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FSR

FidelityFX Super Resolution (FSR) is an open-source upscaling technology developed by to enhance performance by rendering at lower internal resolutions and intelligently upscaling them to higher display resolutions, thereby boosting frame rates while aiming to preserve visual fidelity. Launched in June 2021 with FSR 1.0 as a spatial upscaler requiring no specialized hardware, it has evolved through multiple iterations, including temporal upscaling in FSR 2.0 (2022), frame generation in FSR 3.0 (2023), and machine learning-based enhancements in FSR 4.0 (2025), making it accessible across , , and GPUs without proprietary AI tensor cores. FSR's core innovation lies in its hardware-agnostic design, contrasting with NVIDIA's DLSS which relies on dedicated cores for AI-driven super sampling, allowing broader adoption in over 300 games and applications by enabling smoother at high resolutions like without sacrificing too much detail. Its open-source nature under the facilitates easy integration by developers via the FidelityFX SDK, fostering widespread use in titles from blockbusters to indie projects, though early versions faced critique for artifacts in motion compared to competitors. Key achievements include massive uplifts—up to 4x in some FSR 3 scenarios—and democratization of high-refresh-rate gaming on mid-range hardware, but it has drawn scrutiny for occasionally inferior image stability and ghosting in dynamic scenes relative to proprietary alternatives, prompting ongoing refinements like FSR 4's upscaler for sharper details on next-gen cards.

Science and technology

FidelityFX Super Resolution

FidelityFX Super Resolution (FSR) is an open-source suite of upscaling and frame generation technologies developed by to enhance gaming performance by rendering frames at lower internal resolutions and intelligently reconstructing them to higher display resolutions, thereby increasing frame rates while aiming to preserve image quality. Unlike proprietary AI-dependent solutions, FSR emphasizes broad hardware compatibility, supporting , , GPUs, and even consoles without requiring specialized tensor cores. Initial versions prioritize spatial and temporal algorithms over to achieve cross-vendor accessibility, though later iterations incorporate ML elements. FSR 1.0, the inaugural version, launched on June 22, 2021, as a spatial upscaler that analyzes the current frame's edges and details using techniques like Lanczos filtering and edge-directed to generate higher-resolution output from lower-resolution inputs, without relying on previous frames or motion data. It operates post-anti-aliasing, reducing computational load by up to 2x in quality mode (e.g., rendering at for output), but can introduce artifacts like shimmering in fine details compared to temporal methods. This version debuted in titles such as Godfall and The Riftbreaker, with modes including Ultra Quality (1.3x upscale factor), Quality (1.5x), Balanced (1.7x), and Performance (2x). FSR 2.0, released on May 12, 2022, advanced to temporal upscaling by incorporating motion vectors and depth buffers from preceding frames to mitigate and ghosting, yielding superior detail reconstruction over FSR 1.0, particularly in motion-heavy scenes. It demands integration for reprojection data but remains hardware-agnostic, delivering performance uplifts of 1.5-2x in supported games like Deathloop and Uncharted: Legacy of Thieves Collection. FSR 2.1 followed with refinements to reduce flicker and improve stability. FSR 3, announced August 25, 2023, introduced optical flow-accelerated frame generation alongside upscaling, interpolating entirely new frames between rendered ones to potentially double frame rates, akin to NVIDIA's DLSS 3 but without AI exclusivity. This enables fluid motion at high refresh rates, though it can amplify latency if not decoupled from input polling; it launched in games like Immortals of Aveum and Starfield. FSR 3.1 enhanced decoupling and added disocclusion handling for better artifact reduction. FSR 4, unveiled in March 2025 and made available via on August 20, 2025, shifts to machine learning-based upscaling trained on hardware, offering marked image quality gains over FSR 3.1 through inference for detail enhancement and reduced , while maintaining openness via the FidelityFX SDK. It targets RX 9000 series initially but extends compatibility, with early benchmarks showing competitive performance against DLSS 4 in speed, though quality assessments vary by scene complexity. Independent tests note FSR's edge in raw throughput due to lighter compute demands, but DLSS often excels in perceptual fidelity from dedicated training datasets. As of October 2025, FSR supports over 300 games and applications, integrated via AMD's tools for developers.

