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Allectus

Allectus (died AD 296) was a Roman financial official (rationalis) under the usurper Carausius who assassinated his superior in AD 293 and seized control of Britain and parts of northern Gaul, establishing himself as emperor in a breakaway regime against the Tetrarchy.^[1]^[2]
His three-year rule involved minting extensive coinage to assert legitimacy, including types depicting naval themes inherited from Carausius, and efforts to consolidate power amid economic strain from prior usurpation.^[3]^[4]
Allectus' regime collapsed in AD 296 when Caesar Constantius Chlorus, with praetorian prefect Asclepiodotus, invaded from Gaul; Allectus was defeated and killed near Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), restoring imperial control over Britain.^[5]^[6] This event marked the end of the Carausian revolt, though archaeological evidence like the Beaurains hoard attests to the campaign's significance in reasserting Tetrarchic authority.^[1]

Background and Rise to Power

Historical Context of the Carausian Revolt

The late Roman Empire in the third century AD was beset by the Crisis of the Third Century, a period of profound instability from approximately 235 to 284 AD characterized by frequent emperor assassinations, civil wars, economic collapse, and relentless barbarian incursions that fragmented imperial authority. In the western provinces, particularly Gaul and Britannia, these pressures manifested in widespread raids by Germanic tribes such as the Franks from the Rhine frontier and the Saxons from the North Sea, who exploited weakened coastal defenses to plunder shipping lanes and settlements along the English Channel. The Roman response included the fortification of the Saxon Shore, a series of coastal defenses in Britannia dating from the mid-third century, underscoring the empire's struggle to maintain maritime security amid resource strains and military overextension.^[7] By the 280s AD, Emperor Maximian, ruling the western empire alongside Diocletian, faced compounded threats from these seaborne raiders, who disrupted trade and grain supplies vital to Gaul and Italy. To counter this, Maximian appointed Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius, a Menapian of low birth from Belgic Gaul who had risen through naval service, as prefect commanding the Channel fleet (Classis Britannica) based at Gesoriacum (modern Boulogne). Carausius's mandate was to patrol the seas, intercept pirate vessels, and safeguard the coasts of Gaul and Britannia from Frankish and Saxon depredations, reflecting Rome's reliance on mobile naval forces to address vulnerabilities exposed by land-based legions' inland focus.^[8]^[9] Carausius proved effective in these operations, capturing raiders and their spoils, but ancient accounts report suspicions that he and his crews retained captured booty rather than remitting it to imperial authorities, fostering perceptions of disloyalty amid the era's endemic corruption and pay arrears in the military. When Maximian ordered his execution around 286 AD, Carausius preempted the arrest by declaring himself emperor, securing Boulogne and rapidly crossing to Britannia, where he won over key legions including Legio II Augusta at Caerleon, Legio VI Victrix at York, and Legio XX Valeria Victrix at Chester. This usurpation capitalized on Britannia's geographic isolation, economic self-sufficiency in grain and minerals, and troops' grievances, establishing a de facto breakaway regime that challenged central authority during a time when the empire's western halves were already semi-autonomous under regional commanders. Primary sources such as Aurelius Victor and Eutropius attribute the revolt directly to embezzlement charges, portraying Carausius as opportunistic yet militarily adept, though their narratives, composed post-revolt, reflect Tetrarchic propaganda minimizing the usurper's legitimacy.^[8]^[10]

