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Adams Lake

Adams Lake is a long, narrow, deep freshwater lake situated in the South-Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, within the traditional territory of the Secwepemc Nation.^[1] Extending approximately 77 kilometres north-south and reaching a maximum depth of 457 metres with an average depth of 299 metres, it holds the distinction of being the second-deepest lake in British Columbia after Quesnel Lake.^[2] The lake's basin covers roughly 132 square kilometres, fed by mountain streams and discharging via the Adams River into Shuswap Lake, forming part of the Fraser River watershed.^[3] Named for Sel-howt-ken, a local Secwepemc chief baptized "Adam" by European missionaries, the lake has served as a vital resource for the Adams Lake Indian Band for gathering food, materials, and conducting cultural activities since time immemorial.^[1]^[4] Ecologically, it supports cold-water species including sockeye salmon, whose cyclical spawning migrations in the connected Adams River draw international attention and underpin regional biodiversity and fisheries management.^[5] The surrounding Monashee Mountains and forested valleys contribute to its scenic appeal, fostering tourism through boating, angling, and provincial parks like Tsútswecw, while historical economic activities such as logging have shaped human settlement patterns around its shores.^[6]^[7]

Geography and Physical Features

Location and Dimensions

Adams Lake is located in south-central British Columbia, Canada, within the Shuswap Country region, approximately 30 km north of the community of Chase.^[8] The lake lies between the Thompson Plateau to the south and the Monashee Mountains to the north, with its central coordinates at approximately 51°15′N 119°30′W.^[9] Its surface elevation is 404 meters above sea level.^[10] The lake extends 72 km in length from its southern inlet near the mouth of the South Thompson River to its northern outlet at the beginning of the Adams River.^[11] It has a surface area of 137 km² and approximately 150 km of shoreline.^[3] Adams Lake reaches a maximum depth of 457 meters and an average depth of 299 meters, ranking it as the second-deepest lake in British Columbia after Quesnel Lake.^[2]^[12]

Geology and Topography

Adams Lake occupies a narrow, north-south oriented valley in south-central British Columbia, with a length of approximately 63 kilometers and a surface elevation of 404 meters above sea level. The lake features steep, forested slopes rising to surrounding plateaus and ridges, characteristic of the dissected terrain in the Adams Plateau area. Its maximum depth reaches 457 meters, with a mean depth of 299 meters, ranking it as the second-deepest lake in British Columbia after Quesnel Lake.^[2]^[8] The bedrock geology of the region is dominated by Paleozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Eagle Bay Assemblage and Fennell Formation, part of the broader Shuswap Metamorphic Complex along whose western flank the lake lies. These units include schists and formations such as the Silver Creek Formation, marked by sillimanite-garnet-muscovite schists east of the lake. Late Devonian granitic intrusions occur within the assemblage, contributing to the area's mineral deposits.^[13]^[14]^[15] The lake basin reflects glacial modification during the Pleistocene, with deep incision into resistant metamorphic bedrock forming its fjord-like profile amid the Columbia Mountains' physiography. Surrounding topography includes elevated plateaus dissected by creeks and rivers, with the Adams Plateau featuring moderate relief shaped by tectonic and erosional processes.^[16]^[17]

Hydrology and Climate

Adams Lake is situated at an elevation of 404 meters above sea level and spans approximately 72 kilometers in length, with a surface area of about 137 square kilometers.^[2]^[11] The lake's hydrology is characterized by inflows from a watershed extending into the Columbia Mountains, including the upper Adams River at the northern end and several tributaries draining surrounding ridges.^[11]^[18] Outflow occurs via the lower Adams River, a roughly 11-kilometer channel at the southern end that discharges into Shuswap Lake, with water levels influenced by seasonal snowmelt and precipitation.^[11] The lake maintains a deep, cold-water profile, with a mean depth of 299 meters and maximum depth of 457 meters, classifying it within the Columbia Mountains limnological region where thermal stratification supports oligotrophic conditions.^[2]^[18] Real-time and historical water level data are recorded by Environment Canada at station 08LD003 near Squilax, revealing fluctuations driven by upstream runoff and minimal regulation.^[19] The climate surrounding Adams Lake features a continental pattern typical of south-central British Columbia's interior, with cold winters and warm, dry summers moderated by the region's rain shadow effect from coastal mountains.^[20] Annual precipitation averages approximately 305 millimeters of rain, supplemented by about 140 centimeters of snowfall in valley areas, with higher amounts in surrounding uplands contributing to spring inflows.^[20] Temperatures exhibit significant seasonal variation, with July highs around 25–28°C and January lows near -10°C, alongside over 2,000 hours of annual sunshine that enhances evaporation rates and influences lake thermal dynamics.^[20]^[21] These conditions result in peak lake levels during late spring snowmelt and lower levels in late summer, underscoring the hydrological linkage to montane precipitation patterns.^[19]

Indigenous and Historical Context

Pre-Contact Indigenous Presence

The territory encompassing Adams Lake formed part of the traditional lands of the Secwepemc (also known as Shuswap) people prior to European contact in the late 18th century. Archaeological evidence confirms Secwepemc occupation in the interior British Columbia region, including areas around Adams Lake, extending back at least 9,000 years, with continuous human presence along lake and river margins.^[22]^[23] Remains of pit houses—semi-subterranean dwellings characteristic of pre-contact Interior Plateau cultures—have been identified near current reserves and lake shores, indicating semi-permanent winter settlements adapted to the local climate and resources.^[22]^[24] The lower portion of Adams Lake, referred to as Cstélen in the Secwepemctsin language, supported at least seven pre-contact village sites, underscoring the area's role as a hub for seasonal gatherings and subsistence activities.^[25] These sites, along with evidence from broader Shuswap Lakes investigations revealing multiple housepit depressions, reflect communal living structures housing extended families and facilitating exploitation of abundant fish stocks, particularly sockeye salmon runs in the Adams River, as well as root and berry harvesting.^[26]^[27] Oral traditions and ethnographic records describe Adams Lake as a key rendezvous point for neighboring Secwepemc bands, where social, trade, and ceremonial exchanges occurred amid a landscape rich in camas bulbs, bitterroot, and huckleberries.^[4] Pre-contact Secwepemc land use emphasized sustainable stewardship, with villages positioned at lake outlets for optimal access to fisheries and transportation via dugout canoes, though direct dating of specific Adams Lake sites remains limited by ongoing archaeological constraints and focus on broader regional surveys.^[22] No evidence suggests displacement or significant inter-group conflict altering this presence prior to European arrival, aligning with patterns of territorial stability among Plateau nations.^[23]

