, emphasizes transparency by publicly sharing metrics such as annual recurring revenue of $22.6 million, 191,726 monthly active users, and 67,016 total customers.^[1] Buffer pioneered features like cross-platform scheduling and data-driven posting recommendations, contributing to its status as an industry staple with over 180,000 monthly users leveraging it for audience growth.^[3]^[1] Its bootstrapped model and commitment to remote work since 2013, alongside core values of no-ego collaboration and public salary disclosures, have distinguished it from venture-backed competitors, fostering a culture of accountability without traditional office structures.^[1]^[2] While Buffer has avoided major scandals, its radical openness—such as formula-based pay transparency—has sparked debates on corporate norms, though empirical outcomes show sustained revenue growth and user retention.^[4]

Natural Sciences

Chemical Buffer Solutions

A buffer solution consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, in appreciable concentrations, enabling it to resist significant pH changes upon addition of small amounts of strong acid or base.^[5]^[6] This resistance stems from Le Chatelier's principle applied to the acid dissociation equilibrium: for a weak acid HA, the reaction HA ⇌ H⁺ + A⁻ shifts left to consume added H⁺ (from strong acid) via A⁻, or right to neutralize added OH⁻ (from strong base) by producing H⁺ from HA.^[7]^[8] The pH of an acidic buffer is quantified by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, derived from the acid dissociation constant K_a = \frac{[H^+][A^-]}{[HA]}: taking the negative logarithm yields \mathrm{pH = p}K_a + \log_{10} \frac{[A^-]}{[HA]}, where [A^-] and [HA] are the equilibrium concentrations of the conjugate base and weak acid, respectively.^[9] This approximation holds when the buffer components' concentrations are much higher than [H⁺] or [OH⁻], and activity coefficients are unity, allowing pH estimation for buffer preparation targeting a specific value near the pK_a.^[10] For basic buffers, the equation analogously uses pK_b and the base-to-acid ratio. Common laboratory examples include the acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer (pK_a ≈ 4.76 at 25°C), effective around pH 4–5 for titrations or enzymatic assays, and the ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pK_b ≈ 4.75 for NH₃, yielding pH ≈ 9.25 in equimolar mixtures), used for alkaline conditions.^[11]^[12] Buffering capacity, denoted β, measures the amount of strong base (or acid) required to change pH by one unit, approximated as \beta \approx \frac{\Delta n}{\Delta \mathrm{pH}}, where Δn is moles of added base per liter; maximum capacity occurs when [HA] ≈ [A⁻] (pH ≈ pK_a) and increases with total buffer concentration.^[13]^[14] Factors reducing capacity include deviations from pK_a (e.g., ratios >10:1 limit effectiveness to ±1 pH unit) and dilution, as capacity scales with moles of components rather than volume alone.^[15] In practice, buffers are prepared by mixing equimolar amounts or adjusting ratios per the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to achieve desired pH, with ionic strength and temperature affecting pK_a values.^[6]

Biological Buffers

Biological buffers are mixtures of weak acids and their conjugate bases, or weak bases and conjugate acids, that minimize pH fluctuations in physiological fluids despite additions of acids or bases from metabolic processes or external sources.^[16] In humans, these systems maintain blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45, with an average of 7.40, as deviations beyond this range impair enzyme function, oxygen binding to hemoglobin, and cellular processes.^[17] The three primary buffer systems—bicarbonate-carbonic acid, phosphate, and proteins—operate in tandem, providing immediate chemical resistance to pH shifts, while respiratory and renal mechanisms offer longer-term adjustments.^[18] The bicarbonate-carbonic acid system predominates in extracellular fluid and blood plasma, consisting of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) as the weak acid and bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻) as its conjugate base.^[16] It functions via the equilibrium CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻, catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, allowing rapid neutralization: excess H⁺ combines with HCO₃⁻ to form H₂CO₃, which dissociates to CO₂ and H₂O for exhalation; excess OH⁻ reacts with H₂CO₃ to yield HCO₃⁻ and H₂O.^[17] At physiological pH, the HCO₃⁻:H₂CO₃ ratio is approximately 20:1, enabling effective buffering despite the system's pKa of 6.1, as its "open" nature links it to pulmonary CO₂ removal and renal HCO₃⁻ reabsorption.^[18] Phosphate buffers, involving dihydrogen phosphate (H₂PO₄⁻) and hydrogen phosphate (HPO₄²⁻), play a secondary role in blood but are vital intracellularly and in urine, where they help excrete excess H⁺.^[16] The reaction H₂PO₄⁻ ⇌ H⁺ + HPO₄²⁻ (pKa ≈ 6.8) allows H₂PO₄⁻ to accept H⁺ from strong acids or donate it to bases, though low phosphate concentrations limit its plasma capacity compared to bicarbonate.^[18] In cells, phosphates buffer cytosolic pH near 7.2, supporting metabolic reactions.^[17] Protein buffers, including hemoglobin, albumin, and intracellular proteins, contribute about two-thirds of blood's total buffering capacity due to numerous ionizable amino acid side chains (e.g., histidine's imidazole group, pKa ≈ 6.0–7.0).^[18] Hemoglobin buffers H⁺ released during CO₂ transport in tissues via the Haldane effect, where deoxygenated hemoglobin binds more H⁺ than oxygenated forms, facilitating CO₂ loading without excessive acidosis.^[17] These systems act within seconds of pH perturbation, underscoring their role in immediate homeostasis before respiratory adjustments (minutes) or renal compensation (hours to days).^[16]