Role under Carausius and Usurpation

Allectus served as the rationalis summae rei, or chief finance minister, to the usurper Carausius during the latter's breakaway regime in Britain and parts of northern Gaul from 286 to 293.^[11] In this capacity, he managed the regime's fiscal operations, including the minting of coinage that imitated legitimate Roman issues to legitimize Carausius's rule and fund military efforts against Saxon pirates and imperial forces. Archaeological evidence, such as hoards and coin distributions, indicates Allectus oversaw a network of mints in London and other sites, producing aurei, denarii, and base metal coins that sustained the economy amid the secession.^[2] By late 293, as Roman pressure mounted under Caesar Constantius Chlorus's campaigns in Gaul, Allectus orchestrated Carausius's assassination, reportedly out of fear of execution for embezzlement or other financial irregularities.^[12] Ancient historians Aurelius Victor and Eutropius, writing from a perspective hostile to provincial rebels and favoring the Tetrarchy's restoration of central authority, portray the act as treacherous: Victor notes Allectus slew his master to evade punishment for unspecified crimes tied to his fiscal role, while Eutropius records the usurpation occurring after Carausius's seven-year tenure.^[2] ^[12] This coup allowed Allectus to claim the purple without immediate opposition from Carausius's legions, though it alienated potential allies and hastened the regime's isolation, as evidenced by the swift continuation of Roman offensives.^[8]

Reign and Administration

Political and Territorial Control

Allectus seized power as Augustus over Britannia following the assassination of Carausius in late 293 AD, inheriting a regime already weakened by the loss of its continental foothold.^[11]^[13] By that point, Constantius Chlorus had recaptured the key Gallic port of Gesoriacum (modern Boulogne-sur-Mer) and surrounding coastal territories earlier in 293, severing the usurpers' supply lines and narrowing Allectus' domain strictly to the island of Britain.^[8] This isolation compelled reliance on Britain's internal resources, including its fleet (Classis Britannica) and legions, for defense and governance, with no evidence of expansion or reclamation attempts in Gaul during his three-year rule.^[14] Politically, Allectus maintained continuity with Carausius' administration by retaining key Roman bureaucratic elements, such as provincial officials and military hierarchies loyal to the regime, while leveraging his prior role as rationalis summae rei (chief financial officer) to direct treasury functions and secure troop allegiance through payments.^[11]^[15] His authority centered on major urban and military hubs like Londinium (London), Camulodunum (Colchester), and the Saxon Shore forts, where mints operated to propagate imperial imagery imitating legitimate Tetrarchic types, thereby asserting legitimacy amid the Tetrarchy's non-recognition.^[11] No major internal revolts are recorded, suggesting effective short-term control via the existing governorates—likely still organized under the unified province of Britannia or its immediate subdivisions—enforced by the field army and naval forces.^[16] However, the regime's dependence on coerced loyalty and fiscal extraction, without broader imperial integration, left it vulnerable; contemporary accounts portray Allectus as a "tyrant" whose rule prioritized military suppression over stable civil governance.^[8] Territorial integrity held until the Tetrarchy's 296 AD counteroffensive, when Allectus mobilized forces province-wide to counter amphibious landings, indicating centralized command over dispersed garrisons from the northern frontier to the southern coast.^[17] Yet, the rapid collapse—marked by the loss of Londinium to Constantius' northern detachment—exposed fractures in coordination and morale, as Allectus stripped the capital of defenders to pursue the southern invaders, ultimately failing to consolidate control against divided Roman advances.^[11] The brevity of his reign and scarcity of non-numismatic evidence limit deeper insights into administrative innovations, but the regime's structure mirrored prior Roman provincial norms adapted for usurpation, emphasizing fiscal-military autarky over diplomatic outreach.^[8]

Economic Policies and Coinage

Allectus, having served as rationalis summae rei (chief finance minister) under Carausius, prioritized monetary production to sustain military loyalty and administrative functions during his brief rule from 293 to 296 AD.^[15] His economic approach emphasized continuity with Carausian precedents, focusing on independent minting to fund defenses and trade operations in Britain and northern Gaul. This involved leveraging provincial resources for coinage that supported local commerce and troop payments, amid separation from the central Roman fiscal system.^[18] The core of Allectus' monetary policy centered on the London mint, denoted by the 'C' mark in exergues, which saw sustained or increased output of bronze antoniniani compared to Carausius' era. Production included standard radiate types imitating legitimate emperors like Diocletian and Maximian, alongside propaganda motifs such as victories and providences to assert legitimacy.^[19] Notably, Allectus issued a unique silvered bronze quinarius denomination, marked with 'II' in the exergue—the only Late Roman example specifying value explicitly—which facilitated smaller transactions and demonstrated adaptive fiscal experimentation.^[20] These coins, often featuring naval galleys reflecting the regime's maritime heritage, circulated widely to bolster economic stability and ideological claims.^[21] Gold issuance remained scarce under Allectus, with aurei produced in limited quantities primarily for elite distribution or hoarding, underscoring resource constraints despite propaganda needs.^[21] Archaeological hoards, such as those from Rogiet, reveal integration into broader northwestern circulation, though overvaluation risks arose from high silver content in some antoniniani, potentially straining trust in the currency. Overall, this coinage system aimed to replicate imperial standards while funding autonomy, yet its short duration limited long-term economic reforms beyond immediate military exigencies.^[22]