Name Origin and European Exploration

The name Adams Lake originates from a Secwepemc chief referred to as Adams by early European observers, whose traditional name was Sel-howt-ken and who led the Sl-hes-tal-ten band inhabiting the lake's environs.^[1] This designation was applied following initial missionary contact, reflecting the chief's prominence in the local Indigenous community rather than any direct European naming convention.^[1] European awareness of the lake emerged in the mid-19th century amid broader Jesuit missionary efforts in the British Columbia interior. Italian-born Jesuit priest Father John Nobili (Giovanni Nobili) is recorded as the first European to visit the Adams Lake area in January 1849, during travels from the Fraser River region to establish outreach among Secwepemc peoples.^[1] Nobili's expedition marked the initial documented non-Indigenous penetration into this remote Shuswap Country valley, motivated by evangelization rather than commercial or territorial surveying, though it coincided with rising fur trade and colonial interest post-1846 Oregon Treaty.^[1] Local accounts from Kamloops residents L. O'Brien and J.F. Smith, compiled in provincial records, affirm Nobili's precedence, attributing the lake's anglicized naming to this period.^[1] Subsequent references appear in explorer journals, such as engineer Walter Moberly's 1865 entry noting the lake while surveying routes for the Overlanders of '62 migration trail, where he encountered an Indigenous couple dubbed "Adam and Eve" near the water.^[1] These early visits preceded systematic mapping, with the lake's coordinates formalized in British colonial surveys by the 1870s amid Cariboo Gold Rush expansions, but no prior Spanish, Russian, or Hudson's Bay Company records indicate earlier coastal or fur brigade incursions reaching this inland site.^[28]

Settlement and Modern History

European settlement in the Adams Lake area of British Columbia primarily occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, driven by the forestry industry following the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which improved access to the Shuswap region's timber resources.^[29] Early activities involved harvesting timber from forests adjacent to the lake, with logs floated down the Adams River to boom sites on Shuswap Lake for transport and processing.^[30] In 1907, the Adams River Lumber Company was incorporated under British Columbia laws by an American-based firm, initiating organized sawmill and logging operations in 1909 at the outlet of Little Shuswap Lake, near the head of the South Thompson River.^[31] The company expanded infrastructure, including flumes to channel logs from remote forest areas to waterways for booming and towing.^[32] These efforts supported small-scale settlements, such as those in Squam Bay and along the lake's shores, where loggers and support workers established homes and basic services.^[30] Logging operations by the Adams River Lumber Company halted in 1925 amid economic challenges, leading to sporadic pole-logging activities in the interim.^[33] Post-World War II revival occurred with the establishment of Holdings Lumber Company's sawmill at the base of Adams Lake around 1945, coinciding with renewed demand for lumber.^[34] In modern times, the Adams Lake Mill—operational since 1942 and now managed by Interfor Corporation—has become a cornerstone of the local economy, ranking as Canada's third-largest lumber mill and producing 350 million board feet annually as of 2024, incorporating advanced technologies like AI for optimization.^[35] This sustained forestry focus has shaped communities around the lake, including ongoing resource management amid environmental considerations, while tourism tied to natural features like the Adams River sockeye salmon runs has supplemented economic activities since the late 20th century.^[30]

First Nations Involvement

Adams Lake Indian Band Overview

The Adams Lake Indian Band represents a Secwepemc First Nation community in the South Interior region of British Columbia, near Chase along the Thompson River. Their asserted traditional territory encompasses lands surrounding Adams Lake, the South Thompson River, and adjacent areas historically used for seasonal resource gathering, fishing, hunting, and pit-house villages. Archaeological findings confirm Secwepemc occupation in the region for at least 9,000 years.^[4] The band administers seven reserves totaling approximately 2,785 hectares, initially allocated by the Joint Reserve Commission in 1877 amid colonial land policies that allocated smaller holdings than traditional use areas warranted. These include key sites such as Sahhaltkum Indian Reserve No. 4 (1,433 hectares) and Hustalen Indian Reserve No. 1 (881 hectares). As of 2024, the band reports 848 registered members, with governance structured around an elected Chief and Council operating under a custom electoral system.^[4]^[36]^[4] As a member of the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council—which unites nine Secwepemc bands—the Adams Lake Indian Band coordinates on shared interests including resource stewardship and economic development. The band is not enrolled in British Columbia's formal treaty process but pursues government-to-government discussions and interim agreements with provincial and federal authorities on land use, forestry revenues, and consultation duties within asserted territories, reflecting ongoing assertions of Aboriginal title absent historical treaties.^[4]^[36]

Land Use Planning and Resource Stewardship

The Adams Lake Indian Band maintains a comprehensive Land Use Plan (LUP) across its seven reserves, encompassing 7,188 acres (2,911 hectares), to align land development with community needs as outlined in the Comprehensive Community Strategic Plan.^[37] Phase I of the LUP, finalized in 2006, establishes a community vision emphasizing stewardship of land, culture, language, and resources for perpetual self-sufficiency, with zones designated for low-density residential development, commercial activities, tourism, agriculture, cultural/heritage preservation, and green initiatives.^[38] Development is restricted in the short term (5-10 years from plan adoption) to prioritize infrastructure upgrades like water, sewer, and road systems, while protecting traditional sites through required studies and regulations.^[38] Subsequent phases build on this foundation: Phase II outlines policies and procedures for land-related decisions, including application processes and dispute resolution; Phase III provides a five-year economic development roadmap integrating land use with revenue generation; and Phase IV refines implementation for reserve-specific growth.^[39]^[40]^[41] The Lands Department, operating under the Reserve Land and Environment Management Program, handles leasing for commercial, industrial, and residential purposes, surveys, allotments, and encumbrance checks to ensure sustainable use without compromising preservation.^[37] Resource stewardship is coordinated by the Natural Resources Department, which focuses on building capacity for engagement with governments and industry proponents on projects affecting traditional territories.^[42] Key activities include forestry management with silviculture obligations such as site preparation and tree planting to fulfill harvesting commitments; archaeological assessments and permitting for infrastructure projects like highway expansions; fisheries programs involving stream restoration, catch surveys, and collaboration with the Secwepemc Fisheries Commission and Department of Fisheries and Oceans; and GIS mapping to support these efforts.^[42] Strategic priorities emphasize self-sufficiency through revenue from external projects, job creation via member training (e.g., 30-40 participants in archaeology programs), and protection of cultural heritage sites, with specific engagements like the South Thompson River Sport Fishery contract.^[42] The band participates in provincial resource agreements, such as the Adams Lake Forest Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement, committing to full involvement in forest and range consultations with British Columbia and licensees to influence stewardship outcomes and secure economic benefits.^[43] This approach integrates empirical monitoring, traditional knowledge, and regulatory compliance to balance economic development with ecological and cultural sustainability, avoiding overexploitation evident in historical resource extraction patterns.^[42]

