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Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American general, lawyer, planter, and politician who served as the seventh from to 1837. Born in the region on the border of North and to Scots-Irish immigrant parents, Jackson rose from orphaned poverty through self-education and military service, becoming a hero of the for his decisive victory at . His presidency emphasized executive authority, vetoing twelve bills—more than all prior presidents combined—and championing policies rooted in a strict interpretation of the Constitution, frugality in government, and the supremacy of federal law over states' rights, as seen in his forceful response to the . Jackson's administration achieved the payoff of the national debt, the first and only time in U.S. history, through rigorous fiscal restraint and land sales from territorial expansion, while dismantling the Second Bank of the on grounds that it concentrated undue economic power among elites and violated constitutional limits on federal authority. He championed expanded for white male property owners, fostering a populist that prioritized the "common man" over aristocratic interests, though his ownership of hundreds of enslaved people and enforcement of the of 1830—displacing tens of thousands of Native Americans eastward via the to secure frontiers for settlement and avert ongoing intertribal and settler conflicts—remain defining and divisive elements of his legacy. Jackson viewed such relocations as pragmatic necessities given failed assimilation efforts and persistent violence, prioritizing national cohesion and for the majority population over minority retention of ancestral lands.

People

Politicians and historical figures

(March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) served as the seventh from March 4, 1829, to March 4, 1837, during which he expanded presidential authority by vetoing twelve bills—more than the combined total of his six predecessors—and initiated policies that reshaped federal economic and territorial structures. His administration's campaign against the Second Bank of the , viewed as an unconstitutional concentration of power favoring elites, resulted in the veto of its recharter on July 10, 1832, and the subsequent withdrawal of federal deposits, contributing to the institution's demise by 1836 but also sowing seeds for the economic instability of the Panic of 1837. In the 1832 presidential election, Jackson secured reelection with 219 electoral votes to Henry Clay's 49 and 55 percent of the popular vote, reflecting strong support for his populist agenda amid the emerging . Jackson's enforcement of the , signed into law on May 28, 1830, authorized the exchange of eastern Native American lands for territory west of the , enabling the coerced relocation of tribes such as the , , , , and —totaling around 60,000 individuals—and clearing southeastern lands for white agricultural expansion, though it precipitated events like the (1838–1839), during which federal policies under Jackson's successor directly caused thousands of deaths from disease, exposure, and starvation. Jackson defended the measure as protective for Native populations and beneficial for , arguing it would "incalculably strengthen the southwestern " by reducing conflict zones. Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875), who assumed the presidency on April 15, 1865, following Abraham Lincoln's assassination, held office until March 4, 1869, and prioritized a conciliatory approach that granted to most former Confederates and required minimal reforms for Southern states' readmission, vetoing the bills in 1866 and the (both overridden by ) to limit federal intervention in Southern affairs. This stance clashed with , who enacted the of 1867 imposing military governance and mandates on the South, prompting Johnson's public opposition and the veto of key measures like the Tenure of Office Act intended to restrict his cabinet removals. Tensions escalated when Johnson dismissed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton on February 21, 1868, defying the Tenure of Office Act; the House impeached him three days later on eleven articles charging violations of that law and obstruction of congressional will, marking the first presidential impeachment in U.S. history. The Senate trial concluded on May 16, 1868, with acquittal on the pivotal eleventh article by a 35–19 vote, one short of the two-thirds threshold for removal, preserving Johnson's tenure but weakening his influence as Congress advanced its stricter framework. Johnson's policies facilitated Southern reintegration but correlated with persistent racial violence and limited protections for freed slaves, as evidenced by the rapid ratification of state constitutions under military oversight post-impeachment.

