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Victim

A victim is a person who has suffered direct or threatened physical, psychological, or financial harm as a result of the commission or attempted commission of a crime or delinquent act.^[1]^[2] The term derives from the Latin victima, originally denoting a living creature, such as an animal, sacrificed to a deity in religious rituals, a connotation that underscores early associations with involuntary offering or loss.^[3] In contemporary legal frameworks, victims encompass not only direct targets but also those indirectly harmed, such as family members of homicide victims, with rights including restitution, information on proceedings, and protection from offender contact.^[4]^[5] Criminological research highlights patterns in victimization, including the "victim-offender overlap," where individuals who experience harm often share demographic and behavioral traits with perpetrators, such as prior criminal involvement or high-risk lifestyles, supported by empirical data from longitudinal studies.^[6] Theories like victim precipitation suggest that in some cases, victims' actions may contribute causally to incidents, though this framework prioritizes situational factors over moral blame and faces criticism for potentially undermining victim credibility in biased institutional narratives.^[7] Victimology as a discipline emerged in the mid-20th century to analyze these dynamics empirically, shifting focus from offender-centric models to include victim agency and repeat victimization risks driven by environmental and personal vulnerabilities.^[8] Notable controversies arise in distinguishing verifiable harm from amplified claims of victimhood, where systemic incentives in media and advocacy may inflate perceived grievances absent causal evidence of injury.^[9]

Etymology and Core Concepts

Historical Origins

The term "victim" originates from the Latin victima, referring to a living creature—typically an animal, but sometimes a human—offered in sacrifice during religious rites to propitiate deities and restore communal harmony.^[3] This etymon, traceable to ancient Roman practices by the 15th century in English usage, embodied a causal framework where the victim's agency in ritual death addressed perceived disruptions in the social or cosmic order, such as averting plagues or divine wrath through substitutionary atonement.^[3]^[10] In these contexts, the victim was not primarily an object of individual pity but a functional element in collective causality, selected for purity or unblemished status to ensure ritual efficacy.^[3] Ancient Hebrew traditions exemplify this sacrificial paradigm, as detailed in Leviticus 16 (composed circa 6th–5th century BCE), where the Yom Kippur rite designated two goats: one slain for blood atonement on the altar, and the "scapegoat" (azazel) burdened with the community's sins and expelled to the wilderness.^[11] This duality highlighted causality tied to group expiation, with the victim's role in symbolically transferring communal impurities enabling societal renewal, rather than redressing personal agency or grievance.^[11] Anthropological examinations of such rites in pre-modern societies confirm that victim selection emphasized relational dynamics—kinship, purity taboos, or proxy substitution—over isolated harm, positioning the victim as a conduit for balancing collective forces against existential threats.^[10] By the medieval era, the concept began transitioning toward secular interpretations of harm inflicted by external agents, evident in 12th-century English common law writs like trespass vi et armis, which provided remedies for forcible injuries distinguishing true victims from those whose harm arose through self-provocation or consent.^[12] Early modern Enlightenment thinkers further reframed victimhood through first-principles reasoning on causality, emphasizing individual subjection to arbitrary external forces—such as in natural law treatises—as opposed to ritualistic or self-induced outcomes, thereby decoupling it from divine appeasement while retaining focus on verifiable agency in harm's origination.^[13] This evolution marked a shift from communal ritual causality to empirical distinctions in legal accountability, prefiguring protections against unprovoked aggression.^[12]

Contemporary Definitions

In legal contexts, a victim is defined as an individual who experiences direct physical, emotional, or economic harm resulting from the commission of a crime, where the harm is unintended by the victim and proximately caused by the offender's actions. The Victims of Crime Act of 1984 established federal funding for victim assistance programs, implicitly supporting this framework by prioritizing support for those suffering tangible losses from criminal acts, without extending to indirect or self-inflicted harms. Similarly, the Crime Victims' Rights Act of 2004 explicitly defines a victim as "a person directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of a Federal offense," emphasizing causal linkage between the offense and the injury rather than mere association or grievance.^[14]^[15] Psychologically, victim status aligns with exposure to events involving actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, as outlined in DSM-5 Criterion A for posttraumatic stress disorder, which requires direct experience, witnessing, or indirect exposure through close relations, excluding mediated depictions unless for professional purposes. This criterion underscores empirical markers of trauma—verifiable events with potential for severe distress—over subjective interpretations of harm lacking causal evidence. Victimology, as a field bridging law and psychology, reinforces this by focusing on measurable impacts from interpersonal or event-based causation, such as injury or loss, rather than expansive claims of systemic disadvantage without demonstrated links to specific perpetrators or incidents.^[16] Contemporary definitions distinguish pure victims—innocent bystanders suffering unprovoked harm—from cases involving partial agency, where the individual's actions contribute to the outcome without absolving the offender's responsibility. Victim precipitation theory, rooted in empirical analysis of case records, identifies such contributory roles in 20-26% of homicides, as in studies of Philadelphia cases from 1948-1952 where victims first employed force or provocative behavior in the interaction leading to death. These distinctions, drawn from police and coroner data, highlight causal realism by quantifying lifestyle or behavioral factors (e.g., engaging in high-risk disputes) that elevate vulnerability in property or assault crimes, without implying equivalence to offender culpability.^[17]^[18]

Legal Perspectives

Victim Rights and Protections

The victims' rights movement in the United States emerged prominently in the 1970s and 1980s, driven by observations of imbalances favoring defendants in criminal proceedings, culminating in federal reforms such as the Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982, which mandated fair treatment standards including notification of proceedings and restitution considerations for victims in federal cases.^[19] Wisconsin enacted the nation's first state Victims' Bill of Rights in 1980, granting victims rights to information, protection from intimidation, and input via impact statements during sentencing; by the early 2000s, all 50 states had adopted comparable statutory provisions, with 32 states embedding them in constitutions by 2010.^[20] ^[21] Internationally, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power on November 29, 1985, articulating standards for victim access to justice mechanisms, prompt redress, restitution, and compensation, while urging states to treat victims with compassion and respect for dignity without undermining offender rights or due process.^[2] This framework influenced European Union directives, such as the 2012 Victims' Rights Directive, which harmonized member state obligations for victim support services, thereby facilitating empirical gains in restitution enforcement through structured mediation and compensation funds.^[22] Empirical studies demonstrate that these protections, particularly victim impact statements (VIS), correlate with reduced revictimization risks via enhanced advocacy and investigation support, as intensive interventions (over 12 hours) have lowered repeat physical abuse rates in domestic violence contexts post-reform.^[23] However, VIS presentation has been associated with sentencing disparities, including harsher penalties—potentially 10-20% longer in comparable cases—raising concerns about emotional influence on judicial outcomes and the need to preserve evidentiary balance in federal and state courts.^[24] ^[25] Such advancements thus enhance victim agency while necessitating safeguards against undue sway over proportional punishment.