Resource Economy

Forestry Operations

The Adams Lake region supports extensive forestry activities, primarily involving timber harvesting from surrounding Crown lands, Tree Farm Licence 23, and Indian Reserve territories managed by the Adams Lake Indian Band (ALIB). ALIB's Forestry Department oversees the sustainable management of forest resources and tenures within band lands, emphasizing resource stewardship, training, and employment opportunities for band members.^[42] Operations include selective logging and road development on reserves such as Hustalen IR #1, where a 2024 environmental assessment determined that proposed timber harvesting posed no significant adverse effects.^[44] A key component is the Adams Lake sawmill, operated by Interfor Corporation's Adams Lake Division in Chase, British Columbia, which processes logs into dimension lumber and specialty products for domestic and international markets. The mill sources timber from local forests, including via log booming and towing services on Adams Lake coordinated by contractors like Arrow Forestry.^[45]^[46] ALIB participates through joint ventures, such as a partnership with Gilbert Smith Forest Products, where logs harvested from band territory are processed, generating revenue and capacity-building for the community.^[47] Historical and ongoing agreements enhance operations, including an Innovative Forestry Practices Agreement (IFPA) between Interfor's Adams Lake Lumber, the British Columbia government, and ALIB, aimed at integrating advanced stewardship practices. A September 2024 Interim Forestry Agreement provides ALIB with annual payments tied to forest and range opportunities.^[48]^[49] Audits, such as a 2019 review of ALIB's forest licence A89984, have confirmed compliance in planning, harvesting, road maintenance, and fire protection.^[50] Recent challenges include market-driven curtailments; in October 2025, Interfor announced a 26% reduction in Q4 lumber production at the Adams Lake mill, split evenly between indefinite idling and permanent cuts, potentially impacting hundreds of jobs in the supply chain.^[51] These operations contribute significantly to the local economy, with ALIB leveraging forestry for self-determination and revenue diversification beyond traditional activities.^[52]

Other Economic Activities

Tourism and recreation form a significant component of the local economy surrounding Adams Lake, driven by the area's natural features including boating, fishing, camping, hiking, and wildlife viewing. Adams Lake Marine Provincial Park, encompassing over 100 kilometers of shoreline, supports wilderness boating and sport fishing for species such as kokanee salmon, rainbow trout, and lake trout, attracting visitors primarily during summer months.^[53] The Adams Lake Indian Band operates the Recreation and Conference Centre, which hosts community events, fitness programs, and meetings, contributing to local employment and visitor services.^[54] The Adams Lake Development Corporation, the economic arm of the Adams Lake Indian Band, manages real estate holdings and partnerships that include tourism-oriented developments such as West Harbour Village, fostering commercial opportunities beyond resource extraction.^[55] Limited ranching occurs in adjacent valleys like Sinmax Creek, where historical land use has shifted toward environmental restoration efforts funded by band and industry partnerships exceeding $450,000 for bank stabilization.^[56] Prospective mining activities, such as the proposed Harper Creek copper-gold-molybdenum open-pit mine approximately 10 kilometers northeast, could introduce additional economic benefits including jobs and revenue sharing, though the project remains in environmental assessment and permitting stages as of 2023 with no active production.^[57] These non-forestry pursuits emphasize sustainable, community-led initiatives aligned with band land use planning, which prioritizes cultural and environmental stewardship alongside development.^[40]

Infrastructure and Access

Dam and Water Management

In the early 20th century, the Adams River Lumber Company built a splash dam at the outlet of Adams Lake in 1907 to support log drives to its mill in Chase, British Columbia.^[58] This temporary wooden structure raised the lake's water level by impounding logs boomed above it, maintaining freshet-like conditions until the annual drive.^[59] Operators then opened the gates to release a surge of water, flushing thousands of logs down the Lower Adams River toward Shuswap Lake.^[31] The dam relied on natural inflows from tributaries and seasonal runoff, with no permanent storage capacity beyond short-term elevation for transport efficiency.^[3] The splash dam's periodic flooding severely disrupted anadromous fish passage, particularly sockeye salmon spawning in upper tributaries, leading to multi-year declines in runs above the structure.^[58] Historical accounts note that such logging-era interventions prioritized timber economics over aquatic ecology, with recovery tied to the dam's eventual decommissioning post-World War I as mechanized hauling reduced reliance on river drives.^[59] No remnants of the dam persist today, and Adams Lake operates without engineered controls. Contemporary water management emphasizes monitoring natural variability rather than structural intervention, with federal hydrometric stations at Adams Lake near Squilax (08LD003) and the Adams River (08LD001) providing real-time data on levels and flows since the mid-20th century.^[60] These unregulated dynamics respond to precipitation, snowmelt from the Monashee Mountains, and outflow via the 177 km Adams River system, supporting fisheries enhancement for dominant-cycle sockeye returns every four years.^[60] The Adams Lake Indian Band contributes to stewardship through modeling of streamflow and lake levels under climate and land-use scenarios, informing non-structural policies without dams.^[61] Provincial oversight via the BC Ministry of Environment focuses on water quality and allocation, maintaining the lake's oligotrophic status with low nutrient levels conducive to cold-water species.^[62]