Force-sensitive resistor

A force-sensitive resistor (FSR), also known as a , is a piezoresistive whose electrical decreases nonlinearly in response to applied mechanical , , or . This change occurs because the sensor's active area, typically composed of a semi-conductive thick containing conductive particles such as carbon or proprietary formulations, compresses under , increasing particle-to-particle contact and thus conductance. FSRs exhibit a roughly linear relationship between conductance and applied over a typical range of 0.1 N to 100 N, though itself drops exponentially from values exceeding 1 MΩ at zero to as low as 1 kΩ under high loads. The technology originated from efforts to enhance expressivity in electronic musical instruments, with Franklin Eventoff inventing and patenting the FSR in 1977 while developing controllers like the Sonica synthesizer. Eventoff founded Interlink Electronics, which commercialized the device in , initially for applications in toys and instruments such as Mattel's Symphonic digital organ. Subsequent advancements have expanded its use beyond music, leveraging its thin profile (often under 0.5 mm) and flexibility for integration into flexible substrates like (). In construction, an FSR consists of two thin, flexible layers separated by an spacer, with interdigitated electrodes on one layer and the on the other; applied to the top layer bridges the gap, modulating resistance via the . Common configurations include circular or rectangular active areas with diameters from 9.5 mm to 19 mm and ranges up to 45 N for standard models, though custom variants handle higher loads. Operation requires minimal , such as a or circuit, to convert resistance changes to measurable voltage or current outputs suitable for microcontrollers. Response times are typically under 10 ms, with low power consumption (microamps at operating voltages of 3-5 V), enabling battery-powered and wearable uses. FSRs find applications in tactile systems, for grip force sensing, wearable health monitors for , and pressure mapping in prosthetics or vehicle seats. In medical contexts, they enable force-controlled minimally invasive tools or devices tracking muscle pressure. Advantages include compact size, cost-effectiveness (often under $10 per unit in volume), shock resistance, and ease of without . However, limitations persist, such as inherent nonlinearity requiring per-sensor , (up to 10% in force-recovery cycles), drift (sensitivity varying 0.5-2% per °C), and poor under varying conditions without advanced . These traits make FSRs qualitative rather than precise quantitative sensors, best suited for relative force detection rather than absolute measurements.

Politics and organizations

Foreign Subsidies Regulation

The Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR) is an legislative instrument designed to counter distortions in the internal market caused by subsidies granted by non- governments to companies operating within the . It empowers the to investigate such foreign subsidies, particularly those facilitating mergers, acquisitions, or participation in public procurement, where they may confer undue advantages not subject to EU state aid scrutiny. The regulation targets subsidies that could undermine fair competition, with a focus on sectors vulnerable to overcapacity or strategic investments from state-backed entities. Adopted after trilogue negotiations, the FSR received final approval on November 28, 2022, and entered into force on July 12, 2023, following publication in the Official Journal on December 23, 2022. Notification requirements for concentrations () exceeding €500 million in turnover or involving financial contributions over €45 million from non- countries became mandatory from October 12, 2023, while public procurement thresholds apply to contracts valued above €250 million -wide or €5 million per contracting authority for non- bidders. The Commission's review process mirrors merger control timelines: an initial 25 working days for Phase I, extendable to 90 working days in Phase II for in-depth assessment. Under Article 5, certain foreign subsidies—such as those enabling unlimited guarantees, providing over €300,000 in direct grants within three years, or funding acquisition costs exceeding 80%—are presumed "most likely to distort" the internal market unless evidence shows otherwise, shifting the burden to beneficiaries to demonstrate negligible effects. The can impose remedies including behavioral commitments, divestitures, or subsidy repayment, and conduct ex officio market investigations without thresholds. In public procurement, it may exclude bidders distorting , prioritizing transparency via prior notifications for large tenders. Enforcement has emphasized sectors like and , with the complementing tools amid rising cases against non-market practices. Since implementation, the has reviewed over 20 merger notifications by mid-2024, approving most unconditionally but issuing its first commitments decision in September 2024 in a case involving subsidies to a , requiring repayment of €100 million and capacity limits. Ex officio probes, such as into wind turbine suppliers in 2024, highlight proactive use against procurement distortions. A September 2025 review of the FSR includes draft guidelines on subsidy assessment, responding to evidentiary burdens and coordination with national authorities. Critics, including business associations, argue the FSR's broad scope and evidentiary demands impose excessive administrative burdens, potentially deterring cross-border deals without proportionally addressing distortions, as low notification rates (fewer than expected by 2025) suggest underutilization or chilling effects. Proponents view it as essential for reciprocity, given EU firms' subjection to strict state aid rules while facing unsubsidized competition from abroad, though empirical assessments of distortion remain case-specific rather than systemic. Ongoing refinements aim to balance enforcement rigor with procedural efficiency.