Theories of Victim Precipitation and Responsibility

Victim precipitation theory posits that certain actions, behaviors, or inherent characteristics of individuals can contribute to initiating or escalating criminal events, thereby attributing partial causal responsibility to the victim without absolving the offender of moral or legal culpability.^[26] This perspective emerged in early victimology to counter unidirectional offender-focused explanations, emphasizing instead the interactive dynamics in criminal incidents.^[27] Pioneered by Hans von Hentig in his 1948 book The Criminal and His Victim, the theory introduced a typology of 13 victim categories based on proneness to victimization, including the young, elderly, females, minorities, and those with mental deficiencies or impulsive traits, arguing these attributes increase vulnerability and may provoke offenders through perceived weakness or provocation.^[28] ^[29] Von Hentig's framework highlighted functional responsibility in the criminal-victim dyad, suggesting victims are not passive but active participants whose traits or choices facilitate crime convergence.^[30] Empirical studies have tested precipitation concepts, particularly in violent crimes. For instance, Marvin Wolfgang's 1958 analysis of 588 Philadelphia homicides from 1948–1952 classified 26% as victim-precipitated, where the victim initiated deadly force or aggression first, often in interpersonal disputes involving alcohol or prior relationships.^[17] Similar patterns appear in assaults, with research indicating that provocative behaviors like verbal challenges or physical posturing contribute to 20–30% of cases, though data vary by context and do not imply offender justification.^[31] National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data from the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, which interviews approximately 240,000 persons annually on unreported crimes, reveal correlations between victim circumstances—such as involvement in arguments or high-risk locations—and victimization rates, underscoring agency in exposure without endorsing blame.^[32] These findings refute absolute victim exoneration by demonstrating how personal decisions influence risk, yet emphasize that precipitation neither legalizes nor excuses criminal acts, as offenders retain primary accountability.^[33] Complementing precipitation, lifestyle-exposure and routine activity theories frame victimization as a function of daily choices that heighten encounter probabilities with motivated offenders. Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson's 1979 routine activity theory argues crime occurs at the intersection of a suitable target, absent guardianship, and offender motivation, with lifestyle patterns like nightlife participation or residence in high-crime areas elevating risk through increased exposure.^[34] ^[35] Empirical extensions, including lifestyle theory by Michael Hindelang, Michael Gottfredson, and James Garofalo (1978), show that routine activities explain substantial variance in personal victimization; for example, frequent evening outings correlate with 2–3 times higher assault rates in NCVS analyses, attributing up to 25–35% of risk to modifiable behaviors rather than solely external factors.^[36] ^[37] This causal realism promotes prevention via agency—such as avoiding unguarded high-risk routines—while critiquing narratives that ignore victim contributions, as evidenced in longitudinal studies linking occupational and leisure exposures to burglary and assault disparities.^[38] Critics note these theories risk overemphasizing individual fault in systemic crimes, but proponents counter that empirical data from sources like NCVS affirm partial self-attributable risk without diminishing offender responsibility.^[39]

Psychological Aspects

Victim Mentality and Cognitive Biases

Victim mentality denotes a cognitive and emotional pattern wherein individuals persistently perceive themselves as victims of external circumstances or others' actions, fostering a sense of helplessness and an external locus of control across diverse situations rather than being confined to responses from discrete traumatic events.^[40] This differs from adaptive trauma responses, as it generalizes blame externally without proportional evidence of causality, often involving cognitive distortions like dichotomous thinking and overgeneralization.^[40] Key indicators include chronic attribution of personal shortcomings to others or fate, heightened interpersonal distrust, and avoidance of self-agency, which correlate with attributional biases such as a propensity for externalizing negative outcomes while internalizing positives—a form of self-serving bias that parallels elements of actor-observer discrepancies in social perception.^[41] Empirical investigations reveal that victim mentality predicts adverse psychological outcomes, including elevated rumination that longitudinally mediates links between perceived adversity and heightened depression or aggression in adulthood.^[42] For instance, self-reported victimhood tendencies associate with roughly doubled risks of depressive episodes compared to non-ruminative profiles, as rumination amplifies negative affect without resolving underlying issues.^[43] Additionally, this mentality correlates positively with Dark Triad traits—narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy—wherein narcissism particularly facilitates "virtuous victimhood" signaling to garner sympathy or resources, as evidenced by studies linking these traits to exaggerated interpersonal victim claims.^[44] ^[45] Such patterns underscore a causal pathway where biased self-perception entrenches dysfunction, distinct from verifiable trauma's event-specific sequelae. Cognitive-behavioral interventions effectively target victim mentality by retraining attributional styles and fostering responsibility attribution, with meta-analytic evidence from related cognitive distortion protocols indicating 40-60% symptom reductions in helplessness and rumination post-treatment.^[46] Techniques emphasize challenging external blame through evidence-based reframing and behavioral experiments, yielding sustained improvements in self-efficacy without requiring confrontation of unverified grievances.^[47] These approaches prioritize causal realism by linking outcomes to modifiable cognitions, contrasting passive victim narratives.