Ferries, Bridge, and Transportation

The Adams Lake Cable Ferry provides the primary water crossing over the lake, connecting its southwest and southeast shores approximately 20 kilometers north of British Columbia Highway 1, between the communities of Chase and Sorrento.^[63] Operated under contract by WaterBridge Ferries Inc. as a free, on-demand service, it runs continuously from 5:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. daily, with emergency-only access from 3:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m., and accommodates up to 10 vehicles, 48 passengers, and a maximum load of 34,000 kilograms with a crossing time of six minutes.^[63] No fixed bridge spans the lake itself, making the ferry essential for direct east-west travel across its length.^[63] Road access to Adams Lake relies on provincial highways and secondary routes branching into forest service roads along its shores. The west side is reachable via Agate Bay Road from Highway 5 south of Barriere, covering about 80 kilometers to the northern end, while the east side connects from Highway 1 near Sorrento or Chase through local roads like the Squilax-Anglemont Highway.^[64] Forest service roads, such as Adams Lake Forest Service Road (FSR 7458), provide further access to remote areas but may involve gravel surfaces, seasonal closures for maintenance or safety, and restrictions for heavy vehicles.^[65] These routes support logging, recreation, and band-related travel, though winter conditions can limit usability without four-wheel drive.^[65] Overall transportation to the area integrates with the Trans-Canada Highway 1 and Highway 5 networks, facilitating connections to Kamloops (about 80 kilometers southwest) and Salmon Arm (50 kilometers southeast), though the lake's isolation requires planning for ferry wait times or extended drives around its perimeter.^[63]

Communities and Settlements

The primary communities and settlements surrounding Adams Lake consist of First Nations reserves under the jurisdiction of the Adams Lake Indian Band, a Secwepemc (Shuswap) nation with traditional territories encompassing the lake and adjacent watersheds.^[4] These reserves serve as residential, administrative, and cultural hubs for band members, supporting a population engaged in resource stewardship, governance, and local economic activities.^[66] Key reserves directly adjacent to Adams Lake include Cstèlen Indian Reserve #1 (Hustalen), located at the south end near the Adams River outlet; Sq7em Indian Reserve #2 (Squaam), situated on the north shore of Squaam Bay on the lake's west side; and Tegwups Indian Reserve #3 (Toops), positioned along the west shore proximate to the Adams River outlet.^[4] These sites, totaling several hundred hectares collectively, facilitate seasonal and year-round habitation tied to historical Secwepemc village sites, with archaeological evidence indicating human presence dating back at least 9,000 years.^[22] Further afield but integral to the band's structure are Sexqeltqin Indian Reserve #4 (Sahhaltkum), the location of the main band office on the South Thompson River southeast of Little Shuswap Lake, which administers services for approximately 540 residents in that vicinity; Stequmwhulpa Indian Reserve #5 on the southeast shore of Little Shuswap Lake; and the paired Sxwetsmèllp Indian Reserves #6 and #7 (Switsemalph) along the western side of Shuswap Lake within Salmon Arm municipal boundaries.^[4]^[29] The band maintains seven reserves in total, emphasizing self-sufficiency, cultural preservation, and community governance without significant non-Indigenous settlements on the lake itself due to its remote, forested setting accessible primarily via provincial highways and forestry roads.^[4]^[67]

Recreation and Environmental Aspects

Recreational Opportunities

Adams Lake supports a range of water-based recreational activities, including boating, fishing, and camping, primarily within provincial marine parks managed by BC Parks. The lake's depth—reaching over 600 meters in places—and clear waters make it suitable for power boating, kayaking, canoeing, water-skiing, and windsurfing, with multiple launch points accessible from sites like Bush Creek.^[53]^[68]^[69] Fishing opportunities are particularly notable, with the lake hosting species such as rainbow trout, kokanee salmon, and smallmouth bass; early summer provides optimal conditions due to cooler water temperatures attracting fish to shallower depths. Anglers must adhere to British Columbia's provincial fishing regulations, including daily quotas and seasonal restrictions enforced by the Freshwater Fisheries Society of BC.^[70]^[53] Camping is available at boat-accessible sites in Adams Lake Marine Park, such as Poplar Point, Spillman Beaches, and Refuge Bay, which offer rustic lakeshore facilities including basic beaches, forested uplands, and outhouses but no vehicle access or amenities like potable water. These wilderness settings emphasize backcountry experiences, with capacities limited to small groups to preserve the natural environment. Vehicle-accessible camping exists at Bush Creek, featuring 46 sites suitable for tents and trailers, charging $15 per night in cash as of 2023, alongside opportunities for beach day-use.^[71]^[72]^[73] Swimming and wildlife viewing complement these pursuits, with the lake's beaches providing access for informal dips and sightings of local fauna, though visitors should exercise caution due to cold water temperatures and remote locations lacking rescue services. Nearby parks like Momich Lakes offer additional swimming and boating options east of the lake's northern end.^[74]^[75]

Ecological Features and Management

Adams Lake features oligotrophic conditions characterized by low nutrient levels, particularly phosphorus, which limit algal productivity and result in clear, cold waters supportive of cold-water fish species.^[62] The lake's depth and elongated shape contribute to thermal stratification, maintaining cool temperatures essential for species like sockeye salmon rearing, though historical nutrient deficiencies have constrained plankton densities and fish growth rates.^[76] Dominant fish populations include rainbow trout, lake trout, bull trout, and kokanee salmon, with the Adams River system also hosting runs of sockeye, coho, chum, chinook, pink salmon, and steelhead.^[77]^[7]^[78] Surrounding riparian and upland areas consist of second-growth interior cedar-hemlock forests interspersed with aspen, cedar, and willow, providing habitat for terrestrial wildlife such as moose and grizzly bears in adjacent river valleys.^[79]^[70] Management of Adams Lake emphasizes conservation through provincial park designations and Indigenous-led initiatives. Sites within Adams Lake Marine Provincial Park, such as Spillman Beaches and Bush Creek, are zoned for natural environment preservation, prioritizing minimal development to sustain forested uplands and shoreline habitats while permitting low-impact recreation like fishing and boating.^[80]^[79] The Adams Lake Indian Band (ALIB) administers habitat restoration, salmon stock assessments, and enhancement projects, including efforts to restore Upper Adams early summer sockeye runs to sustainable levels via federal and provincial funding.^[81]^[82] ALIB's Natural Resource Department engages in environmental assessments, forest landscape planning, and stewardship to mitigate cumulative effects from resource activities, integrating traditional knowledge with regulatory processes.^[42]^[83] Past fertilization experiments have explored nutrient augmentation to boost sockeye productivity, reflecting adaptive management amid phosphorus limitation.^[76]

