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Basket interference

Basket interference is a violation in basketball that occurs when a player touches the ball or any part of the basket (including the rim, net, or backboard) under prohibited circumstances during a field goal attempt, such as when the ball is on the rim, within the basket, or on its downward path toward the basket with a chance to score.^[1] This rule, outlined in official league guidelines like those of the NBA, aims to prevent unfair advantages or disruptions to legitimate scoring opportunities and applies to both offensive and defensive players.^[1] The violation is distinct from but often discussed alongside goaltending, which specifically prohibits defensive interference with a shot on its downward trajectory above the rim level; basket interference more broadly encompasses actions like slapping the backboard, hanging on the rim to affect the ball's path, or touching the ball after it contacts the backboard in certain ways.^[1] For instance, an offensive player commits basket interference by contacting the ball on its downward flight when it has a realistic scoring chance, while a defensive player does so by touching the ball or basket when it is sitting or rolling on the rim.^[1] Exceptions exist, such as incidental contact near a team's own basket or during a legal rebound attempt without scoring potential.^[1] Penalties for basket interference vary by the violating team's position: if an offensive player interferes at the opponent's basket, no points are scored, and the ball is awarded to the defense for a throw-in; conversely, defensive interference results in the awarding of two or three points (depending on the shot's arc) to the offense, followed by a throw-in from the offended team.^[1] In cases where both teams violate simultaneously, play resumes with a jump ball at the center circle, and no points are awarded.^[1] These rules are standardized across major leagues like the NBA and WNBA, with minor variations in high school (NFHS) and international (FIBA) play, such as expanded definitions in 2025-26 NFHS rules to include offensive contact altering shot attempts via the backboard.^[2] Enforcement often relies on officials' judgment regarding the ball's scoring trajectory, and in the NBA, video review is permitted for such calls in the final two minutes of periods or overtime.^[1]

Definition and Fundamentals

Definition

Basket interference in basketball is a violation that occurs when a player touches the ball or any part of the basket—such as the rim, net, or backboard—while the ball is sitting or rolling on the rim, or when any part of the ball is on or within the basket. This rule prohibits actions that unfairly influence the outcome of a shot once the ball has reached the basket area, ensuring fair play by preventing manipulation of the scoring mechanism itself.^[1]^[3] Specific prohibited actions include an offensive player slapping the backboard or rim to alter the ball's path while it is on the rim or entering the basket, or a defensive player grasping or pulling the rim to block a shot after the ball has touched it. Additionally, reaching through the basket from below to touch the ball before it fully enters, causing the basket to vibrate in a way that affects the ball's movement, or touching the ball after it has contacted the backboard if the ball still has a chance to score (upward or downward flight above ring level, or upward flight below ring level) constitutes interference. These restrictions apply to both offensive and defensive players during a live ball situation involving a field goal attempt or free throw.^[1]^[4] Central to this violation is the concept of the cylinder, an imaginary vertical geometric figure with the rim as its base, extending indefinitely upward from the rim. Interference is illegal if a player touches the ball while it is inside this cylinder on its downward path toward the basket, resting on the rim, or passing through the net, provided the ball still has a chance to score. This cylinder defines the protected scoring space, distinguishing basket interference from goaltending, which involves touching the ball during its upward or early downward flight before reaching the cylinder.^[1]^[3]^[4] The principle of basket interference is largely consistent across major basketball governing bodies, with minor variations in specifics, aimed at preserving the integrity of the game by prohibiting any contact that manipulates the basket apparatus or the ball once it has engaged with it, thereby avoiding unfair advantages in scoring.^[1]^[3]^[4]

Distinction from Goaltending

Goaltending in basketball refers to the illegal touching of the ball on its downward flight toward the basket while it is above the level of the rim, including after contact with the backboard if the ball still has a chance to score, within the imaginary cylinder extending vertically above the basket ring.^[1]^[3] This violation typically occurs during a field goal attempt when a defensive player interferes with the shot's natural trajectory above the ring level.^[1] In contrast, basket interference specifically involves touching the ball or the basket apparatus—such as the rim, backboard, or net—when the ball is on, rolling on, or inside the rim, or when it is in contact with the basket during its attempt to enter.^[1]^[3] The key distinction lies in the phase of the ball's flight: goaltending applies to the pre-contact downward path, protecting the shot's momentum before any interaction with the basket, whereas basket interference pertains to the post-contact phase, safeguarding the integrity of the basket once the ball has reached or entered the cylinder.^[1] Both are defensive violations aimed at preventing unfair alterations to scoring attempts, but their timing ensures that early interceptions are penalized as goaltending while later manipulations of the basket are classified as interference.^[3] Overlap can arise in scenarios where the ball touches the rim and then rebounds on a downward path; if a player touches it without directly interfering with the rim itself, the action may still qualify as goaltending if it occurs within the cylinder above the ring.^[1] This separation in rules rationale underscores goaltending's focus on preserving the shot's unaltered descent to promote fair play in aerial contests, while basket interference emphasizes protection of the physical basket components to avoid damage or unnatural bounces that could disadvantage the offense.^[3]