Trauma Responses and Recovery Mechanisms

Victims of trauma often exhibit acute neurobiological and behavioral responses mediated by the brain's threat detection systems. Functional MRI studies consistently demonstrate hyperactivation of the amygdala in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reflecting exaggerated fear processing during threat anticipation or recall of traumatic events.^[48]^[49] This hyperactivity correlates with symptoms such as hypervigilance and intrusive memories, as the amygdala fails to properly regulate via prefrontal cortex inhibition.^[50] Behavioral responses include fight, flight, or freeze reactions, driven by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, which elevates cortisol levels initially but may lead to blunted responses in chronic cases.^[51] These mechanisms represent adaptive survival strategies rather than inherent pathology in most cases, with only a subset progressing to diagnosable disorders. PTSD, as defined in the DSM-5 (published 2013), requires exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, followed by intrusion symptoms (e.g., flashbacks), persistent avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and marked changes in arousal and reactivity persisting beyond one month.^[52] Empirical data indicate that while up to 90% of individuals experience traumatic stress, only about 20% develop PTSD, underscoring that most recover without long-term impairment.^[53] Recent neuroimaging confirms amygdala involvement in this minority, with 2024 studies highlighting its role in early post-trauma threat processing as a predictor of symptom persistence.^[54] Overpathologizing transient stress responses risks conflating normal adaptation with disorder, as resilience buffers against chronicity in the majority. Recovery from trauma follows phased models, such as Judith Herman's 1992 framework, which outlines three stages: establishing safety and stabilization, remembrance and mourning of the trauma, and reconnection with ordinary life.^[55] Evidence-based interventions like eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) accelerate this process, with randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses showing significant PTSD symptom reduction (Hedges' g ≈ 0.66-0.75) compared to waitlist controls, often outperforming talk therapies in speed and efficacy for trauma-focused outcomes.^[56]^[57] These therapies target maladaptive memory consolidation, promoting habituation rather than endless rumination. Pre-existing resilience factors causally influence recovery variance more than trauma severity alone. Measures of grit—perseverance and passion for long-term goals—account for 4-6% of variance in adaptive outcomes post-adversity, independent of IQ or initial distress, as shown in longitudinal studies of high-stress cohorts.^[58]^[59] Other empirically supported buffers include optimism, active coping strategies, and social support networks, which mitigate HPA dysregulation and foster prefrontal engagement for threat reappraisal.^[60]^[61] These elements highlight that recovery hinges on internal agency and environmental scaffolds, countering narratives of inevitable fragility by emphasizing modifiable pathways to restoration.

Sociological Frameworks

Victimology as a Discipline

Victimology originated as an academic field focused on the empirical examination of crime victims and their interactions with offenders, diverging from traditional criminology's emphasis on perpetrators alone. The term "victimology" was coined in 1947 by Benjamin Mendelsohn, a Romanian-born attorney and criminologist, who introduced it in correspondence and lectures to denote the scientific study of victims and the phenomenon of victimity, including degrees of responsibility in victim-offender encounters.^[18] This foundational work laid the groundwork for analyzing victimization as a distinct process amenable to systematic inquiry. In 1948, Hans von Hentig expanded this perspective in his book The Criminal and His Victim: Studies in the Sociobiology of Crime, which explored biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to victim susceptibility and offender selection, thereby shifting scholarly attention toward interactive dynamics rather than unilateral criminal pathology.^[62] Empirical methodologies in victimology prioritize quantitative data collection to map victim-offender relationships and victimization patterns. Key tools include victimization surveys that capture unreported incidents and self-reported experiences, enabling analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and sequences of events. The U.S. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), launched in 1973 by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, exemplifies this approach by interviewing households annually on nonfatal personal and property crimes, revealing that roughly 45% of violent victimizations, including assaults, remain unreported to police due to factors like fear of reprisal or perceived inefficacy of response.^[32] Such surveys have quantified repeat victimization, where 2-3% of persons experience multiple violent incidents within a year, accounting for a disproportionate share of total crimes and highlighting event concentration among vulnerable targets.^[63] These methods have yielded predictive models of vulnerability, such as lifestyle-exposure theory, which posits that routine activities and exposure to motivated offenders explain variations in victimization risk through measurable behavioral indicators like nightlife participation or neighborhood residence. Empirical tests of these models demonstrate their utility in accounting for substantial portions of crime variance, informing policies like situational crime prevention that target high-risk environments to reduce offender convergence with suitable victims. Victimology's data-driven focus has thus supported evidence-based interventions, such as resource allocation to repeat victims, without presupposing moral culpability.^[64]

Shifts in Victimhood Cultures

Sociologists Bradley Campbell and Jason Manning outlined a progression of moral cultures in their 2018 analysis, tracing shifts from honor-based systems—characterized by personal vengeance against insults—to dignity cultures emphasizing individual resilience and institutional recourse solely for grave harms, and ultimately to victimhood cultures emerging in U.S. universities around 2010. In victimhood orientations, minor slights like microaggressions are amplified as profound injuries warranting public disclosure and third-party intervention, conferring moral prestige upon the claimant while inverting traditional hierarchies of agency and accountability.^[65]^[66] This framework posits that victimhood status replaces honor's self-assertion or dignity's stoicism as the pathway to social elevation, often through institutional mechanisms that validate grievances over internal resolution. Empirical indicators of this transition include the institutional embrace of victim claims on campuses, evidenced by policies codifying microaggressions as actionable offenses and the exponential growth in formal complaints. For instance, U.S. Department of Education data show Title IX sex discrimination filings—predominantly for harassment—reaching record highs by 2022, comprising nearly half of all civil rights complaints processed by the Office for Civil Rights, up sharply from pre-2011 levels following guidance urging expansive investigations.^[67]^[68] Such patterns reflect a cultural pivot where victim narratives secure resources and deference, diminishing incentives for personal coping and fostering dependency on authority. Competitive victimhood manifests as groups contest relative suffering to assert superior claims, driven less by moral rectitude than power acquisition, per experimental studies from 2020 onward revealing context-dependent escalations in intergroup hostility.^[69]^[70] Survey-linked analyses correlate this with eroded agency, as chronic victim framing correlates with heightened perceived helplessness and reduced self-efficacy in resolving conflicts independently. Morally, it inverts dignity's emphasis on universal human worth, prioritizing comparative trauma; socially, it correlates with frayed cohesion, as World Values Survey waves from 1981 to 2017 document interpersonal trust drops (e.g., 7 points in the U.S.), aligning with broader metrics of declining social capital amid rising grievance discourses.^[71]^[72] These shifts, while adaptive in redressing genuine inequities, risk entrenching cycles of resentment over resilience, per the framework's causal logic.

