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ASO

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are short, synthetic single-stranded DNA or RNA analogs, usually 12 to 30 nucleotides in length, engineered to bind specifically to target messenger RNA (mRNA) or pre-mRNA sequences through Watson-Crick base pairing, thereby interfering with gene expression via mechanisms such as recruitment of RNase H for RNA degradation, steric blockade of translation or splicing, or modulation of RNA stability. This precision-targeting approach enables ASOs to address disease-causing genetic mutations at the molecular level, distinguishing them from traditional small-molecule drugs by their ability to act on previously "undruggable" targets like aberrant RNA processing in rare monogenic disorders. Pioneered conceptually in the late and advanced through chemical modifications like phosphorothioate backbones and 2'-O-methoxyethyl sugars to improve stability, nuclease resistance, and tissue distribution, ASO technology culminated in the first regulatory approval with in 1998 for , followed by a wave of successes including (Spinraza) in 2016 for via intrathecal delivery to correct SMN2 splicing. As of 2024, over a dozen ASO-based drugs have gained FDA or EMA approval, targeting conditions from (e.g., ) to (e.g., inotersen) and SOD1-ALS (e.g., ), demonstrating clinical efficacy in reducing toxic proteins or restoring functional ones through liver uptake or administration. Despite these milestones, ASO therapies face inherent challenges including potential off-target hybridization leading to unintended , class-specific toxicities such as or observed in drugs like inotersen and (the latter discontinued post-approval due to liver enzyme elevations), and pharmacokinetic hurdles necessitating repeated high-dose injections or novel delivery conjugates like GalNAc for hepatic targeting. Ongoing refinements in backbone chemistry and conjugation strategies aim to mitigate these issues, positioning ASOs as a cornerstone of RNA-targeted therapeutics amid a pipeline exceeding 40 candidates, though long-term safety data remains limited relative to their rapid clinical translation.

Geographical locations

Aso region in Japan

The Aso region, located in eastern Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, encompasses the expansive Aso Caldera and the active volcanic system of Mount Aso, representing one of Japan's most prominent geological features for studying volcanism. The caldera measures approximately 25 kilometers north-south by 18 kilometers east-west, formed through four massive pyroclastic flow eruptions between roughly 270,000 and 90,000 years ago, each depositing voluminous ignimbrite layers that define its structural boundaries. Mount Aso itself comprises a cluster of post-caldera central cones, with the highest peak, Kishima-dake, reaching 1,593 meters elevation, while the active Nakadake crater rim sits at about 1,200 meters above the caldera floor. This terrain, characterized by steep inner walls rising up to 1,000 meters and a broad inner plateau, supports ongoing seismic and fumarolic activity monitored by the Japan Meteorological Agency. Mount Aso's volcanic activity has persisted for millennia, with Nakadake recording the first documented eruption in Japan in 553 CE and over 167 subsequent events through historical records. Empirical data from geological surveys highlight its basaltic to andesitic composition, prone to phreatomagmatic explosions and ash emissions, as evidenced by the October 20, 2021, eruption at Nakadake's No. 1 crater, which produced an ash plume reaching 3.5 kilometers altitude and a minor pyroclastic flow, prompting elevated alerts but no fatalities due to prior monitoring. Such events underscore the volcano's causal role in regional hazard assessment, with probabilistic models estimating low but non-negligible risks of larger explosive phases based on deposit volumes from prior cycles. The region's volcanic ash-derived soils, highly permeable and nutrient-rich from repeated eruptions, foster extensive grasslands covering much of the caldera floor, which sustain pastoral agriculture including and horse ranching rather than intensive cropping due to the terrain's unsuitability for traditional . These ecosystems, maintained through periodic controlled burns to prevent encroachment, absorb heavy annual exceeding 3,400 millimeters, mitigating risks while supporting adapted to ashfall dynamics. Economically, the area around Aso City integrates this fertility with , drawing visitors to hot springs fed by percolating through fractured volcanic rocks and accesses to crater viewpoints, though activity levels periodically restrict access for safety. This interplay of and exemplifies causal linkages between eruptive history and sustained human adaptation in a high-risk volcanic setting.