Entertainers and media personalities

Angelina Jolie (born June 4, 1975) is an American actress and filmmaker whose breakthrough roles in the early 2000s established her as a leading figure in action cinema. She gained prominence portraying Lara Croft in Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001), a film adaptation of the video game series that contributed to her transition from supporting roles to starring vehicles. Jolie's portrayal of the archaeologist-adventurer emphasized physicality and stunts, aligning with her training in martial arts and fencing. Her subsequent collaborations, including Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) opposite Brad Pitt, achieved significant commercial viability, reinforcing her appeal in high-stakes thrillers. Jolie's largest box-office success came with Maleficent (2014), where she starred as the titular Disney villainess, grossing $759.9 million worldwide and spawning a sequel. The film's performance underscored her draw in family-oriented fantasy, contrasting her earlier edgier profiles like in Girl, Interrupted (1999), for which she won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Beyond acting, Jolie has directed films such as Unbroken (2014), focusing on historical survival narratives, though these efforts received mixed critical and financial returns compared to her starring roles. Her humanitarian engagements, including serving as a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador since 2001, have intersected with her public image but stem from separate advocacy rather than entertainment output. A.J. McLean (born Alexander James McLean, January 9, 1978) is an American singer best known as a member of the , a formed in 1993 that dominated late-1990s pop music. The group, comprising McLean alongside , , , and Kevin Richardson, released their debut album in 1996, achieving international breakthrough with (1999), which sold 1.134 million copies in its first week in the United States. Backstreet Boys records have surpassed 100 million units sold globally, positioning them as one of the best-selling acts in history, with hits like "" driving arena tours and sustained fan engagement. McLean's contributions include lead and harmony vocals, alongside ventures into solo work; his debut EP Hi, My Name Is Alex (forthcoming as of 2025) marks a pivot to personal songwriting after decades in the group dynamic. The band's resilience is evident in ongoing performances, with McLean participating in residencies and specials that maintain their catalog's relevance, though solo sales pale against collective achievements. A.J. Cook (born Andrea Joy Cook, July 22, 1978) is a Canadian actress recognized for her long-term role as Supervisory Special Agent Jennifer "JJ" Jareau on the procedural , spanning from 2005 to 2020 and resuming in spin-offs. Her portrayal of the FBI communications liaison evolved across 15 seasons, contributing to the series' procedural format that averaged strong viewership in and streaming. Cook's included dance training and guest spots, leading to steady television presence in thrillers emphasizing ensemble dynamics over individual stardom. While lacking the blockbuster scale of film peers, her work in solidified reliability in network drama, with episodes routinely drawing millions in live audiences during peak runs.

Athletes and sports figures

(born April 26, 1992) is an American professional baseball for the New York Yankees of (MLB). Standing at 6 feet 7 inches and weighing 282 pounds, Judge debuted in 2016 and quickly established himself as a , leading the with 52 home runs in his 2017 rookie season, which set a temporary MLB rookie record. In 2022, he surpassed Roger Maris's 61-year-old single-season home run mark by hitting 62, earning the AL MVP award while batting .311 with 131 RBIs. Through the 2025 season, Judge has maintained a career of .294, with 368 home runs, 830 RBIs, and a 1.028 OPS over 1,205 hits in 10 seasons, contributing to the Yankees' postseason appearances including contention. His defensive prowess in right field, combined with elite exit velocities averaging over 95 mph, has made him a five-time and a pivotal figure in the Yankees' offensive strategy. A. J. Foyt (born Anthony Joseph Foyt Jr., January 16, 1935) is an American retired auto racing driver renowned for his versatility across oval, road, and endurance formats. Foyt secured four victories in 1961, 1964, 1967, and 1977, tying the record at the time and accumulating 35 starts with 17 top-10 finishes and over $2.6 million in winnings from the event alone. He remains the only driver to win the , (1972), , and (1967), amassing seven championships and 67 USAC sprint car wins alongside successes like the 1972 . Foyt's aggressive driving style and mechanical insight led to innovations in car preparation, influencing team operations; he founded A. J. Foyt Racing in 1965, which continues competing in with top-10 finishes at the 2025 . His career spanned five decades, retiring from driving in 1993 after 199 starts, cementing his legacy as a pioneer in American motorsports.

Other professionals

Alfred Jules Ayer (1910–1989) was a British philosopher who popularized logical positivism in the English-speaking world through his seminal work Language, Truth and Logic, first published in 1936. In this book, Ayer articulated the verification principle, asserting that a proposition is meaningful only if it is either empirically verifiable or analytically true via logical relations, thereby rejecting metaphysical claims as cognitively insignificant unless they conform to these criteria. This framework drew from the Vienna Circle's ideas but adapted them with a focus on linguistic analysis, influencing subsequent analytic philosophy by prioritizing empirical evidence and logical clarity over speculative ontology. Ayer's emphasis on observable data and rejection of unverifiable assertions contributed to ongoing debates about epistemology and the demarcation of science from pseudoscience, though critics later challenged the strict verification criterion for its own unverifiability.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional characters