Controversies and Criticisms

Perpetual and Competitive Victimhood

Perpetual victimhood refers to a persistent mindset wherein individuals or groups maintain a generalized sense of victimization across diverse contexts, often integrating it as a core aspect of personal or collective identity, which hinders adaptive responses and fosters rumination on past harms.^[73] Research identifies this tendency as a stable personality construct characterized by interpersonal victimhood, marked by needs for recognition of suffering, moral elitism, lack of empathy for others' pain, and rumination that entrenches cycles of perceived injustice without resolution.^[74] Longitudinal studies link such rumination to exacerbated internalizing problems following initial victimization, as repetitive focus on grievances mediates ongoing emotional distress and diminishes proactive coping mechanisms.^[75] This pattern disincentivizes personal agency by prioritizing external blame over self-efficacy, with empirical evidence showing victimization-linked mentalities correlating to reduced cognitive-motivational factors and lower academic or occupational achievement.^[76] Competitive victimhood emerges when groups or individuals vie to establish their suffering as superior to others', often to secure moral leverage, resources, or policy advantages in intergroup conflicts.^[77] Psychological research frames this as a strategic orientation in adversarial settings, where claims of greater historical or ongoing harm resist reconciliation and amplify ingroup biases, as seen in protracted disputes where both sides assert primacy of their trauma.^[78] In identity-driven contexts, this dynamic manifests through escalated grievance narratives, with studies indicating that competitive assertions correlate with heightened resistance to compromise and prioritization of power gains over ethical considerations.^[69] For instance, perpetual ingroup victimhood orientation (PIVO) biases perceptions toward overattributing harm to outgroups while minimizing self-inflicted factors, perpetuating zero-sum competitions for victim status.^[79] These patterns contribute to broader disincentives against agency, as sustained victim claims correlate with stabilized sensitivity to perceived injustices that feedback into interpretive biases, reducing motivation for self-directed improvement.^[80] Empirically, victim mentalities undermine resilience by fostering dependence on external validation, empirically tied to lower engagement and performance outcomes in longitudinal peer victimization analyses.^[81] In societal terms, competitive escalation within identity politics frameworks inflates narratives of oppression, correlating with polarized resource allocation that favors grievance-based entitlements over meritocratic advancement, though direct causal econometric links to macroeconomic drags remain underexplored in peer-reviewed literature.^[82] Overall, such dynamics empirically prioritize status elevation through harm comparison, empirically eroding incentives for individual or collective empowerment.^[83]

Weaponization and Reversal of Victim Status

In contemporary activism, particularly following the social upheavals of 2020, claims of victimhood have been strategically deployed to assert moral superiority and secure tangible benefits such as funding, policy concessions, or social influence.^[84] This "weaponization" involves framing grievances as virtuous suffering to mobilize support, often inverting traditional power dynamics where victim status confers authority rather than mere sympathy. Academic analyses, including Lilie Chouliaraki's examination of media and political discourses, highlight how such narratives prioritize emotional appeal over evidentiary rigor, enabling actors to demand reparative actions like resource reallocations.^[85] Empirical research correlates this tactic with personality traits associated with manipulation. A 2024 study in Personality and Individual Differences found that individuals scoring high on Dark Triad traits—narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy—frequently signal "virtuous victimhood" to facilitate resource transfers from others, perceiving such claims as effective for extracting sympathy, compliance, or material gains without reciprocal accountability.^[44] In activist contexts, this manifests as exaggerated or selective victim narratives that correlate with obtaining institutional support, such as preferential funding in diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, where claims of systemic harm justify budgetary priorities despite limited causal linkage to outcomes.^[86] Reversal of victim status occurs when alleged perpetrators reposition themselves as the aggrieved party, a phenomenon Chouliaraki terms the "reversal of victimhood," observed in high-profile controversies where dominant actors appropriate victim identity to deflect scrutiny.^[87] This strategy, empirically documented as Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender (DARVO), involves perpetrators denying wrongdoing, impugning the accuser's credibility, and asserting their own victimization, which experimental studies show reduces perceived victim believability and increases sympathy for the accused.^[88] For instance, research on interpersonal and institutional responses demonstrates that DARVO exposure leads participants to view the original victim as more responsible for the conflict and less credible, with effects persisting across scenarios like abuse allegations.^[89] These dynamics contribute to broader erosions in public and institutional trust toward victim claims, as repeated inversions and unsubstantiated narratives foster skepticism. Causal analyses indicate that when reversal tactics succeed in shifting blame—without robust evidence— they diminish overall receptivity to genuine victimization, as observers recalibrate based on observed patterns of exploitation rather than isolated appeals.^[90] Critiques grounded in outcome data emphasize that privileging such strategic claims over verifiable harm not only misallocates resources but also perpetuates cycles of distrust, as seen in declining confidence in accusation processes following documented cases of fabrication or inversion.^[91]

Cultural and Media Representations

In Literature and Arts

In classical literature, the Book of Job presents a paradigmatic victim archetype enduring catastrophic losses—loss of family, wealth, and health—as a divine test of righteousness, yet Job's defiant speeches against his comforters interrogate the causal link between suffering and moral fault, rejecting simplistic retribution theology while affirming personal integrity amid inscrutable divine agency.^[92] Similarly, Sophocles' Oedipus Rex (c. 429 BCE) depicts Oedipus as a figure whose apparent victimization by prophetic fate is compounded by his own investigative zeal and prior choices, such as fleeing Corinth, which propel him toward self-fulfilling patricide and incest, thus highlighting human agency in precipitating tragedy rather than pure predestination. These works challenge passive victimhood by embedding causal realism: suffering arises not solely from external forces but from interactions between individual actions and larger structures, prompting audiences to weigh responsibility over helplessness. Twentieth-century existential literature reframes victimhood through absurdity and revolt, as in Albert Camus's The Plague (1947), where the bubonic outbreak in Oran symbolizes arbitrary affliction, rendering residents victims of an indifferent universe; protagonist Dr. Rieux counters this not with grievance but measured defiance via quarantine and care, embodying dignity through ethical persistence against causal meaninglessness.^[93] This portrayal contrasts grievance-oriented responses by prioritizing collective solidarity over individual lament, reflecting Camus's philosophy that lucid recognition of the absurd fosters human value without illusory appeals to higher justice. Empirical analyses affirm literature's role in shaping perceptions of victims: experimental research demonstrates that engagement with fictional narratives, particularly those inducing emotional transportation, measurably increases readers' empathy and perspective-taking toward depicted sufferers, with effects persisting beyond immediate reading.^[94] Such dynamics in literary victim archetypes thus influence real-world attitudes, countering grievance amplification by modeling causal agency and resilience, as seen in shifts from honor-bound classical stoicism to modern existential endurance without entitlement.^[66]