Controversies and Recent Developments

Resource Development Debates

The Adams Lake region has been central to ongoing debates over forestry practices, balancing economic reliance on timber harvesting with environmental sustainability and indigenous rights. The Interfor Adams Lake sawmill, a key employer processing lumber from surrounding forests, implemented a two-week curtailment on October 17, 2025, idling operations and threatening livelihoods for approximately 400 families due to U.S. tariffs on Canadian softwood lumber. Critics attribute such disruptions not solely to external trade pressures but to provincial policies under the NDP government, including restrictions on logging that have reduced allowable annual cuts and hindered post-fire salvage operations, as seen after the 2023 Adams Lake wildfire where rapid harvesting on First Nations lands was contrasted with delays elsewhere.^[84]^[51]^[85] These tensions are amplified by concerns over wildfire management impacting timber supply, exemplified by the 2023 East Adams Lake fire, where decisions by the BC Wildfire Service—including a controversial aerial ignition on August 17—drew scrutiny for potentially exacerbating spread and endangering responders, as a provincial safety report later warned of risks to firefighters from planned burns. The Adams Lake Indian Band has pursued formal agreements like the 2012 Forest Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement with British Columbia, aiming to ensure participation in licensing and revenue from forestry activities on traditional territories, yet administrative penalties and appeals, such as the Band's 2024 challenge to a penalty for non-compliance, highlight persistent frictions in enforcement and consultation adequacy.^[86]^[87]^[43]^[88] Mining proposals in proximity have further fueled debates, with the Adams Lake Indian Band expressing concerns over potential downstream effects on fisheries and water quality from projects like Yellowhead Mining's copper-gold venture, noting in October 2025 submissions that initial project descriptions lacked sufficient data on adverse impacts to Secwepemc territories. Similarly, regional opposition from neighboring Secwepemc communities, including Neskonlith, to Imperial Metals' Ruddock Creek polymetallic mine underscores fears of contamination affecting Adams River sockeye salmon runs, despite the lake's depth offering some buffering; these critiques emphasize inadequate baseline studies and cumulative effects on culturally vital ecosystems.^[89]^[90] Such disputes reflect broader causal tensions between resource extraction for economic diversification—as outlined in the Band's 2015 Five Year Economic Development Roadmap—and imperatives for ecosystem integrity, with indigenous assertions of title influencing project viability under reconciliation frameworks.^[40]

Economic Challenges and Policy Impacts

In October 2025, Interfor Corporation announced a two-week curtailment at its Adams Lake sawmill, reducing fourth-quarter lumber production by 26 percent overall, directly threatening the livelihoods of approximately 400 families in the region.^[84]^[51] This action stemmed primarily from U.S. tariffs on Canadian softwood lumber, which have intensified market pressures on British Columbia's forestry sector, compounded by domestic supply chain constraints and fluctuating demand.^[84] British Columbia's Official Opposition forests critic described the event as indicative of broader "dominoes falling" in the industry, warning of further mill closures absent policy reforms to bolster competitiveness.^[51] Provincial forestry policies have exacerbated these vulnerabilities by prioritizing environmental protections and reducing allowable annual cuts in certain areas, leading to timber shortages for mills like Adams Lake despite available fiber in other regions.^[91] For the Adams Lake Indian Band, which relies on forestry revenues through interim agreements with the province, such as the September 2024 pact providing fluctuating revenue-sharing contributions tied to forest sector performance, these disruptions translate to unstable funding for community development.^[49] The band's 2015 Five-Year Economic Development Roadmap highlighted forestry as a core pillar but noted risks from policy-driven harvest limits and market volatility, urging diversification into ecotourism and non-timber resources to mitigate over-reliance.^[40] Regulatory enforcement has added compliance costs; in 2024, the band successfully appealed a $69,490 administrative penalty for logging practices, reducing it after demonstrating procedural issues in the assessment, underscoring tensions between resource extraction and oversight under British Columbia's Forest and Range Practices Act.^[92] ^[88] Broader neoliberal policy shifts since the early 2000s, including elevated harvesting quotas amid ecological pressures like wildfires and insect outbreaks, have strained local economies without commensurate infrastructure investments, contributing to socioeconomic disparities in interior British Columbia communities.^[93] These factors collectively hinder sustainable growth, with critics arguing that federal trade disputes and provincial restrictions—rather than inherent resource scarcity—drive the downturn.^[91]