Engineering and Technology

Mechanical Buffers

Mechanical buffers are devices engineered to absorb kinetic energy from impacts, vibrations, or sudden stops in mechanical systems, thereby mitigating damage to components and enhancing operational safety. They function by converting mechanical energy into other forms, such as heat through friction or deformation, or storing it temporarily via elastic or hydraulic means, based on principles of energy dissipation and damping. This absorption prevents excessive forces from propagating through structures, reducing wear and potential failure in applications ranging from heavy machinery to transportation equipment.^[19]^[20] Common types include elastomeric buffers, typically made from rubber or polyurethane, which deform under load to provide progressive resistance and return to shape after impact, suitable for moderate loads in machinery end-stops or vibration isolation. Spring buffers employ coiled or leaf springs to store and release energy, offering consistent performance in dynamic environments like crane trolleys, where they decelerate moving parts upon brake failure. Hydraulic buffers, utilizing fluid displacement through pistons and orifices, deliver controlled deceleration proportional to velocity, ideal for high-energy scenarios; for instance, they can absorb impacts from loads up to several tons in industrial settings by generating viscous shear forces.^[21]^[22]^[23] In railway systems, buffers serve dual roles: side buffers between coupled cars compress to accommodate track curvature and absorb longitudinal shocks during shunting, while buffer stops at track ends—often hydraulic or friction-based—halt trains by dissipating energy over distances of 1-2 meters, preventing overruns that could damage infrastructure or endanger personnel. Elevator buffers, mandated at shaft pits, activate only during overspeed or control failures, with hydraulic variants handling car speeds up to 10 m/s by compressing oil to stroke lengths of 0.5-1.5 meters, ensuring passenger deceleration below 1g as per safety codes.^[24]^[20]^[25] Firearm recoil buffers, integrated into systems like AR-15 rifles, cushion the bolt carrier group's rearward travel post-firing, reducing impact velocity against the receiver by 20-50% depending on weight and material, which minimizes frame battering and shooter-perceived recoil through delayed energy return. In broader manufacturing, buffers decouple sequential processes, allowing continuity despite upstream disruptions, though mechanical variants prioritize physical shock mitigation over inventory analogs. Selection criteria emphasize load capacity, stroke length, and response time, with hydraulic types preferred for precision due to their near-linear force-velocity profiles verifiable via empirical testing.^[26]^[19]^[27]

