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Challenge

The Challenge is an American reality competition television series that premiered on MTV on June 1, 1998, pitting alumni from the network's The Real World and Road Rules—along with later additions from other reality programs—against one another in grueling physical, mental, and strategic challenges for escalating cash prizes, often reaching $1 million in recent seasons.^[1] Originally launched as Road Rules: All Stars and rebranded multiple times, including as Real World/Road Rules Challenge, the series has produced over 40 seasons by 2025, evolving into a franchise with spin-offs such as The Challenge: All Stars, The Challenge USA, and international adaptations like The Challenge UK.^[2] Its format emphasizes endurance tests, elimination rounds, and interpersonal alliances amid high-stakes gameplay, drawing criticism for fostering on-camera conflicts, romantic entanglements, and occasional injuries but earning acclaim for showcasing athletic prowess and strategic depth among competitors.^[3] The show holds the distinction of MTV's longest-running competition series, influencing the reality TV genre by blending competition with unscripted drama sourced directly from cast dynamics rather than fabricated narratives.^[4]

Law

Legal procedures and concepts

In legal proceedings, a challenge constitutes a formal objection or contestation aimed at disqualifying a participant, such as a juror or witness, or invalidating evidence or a procedural element on specified grounds.^[5] This mechanism ensures fairness by allowing parties to probe potential biases or defects, rooted in common law traditions dating to medieval England where challenges addressed juror partiality.^[6]

Jury Selection Challenges

During voir dire, the jury selection process, attorneys exercise challenges to shape an impartial panel. A challenge for cause seeks removal of a prospective juror based on demonstrable grounds of disqualification, such as actual bias, relationship to a party, or inability to comprehend instructions due to language barriers or cognitive limitations.^[5] ^[7] These challenges are theoretically unlimited, but the trial judge must approve each, evaluating evidence of unfitness; denial can form grounds for appeal if the juror's impartiality is later compromised.^[8] In practice, common bases include expressed prejudice against a defendant's race or the crime charged, as seen in federal and state courts where parties present juror questionnaires or testimony to substantiate the claim.^[9] In contrast, a peremptory challenge permits dismissal of potential jurors without articulating any reason, serving as a tool to exclude based on intuition or "sudden impressions" of unfitness, a practice inherited from 14th-century English common law.^[10] ^[6] The number allotted varies by jurisdiction and case type; for instance, in U.S. federal criminal trials, each side receives up to three for a 12-person jury, increasing to twenty in capital cases under 18 U.S.C. § 3431.^[11] Peremptory challenges expedite selection while allowing parties to safeguard against subtle biases undetectable in for-cause scrutiny, though their discretionary nature has sparked debate over perpetuating stereotypes.^[12] The U.S. Supreme Court's 1986 decision in Batson v. Kentucky imposed limits on peremptory challenges, prohibiting their use to exclude jurors on racial grounds and requiring prosecutors to provide race-neutral explanations if challenged, with the burden shifting to prove discriminatory intent.^[13] This ruling extended to gender discrimination in J.E.B. v. Alabama (1994), aiming to curb systemic exclusion patterns documented in empirical studies of jury composition.^[13] Critics argue Batson's implementation remains ineffective, as neutral justifications often mask bias, prompting calls in some states—like California in 2020—to eliminate peremptory challenges entirely in favor of expanded for-cause inquiries.^[14] ^[15]

Challenges to Evidence and Admissibility

Parties challenge the admissibility of evidence through pretrial motions or trial objections, invoking rules such as Federal Rule of Evidence 403 to exclude material whose probative value is substantially outweighed by risks of unfair prejudice, confusion, or undue delay.^[16] For instance, motions to suppress seek to bar evidence obtained via Fourth Amendment violations, like warrantless searches, requiring evidentiary hearings where the challenging party demonstrates illegality.^[17] Chain-of-custody defects or authentication failures under FRE 901 provide additional grounds, as unverified provenance undermines reliability, potentially leading to exclusion if tampering is suspected.^[18] Expert testimony faces heightened scrutiny under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993), where courts assess reliability via factors like testability, peer review, and error rates before admitting opinions.^[19] Challenges succeed when methodologies lack empirical validation, as in cases rejecting junk science; the gatekeeping role rests with judges to filter pseudoscience, preserving trial integrity.^[19] Appellate review of admissibility rulings applies an abuse-of-discretion standard, overturning only erroneous applications that affect substantial rights.^[20]