Rules Across Governing Bodies

NBA and WNBA

In the NBA, basket interference is governed by Rule No. 11, which prohibits a player from touching the ball or the basket ring when the ball is sitting or rolling on the ring and using the basket ring as its lower base.^[1] This rule also forbids touching the ball while it is touching the backboard and on its downward flight toward the basket ring, or touching the backboard or its lower half to gain an advantage while the ball is in flight or touching the backboard.^[1] Additionally, offensive players are prohibited from touching the ball while it is inside the imaginary cylinder extending upward from the basket ring after a teammate's field goal attempt, ensuring no interference with a potential score.^[1] The WNBA adopts identical rules to the NBA under its Rule No. 11, maintaining the same prohibitions on touching the ball or ring during these critical phases of play.^[5] Enforcement in the WNBA emphasizes preventing any contact that could alter the ball's trajectory, including a strict stance on hanging on the rim after a shot unless it is incidental and necessary to avoid injury to oneself or others.^[5] This alignment ensures consistency between the leagues, though the faster pace of professional women's basketball often highlights nuances in real-time officiating. A unique aspect of NBA enforcement allows for incidental contact with the rim during rebounding attempts, provided no unfair advantage is gained and the contact does not affect the ball's path.^[1] Video review is permitted for close calls involving basket interference, enabling officials to confirm whether a violation occurred without altering the foundational prohibitions of the rule.^[6] In the WNBA, similar video review protocols apply, but they are triggered exclusively by on-court officials during the last two minutes of periods or overtime for called violations.^[7]

FIBA and International

In FIBA rules, basket interference is governed by Article 31, which prohibits players from touching the basket or backboard while the ball is in contact with the ring following a shot for a goal or the last free throw in a series.^[3] This includes reaching through the basket from below to touch the ball before it passes through entirely, or a defensive player contacting the ball or basket while it is on or within the basket in a manner that prevents it from scoring.^[3] Additionally, interference occurs if a player touches the ball while it is within the imaginary cylinder above the ring during its downward flight toward the basket, distinct from goaltending which applies only to the downward phase after backboard contact.^[3] Offensive basket interference under FIBA emphasizes preventing actions that aid scoring unfairly, such as a player pulling up on the rim during a dunk attempt to elevate the basket or alter the ball's path, which can cause vibration affecting the shot's outcome.^[3] Defensive interference follows similar principles but focuses on prohibiting grasps or contacts that create an unnatural bounce or directional change to the ball on the rim, ensuring the apparatus remains neutral for all physical play styles.^[3] While incidental contact during dunks is permitted for safety—allowing brief hanging on the rim post-successful dunk—any grasp that influences the ball or basket violates these rules.^[3] These provisions apply uniformly in international competitions, including the Olympics and EuroLeague, where FIBA rules standardize enforcement to promote fairness across diverse athlete builds and styles without banning dunks, though strict limits on apparatus contact prevent advantages from equipment manipulation. In the 2024 FIBA rules update, Article 31.2.4 received editorial clarification to explicitly state that interference includes grasping the ring or net in a way that causes the ball to take an unnatural bounce or change direction, thereby preventing or forcing entry into the basket, enhancing officiating precision without altering gameplay mechanics.^[8]

NCAA and Amateur Levels

In NCAA basketball, Rule 9-15 defines basket interference as occurring when a player touches the ball or basket while the ball is on the rim, within the imaginary cylinder above the rim, or after it has touched the backboard and is above the rim level.^[9] For the 2025-26 season, an update to Rule 9-15.2 explicitly classifies placing a hand on the backboard or rim to gain an advantage—such as pulling up to hang and tap a rebound—as a violation, aiming to prevent unfair plays that exploit equipment contact.^[9] This change aligns with broader efforts to maintain fair competition in college games. At the high school level, governed by the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), basket interference rules for 2025-26 have been expanded under Rule 4-6-1a and 4-6-1b to include offensive actions that alter a shot attempt, such as slapping or striking the backboard in a way that causes vibration potentially affecting the ball's path through the basket.^[2] Additionally, any contact by an offensive player with the backboard or rim that unfairly influences the shot is now prohibited, emphasizing precise judgment on whether such actions demonstrably impact the play.^[10] Amateur levels, including NCAA and NFHS, prioritize player safety in enforcement, with rules strictly prohibiting hanging on the rim after a dunk unless necessary to avoid injury to oneself or others below; violations result in a technical foul to deter dangerous celebrations or delays. For the 2025-26 season, NCAA introduces coach's challenges that allow reviews of basket interference calls at any time, including during timeouts, to ensure accurate rulings without disrupting game flow.^[11] Compared to professional leagues, amateur rules exhibit more leniency toward incidental contact in youth and developmental games to foster skill-building, but enforce violations more rigorously through educational officiating, such as warnings before technicals in lower-level play, to teach proper fundamentals.^[12]