Financial Services Roundtable

The Financial Services Roundtable (FSR) was a -based that represented approximately 100 of the largest integrated companies in the United States, encompassing providers of banking, , and products. Formed in 1993 through the merger of the Association of Reserve City Bankers (established in ) and the Association of Registered Bank Holding Companies, it initially operated as the Bankers Roundtable before expanding its scope to broader under the FSR name. FSR's member firms collectively managed $98.4 trillion in assets and generated $1.1 trillion in annual revenue as of 2013, underscoring their central role in the U.S. economy. FSR focused on public policy advocacy, and regulatory agencies on issues such as , cybersecurity, and in banking. Its technology policy arm, BITS (now part of the Bank Policy Institute), collaborated with entities like the on initiatives including the application for the .bank top-level domain through fTLD Registry Services. The organization engaged in federal expenditures, with reported activity tracked through disclosures, though specific annual figures varied; for instance, contributions in the 2024 cycle totaled $1,000 while spending reached $0, reflecting its wind-down post-merger. In July 2018, FSR merged with Association—a payments and settlements entity representing major U.S. banks—to form the Bank Policy Institute (BPI), a group advancing , , and for the banking sector. This aimed to streamline representation amid evolving regulatory landscapes, with BPI inheriting FSR's focus on , , and innovation policy. The merger marked the end of FSR as an independent entity, though its legacy persists in BPI's membership of leading banks managing trillions in assets.

Friends of Soviet Russia

The Friends of Soviet Russia (FSR) was a United States-based organization founded on August 9, , in as an offshoot of the American Labor Alliance, established in direct response to the severe ravaging following the and Bolshevik policies such as grain requisitions under . Its primary stated purpose was to collect funds, food, clothing, and supplies for famine relief and agricultural reconstruction, with all donations transferred directly to the Soviet government or its representatives without conditions or oversight, alongside advocacy for U.S. of the Bolshevik regime and dissemination of information portraying Soviet achievements positively. Although membership was nominally open to individuals regardless of political affiliation, the organization's leadership and operations were tightly controlled by adherents of the , the legal successor to the underground of America, functioning as a "mass organization" to build public sympathy for the Soviet experiment amid widespread Western skepticism toward the Bolsheviks. FSR rapidly expanded, forming over 200 local branches across the U.S. and employing around 40 paid organizers, many from the , to conduct fundraising tours, public events, and campaigns; in its first two months, it raised approximately $250,000 in cash, followed by an additional $500,000 and $300,000 worth of clothing in the subsequent year, with funds channeled through Soviet agencies rather than neutral international bodies like the led by . Key figures included Alfred Wagenknecht, a prominent socialist and communist organizer who served as executive secretary and reported weekly on activities, as well as chairman Caleb Harrison, secretary Allen S. Broms, and treasurer Dr. J.W. Hartman; the group also launched a auxiliary called the Famine Scouts in to engage younger supporters. efforts were integral, with the publication of the bi-weekly Soviet Russia magazine (relaunched monthly as Soviet Russia Pictorial in ), which featured articles, photos, and appeals blending relief narratives with ideological promotion of Soviet , eventually merging into The Workers Monthly in late 1924. As part of the broader International Workers Aid network coordinated by German Communist Willy Münzenberg, FSR coordinated with global pro-Soviet relief initiatives, temporarily expanding in 1923–1924 to include aid for under the name of Soviet Russia and . By the late , as the immediate crisis subsided and Soviet stabilization advanced, FSR's focus shifted from emergency to general , evolving into the Friends of the around 1930, which continued publishing outlets like Soviet Russia Today and maintained ties to Communist fronts until broader scrutiny during the eras. Critics, including congressional investigations, viewed FSR not merely as a humanitarian entity but as a conduit for Bolshevik and funding, given its refusal of independent audits and exclusive channeling of aid to Soviet control, which contrasted with non-partisan efforts that prioritized apolitical distribution amid evidence of Soviet mismanagement contributing to the 's scale. The organization's archival records and self-reported successes underscore its role in early American pro-Soviet networking, though its ideological alignment often subordinated to geopolitical solidarity with the regime.

Scouting

Federation of Scouts of Russia

The Federation of Scouts of Russia (FSR) was founded in 1991 during the first national congress of Russian scouts, shortly after the , as an umbrella organization uniting regional scouting groups revived from suppression under communist rule. It comprised associations such as the of St. Petersburg and the Central Russian Scout Association, aiming to coordinate activities across open, secular, and confessional (primarily Russian Orthodox) scouting traditions amid the fragmented post-Soviet landscape. The FSR emphasized traditional scouting principles including outdoor skills, , and , adapting them to Russia's transitional context where had been ideologically opposed since 1918. Its structure as a federation of autonomous entities reflected ongoing divisions between émigré-influenced groups and newly formed local ones, preventing immediate unification but enabling rapid program rollout in cities like and St. Petersburg. Early initiatives included international exchanges, such as with the , to import resources and training amid domestic shortages. By 1993, the FSR had incorporated discussions on co-educational or girls-specific programs, contributing to the 1994 independence of the Russian Association of Girl Scouts from its framework, which later affiliated with the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. The organization faced challenges from competing groups, including Orthodox Scouts of Russia and the Organization of Russian Young Pathfinders, leading to mergers; in 1998, the FSR integrated into the National Organization of Russian Scouts-Rangers (NORS-R). Elements of the FSR persisted into the 2014 formation of the All-Russian Scout Association (ARSA), which achieved provisional recognition from the World Organization of the Scout Movement that year. The FSR's role thus bridged early revival efforts to Russia's current scouting infrastructure, though it did not achieve international recognition itself due to internal fragmentation.