Other Procedural Challenges

Challenges extend to judicial impartiality via motions for recusal under 28 U.S.C. § 455, where extrajudicial factors like financial interests or prior advocacy warrant disqualification, though peremptory challenges to judges are limited or abolished in many jurisdictions to avoid forum-shopping.^[21] In broader contexts, standing to challenge governmental actions requires injury-in-fact traceable to the conduct and redressable by court order, as clarified in Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1992), preventing abstract grievances.^[22] These procedures underscore adversarial testing, with empirical data from mock trials indicating challenges enhance perceived fairness, though overuse can prolong proceedings.^[23]

Places

Geographical locations

Challenge–Brownsville is a census-designated place in Yuba County, California, situated in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains at an elevation of approximately 2,300 feet (701 meters).^[24] The area spans 9.7 square miles (25.1 km²) and includes the unincorporated communities of Challenge and Brownsville. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 1,161, with more recent 2023 estimates from the American Community Survey placing it at 792 residents, reflecting a decline of about 2.8% annually.^[25] ^[26] ^[27] Originally known as Challenge Mills, the settlement emerged during the California Gold Rush in the mid-19th century as a hub for lumber milling and hydraulic mining operations along Dry Creek, supplying timber and water management infrastructure to nearby gold fields.^[28] By 1895, the name shortened to Challenge amid declining mining activity, though the region retained agricultural and residential character into the 20th century. The local economy historically depended on resource extraction, with remnants of mining ditches and flumes still visible in the landscape.^[28]

Man-made structures

Challenge Stadium, located in Mount Claremont, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, was a multi-purpose indoor sporting complex primarily known for hosting basketball, netball, and aquatic events.^[29] Originally constructed and opened in 1986 as the Superdrome, it received its name from a naming rights agreement with Challenge Bank, a Western Australian financial institution.^[29] The venue featured a main arena with flexible seating capacity ranging from 5,000 to 8,000 spectators, depending on configuration, alongside an Olympic-sized 50-meter indoor swimming pool, diving facilities, water polo pools, and a gymnastics training center.^[30]^[31] The stadium served as the home venue for the Perth Wildcats basketball team and hosted various national and international competitions, including aquatic events and concerts.^[32] In 2014, naming rights transferred to HBF, rebranding it as HBF Stadium, before it reverted to Perth High Performance Centre on January 1, 2025, following the expiration of sponsorship agreements.^[32]^[33] The structure's design emphasized versatility for elite sports training and public events, incorporating modern gym facilities and function spaces to support Western Australia's high-performance athletes.^[34]

Literature

Books

Challenge (1923) is the second novel by British author Vita Sackville-West. Set against the backdrop of the Greek war of independence, it depicts the tempestuous romance between English exile Julian Davenant and Eve Chalmers, a married woman, exploring themes of passion, rebellion, and political upheaval on the fictional island of Herakleion.^[35] The work draws from Sackville-West's own elopement with Violet Trefusis in 1918, which nearly caused a scandal; fearing similar repercussions, she suppressed the manuscript after its completion in 1920 before allowing its publication by George H. Doran Company.^[36] The Challenge (2022) is a novel by American author Danielle Steel. It follows Fiona Barnes, a successful New York career woman who relocates to the remote town of Big Stone Gap after a family crisis, confronting personal loss, community resistance, and unexpected romance amid the challenges of rural life in Appalachia.^[37] Published on August 16, 2022, by Delacorte Press, the book exemplifies Steel's focus on resilience and human relationships, achieving commercial success as a bestseller.^[38] The Challenge: Hamdan v. Rumsfeld and the Fight Over Presidential Power (2008) is a non-fiction account by journalist Jonathan Mahler. It chronicles the legal battle led by Navy Lieutenant Commander Charles Swift and Georgetown professor Neal Katyal against the Bush administration's military commissions for Guantanamo Bay detainees, culminating in the 2006 Supreme Court ruling in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld that struck down the commissions for violating U.S. law and the Geneva Conventions.^[39] Released on August 5, 2008, by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, the book highlights tensions between executive authority and constitutional checks during the War on Terror.^[40]