Historical Evolution

Origins in Early Basketball

Basketball's origins trace back to December 1891, when Dr. James Naismith, a physical education instructor at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, invented the game as a non-contact indoor activity to engage students during the harsh New England winter. The initial setup featured two half-bushel peach baskets, each 18 inches in diameter, nailed to opposite ends of the gymnasium balcony railing at a height of 10 feet, with no backboards present. This rudimentary equipment exposed the baskets to potential interference from spectators on the elevated running track surrounding the court, prompting Naismith to incorporate protective measures in his original 13 rules. Specifically, Rule 8 stipulated: "A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal." This clause penalized defensive interference by automatically awarding the basket to the offense, establishing a foundational principle to safeguard successful shots from disruption.^[13]^[14] The introduction of backboards in 1893 represented a pivotal advancement in equipment that further shaped concepts of basket interference. Designed initially as wire screens to shield the goals from errant balls and spectator interference, these additions allowed for bank shots and provided a clearer boundary for player actions around the rim. Without backboards in the earliest games, basic rim protection relied solely on the rules prohibiting defensive disturbance, as retrieving the ball from the closed-bottom peach baskets already interrupted play after each score. The backboard's formalization helped transition interference regulations from ad hoc protections against "stealing" the ball—knocking it out after it entered the basket—to more structured guidelines, though enforcement remained focused on defensive actions alone.^[15] Prior to the 1930s, basketball rules contained no provisions against offensive interference, permitting attacking players to touch the ball while it was on the rim or in the basket without penalty. The emphasis was narrowly on defensive touching to prevent unfair removal of a scored ball, aligning with the game's primitive state where airspace above the basket was not yet regulated. This approach reflected the sport's developmental stage, prioritizing simple fairness in scoring over comprehensive vertical space control. Naismith's interference rule emerged within a broader framework aimed at fostering skill-based play and minimizing physical confrontations, contrasting with the brutality of outdoor sports like American football that dominated the era's athletics. By curbing defensive disruptions at the basket, the provision promoted equitable competition and helped cultivate basketball as a civilized indoor alternative, reducing the rough physicality inherent in early team games.

Key Rule Changes

In 1937-38, basketball rules were amended to formally prohibit any player from touching the ball while it was on the rim or in the basket, establishing basket interference as a violation applicable to both offensive and defensive players. This change aimed to prevent disputes over shots that lingered on the rim and to standardize enforcement across competitions.^[16] The 1944 introduction of the goaltending rule marked a significant refinement, making it illegal for defensive players to touch a shot on its downward flight toward the basket, with the penalty awarding the basket to the offense. This separation protected shots in flight while narrowing basket interference to actions involving the rim, backboard, or cylinder itself, indirectly clarifying the scope of rim-specific violations. The rule was influenced by the rise of tall players like Bob Kurland, whose height allowed him to dominate shots in mid-air, prompting committees to balance offense and defense.^[15] By 1957-58, offensive goaltending—previously allowed—was banned, prohibiting any player from touching the ball while it was on the rim or within the imaginary cylinder above the basket, except for the shooter during follow-through. This update was driven by the athletic dominance of players like Wilt Chamberlain, who in college frequently tipped or guided balls on the rim to ensure makes, leading rule-makers to eliminate such advantages and promote fairer shot resolution.^[17] Later developments in the 1980s prohibited players from placing hands on the backboard or ring to gain an advantage, with rules specifically addressing intentional slapping of the backboard emerging in the 1990s (e.g., NFHS Rule 10-3-6 in 1996-97). These changes treated such actions as violations to protect equipment integrity and prevent intimidation tactics. More recently, in 2025, NFHS and NCAA rules expanded basket interference to include any offensive contact with the basket or backboard that alters a shot attempt, while allowing officials to use instant replay for reviews in the final two minutes of games or overtime to ensure accurate calls on interference and goaltending. These evolutions reflect broader influences, including player height advantages, advancements in replay technology for precise enforcement, and safety considerations to avoid equipment damage or injury risks.^[18]^[2]^[19]