Broadcasting

FSR radio stations

(FSR) is a syndicated American sports radio network operated by , a subsidiary of , that distributes programming to affiliate stations across the . Launched on August 28, 2000, through a partnership between and Communications (predecessor to iHeartMedia), FSR initially secured about 50 affiliates before expanding its carriage. The network delivers 24/7 content focused on sports talk, analysis, and play-by-play broadcasts, reaching an estimated 15 million monthly listeners as of October 2024 via more than 600 radio stations, digital platforms like , and satellite radio services such as . Affiliate stations typically air FSR's national lineup during key daytime and evening slots, supplementing with local sports coverage or advertising. Prominent examples include flagship station (570 AM) in , which carries full-time FSR programming, and market-specific outlets like (98.7 FM) in , Fox Sports 910 (910 AM) in , and KFOX (94.1 FM/1340 AM) in . These stations often rebrand as "Fox Sports Radio" or similar, emphasizing FSR's for broad appeal in competitive sports markets. Weekend programming features specialized shows like Fox Sports Saturday and Sunday, covering , NBA, MLB, and college sports events. FSR's programming emphasizes opinion-driven debate and event coverage, with weekday staples including 2 Pros and a Cup of Joe (hosted by , , and Jonas Knox from 6–9 a.m. ), (9 a.m.–noon ), (noon–3 p.m. ), and The Doug Gottlieb Show (3–7 p.m. ). Overnight and early morning slots feature The Ben Maller Show and repeats, while affiliates may opt into or out of specific segments based on local licensing agreements. The network has evolved to include multiplatform extensions, such as podcasts and live coverage, enhancing its utility for stations seeking cost-effective, high-engagement content without producing it in-house.

Other uses

Slang and informal usage

In online and texting contexts, "fsr" serves as an initialism for "for some reason," denoting an unexplained or puzzling or circumstance. This usage appears primarily in informal digital communication, such as , comments, and forums, where brevity is prioritized. For instance, a user might write, "I keep forgetting my keys fsr," to highlight an irrational lapse without delving into causation. The term's adoption reflects broader patterns in internet shorthand, emerging in the early alongside acronyms like "tbh" (to be honest) and "idk" (I don't know), though it remains less ubiquitous than those. Usage data from acronym databases indicates its in casual English-language exchanges, particularly among younger demographics on platforms like and , but it lacks formal recognition in standard dictionaries. While occasionally confused with other abbreviations, such as "full service restaurant" in industry , the slang variant distinctly conveys epistemic uncertainty rather than operational descriptors.

Business and engineering applications

Force sensing resistors (FSRs) are employed in for detecting and measuring applied or pressure in systems requiring tactile feedback, such as robotic grippers where they enable active compliance control by sensing contact forces to adjust grip without damaging objects. In prosthetics, FSRs measure interface pressures due to their thin profile and low cost, facilitating improved fit and user comfort through on load distribution. Automotive applications include occupancy sensors that detect passenger presence by monitoring seat pressure changes, enhancing safety features like deployment. In , FSRs integrate into wearable devices for and , such as shoe insoles that track foot pressure to prevent injuries in athletes or patients with mobility impairments. They also support IoT-enabled monitoring in structural health assessments, where embedded FSRs detect mechanical stress in machinery to predict failures. For , FSRs enable pressure-sensitive inputs in portable controllers and touch interfaces, providing variable response based on force magnitude. Commercially, FSRs underpin products in healthcare businesses, including hospital bed monitors that alert staff to patient movement or pressure ulcers via force thresholds, and infusion pumps with occlusion detectors to prevent blockages. In the sports industry, they feature in athletic footwear analytics systems, like insole sensors commercialized for performance optimization, as seen in retail kiosks analyzing gait. Manufacturing firms use FSR arrays for quality control in assembly lines, verifying torque or insertion forces to ensure product integrity. These applications leverage FSRs' piezoresistive properties, where resistance decreases nonlinearly with applied force, allowing cost-effective integration into scalable production.

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