Asosa in Ethiopia

is a town in western , serving as the capital of the Asosa Zone and the . Located at coordinates 10°04′N 34°32′E near the Sudanese border, it functions as the primary administrative center for regional governance and services. The 2007 Population and Housing recorded the town's population at approximately 14,533. The area has a documented history of extending thousands of years, with placer deposits potentially among the world's oldest, exploited since at least 6,000 years ago and linked to ancient trade networks. Artisanal and small-scale persists as a core economic driver, often serving as a buffer against agricultural shortfalls. Ethnically diverse, the region features indigenous groups including the Berta, Gumuz, Shinasha, Mao, and Komo, with significant highland migrant communities such as Amhara and Oromo. The economy centers on subsistence and cash-crop agriculture, producing , , and , alongside livestock and forestry activities that support local livelihoods. Infrastructure supports Asosa's role as a trade nexus, including Asosa Airport (IATA: ASO, ICAO: HASO), a domestic facility enhancing connectivity for passengers and goods. Proximity to enables cross-border commerce, particularly and agricultural exports, reinforced by the 100 km Ethiopia-Sudan completed in 2013 linking Asosa to Kumruk.

Ships

ASO-class vessels of the Imperial Japanese Navy

The ASO, formally designated as a vessel of the series by the , was laid down on 8 June 1943 at the as part of 's wartime expansion of carrier forces under the Maru Kyū Programme. Intended as a to bolster air power in the Pacific theater amid mounting losses, construction proceeded amid resource shortages and Allied advances, with the hull launched on 1 . However, work halted on 9 due to strategic reprioritization and material constraints, leaving the ship incomplete and unfit for commissioning; its projected completion date of September 1945 was never realized. Designed to standard Unryū-class specifications, ASO displaced approximately 17,030 long tons standard and measured 205.3 meters in length with a beam of 27 meters, powered by four geared steam turbines delivering 152,000 shaft horsepower for a top speed of 34 knots. Armament plans included six 100 mm dual-purpose guns in three twin mounts and numerous 25 mm anti-aircraft machine guns for self-defense, while the accommodated up to 57 aircraft, primarily Zero fighters and D4Y dive bombers, though none were embarked due to incompletion. Crew complement was estimated at around 1,600–1,800 personnel, reflecting the class's emphasis on rapid production over armored protection compared to earlier carriers like the Shōkaku class. ASO saw no operational service, remaining pierside at Kure throughout its brief existence. On 24 July 1945, during U.S. carrier-based air raids on the anchored remnants of the Japanese fleet—part of Task Force 38's strikes under Admirals Halsey and McCain—ASO sustained heavy damage from bombs and rockets, rendering it a constructive total loss. Post-surrender, the hulk was not repaired; instead, it was expended as a target during Allied weapons tests or broken up for scrap by 1948, exemplifying the IJN's futile late-war shipbuilding efforts amid overwhelming Allied air superiority and logistical collapse. No other vessels bore the ASO designation in a dedicated class, distinguishing it from earlier pre-dreadnought era ships like the unrelated armored cruiser Aso repurposed from Russian capture.

As an abbreviation or initialism

In business and administration

Administrative Services Only (ASO) refers to an arrangement in which employers self-fund their employee benefit plans, typically , while contracting with third-party administrators to handle operational tasks such as claims processing, enrollment, , and regulatory compliance. This model emerged prominently following the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of , which preempted state regulations for self-insured plans, enabling employers to bypass traditional insurer intermediaries and tailor benefits directly to workforce needs. ASO plans predominate among large employers, with approximately 74% of firms employing 500 or more workers self-insuring at least one plan as of 2023 data. Overall, self-funded arrangements, often structured as ASO, cover about 63% of U.S. workers with employer-sponsored benefits in 2024. These plans allow employers to retain surplus funds from lower-than-expected claims, fostering incentives for management through direct oversight of expenditures rather than fixed premiums that embed insurer profit margins and risk pools. Key advantages include potential cost efficiencies, as employers pay only for actual claims plus a negotiated administrative fee—typically 5-15% of claims volume—avoiding the 10-20% overhead of fully insured plans that includes insurer profits and taxes. For instance, self-funded employers can customize plan designs exempt from state mandates, such as excluding coverage for elective procedures, which reduces premiums compared to fully insured equivalents burdened by uniform regulations. Empirical analyses show average savings of 5-10% annually for large self-insured groups versus fully insured, attributable to advantages from monthly claim payments rather than upfront premiums. However, ASO exposes employers to unlimited financial liability for claims exceeding projections, necessitating stop-loss to cap catastrophic losses, which adds premiums averaging 3-5% of expected claims. High-claim years, such as during pandemics, can strain cash reserves, as seen in elevated variability for self-insured plans where costs fluctuate 20-30% year-over-year versus the predictability of fully insured fixed premiums. Despite these risks, the model's prevalence reflects private-sector incentives for retaining control over funds, with employers leveraging scale to negotiate favorable administrative rates and invest reserves for returns exceeding insurer yields.