Electrical and Electronic Buffers

In electronics, a buffer is a circuit that replicates an input signal to its output with unity gain while providing electrical isolation and impedance transformation between the source and load, thereby preventing the load from affecting the source's performance or signal integrity.^[28] This isolation is achieved by matching impedances, such as connecting high-impedance sources to low-impedance loads without significant voltage drop or distortion.^[29] Buffers are essential in multi-stage circuits to maintain signal fidelity, as unbuffered connections can cause excessive current draw from the source, leading to voltage sagging or altered frequency response.^[30] Voltage buffers, the most common type, feature high input impedance (often in the megaohm range) and low output impedance, ensuring the output voltage closely mirrors the input regardless of load variations.^[31] A classic implementation is the operational amplifier (op-amp) in a unity-gain voltage follower configuration, where the output connects directly to the inverting input, yielding a gain of 1 and effective impedance transformation.^[32] Transistor-based voltage buffers, such as the emitter follower using a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), provide similar functionality with lower power consumption in some applications, though they may introduce a small voltage offset (e.g., 0.7 V base-emitter drop in silicon BJTs).^[33] Current buffers differ by prioritizing current replication over voltage, exhibiting low input impedance and high output impedance to deliver input current to the load without substantial alteration.^[31] They are used in scenarios requiring current drive, such as sensor interfaces or transistor bias networks, where maintaining current stability prevents feedback effects on the source.^[33] In digital electronics, buffers enhance signal drive strength for logic gates or interconnects, copying binary states (high or low) while increasing fan-out capability—defined as the number of similar loads a gate can drive without degradation, often exceeding 10 for buffered CMOS logic families.^[34] Tri-state buffers add a high-impedance enable state, allowing multiple devices to share buses without contention, as seen in integrated circuits like the 74HC244 octal buffer, which supports bidirectional data flow in microprocessor systems.^[34] These digital variants, typically implemented in CMOS or TTL technologies, minimize propagation delay (e.g., under 10 ns in high-speed families) and power dissipation compared to unbuffered gates.^[35] Applications span analog signal chains, such as audio preamplifiers where buffers prevent distortion from capacitive loads, and mixed-signal systems like analog-to-digital converters, where they isolate sensitive inputs from digital noise.^[36] In high-frequency RF circuits, buffers maintain gain flatness across bandwidths up to several GHz by compensating for mismatches.^[30] Overall, buffers enable modular circuit design by decoupling stages, improving stability and scalability without amplifying signal amplitude.^[32]

Computing and Data Processing

Data Buffers

A data buffer is a temporary region of memory, typically implemented as a contiguous block of RAM, used to hold data during transfer between components operating at mismatched speeds, such as a processor and a storage device.^[37] This arrangement prevents bottlenecks by allowing the faster component to proceed without waiting for the slower one to complete its operation.^[38] Buffers are commonly allocated on the stack for short-lived local data or on the heap for dynamic sizing in applications.^[39] In data processing pipelines, buffers smooth irregular data flows, such as in input/output (I/O) operations where a CPU reads or writes to peripherals like disks or networks.^[40] For instance, disk I/O buffers accumulate small writes into larger blocks to minimize seek times and overhead, reducing average latency from milliseconds per operation.^[41] In database systems, buffer pools manage page transfers between main memory and persistent storage, caching frequently accessed data blocks to avoid repeated disk accesses that could otherwise degrade query performance by orders of magnitude.^[42] Common implementations include linear buffers for sequential access and circular (or ring) buffers for continuous streams, where a fixed-size array uses modular indexing to overwrite outdated entries without reallocating memory.^[43] Circular buffers are particularly efficient in real-time systems, such as audio processing or network packet handling, as they support constant-time enqueue and dequeue operations regardless of fill level, with space utilization approaching 100% when properly managed to distinguish full from empty states via reserved slots. In graphics rendering, double buffering employs two alternating buffers to eliminate tearing artifacts: one for writing new frames while the other displays the current output, synchronizing via a swap at vertical blank intervals.^[43] Buffers mitigate latency variances empirically observed in hardware; for example, modern SSDs achieve throughputs exceeding 500 MB/s, yet without buffering, bursty CPU writes could idle the processor during controller handshakes.^[44] Effective buffer sizing balances memory footprint against overflow risks—underdimensioned buffers cause data loss or retransmissions, while overprovisioning wastes resources—often tuned via heuristics like the bandwidth-delay product in networks.^[44] In distributed systems, burst buffers extend this to parallel file systems, aggregating node-local storage to handle I/O spikes from high-performance computing workloads.^[43]