Military Structure and Defense

Allectus inherited the military framework established by Carausius, which emphasized naval supremacy through the Classis Britannica to secure the English Channel and deter invasions from the Continent. This fleet, operational since the Claudian conquest, was pivotal in defending Britannia during the period of secession, enabling control over maritime approaches and supporting coastal fortifications along the Saxon Shore. Allectus maintained this structure without evident major reforms during his brief reign from 293 to 296 AD, relying on it to isolate Britain from imperial forces.^[23] The land forces under Allectus comprised elements of the three legions stationed in Britain—Legio II Augusta, Legio VI Victrix, and Legio XX Valeria Victrix—augmented by irregular units and foreign auxiliaries. Primary accounts indicate a heavy dependence on Frankish mercenaries, who formed the bulk of his mobile army, reflecting a strategy to bolster numbers amid potential loyalty issues following the usurpation. This composition prioritized rapid response capabilities over static frontier garrisons, though it exposed northern defenses like Hadrian's Wall when troops were redeployed southward against threats.^[24] In 296 AD, facing the Roman counteroffensive, Allectus positioned his fleet near the Isle of Wight to blockade potential landing sites, but fog obscured Roman vessels under Asclepiodotus, allowing an unhindered debarkation in southern Britain. His forces, including the mercenary contingents, marched inland to engage the invaders but were routed in battle near Hampshire, highlighting vulnerabilities in coordination between naval and land elements. The defeat underscored the limits of a mercenary-reliant structure against disciplined imperial legions.^[25]^[26]

Downfall and Defeat

Roman Empire's Response

The Tetrarchic regime under Emperors Diocletian and Maximian responded to the usurpation of Carausius—and its continuation by Allectus following his assassination of Carausius in September 293—by prioritizing the recovery of Britain and associated territories as a strategic imperative to restore imperial authority in the west. In 293, upon his elevation as Caesar, Constantius Chlorus was assigned the task of suppressing the revolt, beginning with the reconquest of Gallic coastal enclaves held by the usurpers to isolate their British base.^[27]^[16] Constantius initiated operations by besieging the fortified port of Gesoriacum (modern Boulogne-sur-Mer), Carausius's primary continental stronghold, which fell after a prolonged siege involving the construction of a mole to block relief; this victory in late 293 also entailed the destruction of the usurper's fleet, severing supply lines and confining Allectus to Britain.^[28]^[27] The loss of this base critically weakened Allectus's position, as it eliminated reinforcements and resources from the continent, forcing him to rely on Britain's internal capacities amid ongoing economic strain from the revolt.^[16] With the usurper isolated, the empire shifted to planning a direct amphibious assault on Britain in 296, employing deception tactics such as launching decoy fleets from Boulogne to divert Allectus's forces while the main expedition targeted southern landings; this coordinated response reflected the Tetrarchy's emphasis on rapid, decisive military action to prevent further provincial secession.^[28]^[29] Constantius's praetorian prefect, Asclepiodotus (or Julius Asclepiodotus), commanded the primary fleet, enabling a pincer strategy that exploited Allectus's divided defenses.^[30]