In Film, Television, and Music

In film, portrayals of victims often emphasize archetypes of innocence under threat, as seen in Victim (1961), a British thriller directed by Basil Dearden starring Dirk Bogarde as a barrister targeted by blackmailers exploiting anti-homosexuality laws, which highlighted victims of discriminatory statutes prior to partial decriminalization in 1967.^[95] ^[96] Content analyses of crime dramas reveal consistent overrepresentation of white female victims, reinforcing selective empathy while underplaying male or minority experiences in favor of narratives aligning with audience demographics.^[97] ^[98] Television series such as Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999–present) center on sex crime investigations, depicting victims across varied backgrounds but frequently prioritizing cases with clear moral binaries, which studies link to reduced acceptance of rape myths among viewers and improved comprehension of consent dynamics compared to non-viewers of similar shows.^[99] ^[100] A 2015 survey indicated that regular exposure correlated with greater intentions to affirm consent in sexual encounters, though critiques note the series' episodic resolutions may foster unrealistic expectations of swift justice, potentially distorting perceptions of forensic and legal processes.^[101] ^[102] In music, victim themes manifest through grievance-laden lyrics, particularly in rap and rock genres from the 1980s onward, where content analyses document a shift toward more antisocial and angry expressions, paralleling rises in societal depression rates.^[103] Quantitative reviews of popular tracks from 1980 to 2020 show increasing use of negative emotional language and personal blame narratives, with rap lyrics often framing systemic or interpersonal harms as enduring victimizations that amplify cultural resentments.^[104] ^[105] Such portrayals, while rooted in artists' lived experiences, have drawn empirical scrutiny for potentially normalizing perpetual grievance over agency, as evidenced by correlations between heavy consumption and heightened aggression in listener experiments.^[106] Critics argue that media sensationalism in these formats glamorizes victimhood to drive engagement, as in blockbuster films leveraging oppression narratives to excuse narrative weaknesses, fostering a cultural premium on suffering that overlooks empirical recovery data favoring resilience over prolonged identification with harm.^[107] ^[108] Balanced assessments distinguish realistic depictions—such as those underscoring causal links between trauma and behavior—from distortions that prioritize emotional catharsis, potentially biasing public views toward competitive rather than constructive interpretations of adversity.^[109]

Other Uses

Named Individuals and Entities

VICTIM is a Japanese streetwear brand founded in 2002 by designer Naoyuki Shimotori in Tokyo, emphasizing apparel inspired by urban youth culture and subcultural aesthetics, with collections featuring distressed denim, graphic tees, and layered silhouettes.^[110] Victim was a punk rock band formed in mid-1977 in Northern Ireland by Wes Graham (bass and vocals) and Colin Campbell (guitar and vocals), influenced by David Bowie and active in the local scene, releasing material through labels like Spit Records.^[111] Uses of "Victim" as a personal pseudonym or stage name among notable musicians, activists, or true crime authors are exceedingly rare and lack prominent, verifiable examples in biographical records or databases.

Miscellaneous Applications

In operating systems, a "victim process" denotes a running process selected for preemption, suspension, or termination to mitigate resource conflicts, such as in deadlock recovery or memory management. Deadlock detection algorithms identify circular waits among processes and choose a victim based on metrics including process priority, resources consumed, and potential progress toward completion, preempting it to redistribute resources and restore system functionality.^[112] Similarly, in demand paging, when physical memory is exhausted, the replacement policy selects a victim page frame—often using algorithms like least recently used (LRU)—to evict its contents to secondary storage, freeing space for incoming pages.^[113] This technical application underscores efficient resource allocation without anthropomorphic connotations. In corrosion engineering, sacrificial anodes serve as deliberate "victims" in cathodic protection systems, corroding preferentially to shield less reactive metals from electrochemical degradation. Composed primarily of zinc, aluminum, or magnesium—which possess more negative electrode potentials—these anodes are electrically connected to structures like pipelines, ship hulls, or offshore platforms, converting the protected metal into a cathode while the anode oxidizes as the anode site.^[114] This galvanic mechanism, effective in electrolytes such as seawater or soil, extends service life by design but requires periodic anode replacement once depleted, linking directly to the term's etymological roots in ritual sacrifice.^[115] Philosophically, "victim of circumstance" describes entities or agents portrayed as outcomes of inexorable causal chains in determinism debates, where prior conditions dictate behavior without autonomous intervention. Proponents of hard determinism invoke this to argue against retributive justice, positing that apparent moral failings stem from uncontrollable antecedents like genetics or environment, potentially undermining personal accountability.^[116] Compatibilist critiques counter that such framing overlooks emergent agency within causal determinism, rejecting victimhood as an excuse for avoidable harms and emphasizing predictive control over excuses derived from inevitability.^[117] This rhetorical device recurs in analyses of predictability and responsibility, though empirical neuroscience data on decision-making—such as Libet experiments showing pre-conscious neural activity—fuels ongoing contention without conclusively resolving agency.^[118]