Penalties and Enforcement

Consequences of Violations

Basket interference violations result in immediate play stoppage via a whistle, with the consequences varying based on whether the infraction is offensive or defensive, as well as the location of the basket involved. Across major governing bodies including the NBA, FIBA, and NCAA, these outcomes prioritize fairness by awarding or denying points and possession accordingly.^[1]^[3]^[9] For offensive basket interference, no points are awarded for the shot attempt, even if the ball subsequently enters the basket. This applies universally, ensuring that the offensive team's illegal contact does not benefit their scoring. The ball is then awarded to the defensive team for a throw-in from the free-throw line extended on the side where the violation occurred. If the interference happens at the offensive team's own basket, no points are scored, and possession is granted to the opponents at the nearest out-of-bounds spot.^[1]^[3]^[9] Defensive basket interference is treated equivalently to goaltending, with points awarded to the offensive team as if the shot had successfully entered the basket—two points for attempts from inside the three-point arc or three points for those from beyond it. No free throws are granted for field goal violations. For violations during the final free throw attempt in a series, one point is awarded; in FIBA, this is followed by a technical foul penalty (one free throw and possession to the offended team), while in the NBA and NCAA, the offended team receives a throw-in from the free-throw line extended. At the defensive team's own basket, such interference yields no points and awards the ball to the opponents. If both teams commit violations simultaneously, no points are scored, and play resumes with a jump ball or alternating possession at the center circle.^[1]^[3]^[9] During free throws, basket interference can only be called on the last attempt of a series, limiting disruptions to ongoing possessions. Video replay is available in professional and collegiate levels to confirm violations, ensuring accurate enforcement without altering the core point and possession outcomes. These standardized penalties maintain game integrity across levels, with minor procedural variations noted in specific rule sets.^[1]^[3]^[9]

Officiating and Review Processes

Referees detect basket interference through close observation of the basket area, positioning themselves along the baseline or end line to assess the ball's path relative to the imaginary cylinder extending vertically from the basket ring. This positioning allows officials to judge whether a player touches the ball or basket while the ball is within the cylinder or on the downward flight toward the ring. Upon identifying a violation, the referee signals by tapping the fingers of one hand against the palm of the other, mimicking contact with the rim, while verbalizing "interference" to alert players and table officials. In FIBA competitions, the signal involves extending both arms above the head, palms facing each other, and moving the hands alternately up and down to indicate the violation.^[20]^[3] Review processes vary by governing body, with instant replay and coach challenges enabling verification of calls. In the NBA, officials may initiate instant replay reviews for goaltending or basket interference violations when uncertain of the call's accuracy, particularly during the last two minutes of the fourth quarter or overtime periods, though broader use has been applied in earlier game segments via the Replay Center. The NCAA's 2025-26 rules introduce one coach's challenge per game for basket interference (and other calls) throughout the game, requiring a team timeout to request the review; successful challenges retain the timeout, while unsuccessful ones eliminate the challenge for that game; additionally, officials may initiate reviews without a challenge in the last two minutes of the game or overtime. FIBA limits reviews via its Instant Replay System primarily to end-of-period situations, such as the last two minutes of the fourth quarter or overtime, and allows one head coach challenge per game for critical incidents including interference calls.^[21]^[11]^[9]^[3] Enforcing basket interference presents challenges due to the subjective nature of cylinder judgments, where officials must determine in real-time if contact occurs within the invisible vertical space above the ring amid fast-paced action. High-speed plays near the basket exacerbate these difficulties, as split-second decisions on the ball's trajectory can lead to inconsistent calls. Officials receive specialized training to differentiate between incidental contact, such as minor rim touches without affecting the ball's path, and vibrations caused by deliberate actions like slapping the backboard, which now qualify as interference under updated rules.^[22]^[23]^[2] Technological aids, including multiple camera angles for video review, support accurate enforcement by providing slow-motion replays to confirm cylinder violations or contact timing. In the NBA, the Replay Center utilizes centralized video feeds with specified angles to assist on-court officials during reviews. For 2025 amateur levels, NCAA updates permit timeout-initiated coach challenges to correct misapplied basket interference calls using instant replay, enhancing precision without disrupting game flow. FIBA's system similarly requires high-quality video from end-line and baseline cameras for end-of-period interference reviews.^[21]^[11]^[9]^[3]