Anthony "A.J." Soprano Jr. is the son of and in the television series , which aired from January 10, 1999, to June 10, 2007. Portrayed by , A.J. evolves from a mischievous pre-teen to a troubled young adult grappling with , , and existential despair amid his family's criminal enterprises and affluent dysfunction. His arc includes academic failures, a by in the family pool in the episode "The Second Coming" (season 6, episode 9, aired May 21, 2006), and brief stints in therapy and entry-level jobs, underscoring creator David Chase's intent to portray the psychological toll of inherited moral ambiguity on the next generation. Rear Admiral Albert Jethro "A.J." Chegwidden serves as the of the U.S. in the series , spanning 227 episodes from September 23, 1995, to May 10, 2005. Introduced in season 1 and portrayed by , Chegwidden is a decorated former Navy SEAL who enforces with authoritative precision, mentoring lieutenants Harmon Rabb Jr. and while navigating ethical dilemmas in legal cases involving national security. His character retires in the series finale "Thunderstruck" (season 10, episode 22, aired May 10, 2005), symbolizing a transition in naval leadership after 10 years of service depicted on screen. In the Nickelodeon animated series , which ran from March 30, 2001, to July 26, 2017, A.J. (full name Anthony James Jr.) is one of protagonist Turner's best friends, characterized by his prodigious intellect, vast wealth from his father's inventions, and social ineptitude. Voiced by Darran Norris, A.J. frequently aids in schemes involving fairy godparents and , often providing gadget-based solutions, as seen in episodes like "Information Stupor Highway" (season 2, episode 12, aired November 29, 2002), where his tech savvy drives the plot. A.J. Fikry is the central figure in Gabrielle Zevin's 2014 novel The Storied Life of A.J. Fikry, published by Algonquin Books. A childless widower and owner of the struggling Island Books on Alice Island, , Fikry confronts grief over his wife Nic's death in a car , a stolen valuable edition, and professional setbacks until an abandoned infant named prompts personal redemption and community reconnection. The narrative frames his transformation through annotated short story reviews, emphasizing literature's role in emotional recovery.

Literature

The Storied Life of A.J. Fikry is a by , first published on , 2014, by Algonquin Books. The narrative follows A.J. Fikry, a grieving bookstore owner on a fictional island, whose isolation ends after an orphaned child is abandoned at his store, prompting themes of personal redemption, familial bonds, and literature's capacity to foster human connection. The book has sold over five million copies worldwide and explores critiques framed as chapter introductions. The My Weird School series consists of more than 100 humorous chapter books for children, authored by Dan Gutman and illustrated by Jim Paillot, with the first volume, Miss Daisy Is Crazy!, released in June 2004 by . Centered on protagonist A.J., a reluctant student, and his friends navigating the eccentric faculty and bizarre policies at , the books employ scenarios and anti-school tropes to engage early readers. The series has sold over 35 million copies, spawning subseries like My Weirder School and holiday specials.

Media formats and titles

AJ and the Queen is an American comedy-drama television series created by Charles and , consisting of 10 episodes released on on January 10, 2020. The plot centers on Ruby Red, a drag queen portrayed by , who embarks on a cross-country journey in a rundown RV with AJ, a 10-year-old played by . The series explores themes of found family and self-discovery amid challenges like financial struggles and personal reinvention. Hey AJ! is an upcoming American 2D-animated preschool series produced by for , based on the children's book series Hey, A.J. by former player . Scheduled for premiere in 2026, it follows the adventures of A.J., a young boy learning responsibility and creativity through everyday scenarios, voiced by Amari McCoy. Guest stars include and , emphasizing educational elements like problem-solving and community. AJ Goes to the Dog Park is a 2024 independent directed by AJ Thompson, who also stars as the protagonist AJ, an ordinary resident of , fighting to reclaim his local after it is taken away. Released through Releasing, the surreal, gag-driven narrative highlights absurd midwestern life and determination, earning an 80% approval rating on from 20 reviews. The film premiered at festivals like Milwaukee Film in 2025.

Businesses and organizations

Companies and brands

is a private investment and development firm founded in 2008 by Ben Weprin and headquartered in . The company specializes in acquiring, designing, and operating hospitality properties, including hotels and multi-family residences, with a portfolio emphasizing transformative urban and counter-cultural developments across the . As of recent reports, it manages assets focused on lodging accommodations and has expanded through strategic investments in and lifestyle-oriented . AJ's Fine Foods operates as a chain in , with 11 locations serving the and Tucson metropolitan areas. Established in its current form around following the rebranding from the original A.J. Bayless Markets—founded by Arthur Joseph Bayless in the early —the brand emphasizes high-end products such as seasonal chef-prepared meals, rare seafood sourced globally, artisan confections, and premium meats. It maintains a focus on fresh, ready-to-eat entrées and boutique-style shopping experiences tailored to upscale consumers. A.J. Wright was a discount retail chain owned by TJX Companies, operating from 1998 until its liquidation in 2011, with stores selling apparel, domestics, and footwear at off-price levels similar to its sister brand T.J. Maxx. At its peak, it had over 100 locations primarily in the northeastern United States before closing amid broader retail challenges.