Publications and periodicals

Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs is a bimonthly periodical dedicated to heterodox economic analysis, publishing accessible articles on current and historical economic issues since its inception in 1952.^[41] Issued six times annually, it emphasizes independent perspectives on pressing economic problems, avoiding mainstream orthodoxies in favor of diverse viewpoints.^[42] The magazine is published by Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis.^[41] Challenge, the journal of the Young Communist League of Britain, has served as the organization's official publication since 1935, outlasting major historical upheavals including World War II and the Cold War.^[43] It features articles on socialist politics, labor issues, and youth activism, maintaining a Marxist-Leninist editorial stance reflective of its affiliation.^[44] Challenge was a role-playing game magazine produced by Game Designers' Workshop from 1986 to 1996, succeeding the Journal of the Travellers' Aid Society with issue 25 renumbered as the inaugural volume.^[45] Spanning 84 issues, it included adventures, rules expansions, and articles for systems like Traveller, MegaTraveller, Twilight: 2000, and licensed content such as Star Wars RPG scenarios from West End Games.^[46] Challenge, a literary periodical founded by Harlem Renaissance writer Dorothy West in 1934, sought to platform emerging African American authors amid limited opportunities in mainstream publishing.^[47] Published briefly in New York, it reflected the era's racial barriers and the drive for black intellectual autonomy, though it ceased after a short run due to financial constraints.^[47]

Entertainment

Films

The Challenge (1982) is an American action film directed by John Frankenheimer, written by John Sayles and Richard Maxwell, and starring Scott Glenn as a down-on-his-luck boxer hired to transport a valuable katana sword to Japan, where he becomes entangled in a centuries-old feud between two brothers played by Toshiro Mifune and Atsuo Nakamura.^[48] The film, released on August 13, 1982, by CBS Theatrical Film Group, emphasizes martial arts choreography and themes of honor, receiving mixed reviews for its plot but praise for its fight scenes and performances.^[48] It grossed approximately $1.1 million at the U.S. box office against a budget estimated in the low millions.^[49] The Challenge (2003) is a direct-to-video comedy film directed by Craig Shapiro, featuring Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as estranged twin sisters competing as teammates on a reality TV show called The Challenge, which pits them against other pairs in various tasks.^[50] Released on September 23, 2003, by Warner Home Video, the 98-minute film targets a tween audience and marks the Olsens' final joint lead project before their individual career shifts.^[50] It holds a 5.2/10 rating on IMDb from over 3,400 user votes, with critics noting its formulaic scripting but lighthearted appeal.^[50] The Challenge (2023), known in Russian as Vyzov, is a science fiction drama directed and co-written by Klim Shipenko, starring Pyotr Fyodorov as a professional gamer summoned to the International Space Station for a life-or-death virtual reality competition to save his dying girlfriend, portrayed by Masha Mashova.^[51] Partially filmed aboard the ISS during an October 2021 mission involving actress Yulia Peresild—the first such professional cinematic production in space—the film premiered in Russia on January 26, 2023, and received a 6.7/10 IMDb rating from nearly 3,000 reviews, commended for its visual effects and zero-gravity sequences despite narrative criticisms.^[51] Produced by Yellow, Black and White with a budget of about 800 million rubles (roughly $10 million USD at the time), it emphasizes human endurance in extreme environments.^[51] Other lesser-known entries include The Challenge (1939), a British drama directed by Milton Rosmer and George King about a man's quest for justice, and Challenge (1974), a low-budget American action film directed by Earl Owensby, primarily filmed in North Carolina locations like Asheville.^[52]^[53] These films share the title but lack the production scale or cultural impact of the aforementioned works.