Buffer Overflows and Security Implications

A buffer overflow occurs when a program attempts to store more data in a fixed-size buffer than the buffer's allocated capacity, causing excess data to overwrite adjacent memory regions.^[45] This vulnerability typically stems from inadequate input validation or bounds checking in languages like C and C++, where buffers are manually managed without automatic safeguards.^[46] The resulting memory corruption can manifest as program crashes due to undefined behavior, data integrity loss, or exploitation opportunities for attackers seeking to alter program logic.^[47] Buffer overflows are classified into stack-based and heap-based types. In a stack-based buffer overflow, the vulnerable buffer resides on the call stack, enabling attackers to overwrite critical structures such as function return addresses or saved registers, thereby hijacking control flow to execute injected code.^[48] Heap-based overflows target dynamically allocated memory on the heap, where overwriting can corrupt heap metadata (e.g., pointers to free blocks) or adjacent data structures, facilitating arbitrary memory writes or object reuse attacks.^[49] Both types exploit the lack of memory isolation in low-level programming environments, amplifying risks in systems handling untrusted inputs like network packets or user-supplied strings.^[50] The primary security implications of buffer overflows involve enabling unauthorized code execution, privilege escalation, and widespread compromise. Attackers can craft inputs to inject shellcode—malicious payloads residing in the overflowed buffer—and redirect execution to it, bypassing authentication or accessing restricted resources.^[51] This facilitates remote code execution (RCE), where remote attackers gain shell access on vulnerable systems, often leading to data theft, ransomware deployment, or lateral movement in networks.^[45] Additionally, overflows support denial-of-service (DoS) attacks by inducing crashes that exhaust resources, and in integer-related variants, they can chain to allocate insufficient memory, exacerbating underflow conditions.^[52] Such vulnerabilities have historically propelled worm propagation, as infected hosts autonomously scan and exploit peers, demonstrating causal chains of rapid infestation without human intervention.^[53] Notable exploits underscore these risks' persistence and impact. The Morris Worm, released on November 2, 1988, from a MIT computer, leveraged a stack buffer overflow in the UNIX fingerd service to infect roughly 6,000 machines—about 10% of the pre-commercial internet—highlighting early realizations of interconnected system fragility.^[54] ^[55] In 2003, the SQL Slammer worm exploited a stack buffer overflow in Microsoft SQL Server's resolution service, spreading globally within 10 minutes via UDP packets, causing network congestion and economic losses estimated at $1.2 billion.^[56] More recently, the 2017 Cloudbleed incident involved a heap buffer overflow in Cloudflare's HTML parser, exposing sensitive data from millions of sites across adjacent memory, affecting services like those of major banks and tech firms.^[57] These cases illustrate how overflows enable causal escalation from isolated flaws to systemic threats, particularly in unpatched legacy software where mitigations like address space layout randomization (ASLR) or stack canaries may be absent or bypassed.^[58] Despite safer languages reducing incidence, overflows remain prevalent in performance-critical codebases, comprising a significant portion of exploited common weaknesses.^[46] Buffer is a web-based software platform for social media management, enabling users to schedule posts, monitor engagement, and analyze performance across networks including Instagram, Facebook, Twitter (now X), LinkedIn, TikTok, Pinterest, YouTube, and Mastodon.^[59] Launched in 2010 as a tool to automate tweet scheduling at optimal times, it has evolved into a comprehensive suite supporting content creation, team collaboration, and basic analytics for individuals, small businesses, and agencies.^[2] The platform emphasizes simplicity and affordability, distinguishing it from more complex competitors like Hootsuite by prioritizing ease of use for creators and small teams over enterprise-scale features.^[60] Developed initially by Joel Gascoigne in Birmingham, United Kingdom, Buffer began as a side project in October 2010 to address the need for spaced-out social media posting without constant manual intervention.^[61] Gascoigne launched the beta on November 30, 2010, with co-founder Leo Widrich joining shortly after to handle product development and marketing.^[62] The company raised approximately $4 million across early seed rounds, including $500,000 in 2011, but largely bootstrapped thereafter, achieving profitability through subscription revenue rather than heavy venture funding.^[63] By 2017, Widrich and CTO Sunil Sadasivan departed to pursue other ventures, leaving Gascoigne as CEO of a fully remote team of around 80 employees distributed globally.^[64] Key features include a content queue for automated publishing, AI-assisted post generation via integrations like Buffer's Ideas tool, cross-posting capabilities, and performance metrics such as reach, clicks, and engagement rates.^[65] Users can connect up to unlimited channels on paid plans, with options for custom scheduling, link shortening, and hashtag suggestions.^[66] Analytics provide post-level insights but lack advanced segmentation, positioning Buffer as suitable for tactical scheduling rather than deep strategic reporting.^[67] The platform integrates with tools like Canva for visuals and Zapier for automation, enhancing workflow efficiency without requiring coding.^[60] Pricing follows a per-channel model: a free tier supports 3 channels with up to 10 scheduled posts each, while the Essentials plan costs $6 per month per channel (or $5 monthly equivalent annually) for unlimited posts and basic analytics; the Team plan at $12 per month per channel adds collaboration tools like approvals and shared queues.^[68] Agency plans scale accordingly, with a 14-day trial available.^[69] As of August 2025, Buffer reported monthly recurring revenue of $1.94 million and annual recurring revenue of approximately $23 million, marking consistent growth and profitability for over a year, driven by 75,000 paying customers amid a shift toward solopreneurs and small teams.^[70] Buffer maintains transparency in operations, publicly sharing revenue figures, salary formulas (base pay adjusted by role and location), and equity details, which has fostered trust but also drawn scrutiny during pivots like the 2017 reduction from 85 to 25 employees to focus on core scheduling after failed expansions into customer service tools.^[71] Reception highlights its reliability for straightforward use cases, with users praising the intuitive interface and mobile app for on-the-go management, though some critique per-channel pricing as scaling poorly for multi-account agencies.^[72] Independent reviews in 2025 affirm its value for budget-conscious users, scoring it highly for scheduling accuracy but lower for customization compared to feature-heavy alternatives.^[66] The company has avoided major security incidents, adhering to standard data practices with GDPR compliance for EU users.^[59]