In medicine

Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are synthetic single-stranded analogs, typically 15-30 long, designed to hybridize with target (mRNA) or via Watson-Crick base pairing, thereby modulating through mechanisms such as RNase H-mediated degradation, steric blockade of splicing, or inhibition of . This approach enables targeted intervention at the post-transcriptional level, addressing genetic root causes in diseases driven by aberrant RNA processing or , as opposed to downstream symptomatic palliation. The U.S. (FDA) first approved (Spinraza), an ASO that promotes 7 inclusion in SMN2 pre-mRNA to increase functional SMN protein for (SMA), on December 23, 2016, demonstrating clinical efficacy in motor function improvement via . In 2023, (Qalsody) received accelerated FDA approval on April 25 for adults with (ALS) harboring mutations, reducing neurofilament light chain levels as a of neurodegeneration, with confirmatory trials ongoing to verify clinical benefit. Recent advancements include personalized ASOs for "nano-rare" diseases affecting 1-30 patients worldwide, pioneered by the n-Lorem Foundation, which develops mutation-specific experimental therapies at no cost, leveraging rapid design pipelines informed by patient genomic data. By October 2025, n-Lorem's third annual Nano-rare Patient Colloquium highlighted progress in ASO industrialization, including enhanced chemical modifications for stability and reduced off-target effects through refined backbone and sugar moieties. These enable splicing correction or allele-specific knockdown, as in neurogenetic disorders, but face empirical hurdles: intrathecal delivery for targets requires repeated lumbar punctures, posing procedural risks and access barriers, while systemic ASOs risk from oligonucleotide accumulation in liver Kupffer cells. High costs underscore economic realism over unsubstantiated optimism; nusinersen's first-year wholesale acquisition cost exceeds $750,000, with subsequent annual doses at approximately $375,000, driven by manufacturing complexity and limited for orphan indications, though long-term up to 10 years confirm sustained without proportional cost offsets in population-level analyses. Causal stems from direct targeting—e.g., halting toxic gain-of-function in SOD1-ALS—but randomized trials reveal modest effect sizes, with tofersen's approval relying on surrogate endpoints amid ethical imperatives for genetic therapies in monogenic diseases. In diagnostics, the (ASO) titer measures serum antibodies against streptolysin O, a produced by , peaking 3-6 weeks post-infection to confirm antecedent in non-suppurative sequelae. Elevated titers (>200 Todd units in adults, with age-adjusted upper limits up to 400 in children) support diagnosis of acute , present in approximately 85% of cases, though 15% may show normal levels necessitating complementary anti-DNase B testing. Thresholds vary by standards and population baselines (e.g., <160-239 as normal in some cohorts), with serial measurements preferred to detect fourfold rises indicating acute response over chronic elevation. This serological marker aids causal attribution in post-streptococcal or rheumatic heart disease but lacks specificity for active infection, as titers persist months and cross-react with other antigens.

In technology

App Store Optimization (ASO) refers to the systematic process of enhancing a mobile application's visibility and conversion rates within app marketplaces such as the and , primarily through organic search rankings to drive downloads without reliance on paid advertising. This practice emerged following the launch of the on July 10, 2008, which introduced 500 initial applications and spurred developer efforts to compete for user attention amid rapid growth in app submissions. By 2009, as app volumes expanded on both and platforms, formalized ASO strategies gained traction, focusing on and user signals to influence proprietary ranking algorithms. Core ASO tactics include and integration into app titles (limited to 30 characters on ), subtitles, and dedicated keyword fields, alongside optimizing descriptions, promotional text, and visual elements like icons and screenshots to align with user intent and algorithmic preferences. algorithms prioritize factors such as download velocity, user retention metrics, levels (e.g., session length), ratings and volume/, update , and revenue generation, with serving as the primary controllable input for initial visibility. Analytics from firms like Sensor Tower indicate that organic sources, including search and browsing, account for approximately 75% of installs across categories, underscoring ASO's role in capturing the majority of non-paid traffic. Post-2020 developments have integrated into ASO workflows, enabling automated keyword discovery, predictive ranking simulations, and of creatives like icons and screenshots to refine conversion rates with data-driven precision. tools analyze vast datasets for trend forecasting and personalization, reducing manual effort while adapting to algorithm shifts, though their efficacy depends on platform-specific data access. Advantages of ASO include cost efficiency compared to paid user acquisition channels, with optimized listings yielding sustained and higher-quality users via improved matching. Drawbacks encompass the inherent opacity of app store algorithms, which lack public disclosure and evolve unpredictably, alongside intensifying competition in saturated categories where minor metadata changes yield without complementary retention strategies.