Non-profits and associations

The American Jewish Committee (AJC), established on November 11, 1906, by a group of prominent American Jews in response to pogroms in Kishinev and elsewhere, functions as a non-profit advocacy organization focused on protecting Jewish civil and religious rights globally. Its mission encompasses combating antisemitism, defending Israel's security and legitimacy, and advancing democratic principles through diplomacy, education, and policy engagement. Operating from New York with regional offices across the U.S. and international chapters, AJC influences policy via access to governments and interfaith coalitions, though its elite founding structure has drawn critiques for limited grassroots representation compared to membership-driven groups like the Anti-Defamation League. AJC has led targeted campaigns, such as its 1937 multimedia initiative against domestic amid rising Nazi sympathies, which distributed films, radio broadcasts, and pamphlets to educate the public and pressure media outlets. Post-World War II efforts included advocating for displaced persons' resettlement and monitoring Nazi collaborators' U.S. entry, shaping early Jewish refugee policies. In recent decades, it has prioritized countering Iran-backed threats to and fostering U.S.-Arab alliances, as seen in its support for the . Financially, AJC reported $88.1 million in revenue for 2023, funding advocacy amid growing concerns over campus and global hybrid threats to Jewish communities. Other non-profits using the AJ designation include the Foundation for Peace & Justice, founded in 1974 to grant funds for nonviolent activism and initiatives aligned with pacifist principles. Smaller entities, such as the AJ Foundation for Children with (established circa 1994), provide family support and resources for autism-affected individuals, emphasizing parental over broad policy reform. These organizations differ from AJC in scale and focus, lacking its international diplomatic reach.

Technology

Computing and software

, listed as "" in certain military and technical acronym compilations, denotes Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, a foundational technique for creating interactive applications. It facilitates asynchronous data exchange between the browser and server via HTTP requests, enabling partial page updates without requiring full document reloads, which improves responsiveness and reduces latency. The core mechanism relies on the API—originally implemented by in 5.0 on March 18, 1999—integrated with for scripting, the (DOM) for content manipulation, and XML (or later ) for data formatting. Coined by Jesse James Garrett on February 18, 2005, in the article "AJAX: A New Approach to Web Applications," the term captured emerging practices exemplified by Google Suggest and , both launched that year, which demonstrated seamless user interfaces previously constrained by synchronous page cycles. This innovation addressed the static nature of early web pages under HTTP 1.1 protocols, where server responses triggered complete refreshes, by allowing background fetches of 1-10 KB data payloads typical for dynamic elements like lists or tiles. In practice, AJAX implementations parse server responses to modify DOM nodes selectively—for instance, injecting updated HTML fragments or tabular data—while handling errors via callbacks, thus minimizing bandwidth (e.g., avoiding retransmission of unchanged CSS or images) and supporting real-time features in applications handling up to thousands of concurrent users. Its adoption surged post-2005, influencing frameworks like (released January 2006) that abstracted complexities, though modern alternatives such as Fetch API (standardized 2015) and WebSockets have extended its asynchronous paradigm for bidirectional, low-latency communication. Another computing term associated with "AJ" is the .aj file extension for source code, an (AOP) extension to developed by and team at PARC, with initial public release in 2001 via the 1.0 compiler. modularizes cross-cutting concerns—such as logging, transaction management, or security checks—through constructs like pointcuts (defining join points in code execution, e.g., method calls) and (code injections pre-, post-, or around those points), compiling seamlessly to standard for runtime weaving without altering base classes. By 2004, integration with IDE via AJDT tools enabled developers to visualize and debug aspects, supporting enterprise-scale applications where traditional scattered concerns across modules, increasing maintenance costs by up to 20-30% in metrics like code tangling.

Other technical terms

In , AJ commonly denotes an assembly jig, a specialized fixture used to position and hold components securely during manufacturing assembly processes to ensure precision and repeatability. These devices are integral in industries such as and automotive production, where they facilitate tasks like , bolting, or by aligning parts according to design specifications, reducing errors and labor time. Another engineering application of AJ refers to adjustable mechanisms or tools, such as the AJ spanner (also known as an ), which features a movable for gripping various and sizes in maintenance and tasks. This term emphasizes adaptability in mechanical systems, enabling fine-tuning of components like joints or fixtures without requiring multiple specialized tools. In and , AJ stands for anti-, describing techniques and systems designed to mitigate signal from devices, often involving hopping or spread-spectrum in antennas and transmitters. Such applications have been documented in technologies since the mid-20th century, with ongoing refinements in resilience for secure communications and systems.