Economics and Resource Management

Buffer Stocks

Buffer stocks are stockpiles of commodities, typically agricultural products or raw materials, maintained by governments or international bodies to stabilize market prices and supply. These schemes operate by purchasing excess supply during periods of glut to prevent prices from falling below a target floor, thereby supporting producers, and releasing reserves during shortages to cap prices below a ceiling, protecting consumers. The mechanism relies on storage facilities and financing to hold inventories until market conditions warrant intervention, aiming to reduce volatility driven by weather, geopolitical events, or demand shifts.^[73]^[74] Such systems serve multiple economic functions, including mitigating boom-bust cycles in commodity-dependent economies, enhancing food security by buffering against famines or export disruptions, and stabilizing export revenues for developing nations reliant on primary goods. For instance, public buffer stocks of staples like grains can dampen inflationary pressures from supply shocks and support macroeconomic stability, as evidenced by proposals for global reserves amid overlapping crises in energy and food markets since 2022. However, implementation requires accurate forecasting of supply-demand imbalances and sufficient capital, as over-reliance on private markets often amplifies speculation-induced swings.^[75]^[76] Historical applications include the International Tin Agreement's buffer stock, active from 1953 until its 1985 collapse amid plummeting prices that exhausted reserves and forced liquidation at a loss of over $400 million. In agriculture, India's Food Corporation of India has operated wheat and rice buffer stocks since the 1960s, targeting 21-41 million tonnes of wheat and 13-19 million tonnes of rice as of 2023 to ensure minimum support prices for farmers and subsidized supplies via public distribution systems, though excess holdings have occasionally led to spoilage costs exceeding $1 billion annually. Similar efforts in cocoa and coffee markets, such as the 1962-1989 International Coffee Agreement, attempted price stabilization but faltered due to non-compliance by major producers and shifting global trade dynamics.^[77]^[78] Despite potential benefits, buffer stocks face substantial challenges and criticisms. Fiscal costs can escalate, with governments bearing expenses for procurement, storage, and potential stock depreciation—evident in cases where minimum prices incentivize overproduction, leading to ballooning inventories and taxpayer burdens. Schemes may distort price signals, discouraging efficiency or innovation in production, and fail without international cooperation, as unilateral actions can flood global markets and depress prices elsewhere. Empirical assessments indicate limited long-term efficacy; for example, many post-1970s commodity buffers under the New International Economic Order dissolved due to funding shortfalls and market liberalization pressures, underscoring that while they can address acute shocks, sustained operation demands robust governance to avoid moral hazard or unintended gluts.^[73]^[79]^[80]

Individuals

People Named Buffer

Michael Buffer (born November 2, 1944) is an American sports announcer specializing in boxing, professional wrestling, and occasional NFL events, renowned for trademarking and popularizing the catchphrase "Let's get ready to rumble!" introduced in the 1980s during boxing matches.^[81]^[82] His announcements have featured in over 1,000 bouts, including high-profile fights involving Mike Tyson and Floyd Mayweather, generating significant licensing revenue from media, video games, and merchandise estimated to exceed $400 million in career earnings.^[83] Bruce Buffer (born May 21, 1957), Michael's half-brother, is the longtime octagon announcer for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), a role he has held since 1996, delivering dramatic introductions for events broadcast to millions worldwide.^[84] The brothers, separated at birth and raised apart—Michael by foster parents and Bruce by their biological father—reconnected in 1988 through genealogical research prompted by family resemblances, leading to a strengthened sibling bond and occasional joint appearances in combat sports media.^[84] Other individuals with the surname Buffer include Raymond Ernest "Ray" Buffer Jr. (born 1969), an American actor and producer active in independent films and theater, though less prominent in mainstream recognition.^[85] The Buffer surname derives from English occupational origins related to buffering or edge-making, but no other widely notable figures bearing the name appear in verified historical or contemporary records of significant public achievement.^[84]