In arts and entertainment

The American Symphony Orchestra (ASO), founded in 1962 by conductor , operates with a mission to make orchestral music accessible and affordable, performing subscription series at venues such as and emphasizing education through free youth concerts and school outreach. Stokowski's vision prioritized low-cost tickets and innovative programming to engage diverse audiences, including premieres of contemporary works and explorations of underrepresented composers. Since 1992, music director has led the ensemble, fostering performances of rarely heard repertoire and contributing to recordings that document its discography, such as live interpretations of operas by . The (ASO), established in 1945, serves as a cornerstone cultural institution in , delivering over 150 performances annually at Atlanta Symphony Hall while integrating orchestral and choral elements through its volunteer-based ASO Chorus, founded in 1970 by Robert Shaw. Its education initiatives include the ASO College Pass, offering up to 20 classical concerts for $35 to verified students, alongside school programs that reach thousands via in-classroom experiences and discounted family access to promote early exposure to symphonic music. These efforts have sustained public participation, with the orchestra's recordings and collaborations enhancing its role in regional musical heritage. The Alberta Symphony Orchestra (ASO), created in 2015 as Canada's inaugural professional touring symphony, advances classical music accessibility through province-wide performances and support for emerging composers and musicians under founder and music director Emilio De Mercato. Based in , it has conducted multiple tours and over 30 concerts, prioritizing original programming to cultivate local talent and audience engagement without reliance on fixed venues.

Other uses

In informal English writing, texting, and , ASO serves as an for "and so on," functioning as a concise way to indicate continuation in lists or sequences, akin to but distinct from the Latin-derived "." This usage appears in dictionaries and repositories, reflecting casual linguistic rather than formal standardization. ASO has denoted After School Online, a forum and seminar series for educator within the TAPPED IN , active from around 2001 with weekly sessions on topics like in teaching. Hosted by SRI International's , it facilitated discussions and events open to global participants until at least 2010.

People

Individuals with the surname ASO

Tarō Asō (麻生 太郎, Asō Tarō; born September 20, 1940, in Iizuka, ) is a affiliated with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). He graduated from University's Faculty of Politics and Economics in 1963 and initially managed the family-owned Aso Cement Company, later incorporated into the Aso Group. Elected to the in 1979, representing Fukuoka's 8th district, Asō held key cabinet roles including of (2005–2007), where he pursued strengthened alliances with the amid North Korean tests, and on multiple occasions (2007–2008, 2012–2021). Asō served as from September 24, 2008, to September 16, 2009, navigating the global financial crisis through a ¥15.4 trillion stimulus package emphasizing infrastructure spending and tax cuts, which critics attributed to increased public debt without averting the LDP's electoral defeat in 2009. His tenure included deregulation initiatives in to boost competitiveness, though these faced scrutiny for exacerbating , as evidenced by Japan's rising to 0.329 by 2008 from prior levels. Asō later supported under , advocating monetary easing and structural reforms that contributed to a 2.5% average GDP growth from 2013–2019, per data, while serving as LDP vice president until 2021. Other individuals bearing the surname Asō include Natsuko Asō (born 1990), a Japanese actress and singer known for roles in television dramas and stage productions. In sports, Norihiro Asō (born 2000) is a player who debuted professionally with Wild Knights in Japan's Top League, contributing to league titles through forward play. Tomofumi Asō competes as a professional baseball player in , noted for defensive skills in outfield positions. Outside Japan, Vince Aso (born March 9, 1995) is a union winger of Samoan heritage, earning 14 caps for the All Blacks between 2018 and 2020, including scoring tries in matches against and . His career highlights include appearances with the Hurricanes, where he amassed over 50 tries across 100+ games by 2023.

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