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Introduction to Victimology - Sage Publishing
Victim precipitation is defined as the extent to which a victim is respon- sible for his or her own victimization. The concept of victim precipitation is rooted ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[19]
Crime Victims' Rights in America - An Historical Overview
The Federal Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982 brings "fair treatment standards" to victims and witnesses in the federal criminal justice system.
[20]
The History of the Crime Victims' Movement in the United States
... victim assistance in 1980. Wisconsin took action by becoming the first state to pass a Victims' Bill of Rights the same year. Jo Kolanda, the former ...
[21]
The Crime Victims' Rights Movement's Past, Present, and Future ...
Feb 19, 2025 · Beginning in 1980, states began establishing specific victims' rights by enacting statutory and constitutional victims' bills of rights.
[22]
UNGA Resolution 40/34 adopted on the Reports of the Third ...
UNGA Resolution 40/34 adopted on the Reports of the Third Committee_Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.
[23]
II.4 Can Interventions Reduce Recidivism and Revictimization ...
This review by Ramsay et al. (2009) concluded that intensive advocacy (12 or more hours in duration) might reduce physical abuse after the first year, but for ...
[24]
The impact of victim impact statements on legal decisions in criminal ...
This study investigates the association between VIS delivery and outcomes of legal decision making in criminal proceedings.
[25]
HOW VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENTS CAN AFFECT JUDGES ...
This study examined whether the presence of a Victim Impact Statement increases sentence severity in the California state court when compared to federal ...
[26]
1.16 Victims and Victim Typologies
Chapter 1: Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology · 1.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives · 1.1.1 Learning Objectives · 1.1.2 Key Terms · 1.1.3 ...
[27]
Introduction to Victimology - Sage Publishing
Hans von Hentig (1948) recognized the importance of investigating what ... Much like von Hentig and Mendelsohn, Schafer also proposed a victim typology.
[28]
Hans von Hentig's Victim Typology - ResearchGate
Hentig classified the victims of crime in a 13 categories typology where the victims were either fully responsible, completely innocent, or somewhere in the ...Missing: 1948 | Show results with:1948
[29]
[PDF] exploring victimology - AWS
Von Hentig (1948) focuses on the relationship between the victim and the offender, which he terms the criminal-victim dyad.
[30]
Crime Victim - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Von Hentig classified the victims of crime in a 13 categories typology where the victims were either fully responsible, completely innocent, or somewhere in ...
[31]
Victim Precipitation: An Outdated Construct or an Important Forensic ...
This paper reviews the construct of victim precipitation, where the victim may actively do something or has characteristics that entice or incite an offender.
[32]
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Each year, data are obtained from a nationally representative sample of about 240,000 persons in about 150,000 households. Persons are interviewed on the ...Missing: responsibility | Show results with:responsibility
[33]
Understanding Theories of Criminal Victimization
Criminological Theories." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 76: 116-50 ... The Victim and His Criminal: A Study in Functional. Responsibility. New ...Missing: peer | Show results with:peer
[34]
[PDF] Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach
In this paper we present a "routine activity approach" for analyzing crime rate trends and cycles. Rather than emphasizing the characteristics of offenders, ...Missing: lifestyle | Show results with:lifestyle
[35]
Cohen, Lawrence E., and Marcus K. Felson: Routine Activity Theory
lifestyle thus appears to influence victimization risk by increasing exposure to potential offenders in a context where guardianship is low” (1987, p. 331) ...
[36]
Conceptualizing Lifestyle and Routine Activities in the Early 21st ...
Jun 26, 2020 · Early studies of L-RAT showed that lifestyles and routine activities affect the risk of encountering opportunities for both victimization (e.g., ...
[37]
[PDF] NCJfte, - Office of Justice Programs
Cohen and Felson (1979) extend the intardependent character of community life to occurrences of crime by reasoning that illegal activities must.
[38]
Lifestyle and Routine Activity Theories of Crime: Empirical Studies of ...
Cohen, L. E., and Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activities approach. Am. Sociol. Rev. 44: 588-608.
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Theories of Victimization - Sage Publishing
Discuss the role of victims in the criminal justice system. • Identify the rights that victims have in the criminal justice process. • Assess the impact of ...
[40]
(PDF) Cognitive Attitudes and Biases of Victim Mentality
Oct 9, 2022 · The research analyses cognitive attitudes and biases in people with victim mentality. The hypothesis that the study aims to test is that there is a correlation.
[41]
[PDF] Cognitive Attitudes and Biases of Victim Mentality
Dec 30, 2021 · ABSTRACT. The research analyses cognitive attitudes and biases in people with victim mentality. The hypothesis that the study aims to test ...<|separator|>
[42]
Adolescent Victimization Predicts Adult Depression and Aggression
Oct 9, 2025 · Victimization was indirectly associated with adult depression and aggression, through sad and angry ruminations, respectively. The findings ...
[43]
Victimization Mediates the Longitudinal Association Between ... - NIH
Jul 24, 2017 · Longitudinal analyses revealed that victimization mediated the association between depressive symptoms and violent behaviors from early to late ...Missing: mentality | Show results with:mentality
[44]
Virtuous victimhood as a Dark Triad resource transfer strategy
Virtuous victim signals have been described as a resource transfer strategy motivated by dark traits of narcissism and Machiavellianism.
[45]
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5553900
[46]
Bullying victimization CBT: a proposed psychological intervention for ...
In conclusion, this paper proposes that the well-established effectiveness of CBT could be applied to improve mental health outcomes for victims of bullying ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta ...
In sum, our review of meta-analytic studies examining the efficacy of CBT demonstrated that this treatment has been used for a wide range of psychological ...Missing: victim | Show results with:victim
[48]
Amygdala Hyperactivity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Sep 1, 2025 · This prospective longitudinal study shows a predictive role for dorsal amygdala responsivity during threat anticipation for the development of trauma symptoms.
[49]
An fMRI study of unconditioned responses in post-traumatic stress ...
Subjects with PTSD displayed hyperactivation of the amygdala and dorsal ACC to the US, findings that are consistent with several previous studies suggesting ...
[50]
The association of PTSD symptom severity with amygdala nuclei ...
Aug 17, 2020 · Exaggerated amygdala activity in response to trauma-related and more generic stimuli is a frequent finding in functional magnetic resonance ...
[51]
Post-traumatic stress disorder: the neurobiological impact of ...
Core neurochemical features of PTSD include abnormal regulation of catecholamine, serotonin, amino acid, peptide, and opioid neurotransmitters, each of which is ...
[52]
Exhibit 1.3-4, DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD - NCBI - NIH
Persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or the world (e.g., “I am bad,” “No one can be trusted,” “The world is ...
[53]
A Public Health Perspective of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - MDPI