Geography

Places and locations

Ajmer is a historic city in the of , , situated at approximately 26°27′N 74°38′E. Traditionally attributed to founding by Raja Ajay Pal Chauhan of the in the CE, the settlement served as an early power center for the dynasty, with fortifications like Taragarh Hill providing strategic oversight of the surrounding Aravalli region. The city's location at the confluence of trade routes contributed to its growth as a regional hub, encompassing archaeological sites reflecting medieval and later influences. According to the , 's urban population stood at 542,321, with the broader municipal area including suburbs reaching 551,101; the district total was 2,584,912. This places as the fifth-largest city in by urban metrics, characterized by its and elevation of about 486 meters above , influencing local and water management historically reliant on Ana Sagar Lake constructed in the 12th century. Ajman denotes the smallest emirate in the , with its capital city along the coast at roughly 25°24′N 55°31′E, encompassing 259 square kilometers including two inland exclaves. Emerging as a distinct by the under the dynasty, Ajman's geographic compactness and coastal position facilitated pearl diving and trade prior to oil discovery, shaping its role within the UAE federation formed in 1971. The emirate's population was recorded at 504,846 in 2017, reflecting rapid driven by labor in and services.

Transportation

Ajgain railway , designated by the station code AJ, is a halt on the Northern Railway zone of in , , . It primarily serves local passengers along the – route, handling commuter and express traffic with three platforms. The facilitates connectivity for the nearby village of Ajgain, supporting regional transport needs in a rural setting. As part of India's extensive rail network, which began expansion under British colonial administration in the 1850s, Ajgain station reflects the era's infrastructure development for freight and passenger movement across the subcontinent. Daily operations include halts by around 12 trains, including key services like the Gangasutlej Express, enabling links to major hubs such as Lucknow and Kanpur. Track infrastructure remains largely unelectrified in this section, relying on diesel locomotives, though broader Northern Railway electrification efforts continue to prioritize high-traffic corridors elsewhere. No major recent upgrades specific to Ajgain have been documented, maintaining its role as a minor junction without extensive modernization.

Other uses

Acronyms in science and medicine

In , particularly , AJ denotes the , also known as the Achilles reflex, which is elicited by percussing the while the foot is dorsiflexed, resulting in plantar flexion of the foot due to of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. This monosynaptic tests the integrity of the S1 and S2 spinal nerve roots and the , with absent or diminished response indicating potential lesions, such as in or . The reflex's clinical significance emerged in the late , as neurologists Wilhelm Heinrich Erb and Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal independently described deep tendon reflexes—including precursors to the ankle jerk—in 1875 while studying conditions like , where ankle jerks often diminish before jerks. Empirical observations from that era, documented in European medical journals, established its role in localizing pathology, with quantitative grading (0-4 scale) later standardized for bedside assessment. In , AJ refers to adherens junctions, actin-associated cell-cell adhesion structures composed of transmembrane proteins linked to the via catenins, essential for maintaining epithelial integrity, , and mechanotransduction. Morphologically identified through electron microscopy in the and as belt-like (zonula adherens) or spot-like (puncta adherentes) junctions in epithelial s, their molecular components—such as E-cadherin and β-catenin—were elucidated in the 1980s and 1990s via biochemical and genetic studies in and vertebrates. Experimental evidence from models demonstrates that disrupting AJs leads to embryonic lethality or fragility, underscoring their causal role in force transmission and barrier function, as quantified in traction force microscopy assays showing AJ maturation correlates with increased intercellular tension. These junctions differ from tight junctions by lacking barrier selectivity but integrate with the cortex to resist , with dysregulation implicated in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions observed in cancer progression.

Miscellaneous terms

In informal English-language communication, particularly texting and online , "AJ" serves as an abbreviation for "," paralleling the more widespread "OJ" for . This usage is documented across multiple slang references, though it remains infrequent and context-dependent, often appearing in casual beverage discussions or shorthand notations. The term's adoption traces to everyday linguistic economy, where short forms facilitate quick exchanges, as seen in acronym compilations since at least the early 2010s. For instance, it has been recorded in user-generated emphasizing brevity in digital chats, without of broader cultural penetration or regional dominance. No large-scale empirical surveys quantify its frequency, but its presence in multiple independent sources indicates sporadic, non-specialized utility outside formal or professional domains.

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