Campaigns of Constantius Chlorus

In 296 AD, Constantius Chlorus, as Caesar of the West under the Tetrarchy, initiated a coordinated campaign to reclaim Britain from the usurper Allectus, who had ruled since assassinating Carausius in 293 AD.^[27] To deceive Allectus regarding the invasion's scale and direction, Constantius divided his fleet into multiple squadrons, some feinting toward Boulogne while others targeted key landing sites.^[31] Adverse weather, including fog, delayed Constantius's main force but allowed a subordinate squadron under the praetorian prefect Asclepiodotus to land successfully on the southern coast near modern Portsmouth.^[16]^[32] Asclepiodotus's troops burned their ships upon landing to eliminate any option of retreat, then advanced inland toward Allectus's position.^[16] Allectus, informed of the southern incursion, mobilized his main army southward, leaving northern defenses vulnerable.^[31] The two forces clashed near Calleva Atrebatum (modern Silchester) in Hampshire or Berkshire, where Allectus's troops were decisively defeated; Allectus himself was killed in the battle, reportedly after discarding his insignia to avoid identification.^[33]^[34]^[35] Frankish mercenaries fleeing the defeat reached Londinium and began plundering the city, but Constantius's arriving praetorian cohorts intercepted and annihilated them upon his entry into the capital.^[31] Constantius proceeded to secure the island, restoring imperial control and reorganizing Britain into a diocese with four provinces.^[27] For this victory, he received the honorific title Britannicus Maximus from the eastern Augustus Galerius.^[27]

Final Battle and Death

In 296 AD, Constantius Chlorus, Caesar of the West, organized a naval expedition to reconquer Britain from Allectus, dispatching his praetorian prefect Julius Asclepiodotus with a fleet to land on the southern coast.^[36] Asclepiodotus' forces disembarked near Clausentum (modern Bitterne, Southampton), where they encountered and defeated Allectus' army in a decisive engagement.^[28] The battle's precise location remains debated among scholars, with archaeological evidence including a large coin hoard of 29,802 Allectus antoniniani discovered at Blackmoor in Hampshire pointing to a victory at or near Woolmer Forest, while other interpretations favor the vicinity of Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) based on patterns in coin distribution and destruction layers.^[37] Allectus, attempting to rally his forces against the invaders, was routed and slain in the fighting, reportedly having discarded his imperial regalia to evade capture.^[16] This outcome ended Allectus' brief rule, which had begun with his assassination of Carausius in 293 AD.^[36] Contemporary accounts in the Panegyrici Latini, particularly the oration delivered to Constantius in 297 AD, attribute the reconquest's success to the Caesar's strategic oversight, though the prefect bore the brunt of the combat; these speeches, while valuable as near-contemporary testimony, are rhetorical in nature and exaggerate imperial prowess for flattery.^[28] ^[38] Following the usurper's death, Constantius arrived separately via the Thames estuary, entering Londinium without opposition and restoring imperial control over the province.^[36]

Evidence and Historical Assessment

Primary Literary Sources

The primary literary sources attesting to Allectus' usurpation and rule are limited to brief, often derivative accounts in late Roman historical summaries and panegyrical orations, none of which provide a contemporary narrative. These texts, composed decades or centuries after the events (ca. 293–296 AD), portray Allectus as a treacherous usurper and tyrant, reflecting the pro-Tetrarchic bias of their authors and likely drawing from lost imperial records or epitomes.^[39]^[8] Eutropius' Breviarium ab Urbe Condita (ca. 369 AD), Book 9.22, offers one of the most concise summaries: after Carausius' seven-year rule, "Allectus, one of his supporters, put him to death, and held Britain himself for three years subsequently, but was cut off by Ascaric, commander of the praetorian guard, whom Diocletian had sent against him with a fleet." This identifies Allectus as a close associate (possibly quaestor or financial minister) who assassinated Carausius and maintained control until defeated, emphasizing the brevity of his regime and its violent end, though "Ascaric" likely conflates or misnames the Frankish admiral Ascarius under Constantius Chlorus.^[39]^[40] Sextus Aurelius Victor's Liber de Caesaribus (ca. 361 AD), section 39.20–40, similarly notes that Carausius, after seven years, "was killed by his quaestor Allectus, who held the Britains for three years until Constantius overcame him in war." Victor frames Allectus' succession as an act of betrayal within the Menapian Carausius' naval command, underscoring the instability of the British regime and Constantius' role in its suppression, but provides no details on administration or specific battles.^[41]^[8] Paulus Orosius' Historiae Adversus Paganos (ca. 417–418 AD), Book 7.25, echoes these predecessors in condemning Allectus as a "tyrant" who slew Carausius and ruled Britain for three years before perishing at Constantius' hands, integrating the episode into a Christian apologetic narrative minimizing pagan-era upheavals.^[42] The closest to a near-contemporary source is the anonymous panegyric to Constantius Chlorus (Panegyrici Latini VIII, delivered ca. 297 AD), which celebrates the caesar's reconquest of Britain from "the tyrant" Allectus, describing the recovery of the island's wealth, the restoration of Roman control, and the barbarians' expulsion without detailing Allectus' prior actions or usurpation. This rhetorical piece prioritizes imperial propaganda, exaggerating Constantius' triumphs while vilifying Allectus to legitimize Tetrarchic authority.^[8]