It is worth mentioning that, while as much as 90% of the general population experience traumatic stress, only 20–30% of them develop PTSD [3]. The lifetime ...
[54]
Post-traumatic stress disorder: the role of the amygdala and ...
Jun 6, 2024 · The conflicting reports of increased amygdala activity and reduced volumetric data is consistent with previous findings in PTSD (33), and ...
[55]
Recovery from psychological trauma - HERMAN - Wiley Online Library
Jan 4, 2002 · The recovery process may be conceptualized in three stages: establishing safety, retelling the story of the traumatic event, and reconnecting ...
[56]
A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials | PLOS One
The meta-analysis revealed that the EMDR treatments significantly reduced the symptoms of PTSD (g = −0.662; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.887 to −0.436), ...
[57]
The Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing ...
Sep 23, 2024 · Results: The results show that EMDR had a significant effect on reducing depression symptoms (Hedges' g = 0.75), with moderate heterogeneity ...
[58]
Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals - ResearchGate
Oct 9, 2025 · Defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, grit accounted for an average of 4% of the variance in success outcomes, including ...
[59]
Beyond Passion and Perseverance: Review and Future Research ...
Furthermore, grit accounts for ~1.4–6.3% of the variances in successful outcomes. For the past several years, studies continued to adopt a trait-level ...
[60]
Full article: Psychosocial facets of resilience - Taylor & Francis Online
The psychosocial factors associated with resilience include optimism, cognitive flexibility, active coping skills, maintaining a supportive social network.
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[PDF] Resilience: An Update - National Center for PTSD
Some of the factors that have received the greatest support from research include positive emotions and optimism, active problem-focused coping, moral courage ...
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Criminal And His Victim Studies In The Sociobiology Of Crime
Jan 15, 2017 · Criminal And His Victim Studies In The Sociobiology Of Crime ; Publication date: 1948 ; Topics: UOD ; Collection: digitallibraryindia; JaiGyan.
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[PDF] Repeat Violent Victimization, 2005-14 - Bureau of Justice Statistics
The prevalence rate of repeat violent victimization did not change significantly from 2005 (1.9 victims per 1,000) to 2014 (2.1 per 1,000). For each year from ...
[64]
Theories of Victimization | Types & Examples - Lesson - Study.com
Lifestyle Theory posits that one may be at a higher risk of being victimized due to certain choices and/or lifestyles. This theory was based on the personal and ...
[65]
The Rise of Victimhood Culture - SpringerLink
Feb 27, 2018 · The Rise of Victimhood Culture offers a framework for understanding recent moral conflicts at US universities, which have bled into society at large.
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Understanding Victimhood Culture: An Interview with Bradley ...
May 17, 2018 · CL: In The Rise of Victimhood Culture, you mention that this new morality imposes a moral hierarchy, with white people being at the bottom and ...Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
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The Ed. Dept. Received the Most Civil Rights Complaints in History ...
May 8, 2023 · Complaints alleging Title IX violations comprised the highest portion of complaints with 48 percent, or 9,498 complaints, in 2022—up from 17 ...Missing: 2011-2021 | Show results with:2011-2021
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Office for Civil Rights fielded more Title IX complaints than any other ...
9,498 complaints, or 48% of the total — were related to Title IX sex discrimination, 7,339 of those ...Missing: 2011-2021 statistics
[69]
New study highlights power—not morality—as key motivator behind ...
May 21, 2025 · Competitive victimhood, the belief that one's own group has endured more suffering than an opposing group, is common in protracted conflicts and ...
[70]
A dynamic approach to competitive victimhood between high- and ...
Feb 2, 2025 · Competitive victimhood has significant implications for intergroup attitudes, including discrimination and hostility.
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https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSPublicationsPapers.jsp?PUB=66
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Trust - Our World in Data
One of the most widely used tools to measure trust attitudes across the world comes from the World Values Survey – an international research project that has ...Missing: victim narratives
[73]
Unraveling the Mindset of Victimhood - Scientific American
Jun 29, 2020 · An ongoing feeling that the self is a victim, which is generalized across many kinds of relationships. As a result, victimization becomes a central part of the ...
[74]
(PDF) The Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood: The Personality ...
May 21, 2020 · Abstract and Figures · 6 The Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood · mindset can develop without experiencing severe trauma or victimization (Klar ...Missing: cycles | Show results with:cycles
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Rumination Mediates the Longitudinal Associations Between ...
Jun 9, 2021 · Rumination Mediates the Longitudinal Associations Between Elementary-School Victimization and Adolescents' Internalizing Problems · Abstract.Missing: perpetual perpetuates cycles
[76]
How Can Bullying Victimisation Lead to Lower Academic ... - MDPI
Bullying victimisation was negatively related to cognitive-motivational factors, which, in turn, was associated with poorer academic achievement.Missing: mentality | Show results with:mentality
[77]
Competitive victimhood: a review of the theoretical and empirical ...
Reviews literature related to competitive victimhood (CV), including both motives for and consequences of CV. •. Discusses how the emergence of CV has been ...Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
[78]
the psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial ...
Inter-group competitive victimhood (CV) describes the efforts of members of groups involved in violent conflicts to establish that their group has suffered ...
[79]
(PDF) The Tendency to Feel Victimized in Interpersonal and ...
Apr 22, 2020 · Four studies examined how a perpetual ingroup victimhood orientation (PIVO) affects cognitive biases. High levels of PIVO were associated ...<|separator|>
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Victimization experiences and the stabilization of victim sensitivity
Victim sensitivity, in turn, feeds back into the “data base;” that is, victim sensitivity shapes how people perceive, interpret, and react to similar situations ...
[81]
Bullying and Cyberbullying Are Associated with Low Levels ... - MDPI
Recent studies have shown that victims tend to exhibit lower levels of engagement, poorer academic performance, and reduced motivation, while their confidence ...Missing: mentality | Show results with:mentality
[82]
The Promises and Perils of Identity Politics | The Heritage Foundation
Identity politics combines a focus on race, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, and other identitarian categories with a politics of victimization.Missing: inflation | Show results with:inflation
[83]
Competitive victimhood: A review of the theoretical and empirical ...
Aug 9, 2025 · Competitive victimhood strengthens one's own sense of victimization and resistance to resolving conflict [28,60], while also negatively ...
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The weaponisation of victimhood - LSE
Jan 28, 2025 · She argues that being a victim has become a powerful identity in contemporary life and a key feature of the heated controversies of our time.
[85]
Wronged | Columbia University Press
In this timely and incisive book, Lilie Chouliaraki shows how claiming victimhood ... victim and who should be punished as a perpetrator. She argues that even ...