References

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Adams Lake - BC Geographical Names - Gov.bc.ca
Adams Lake is named after a chief named Sel-howt-ken, baptized "Adam" by a missionary, and is located NW of Shuswap Lake.
[2]
Adams Lake topographic map, elevation, terrain
The mean depth of 299 metres (981 ft) and maximum depth of 457 metres (1,499 ft) make the second deepest lake in BC (next to Quesnel Lake, which has a maximum ...
[3]
Adams Lake, British Columbia, Canada Vacation Info - LakeLubbers
Covering 34,000 acres with 93 miles of shoreline, Adams Lake reaches depths of 1,502 feet, making it the second-deepest Lake in British Columbia. Despite its ...
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About Us - Adams Lake Indian Band
Adams Lake was once a gathering place where neighbors would come to meet, socialize and gather roots, berries and what the earth would provide for them. The ...
[5]
Tsútswecw Park | BC Parks
The park is located on both sides of the Adams River, between Adams Lake and Shuswap Lake. The entrance to Tsútswecw Park is 5 km from Squilax on the ...
[6]
[PDF] An Introduction to the Ecoregions of British Columbia - Gov.bc.ca
Adams Lake and Dunn Lake are two of the largest lakes here, but there are many smaller lakes. The climate is transitional between the drier and warmer ...
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Adams Lake Fishing Map | Nautical Charts App
Adams Lake is a large, deep, coldwater lake in British Columbia, Canada; its average depth ranks 6th in the world. ... Area *, 32690.17 acres. Shoreline ...Missing: length | Show results with:length
[9]
GPS coordinates of Adams Lake, Canada. Latitude
Adams Lake is a large, deep, coldwater lake. The southern end of the lake ... region of British Columbia, Canada. Latitude: 51° 14' 60.00" N Longitude ...Missing: length width
[10]
Adams Lake
Adams Lake ; P2046, area, 137 ; P2044, elevation above sea level, 404 ; P2043, length, 63 ; P2547, perimeter, 147 ; P4511, vertical depth, 299.
[11]
[PDF] Background Study – Full Updated Version Adams River, British ...
The upper river flows for an estimated 94 km;. 65 km of this length is included in the Upper. Adams River Provincial Park. Adams Lake is 72 km long, collecting ...
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The 16 Deepest Lakes in North America - A-Z Animals
Feb 21, 2025 · Adams Lake has a maximum depth of 1,499 feet or 457 meters, making it the second deepest lake in British Columbia, next to Quesnel Lake. Its ...Missing: length | Show results with:length
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[PDF] GEOLOGY OF THE ADAMS PLATEAU - VAVENBY AREA - Gov.bc.ca
The area is underlain mainly by Paleozoic metzwdimentxy and meta- volcanic rocks of the Eagle Bay Assemblage and Fenneli. Formation. Late Devonian granitic ...
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[PDF] GEOLOGY AND MINERAL DEPOSITS OP THE ADAMS PLATEAU ...
The map area is along the western flank of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex, a major tectonic element which dominates the geology of South-Central British ...Missing: topography | Show results with:topography
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Simplified geological map of the Mount Tod-Adams Lake area ...
Simplified geological map of the Mount Tod-Adams Lake area showing the distribution of geological units and representative bedding and cleavage. Source ...Missing: topography | Show results with:topography
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[PDF] LATE GLACIAL LAKES OF THE THOMPSON BASIN, SOUTHERN ...
Glacio-isostatic tilts of these lake shorelines (1.8 - 1.7 m km-1) are among the highest measured in the world and are related to a thin lithosphere, a low ...
[17]
[PDF] ADAMS PLATEAU AREA (82L/13E; 82M/3W, 4, 5, 12S; 92P/1E, 8E)
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the British. Columbia Geological Survey Branch conducted several years of mapping the bedrock geology of the Adams.
[18]
Adams Lake - Gov.bc.ca
For lakes less than 10 m deep composite sampling is not done, instead a single sample 1 m below the surface represents the epilimnion and one sample 1 m off the ...Missing: length | Show results with:length
[19]
Real-Time Hydrometric Data Search Results - Water Level and Flow
Real-Time Hydrometric Data Search Results ; ADAMS LAKE NEAR SQUILAX, BC, 08LD003, Yes ; ADAMS RIVER NEAR SQUILAX, BC, 08LD001, Yes ...
[20]
Adams Lake Weather Averages - FISHING, British Columbia, CA
Based on annual weather averages for Adams Lake, the best month to go for holiday is July and August. The temperature hovers around 16°c. The table below ...Missing: climate | Show results with:climate
[21]
Adams Lake, BC Monthly Report - The Weather Network
Monthly Historical AveragesAdams Lake, BC. October. Average Temperature. High. 15°. Feels 14. Low. 3°. Feels 0. Average Precipitation.Missing: climate | Show results with:climate
[22]
Adams Lake Indian Band
Archaeological evidence in fact shows at least nine thousand (9,000) years of occupancy along the lakes and river areas. The remains of pit houses not far ...Contact Us · Employment Service Center... · Departments · Chief & Council
[23]
Secwepemc
The ancestors of the Secwepemc people have lived in the interior of BC for at least 10,000 years. At the time of contact with Europeans in the late 18th century ...
[24]
There's no place like a (pit)home - Republic of Archaeology
Oct 19, 2019 · The wood & earth pithome (c7ístkten̓, in Secwepemctsin) is one of the hallmarks of precontact life on the Interior Plateau.Missing: Adams Lake
[25]
Fostering a Secwepemc sense of place - Shuswap Passion
Written nearly entirely in the Secwepemctsn language, the first booklet covers Cstélen, the lower section of Adams Lake where there were seven village sites.
[26]
Preliminary Report on Archaeological Investigations near Shuswap ...
Archaeological investigations were conducted in the Shuswap Lakes region of south-central BC. In total 7 sites were tested, four of which had housepits.
[27]
R Sqleltenuw̓i ne r Secwepemculecw
The Adams River sockeye (sqleltenuw̓i) have held an important place in the lives of the Secwepemc (pronounced se-hwep-muhc) people of the Shuswap Lakes and ...
[28]
[PDF] Background Study –Full Version Adams River, British Columbia ...
Mar 31, 2006 · Adams River Provincial Park. Adams Lake is 72 km long, collecting water from a watershed that stretches into the Columbia Mountains. The ...
[29]
The Shuswap community of Sexqéltqin
This village, which also has other names, is the Adams Lake Indian Band Reserve Number 4 and is home to some 540 people. Indian Chiefs in New Westminster, 1867, ...
[30]
Forest industry was key to Shuswap settlement
Most of the timber came from forests adjacent to Adams Lake and the upper Adams River and was floated down to Shuswap Lake where the logs were boomed and hauled ...
[31]
Adams River Lumber Company - Community Stories Printable Version