Numismatic and Archaeological Evidence

Allectus' numismatic evidence primarily consists of bronze, silver, and rare gold coins minted during his brief rule from 293 to 296 AD, produced at the London mint (marked with 'C' or 'L') and possibly others, imitating official Roman imperial types to legitimize his usurpation.^[21] These include antoniniani featuring deities like Providentia and Victory, as well as unique quinarii with exergue marks indicating denomination, a feature uncommon in late Roman coinage.^[20] Gold aurei are exceedingly scarce, with only a handful known, such as one depicting Allectus laureate discovered near Dover in 2019 and another from Silchester, highlighting limited precious metal production compared to his predecessor Carausius.^[43] Coin hoards provide further distribution evidence, including the Rogiet Hoard of 3,778 coins found in Wales in 1998, which includes Allectus issues alongside earlier radiates, suggesting continuity in circulation despite political upheaval. Other finds, like those from Colchester, contain Carausius and Allectus coins, indicating economic activity in eastern Britain.^[44] The absence of widespread Allectus coins beyond Britain and northern Gaul underscores his restricted territorial control. Archaeological evidence for Allectus is indirect and sparse, largely inferred from late third-century structures in Roman London, such as expanded fortifications and administrative buildings potentially linked to the Carausian regime's continuity under his rule.^[45] No inscriptions or artifacts directly name Allectus, but the presence of his coins in sites like Silchester aligns with literary accounts of his defeat there in 296 AD.^[43] The Beaurains Hoard, discovered in France and containing a gold medallion celebrating Constantius Chlorus' recovery of London from Allectus, offers numismatic corroboration of the campaign's outcome rather than direct evidence of his administration.^[46]