Miscellaneous Uses

Buffer in Other Contexts

In chemistry, a buffer solution consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, dissolved in water; this combination resists significant changes in pH when small quantities of a strong acid or base are added, as the weak components neutralize the added ions through equilibrium shifts.^[86] Buffers maintain pH stability by leveraging the common ion effect and Le Chatelier's principle, with effectiveness depending on the pKa of the weak acid (ideally within one unit of the desired pH) and the concentrations of the acid-base pair, typically in a 1:1 ratio for optimal capacity.^[87] Common examples include acetic acid/sodium acetate (pH around 4.7) and phosphate buffers (pH 6-8), widely used in biological and analytical applications to mimic physiological conditions or stabilize reactions.^[88] In geography and environmental management, a buffer zone denotes an area of land or water separating potentially conflicting land uses, such as developed areas from sensitive ecosystems, to mitigate impacts like pollution runoff or habitat fragmentation; for instance, riparian buffers along streams consist of vegetation strips that filter sediments and nutrients, reducing erosion by up to 90% in some studies.^[89] These zones are mandated in regulations like the U.S. Clean Water Act for wetlands protection, with widths varying from 10-100 meters based on slope and soil type to achieve filtration efficacy. In international relations, a buffer state refers to a smaller sovereign entity positioned between larger, rival powers to insulate them from direct military contact and thereby deter escalation; such states maintain nominal independence while often balancing external influences to preserve their role.^[90] Historical cases include 19th-century Afghanistan, which buffered British India from Tsarist Russia during the Great Game, and Belgium, neutral between France and Germany until World War I; modern analyses highlight Nepal's position between India and China, where economic dependencies complicate pure neutrality.^[91] Buffer states' viability relies on great-power restraint, as violations—like Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979—demonstrate their fragility when strategic interests override the buffering function.^[92]