Notable Incidents

Professional Examples

In a notable incident during the December 3, 2019, game between the Houston Rockets and San Antonio Spurs, James Harden executed a powerful dunk that was ruled as offensive basket interference because the ball appeared not to have cleared the net after passing through it, resulting in the two points being disallowed.^[24] The Rockets protested the call, arguing it affected their 135-133 double-overtime loss, but the NBA denied the protest, upholding the officials' decision despite acknowledging errors in the challenge process.^[25] This ruling highlighted the strict enforcement of offensive basket interference in high-stakes moments, where the ball must fully clear the net for a successful field goal. Another prominent defensive example occurred in Game 7 of the 2016 NBA Finals between the Cleveland Cavaliers and Golden State Warriors, when LeBron James chased down Andre Iguodala for a chasedown block with under two minutes remaining in a tied game. The play sparked debate over potential goaltending or basket interference, as James' hand appeared to enter the cylinder on the ball's upward path toward the rim, but officials ruled it legal since the ball had not yet reached its peak and begun downward flight. The Cavaliers preserved the tie and ultimately won the championship, with the block standing as a pivotal, controversy-free moment under NBA rules despite post-game discussions. Offensive basket interference has also arisen in instances of players slapping or hanging on the rim during dunks, as seen in various NBA playoff games, including 2018 contests where such contact led to nullified scores.^[26] In the Wilt Chamberlain era, prior to the 1956 introduction of the offensive goaltending rule, players like Chamberlain frequently tipped shots on their downward flight, prompting the ban to prevent such interference and maintain fair play.^[27] These examples underscore how the rule curbs excessive physical interaction with the basket apparatus during scoring attempts. Such calls have significantly altered game momentum in professional contexts, such as denied buzzer-beaters that swung close contests or preserved leads in playoffs, emphasizing referees' role in upholding the rule's integrity.^[24]

College and International Cases

In the 1981 NCAA Tournament East Regional final, Virginia's Ralph Sampson executed a dunk against Brigham Young University, bracing his left hand on the offensive backboard for support, which sparked significant controversy as BYU's Danny Ainge received a technical foul for protesting the play. Although the basket was ruled legal under the existing rules—which only prohibited touching the defensive backboard—the incident highlighted ambiguities in backboard contact regulations and directly prompted the NCAA Rules Committee to amend the rules on April 1, 1981, making it illegal for any player to touch the backboard or its supports during a shot attempt to gain an advantage.^[28]^[29] During the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup, several instances of basket interference arose, including cases where players grasped the rim while the ball was on it, causing unnatural bounces and nullifying potential points in international matchups. Such calls emphasized FIBA's stricter enforcement on rim contact compared to some domestic leagues, affecting game flow in high-stakes contests.^[30] In the early 2025-26 NCAA men's basketball season, the newly implemented coach's challenge rule—allowing reviews of basket interference and goaltending—has provided opportunities to contest ambiguous plays, such as incidental backboard touches during rebounds, ensuring fairer enforcement under the updated guidelines. This innovation, approved in June 2025, promotes accuracy at the collegiate level.^[11]^[31] At youth and high school levels under NFHS rules, basket interference calls serve as essential teaching moments, reinforcing rule adherence and proper technique among developing players by penalizing premature or improper contact with the basket apparatus. In Olympic competitions, enforcement differences highlight cultural variations, with FIBA officials often applying more rigorous interpretations of vibration violations to maintain international equity, as seen in past Games where such calls influenced medal contention.^[32]

References

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RULE NO. 11: Basket Interference – Goaltending
### Summary of Rule No. 11: Basket Interference – Goaltending
[2]
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May 28, 2025 · Any alteration of a shot attempt with contact to the basket or backboard by an offensive player would be considered basket interference.
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basket interference violation, as review of these events during these periods will be exclusively triggered by the on-court game officials. NOTE: A Coach's ...
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If the same team scores a goal after having been erroneously awarded possession of the ball for a throw-in, the error shall be disregarded.
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1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands. 2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands (never with the fist).
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Instant replay is triggered for field goals at 0:00, fouls at 0:00, if officials are unsure of a flagrant foul, altercations, and clock malfunctions.
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Feb 13, 2019 · Basket interference occurs when: 2. A player touches the ball while any part of it is within the cylinder that has the ring as its lower base.
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Nov 13, 2024 · ... basketball rulings that every official should know. We cover backcourt violations, extreme screens, basket interference, game management in ...
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Determine whether officials permitted a player to attempt free throws at the wrong basket. • Determine whether a successful try was a two- or three-point goal.
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Ralph Sampson's (Virginia 1979‐1983, NBA 1983‐1995) controversial basket against Brigham Young in the 1981 NCAA tournament prompted an NCAA rule change.