Scholarly Interpretations and Debates

Scholars interpret Allectus' brief reign (293–296 AD) primarily through numismatic and archaeological evidence, given the paucity and bias of literary sources such as the Panegyrici Latini, which depict him as a tyrannical usurper to glorify Constantius Chlorus' reconquest. These panegyrics, composed in 297 AD, emphasize Allectus' alleged barbarism and incompetence, but historians caution that their propagandistic nature—aimed at legitimizing the Tetrarchy—likely exaggerates failures while minimizing the regime's administrative continuity from Carausius. P.J. Casey, in his analysis, reconstructs Allectus as a capable financier who initially stabilized the breakaway province through active minting at London and a second site (possibly C), but who faced mounting pressures that his predecessor had better managed.^[8]^[47] A central debate concerns the territorial extent of Allectus' control, particularly over Gaul. Numismatic finds, including gold coins with continental die-linkages and hoards like the Chalcott hoard showing Trier issues dated to 296 AD, suggest he retained Boulogne early in his reign, inherited from Carausius, but lost it promptly to Constantius' campaigns. Some scholars argue for more substantive Gallic holdings based on mint evidence (e.g., 'C' series), while others, emphasizing archaeological ambiguity in site collections (e.g., Colchester's mixed mint proportions), view his power as confined largely to Britain after 293 AD, with Gaul serving mainly as a contested supply base. This interpretation aligns with Eutropius and Aurelius Victor's accounts of rapid isolation, though these too reflect imperial bias.^[8] Economic policies spark further contention, with coinage chronology revealing initial vigor—large gold issues and radiate types proclaiming PAX and PROVIDENTIA—followed by debasement into quinarii and declining silver content, signaling a financial crisis by 294–295 AD. Casey posits this as evidence of Allectus' desperation, exacerbated by Carausius' assassination (possibly over embezzlement accusations or surrender fears), leading to reliance on Frankish mercenaries who plundered rather than defended. Critics debate the severity, noting sustained mint output implies no total collapse until Constantius' invasion, and attribute decline more to external blockade than inherent mismanagement. Military assessments portray Allectus as less naval-focused than Carausius, with his defeat in 296 AD highlighting strategic errors, such as failing to consolidate fleets, though some argue provincial loyalty eroded due to Tetrarchic propaganda rather than incompetence alone.^[21]^[48] Overall, scholarly consensus, as in Casey's synthesis, views Allectus' rule as a faltering extension of Carausius' innovative usurpation, achieving short-term legitimacy via ideological coinage imitating Diocletian and Maximian but lacking the charisma or resources for endurance. Debates persist on source-driven narratives versus material evidence, with numismatists like those analyzing the 'MSL' and 'C' mint marks favoring a narrative of gradual attrition over dramatic tyranny, underscoring the Carausian regime's broader success in maintaining Roman provincial structures amid crisis.^[49]

Legacy

Impact on Roman Britain

![Constantius I capturing London after defeating Allectus, Beaurains hoard][float-right] Allectus's reign from 293 to 296 CE perpetuated the autonomous governance initiated by Carausius, preserving Roman administrative structures while issuing coinage from mints in London (marked C) and Camulodunum to facilitate trade, taxation, and troop payments amid separation from the continental Empire.^[21] This numismatic output, including antoniniani and rare gold issues, supported economic continuity in a province reliant on mining, agriculture, and military expenditure, though scholarly analysis by P.J. Casey indicates a severe financial strain emerged toward the reign's close, possibly from over-reliance on debased currency to fund defenses and mercenaries.^[50]^[51] Militarily, Allectus sustained the fleet and Saxon Shore fortifications, enhancing coastal security against Frankish and Saxon incursions that threatened southeastern Britain, thereby maintaining relative stability and enabling consolidation of provincial resources during the decade-long breakaway period under the two usurpers.^[52] Building projects, such as a large public complex in Londinium, reflect efforts to legitimize rule and bolster urban infrastructure, though these were curtailed by impending reconquest.^[45] The usurper's defeat by Constantius Chlorus's forces in 296 CE, culminating in battle near Silchester, occasioned short-term disruption from campaigning and the flight of Allectus's barbarian auxiliaries, but imperial recovery was rapid, with London secured and usurper coinage swiftly replaced to restore fiscal confidence.^[33] Long-term, the episode prompted Tetrarchic reforms, including Britain's reorganization as the Diocese Britanniarum under Eboracum, reinforcing central control without evident collapse in economic output or population, as subsequent hoards and villa prosperity attest to resilience.^[33] The usurpation highlighted Britain's self-sufficiency yet vulnerabilities, influencing heightened imperial investment in its defenses into the fourth century.^[52]