Television

The Challenge is a long-running American reality competition series broadcast on MTV since its debut on June 1, 1998.^[2] Originally titled Road Rules: All Stars and evolving from crossovers between MTV's The Real World and Road Rules, it pits former reality contestants against each other in physical, mental, and elimination-based challenges for escalating prize pools, culminating in shares of up to $1 million in recent seasons. Hosted by T. J. Lavin since season 13 in 2005, the program has produced over 40 seasons by August 2024, with episodes exceeding 500, establishing it as a foundational influence on endurance-style reality formats through its blend of athletic trials, strategic alliances, and interpersonal drama.^[54]^[55] In the United Kingdom, Challenge operates as a free-to-air digital television channel focused exclusively on game shows, available on Freeview channel 48, Sky channel 145, and other platforms.^[56] Owned by Sky Group since 2011, it airs a mix of archived classics like Bullseye (1981–1995) and The Crystal Maze (1990–1995, with revivals) alongside modern repeats such as The Chase and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, emphasizing quiz, panel, and physical contest formats.^[57] The channel traces its origins to September 1, 1993, when it launched as The Family Channel under Flextech ownership, shifting to family-oriented light entertainment before rebranding to Challenge TV on February 3, 1997, to target competitive programming amid the rise of digital multichannel TV.^[58] By the 2010s, under Sky's management, it had solidified as the UK's primary game show repository, drawing 300,000–500,000 daily viewers in peak slots as of 2023 data.^[59] Other notable television programs incorporating "challenge" themes include Netflix's Squid Game: The Challenge, a 2023–2024 reality adaptation of the Korean drama, where 456 non-violent contestants vied for a $4.56 million prize through games mimicking the series' deadly trials, attracting 166 million viewing hours in its first week.^[60] These formats underscore television's reliance on challenge-based narratives for audience engagement, prioritizing verifiable outcomes like timed puzzles, obstacle courses, and voting eliminations over scripted elements.^[1]

Video games

Challenge is a 1974 arcade video game developed and published by Mirco Incorporated's Games Division.^[61] It supports one to four players in a ball-and-paddle format, where participants control paddles to keep a ball in play and score points against opponents or barriers. Takeshi no Chōsenjō, internationally known as Takeshi's Challenge, is an action-adventure video game released exclusively in Japan for the Family Computer on December 10, 1986.^[62] Developed by Nova and published by Taito, the title incorporates design elements from Japanese entertainer Takeshi Kitano, featuring a salaryman protagonist embarking on an obtuse quest for treasure that demands unconventional actions such as singing karaoke, eating sushi without chopsticks, and mountain climbing with specific button inputs.^[63] Its deliberate difficulty, including precise timing for mundane tasks and minimal guidance, has earned it notoriety as one of the most frustrating games in history.^[64] Chip's Challenge is a tile-based puzzle video game first released for the Atari Lynx handheld console on September 1, 1989. Designed by Chuck Sommerville, players guide the character Chip through 144 levels of mazes, collecting computer chips while evading monsters, traps, and time limits to join the Bit Buster computer club.^[65] A Microsoft Windows port followed in 1990, expanding its availability, with the core gameplay emphasizing strategic pathfinding, key collection, and block-pushing mechanics. Retro Game Challenge is a minigame compilation video game for the Nintendo DS, released in Japan on November 15, 2007, by indieszero and Namco Bandai Games.^[66] A localized version launched in North America on February 10, 2009, via XSEED Games.^[67] Framed as fictional 1980s gaming magazine content, it recreates retro-style games across genres like shoot 'em ups, platformers, and RPGs, requiring players to complete escalating challenges to progress through simulated historical "issues" and unlock further titles.^[68]

Music

Challenge Records was an American independent record label founded in Hollywood, California, on March 15, 1957, by a group of investors led by singer-actor Gene Autry and former Columbia Records executive Joe Johnson.^[69] The label specialized in rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and pop recordings during the late 1950s and early 1960s, achieving commercial success with singles such as "Angel Baby" by Rosie and the Originals, which reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in January 1961. Other notable releases included tracks by artists like The Hollywood Flames and Billy Vaughn, reflecting the era's burgeoning teen-oriented music market. Operations ceased in the mid-1960s amid industry consolidation, with the catalog later reissued through various distributors. In 1994, Challenge Records International was established in the Netherlands by jazz bassist Hein van de Geyn, producer Anne de Jong, and entrepreneur Joost Leijen, focusing initially on jazz before expanding to classical and world music genres. The label has released over 1,000 titles, emphasizing high-fidelity recordings and collaborations with European ensembles, such as the Goeyvaerts String Quartet and Animato Quartet, with imprints like Challenge Jazz and Challenge Classics.^[70] By 2025, it maintains an active roster, distributing through partnerships that ensure global availability while prioritizing independent artistry over mainstream commercial trends.^[71]