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Data buffer – Knowledge and References - Taylor & Francis
A data buffer is a storage device, often RAM, that stores incoming data at one rate and transfers data out at different rate. Other uses include converting ...
[41]
Project #1 - Buffer Pool Manager | CMU 15-445/645
Sep 30, 2024 · The buffer pool is responsible for moving physical pages of data back and forth from buffers in main memory to persistent storage.
[42]
Managing the Database Buffer Pool - Administration Guide
A buffer pool is an area of storage into which database pages (containing table rows or index entries) are temporarily read and changed.
[43]
[PDF] Data Buffers
Dec 26, 2022 · A Vulkan Data Buffer is just a group of contiguous bytes in GPU memory. They have no inherent meaning. The data that is stored there is ...
[44]
[PDF] Message Buffering and its Effect on the Communication ...
A primary barrier to obtaining high performance on distributed memory parallel comput- ers is poor internode communication performance.
[45]
Buffer Overflow - OWASP Foundation
A buffer overflow condition exists when a program attempts to put more data in a buffer than it can hold or when a program attempts to put data in a memory ...
[46]
CWE-119: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a ...
If the memory accessible by the attacker can be effectively controlled, it may be possible to execute arbitrary code, as with a standard buffer overflow. If the ...
[47]
Buffer Overflow Attack - OWASP Foundation
Buffer overflow errors are characterized by the overwriting of memory fragments of the process, which should have never been modified intentionally or ...
[48]
CWE-121: Stack-based Buffer Overflow
A stack-based buffer overflow condition is a condition where the buffer being overwritten is allocated on the stack.
[49]
CWE-122: Heap-based Buffer Overflow
A heap overflow condition is a buffer overflow, where the buffer that can be overwritten is allocated in the heap portion of memory.
[50]
What Is Buffer Overflow? Attacks, Types & Vulnerabilities | Fortinet
Buffer overflow is a software coding error that enables hackers to exploit vulnerabilities, steal data, and gain unauthorized access to corporate systems.
[51]
What is a Buffer Overflow | Attack Types and Prevention Methods
Attackers exploit buffer overflow issues to change execution paths, triggering responses that can damage the applications and exposes private information.What is Buffer Overflow · What is a Buffer Overflow Attack
[52]
CWE-680: Integer Overflow to Buffer Overflow (4.18)
The product performs a calculation to determine how much memory to allocate, but an integer overflow can occur that causes less memory to be allocated than ...
[53]
What is buffer overflow? - Cloudflare
Buffer overflows can be exploited by attackers with a goal of modifying a computer's memory in order to undermine or take control of program execution.
[54]
The Morris Worm - FBI
Nov 2, 2018 · At around 8:30 pm on November 2, 1988, a maliciously clever program was unleashed on the Internet from a computer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ...
[55]
The Ghost of Exploits Past: A Deep Dive into the Morris Worm - Rapid7
Jan 2, 2019 · Notably, the worm exercised what was arguably the first malicious buffer overflow in the wild. It also exploited a command injection in ...
[56]
Buffer overflow vulnerabilities and attacks explained - Comparitech
Sep 27, 2023 · Notable examples of buffer overflow attacks · Morris Worm · SQL Slammer · Heartbleed · Adobe Flash Player · WhatsApp VoIP · Fortinet.Buffer overflow vulnerabilities... · Notable examples of buffer...
[57]
Everything about Buffer Overflows | Blog - Code Intelligence
Buffer overflows are one of the oldest and most dangerous vulnerabilities in software security. A heap buffer overflow was the second most exploited ...What is buffer overflow? · Types of buffer overflow · Detecting buffer overflows
[58]
Buffer Overflow Risks in Software Development - Veracode
A buffer overflow, or buffer overrun, is a common software coding mistake that an attacker could exploit to gain access to your system.
[59]
Buffer: Social media management for everyone
Buffer has all the features to help you create, organize, and repurpose your content for any channel. There's also an AI Assistant if you need it.Pricing · Free Tools · About Us · Social Media Marketing 101
[60]
Hootsuite vs. Buffer: Which is right for you? [2025] - Zapier
Feb 27, 2025 · The simple answer is: Buffer is better for creators and small organizations who are looking for a simple, easy-to-use, scheduling tool with a few extra ...
[61]
Buffer—Social Media Company Ditching the Office Completely
Apr 1, 2021 · Buffer began its development in October 2010 in Birmingham, United Kingdom by co-founder Joel Gascoigne, who established the idea of the social ...Missing: achievements controversies
[62]
Fourteen years - Joel Gascoigne
Nov 30, 2024 · The second era of Buffer was marked by growing pains, a struggle to understand who we really are, missteps and through that, transformation, ...Missing: history achievements controversies
[63]
Buffer - 2025 Company Profile, Team, Funding, Competitors ... - Tracxn
Sep 4, 2025 · Buffer is a funded company, having raised a total of $4.07M across 3 funding rounds to date. The company's 1st funding round was a $120K Seed ...
[64]
The Next Phase, and Why Our Co-Founder and Our CTO are ... - Buffer
Feb 10, 2017 · For much of this 6-year journey, I've worked alongside my co-founder Leo Widrich. And for the last 4.5 years I've worked with Sunil Sadasivan, ...Try Buffer For Free · The Future Of Buffer · Why Leo And Sunil Are Moving...
[65]
https://support.buffer.com/article/595-features-available-on-each-buffer-plan
[66]
Buffer Review 2025: Features, Pricing, Pros & Cons - Efficient App