Depictions in Legend and Fiction

Allectus, as a relatively minor usurper in late Roman history, has inspired no known ancient legends or medieval folklore traditions comparable to those surrounding emperors like Nero or Constantine. Primary historical accounts from sources such as Eutropius and Orosius portray him factually as Carausius's assassin and successor, without embellishment into mythic narratives.^[53] This lack of legendary status likely stems from the brevity of his three-year reign (AD 293–296) and the swift reintegration of Britain into the empire under Constantius Chlorus, which diminished his cultural resonance in post-Roman Britain.^[4] In modern historical fiction, Allectus features as a villainous antagonist, often emphasizing his treachery in assassinating Carausius and his doomed resistance against imperial forces. Rosemary Sutcliff's The Silver Branch (1957), a children's adventure novel set in Roman Britain, depicts Allectus as Carausius's cold and calculating finance minister who orchestrates his murder and seizes power, symbolized by his deliberate crushing of a singed moth during a banquet—a gesture underscoring his ruthlessness.^[54] The protagonists, cousins Justin and Flavius, uncover the plot and later aid loyalist forces against Allectus's regime amid Saxon threats and civil strife.^[55] John Pitts's Rebellion: Carausius and Allectus – The Welshmen Who Stole the Roman Empire (2022) reimagines Allectus and Carausius as Romanized Welshmen whose rebellion against central authority leads to a decade of de facto independence for Britain, framing their rule as a bold, if ultimately failed, bid for autonomy rather than mere piracy or betrayal.^[56] This narrative draws on numismatic evidence of their coinage but infuses ethnic origins not attested in ancient sources, portraying Allectus as a capable administrator continuing his predecessor's defiant governance.^[57] John Aubin's Of George and Allectus: A Novel (2024) intertwines Allectus's historical usurpation with a modern archaeological storyline, where protagonist George, excavating Roman sites under Reverend James Joyce, experiences visions blending the third-century wars with contemporary romance and peril, casting Allectus as a figure of wartime intrigue tied to real events like the Beaurains hoard.^[58] These depictions collectively reinforce Allectus's historical image as a traitor and short-lived emperor, adapted for dramatic tension in fiction without altering core facts from panegyric and epigraphic records.^[59]