The Adams River Lumber company was incorporated and organized in 1907 under the laws of the Province of the British Columbia by an American-based company. The ...Missing: modern | Show results with:modern
[32]
Flumes, Booms and Sawdust: Logging in the Shuswap
The Adams River Lumber Company built flumes deep inside the forest which could send logs to more accessible waterways so that booms could be towed to the ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[33]
Re-building Holdings Lumber Company Mill c 1945 Adams Lake ...
The Adams River Lumber Company had ceased its logging operations in 1925 and the pole-logging industry was sporadic.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[34]
Last one room school was at Brennan Creek - Shuswap Passion
After WWII, Mac Allen arrived to run a logging operation for Art Holding's new sawmill at the base of Adams Lake and he too stayed in the old cabin. Mac was ...
[35]
Touring Adams Lake Mill - North Shuswap Kicker
Jun 18, 2024 · The Adams Lake Mill, the third largest in the country, started in 1942, produces 350 million board feet of lumber annually, and uses AI for ...
[36]
Adams Lake Indian Band - Province of British Columbia - Gov.bc.ca
Sep 20, 2024 · Adams Lake Indian Band, Location: Thompson River near Chase, Region: South Interior, Member of: Shuswap Nation Tribal Council, Website: Adams Lake Indian Band.
[37]
Lands & Leasing - Adams Lake Indian Band
Total acreage in total of all reserves is 7,188 acres (2,911ha). Individual Land Holdings. Individual Land Holdings services within the ALIB Reserve Land and ...
[38]
[PDF] ADAMS LAKE INDIAN BAND - LAND USE PLAN – Phase I
This Land Use Plan (LUP) document follows several Preliminary Reports related to land use on the Adams Lake Indian Band (ALIB) reserve lands.
[39]
[PDF] LAND USE PLAN - PHASE II – Policies and Procedures
This is the final of a series of reports that outline suggested land related policies, and draft procedures for the Adams Lake Indian Band (Cstélnec) community.
[40]
[PDF] PHASE III – Five Year Economic Development Roadmap
This is the Final Report for the Adams Lake Indian Band's (ALIB) “Five Year. Economic Development Roadmap”, also referred to as the “ALIB Land Use Plan.
[41]
[PDF] LAND USE PLAN - PHASE IV - Adams Lake Indian Band
The area in the southwest area of the reserve lands that could be maintained for selective logging for the next five to ten (5 –. 10) years undoubtedly ...
[42]
Natural Resource - Adams Lake Indian Band
Natural Resource has our own permitting system for conducting arch work within our territory. We provide support for other archaeology works in the territory ...
[43]
[PDF] Adams Lake Forest Consultation and Revenue Sharing Agreement
The Adams Lake Indian Band intends to fully participate in any consultation or information sharing with British Columbia or a Licensee in relation to forest and ...
[44]
Timber harvesting on Hustalen IR #1 Adams Lake - Canada.ca
Jun 12, 2024 · Vancouver, BC. Vancouver, British Columbia V8B 0X4 Telephone: 604-363-2763. Email: alexandre.vignola@sac-isc.gc.ca · View interactive map. 50 km.
[45]
Adams Lake Division - Interfor Corporation
The Adams Lake Division produces dimension lumber and specialty products for domestic and international markets. The Adams Lake mill converted from liquid ...
[46]
Services – Arrow Forestry
Our log towing division on Adams Lake is dedicated to managing the booming and towing operations for the Interfor mill. ... Kamloops, BC Canada V2C 1A9. Call ...
[47]
Adams Lake Indian Band Joint Venture - YouTube
Jul 31, 2025 · At Adams Lake Indian Band, a unique joint venture with Gilbert Smith Forest ... Logs harvested from Adams Lake territory are processed at ...Missing: timber | Show results with:timber
[48]
Innovative Forestry Societies - Ministry of Environment and Parks
Adams Lake – The Adam's Lake IFPA is a ground-breaking agreement between Adams Lake Lumber (a division of Interfor) and the B.C. Government launching a ...Missing: operations | Show results with:operations
[49]
[PDF] Interim Forestry Agreement - Gov.bc.ca
Sep 6, 2024 · BC is committed to achieving reconciliation and recognition with the QS. Signatories, including Adams Lake Indian Band by building a G2G ...
[50]
[PDF] Audit of Forest Planning and Practices
In my opinion, the operational planning, timber harvesting, road maintenance, and fire protection activities carried out by Adams Lake on forest licence A89984 ...
[51]
https://www.castanetkamloops.net/news/Kamloops/578916/B-C-forests-critic-says-Adams-Lake-mill-curtailment-affecting-hundreds-won-t-be-the-last
[52]
Adams Lake partnership creates jobs and economic opportunities ...
Adams Lake has been in the forestry industry for a number of years. Decades as time has gone on, we've been able to build capacity, generate substantial revenue ...
[53]
Adams Lake Marine Park | BC Parks
Located around 125 km northeast of Kamloops in south central British Columbia, Adams Lake Marine Park is a wilderness area with excellent boating and fishing ...Missing: tourism | Show results with:tourism
[54]
Adams Lake Recreation & Conference Centre
The Adams Lake Recreation & Conference Centre includes a gym, fitness room, commercial kitchen, and a meeting room. ALRCC supports a variety of events, programs ...Missing: tourism | Show results with:tourism
[55]
Adams Lake Development Corporation - West Harbour Village
Adams Lake Development Corporation (ALDC) is the economic development arm of the Adams Lake Indian Band, managing real estate holdings, partnerships.
[56]
The fascinating Sinmax Creek Valley - Ranching and mining near ...
The first settler in the valley was G.J. Forrest in 1887, for whom the lake was named after. Others soon followed him and within a decade, much of the valley ...Missing: British Columbia
[57]
[PDF] 17. socio-economic effects assessment - Canada.ca
Harper Creek Mining Corporation (HCMC) proposes to construct and operate the Harper Creek. Project (the Project), an open pit copper mine approximately 10 ...Missing: besides | Show results with:besides
[58]
Adams River trail bliss - Shuswap Passion
The old Adams Lake Lumber Company built the dam in 1907 to help transport logs by water to its mill in Chase. This dam devastated the upper Adams River salmon ...
[59]
The Adams River is on the move - Shuswap Passion
The Adams River has changed courses within its last three kilometres many times, with remnants of old channels found in the surrounding forests.
[60]
Real-Time Hydrometric Data Search Results - Water Level and Flow
Real-Time Hydrometric Data Search Results. Found 2221 stations that matched your search in 0.033 seconds. Filter items. Showing 1 to 20 of 2,221 entries.
[61]
[PDF] Adams Lake Indian Band: Cumulative Effects- our Journey
thousand (9,000) years of occupancy along the lakes and river areas. The remains of pit houses not far from our current reserves leaves us with a picture of ...
[62]
[PDF] B.C. Lake Monitoring Network Water Quality, Phytoplankton and ...
Very deep lakes such as Adams Lake (457 m) and Chilliwack Lake (114 m) had the highest Secchi depth because nutrient cycling is slow and nutrients settle into ...