Buffer is a social media management platform that helps small businesses schedule, publish, and analyze social media posts across various social networks.
[67]
Buffer Social Media Management Software: In-Depth Review For 2025
Jun 2, 2025 · Buffer simplifies social media management by allowing users to schedule posts, track and analyze the performance of their content, and manage ...
[68]
Pricing | Buffer
Buffer offers a free plan with 3 channels. Paid plans include Essentials at $5/month and Team at $10/month, both with 1 channel.
[69]
Buffer pricing 2025: Which option is right for you? - ContentStudio
Jan 7, 2025 · Buffer has a free plan, paid plans starting at $6/month (Essentials) or $12/month (Team) for one channel, with annual options available.
[70]
August 2025 Shareholder Update - Buffer
Sep 18, 2025 · Revenue rose $31K to $1.94M. Monthly and yearly revenue increased $14K, mobile revenue added $13K, and refunds decreased by $4K. These ...Missing: funding | Show results with:funding<|control11|><|separator|>
[71]
Transparent Pricing - Buffer
Buffer's subscription costs are allocated as follows: 7.18% for hosting, 3.98% for fees, 72.97% for salaries, 8.16% for tools, 1.57% for retreats, 3.30% for ...
[72]
Buffer Software Reviews, Demo & Pricing - 2025
It's $5 per social media platform. I have several accounts for myself and several for my clients. $5 per platform sounds cheap until you manage 10 or more a ...
[73]
Buffer Stocks - Economics Help
A buffer stock scheme is a government plan to stabilise prices in volatile markets. This requires intervention in buying and selling.
[74]
[PDF] The use of buffer stocks - IMF eLibrary
It describes the role of buffer stocks as a means of stabilizing commodity prices and export earnings, examines how these stocks are operated and how some of ...
[75]
Buffer stocks for price stability? - Brookings Institution
Oct 11, 2024 · Public buffer stocks, particularly of food, could stabilize prices, reduce macroeconomic volatility, and alleviate global hunger in our “age of overlapping ...
[76]
Buffer Food Stocks for Addressing Volatility and Food Security in ...
Nov 26, 2024 · Buffer stocks are an important policy tool for stabilizing food prices, protecting access to food supplies during emergencies and limiting the effects of price ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[77]
Buffer stocks: Meaning, Criticisms & Real-World Uses
Oct 15, 2025 · Historically, agreements for commodities like tin and cocoa utilized buffer stocks to moderate price swings for producing and consuming nations.
[78]
The Power of Buffer Stocks - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung
Sep 4, 2025 · MS: Buffer stocks are public reserves of storable commodities that are designed to smooth out extreme fluctuations in market prices. The buffer ...
[79]
Buffer Stock Scheme - Alt Academy
Buffer stocks do not prevent the initial problem from arising · Critics argue that they distort the operation of the free market and prevent the price mechanism ...
[80]
[PDF] Buffer Stocks - POL ITICAL E CON OMY RE SE ARC H INSTITUTE
Buffer stocks for two groups of essentials were envisioned: commodities in which Global South countries were import-dependent, importantly grain, or export- ...
[81]
From the Boxing Ring to 'Dumbo': Michael Buffer Is Still Ready to ...
Apr 2, 2019 · Michael Buffer, the prolific ring announcer who, beginning in the 1980s, made the phrase “Let's get ready to rumble!” a pop-culture staple.
[82]
Michael Buffer - IBHOF.com
In 1982 he was watching a boxing match with his son, who told his dad he could do better than the ring announcer who just misread a decision. ... Michael Buffer.
[83]
Michael Buffer Net Worth
Jul 19, 2025 · Michael Buffer is an American boxing announcer and entrepreneur who has a net worth of $400 million.What Is Michael Buffer's Net... · Trademark And Video Game... · Boxing Announcer<|control11|><|separator|>
[84]
The incredible and (mostly) true story of Bruce and Michael Buffer
Apr 13, 2020 · Michael Buffer and Bruce Buffer led separate existences -- Michael with his foster parents, Bruce with his birth parents -- connected and unconnected.
[85]
Ray Buffer - IMDb
Ray Buffer, born in 1969 as Raymond Ernest Buffer, Jr., is a multifaceted American talent renowned for his contributions to both the entertainment industry and ...
[86]
Introduction to Buffers - Chemistry LibreTexts
Jan 29, 2023 · A buffer is a solution that resists pH change upon adding acid or base, neutralizing small amounts to maintain stable pH.What is a buffer composed of? · How does a buffer work? · Example 1: HF Buffer
[87]
Buffers - Chemistry LibreTexts
Jan 29, 2023 · A buffer is a solution that resists pH change by neutralizing small amounts of added acid or base, maintaining a stable pH.
[88]
buffer solutions - Chemguide
What is a buffer solution? Definition. A buffer solution is one which resists changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or an alkali are added to it.
[89]
2.8 Buffers and Corridors
Buffer zones are designated areas used to protect sensitive landscape patches (eg, wetlands, wildlife reserves) from negative external pressures.
[90]
The Buffer System in International Relations - Sage Journals
This article investigates the buffer state and buffer system, using both expected utility theory and four case studies: Afghanistan (1870-1978), Cambodia (1954- ...
[91]
Re-situating the Buffer State in International Relations: Nepal's ...
Jul 19, 2023 · Buffer states have been important in geopolitical thought as they are usually smaller states situated between two (or more) larger ...
[92]
The Buffer System in International Relations - jstor
Mathison (1971) defines a buffer state as a "'small independent state lying between two larger, usually rival, states (or blocs of states)." Though this ...