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Emperor Constantius Chlorus - The Roman Empire
Allectus himself lost his life in this contest. If the bulk of Constantius' squadron had been turned back by the fog, then a few of his ships appeared to make ...
[32]
Yorks Roman Emperors - Historic UK
It took three more years before Constantius launched his cross-Channel invasion to remove Allectus. Foul weather delayed his departure, allowing his deputy ...
[33]
Roman Britain - BBC - History : British History Timeline
Britain-based usurper Carausius is assassinated and replaced by Allectus. Carausius was defeated by forces loyal to Rome and lost control of northern Gaul.
[34]
Europe 296: Battle of Calleva Atrebatum - Omniatlas
Carausius' successor Allectus moved against the invaders, but was defeated near Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester), bringing an end to almost ten years of rebel ...
[35]
Allectus | Encyclopedia.com
Allectus. Imperial usurper based in Britain, ad 293–6. Source for information on Allectus: The Oxford Companion to British History dictionary.Missing: defeat primary
[36]
Constantius I, Flavius Valerius, Roman emperor | Oxford Classical ...
Dec 22, 2015 · Asclepiodotus, landing near Clausentum (Bitterne), routed and killed Allectus; Constantius, separated from his prefect, came up the Thames to ...
[37]
Constantius Chlorus' Invasion of Britain - jstor
Several versions of Constantius Chlorus' invasion and recovery of Britain in A.D. 296 have appeared in recent decades.' 'hese accounts agree in some ...Missing: reconquest primary sources
[38]
Chapter ThreePanegyric VIII (4) | Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric
Allectus was waiting for Constantius off the Kentish coast when he heard that Asclepiodotus had landed and burnt his fleet near the Isle of Wight. Asclepiodotus ...Missing: composition | Show results with:composition
[39]
Eutropius, Short History 9 - Livius.org
Oct 13, 2020 · At the end of seven years, Allectus, one of his supporters, put him to death, and held Britain himself for three years subsequently, but was ...
[40]
Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History (Historiae Romanae ...
He was defeated by Augustus in the remarkable and celebrated sea-fight at Actium, a place in Epirus; whence he fled into Egypt, and there, as his ...
[41]
LIBER DE CAESARIBUS - The Latin Library
SEXTI AVRELII VICTORIS LIBER DE CAESARIBVS AVRELII VICTORIS HISTORIAE ABBREVIATAE ab Augusto Octaviano, id est a fine Titi Livii, usque ad consulatum ...
[42]
Orosius: Latin Text - ATTALUS
Orosius followed Livy in placing the foundation of Rome in 751 B.C. He used the era from the foundation of the city ("Ab Urbe Condita") to date all subsequent ...
[43]
Extremely rare Allectus aureus up for auction - The History Blog
Apr 10, 2019 · The British Museum has the only other exact match to it, discovered in Silchester, the city where Allectus died in battle against the forces of ...
[44]
Rogiet Hoard - Wikipedia
The Rogiet Hoard is a hoard of 3,778 Roman coins found near Rogiet, Monmouthshire, Wales in September 1998. ... "The Rogiet Hoard and the coinage of Allectus" ( ...
[45]
Allectus - Numista
“A Find of Coins of Carausius and Allectus From Colchester”, The Numismatic Chronicle, Series 5, Volume 10, pages 173-195. Charles William Chadwick Oman; 1924.
[46]
City of emperors (c. ad 285–350) | London in the Roman World
Jan 27, 2022 · This chapter explores the archaeological evidence from London for the short-lived 'British Empire' of Carausius and his successor Allectus ...
[47]
Found: A Gold Coin From Britain's Roman Revolt - Atlas Obscura
Apr 8, 2019 · Found: A Gold Coin From Britain's Roman Revolt · Allectus only reigned for three years, but here he is, nearly two millennia later. · A daily dose ...Missing: evidence | Show results with:evidence
[48]
<i>Carausius and Allectus. The British Usurpers</i> by P. J. Casey ...
$$27.50 $6 deliveryApr 4, 2018 · Five mints have been identified for Carausius. two for Allectus. Distribution places one of the mints (mark PR or R) on the continent.Missing: primary | Show results with:primary
[49]
(DOC) The Usurpers of Roman Britain - Academia.edu
Many usurpers, like Allectus and Magnentius, possess scant documentation, leading to reliance on limited literary sources and archaeological evidence to ...
[50]
Review: [Untitled] on JSTOR
Reviewed Work: Carausius and Allectus: The British Usurpers by P. J. Casey, R. S. O. Tomlin. Review by: John F. Drinkwater.
[51]
British usurper - Allectus - Roman Empire - Numis Forums
Mar 4, 2023 · He had Carausius assassinated in 293 and ruled until 296, when he was defeated and killed by a Roman army sent by Constantius Chlorus.Missing: response | Show results with:response
[52]
Carausius and Allectus | The British Usurpers | P J Casey | Taylor & F
Nov 3, 2005 · Under Carausius and his successor Allectus, Britain for a decade (AD 286-96) achieved an independence which threatened the stability of the ...Missing: primary sources
[53]
Unrest and Mutiny - Romans in Britain
In 387 BC, the Celts of Germany had invaded Rome and sacked it. During the reign of Marcus Aurelis the armies north of the Danube had entered north east Italy.
[54]
Allectus | Roman administrator - Britannica
Allectus, who succeeded him for three years. In 296 an expedition under the caesar and future emperor, Constantius I, successfully recaptured the province.Missing: political | Show results with:political
[55]
The Silver Branch - Macmillan Publishers
For some unknown reason, Justin had glanced again at Allectus; and Allectus was watching the moth. ... THE SILVER BRANCH Copyright © 1957 by Rosemary Sutcliff.
[56]
The Silver Branch Summary & Study Guide - BookRags.com
When the cousins accidentally learn of a plot to murder Carasusius by his finance minister, Allectus, they try to warn him but the emperor assigns them to duty ...
[57]
Rebellion: Carausius and Allectus - The Welshmen who stole the ...
Rebellion: Carausius and Allectus - The Welshmen who stole the Roman Empire.
[58]
Carausius and Allectus - Rebellion novel
This book tells the story of how two Romanised young Welshmen, taken to ensure the loyalty to Rome of their fathers, fell into circumstances that led to a full ...
[59]
Of George and Allectus - Amazon.com
A story of archaeology, of war and romance, retold from true events. Having worked for the gifted and much-loved the Reverend James Joyce excavating the ...
[60]
Review: The Silver Branch by Rosemary Sutcliff - Roman Army Talk
They spot Allectus, Carausius' Finance Minister, talking to a Saxon raider. Capturing the Saxon, they transport him back to their fort and request a meeting ...