[63]
Adams Lake Cable Ferry - Province of British Columbia - Gov.bc.ca
Sep 17, 2025 · The Adams Lake ferry runs across Adams Lake, 20km north of Highway 1 between Chase and Sorrento. The ferry is located approximately 80km northeast of Kamloops.Missing: Shuswap | Show results with:Shuswap
[64]
Upper Adams River Park - BC Parks
Getting there · from Highway 5 south of Barriere, via Agate Bay Road and along the west side and northern end of Adams Lake (80 km). · from Trans Canada Highway 1 ...
[65]
Thompson Rivers Natural Resource District road safety information
Road closures and restrictions. Adams Lake West FSR 7458.01 (September 19, 2023) ... access beyond 20.0 km the recommended travel is through Goat Slough Road.
[66]
Adams Lake Indian Band | British Columbia Assembly of First Nations
The main band office is located on the Sahhaltkum (Sexqeltqin) Indian Reserve #4 located on the western side of Little Shuswap Lake, across from the Village of ...
[67]
Adams Lake Indian Band
May 14, 2025 · Number of Reserves: 7. Reserves:HUSTALEN 1 (881 Ha) SAHHALTKUM 4 (1,433 Ha) SQUAAM 2 (32 Ha) STEQUMWHULPA 5 (101 Ha) SWITSEMALPH 6 (320 Ha)
[68]
Best camping in Adams Lake Provincial Park, BC 2025 - Hipcamp
Adams Lake is a deep and long lake, excellent for boating, fishing, water-skiing, and windsurfing. The main vehicle-access campground at Bush Creek features ...
[69]
Adams Lake Park – Bush Creek Site
This pleasant beach area with a lightly forested upland is popular for fishing and boating. Adams Lake Park - Bush Creek Site has few facilities
[70]
Adams Lake Provincial Park RV Guide - Outdoorsy
Windsurfing, water skiing, and canoeing are also popular water sports on the lake. The park also has numerous trails for biking, cycling and hiking as well as ...Missing: tourism | Show results with:tourism
[71]
Adams Lake Marine Park: Poplar Point Site - BC Parks
The closest communities, towns and cities are Scotch Creek, Sorrento, Salmon Arm and Kamloops. Camping. Marine-accessible camping. Wilderness camping is ...Missing: settlements | Show results with:settlements
[72]
Adams Lake Marine Park: Spillman Beaches Site - BC Parks
A boat-access only beach area with forested upland, the Spillman Beaches marine site has one of the better quality beaches on Adams Lake, popular for fishing ...
[73]
Adams Lake Marine Park: Refuge Bay Site - BC Parks
Refuge Bay provides one of the few secure boat landing sites on the north end of Adams Lake. The park offers an opportunity for lakeshore camping.
[74]
Adams Lake, BC – Travel | Fishing | Swimming | Camping | Wifi and ...
Adams Lake provides endless opportunities for outdoor recreation. From fishing and boating to hiking and wildlife watching, the possibilities are limitless.
[75]
Momich Lakes Park | BC Parks
Momich Lakes Park is a popular park for fishing, swimming and boating. It is located east of the northern end of Adams Lake, approximately 110 km northeast ...
[76]
[PDF] Fertilizing Adams Lake to Restore Sockeye Rearing Capacity
This higher level of phosphate would have provided much higher densities of plankton in the lake, giving more food, higher growth rates and higher marine ...
[77]
ADAMS LAKE, British Columbia | Angler's Atlas
Adams Lake is huge, deep, cold and fishes beautifully. Adams Lake is known for its connection to the Adams River, famous for its sockeye run.
[78]
[PDF] Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 772
Sep 6, 1989 · Adams Lake (West). Similar to. Adams Lake East. ,. F. ,. COHO CHUM CHINOOK PINK SOCKEYE STEELHEAD. FISH SPECIES. Page 38. Page 39. PERCENT OF ...
[79]
[PDF] Adams Lake Park - Bush Creek Site Management Direction Statement
Mar 1, 2003 · The park's conservation role is relatively minor, with some representation of second growth Interior. Cedar Hemlock forest. The park has an ...<|separator|>
[80]
[PDF] Adams Lake Marine Park - Spillman Beaches Site Management ...
Oct 1, 1999 · The Park is zoned as Natural. Environment to maintain the area in a natural condition while allowing some recreational use. Facility development ...
[81]
[PDF] HCSP STEWARDS CASE STUDY TEMPLATE - Canada.ca
THE BAND HAS BEEN SUCCESSFUL IN OBTAINING FUNDING TO ADMINISTER HABITAT RESTORATION,. AND SALMON STOCK ASSESSMENT AND ENHANCEMENT PROJECTS THROUGHOUT THE ADAMS ...
[82]
Government of Canada and Province of British Columbia funding ...
Feb 1, 2021 · The Adams Lake Indian Band will support restoration of the Upper Adams early summer run sockeye to a sustainable level, and improve ...
[83]
[PDF] Stewardship Objectives and Cumulative Effects Atlas - IAIA25
Recommendation 4 In conjunction with Adams Lake Indian Band, the Government of British Columbia will undertake a Forest Landscape Planning process to ensure ...
[84]
Interfor curtails Adams Lake as tariffs hit home directly for hundreds ...
Oct 17, 2025 · A two‑week curtailment at Interfor's Adams Lake sawmill, announced late Friday, threatens the livelihoods of roughly 400 families in the region ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[85]
Opinion: Forest industry is collapsing because NDP has gutted it
Oct 16, 2025 · That is where the Adams Lake fire tore through in 2023. On the First Nations land, the charred timber was harvested quickly and responsibly.
[86]
Investigating the Lower East Adams Aerial Ignition
Nov 3, 2023 · The incident raised significant questions and sparked controversy over an aerial ignition conducted by the BC Wildfire Service on August 17.
[87]
Planned burn could have killed trapped firefighters, says B.C. safety ...
May 7, 2025 · A planned burn by the province's wildfire service during the devastating 2023 fire season could have killed or injured multiple firefighters.
[88]
[PDF] FAC-FRP-22-A008(a) - the Forest Appeals Commission
Jan 16, 2024 · The Appellant, Adams Lake Indian Band (the “Band”) brings this appeal in respect of an administrative penalty levied by Beth Eagles, ...<|separator|>
[89]
[PDF] Joint Summary of Issues and Engagement
Oct 2, 2025 · Adams Lake raised concerns about the sufficiency of the information in the IPD, including information about potential adverse impacts to Adams ...Missing: debates | Show results with:debates
[90]
Neskonlith Opposition, A Reasonable Response to Imperial Metals ...
Feb 22, 2013 · The main spawning grounds are downstream from Adams Lake and this very long deep lake would provide a measure of protection against any metals ...<|separator|>
[91]
https://forums.castanet.net/viewtopic.php?f=134&t=134486
[92]
Adams Lake Indian Band has logging fine reduced by more than ...
Jan 20, 2024 · In the original decision, they were assessed an administrative penalty of $69,490. The Adams Lake Indian Band filed an appeal of the decision.Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[93]
Deadwood: People, place, and neoliberal forest policy in British ...
Mar 27, 2023 · Communities in the region were dealing with overlapping challenges: unprecedented and unpredictable ecological changes, elevated harvesting, ...