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Dark personality traits linked to "virtuous victim signaling ... - PsyPost
Dec 13, 2024 · The study, “Virtuous victimhood as a Dark Triad resource transfer strategy,” was authored by Timothy C. Bates, Ciara Grant, Leila Hobbs ...
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The Weaponization of Victimhood - Post-Neoliberalism
Sep 4, 2024 · AA: In the book you are talking about a “reversal of victimhood”, where the perpetrator tries to pose as a victim. What exactly is the mechanism ...<|separator|>
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Full article: Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender (DARVO)
Jun 8, 2020 · Results from Experiment 2 indicate that DARVO-educated participants perceived the victim as less abusive and more believable, and rated the ...
[89]
(PDF) Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender (DARVO)
Jun 8, 2020 · Participants who were exposed to DARVO perceived the victim to be less believable, more responsible for the violence, and more abusive.
[90]
Full article: Perpetrator Responses to Victim Confrontation: DARVO ...
Perpetrators of violence often use a strategy of Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender (DARVO) to confuse and silence their victims.
[91]
Wronged: The Weaponization of Victimhood – review - LSE Blogs
Sep 10, 2024 · One can do this by asking a few crucial questions: Who is the victim and perpetrator in a specific narrative around victimhood? Which social ...
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The Point of the Book of Job - Greg Boyd - ReKnew
Oct 16, 2018 · The point of the book of Job is to teach us that the mystery of evil is a mystery of a war-torn and unfathomably complex creation, ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] Is The Plague an Existential Novel? - IMSA digital commons
Apr 1, 2012 · In The. Plague, Camus uses a dehumanizing plague in Oran, Algeria to both accept several core existential and absurdist ideas while at the ...
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How Does Fiction Reading Influence Empathy? An Experimental ...
The study showed that fiction influences empathy of the reader, but only under the condition of low or high emotional transportation into the story.
[95]
Victim movie review & film summary (1961) - Roger Ebert
Rating 4/4 · Review by Roger EbertIn considering the title, who is the "victim"? Perhaps it is used ironically, since the discriminatory laws created victimless crimes. Obviously the targets ...
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This 100% Rotten Tomato-Rated Noir Thriller Helped Change ...
Oct 6, 2024 · When notified by the police that Barrett was the victim of a blackmail ring that had been entrapping and extorting queer men, Farr realizes ...
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Portrayal of Victim for all Shows | Download Table - ResearchGate
For example, studies analyzing victims in fictional crime dramas have found that victims are most likely to be portrayed as female instead of male and as White ...
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[PDF] A Typology of Victim Characterization in Television Crime Dramas
The majority of these studies find that victims are overwhelmingly portrayed as white males (Britto et al., 2007; Eschholz, et al., 2004; Estep and Macdonald, ...
[99]
Law & Order SVU Changed How We Think About Sexual Assault
Sep 20, 2019 · A study in 2015 showing that viewers of SVU had healthier attitudes toward sexual consent and a better understanding of the causes of sexual violence.
[100]
Watching 'Law & Order: SVU' Might Be Good for Society - The Atlantic
Oct 19, 2015 · The surveys found that exposure to Law & Order was associated with “lower rape-myth acceptance,” greater intentions to seek consent for sexual ...
[101]
Why Watching 'Law & Order: SVU' Can Lead to Healthier Attitudes ...
Jul 22, 2016 · Viewers of “Law and Order” have a better grasp of sexual consent than viewers of other crime dramas such as “CSI” or “NCIS,” according to their study.
[102]
America's evolving views on crime, explained by Law & Order: SVU
Sep 24, 2016 · But if SVU was ahead of its time on its treatment of rape and consent, it lagged behind public opinion in its treatment of crime in its first ...
[103]
Psychological trends and popular U.S. song lyrics
An analysis of song lyrics over the last three decades indicated that, overall, popular music has become more antisocial and angry. Societal rates of depression ...Missing: grievance blame 2020s
[104]
Song lyrics have become angrier since the 80s, study shows
Mar 28, 2024 · The researchers also found that lyrics have become more emotional and personal over time, with an increase in both positive and negative words ...
[105]
Misogyny in Rap Music - Sage Journals
This study assesses the portrayal of women in a representative sample of 403 rap songs. Content analysis identified five gender-related themes in this body of ...
[106]
[PDF] Who's Afraid of Rap: Differential Reactions to Music Lyrics
Like rap music, exposure to violent heavy- metal or rock music has been associated with an increased acceptance of violence and antisocial behavior (Hansen & ...
[107]
Hollywood is using victimhood to sell us bad entertainment
Feb 15, 2020 · Hollywood has fetishized oppression and victimhood to justify an endless stream of bad content and mediocre talent.
[108]
The Victim-Villain Dichotomy in Media and Its Societal Consequences
1. The Overrepresentation of Victimhood · 2. The Glamorization of Villainy · 3. The Absence of Consequences · 4. The Environmental Bystander Effect: Media's Role ...
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[PDF] Running head: THE VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN IN FILM
The literature review clearly shows strong trends of female victimization in films from a variety of different movie genres. In many cases, the ...Missing: glamorizing | Show results with:glamorizing
[110]
Victim | Hypebeast
VICTIM is a Japanese streetwear brand based founded by designer Naoyuki Shimotori, in 2002. The brand has operated along the philosophy of producing ...
[111]
A to Z of N. Ireland Punk Bands - Victim - Spit Records
Victim was formed in mid 1977 by Bowie fans Wes Graham (bass and vocals) and his cousin Colin (Ziggy) Campbell (guitar and vocals), setting up base in Wes's ...
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List of pseudonyms - Wikipedia
This is a list of pseudonyms, in various categories. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness.
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[PDF] Chapter 5 Scheduling - cs.wisc.edu
If the victim process is in sleep, the call to wakeup will cause the victim process ... The operating system will schedule all these processes and they will.
[114]
7 State Process Model
Sep 11, 2023 · The process that is swapped out is called the victim process. Dispatch Latency. The time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and ...
[115]
Sacrificial Anode - Chemistry LibreTexts
Aug 29, 2023 · Sacrificial anodes are highly active metals that are used to prevent a less active material surface from corroding.
[116]
Sacrificial Anodes - American Galvanizers Association
Sacrificial anodes generally come in three metals: magnesium, aluminum, and zinc. Magnesium has the most negative electropotential of the three.
[117]
Raoul Martinez on free will and the implications of determinism
Jan 16, 2018 · Furthermore, the victim of circumstance trope can be overused as a way of evading ethical responsibility, as illustrated in this famous song ...
[118]
Minding the Gap | Issue 147 - Philosophy Now
... victim of circumstance to someone who can take the pain they've been through and turn it to something positive. Bing is ultimately able to do this by ...
[119]
[PDF] Free Will, Genuine Alternatives and Predictability
temptation, rather than being a victim of circumstance. The third and most interesting case where the Pocket Oracle can make a prediction is if the subject ...