Transportation

Vehicles and vessels

The Ferrari 488 Challenge is a rear-wheel-drive race car derived from the Ferrari 488 GTB road model, introduced in 2016 for the Ferrari Challenge Trofeo Pirelli one-make racing series, equipped with a 3.9-liter twin-turbocharged V8 engine delivering 670 horsepower and capable of accelerating from 0 to 100 km/h in under 3 seconds.^[72] An evolved version, the Ferrari 488 Challenge Evo, debuted in 2019 with aerodynamic enhancements including revised front splitters and rear diffusers for improved downforce, along with updated electronic controls for better track performance.^[72] In maritime contexts, multiple commercial vessels have operated under the name Challenge. The MV Challenge (IMO 7816551) is a chemical and oil products tanker constructed in 1981, with an overall length of 191.81 meters, beam of 32.26 meters, and deadweight tonnage of approximately 47,000 metric tons, currently registered under the United States flag and primarily engaged in bulk liquid cargo transport.^[73]^[74] Similarly, the Glovis Challenge (IMO 9590591) is a pure car and truck carrier (vehicles carrier) built in 2012, designed to transport up to 6,500 cars across oceans, with a length of 199.9 meters and capacity for roll-on/roll-off operations, sailing under the South Korean flag.^[75]^[76] Historical examples include the wooden schooner Challenge, launched in 1852 on the Great Lakes, which measured about 110 feet in length and was optimized for efficient cargo hauling in regional trade routes, reflecting early adaptations of East Coast design principles to freshwater navigation demands.^[77] Another notable vessel is Challenge Wales, a 22-meter Bermuda-rigged sail training ship commissioned in 2009, used for experiential voyages training youths aged 12-25 in seamanship, leadership, and environmental awareness through programs emphasizing hands-on sailing in UK coastal and international waters.^[78] A smaller Challenge (IMO 9286671), a trawler built in 2005, operates under the United Kingdom flag with a length of 65 meters and beam of 13.2 meters, focused on commercial fishing operations.^[79]

Sports and competitions

Athletic events

The Challenge Family series comprises a global collection of triathlon events focused on middle-distance (typically 1.9 km swim, 90 km bike, 21.1 km run) and long-distance (3.8 km swim, 180 km bike, 42.2 km run) formats, emphasizing athlete-centric experiences with scenic courses and substantial professional prize purses.^[80] Originating in 2002 as Quelle Challenge Roth in Germany after the termination of an Ironman contract, the series was founded by Herbert Walchshöfer to prioritize innovation and participant volume over restrictive branding.^[81] It rapidly expanded, hosting the world's largest long-distance triathlon by 2004 with over 2,500 participants in Roth alone, and introduced features like a 20-meter drafting rule to enhance racing dynamics.^[81] Key milestones include multiple world records set at Challenge Roth, such as Chrissie Wellington's women's mark of 8:18:13 in 2011 and Jan Frodeno's men's record of 7:35:39 in 2016, underscoring the event's reputation for fast conditions on its canal-assisted swim and flat bike-run profile.^[81] By 2017, the series launched The Championship in Samorin, Slovakia, as a season-ending professional showdown with elevated bonuses, while expansions reached Asia (e.g., Challenge Taiwan in 2019, Asia's largest triathlon) and introduced events like Challenge Bahrain in 2014 with $1 million prize pools to attract elite fields.^[81] Despite pandemic disruptions limiting 2020 to four races, 22 of 34 planned events occurred in 2021, demonstrating resilience.^[81] As of 2025, Challenge Family operates over 30 races in 27 countries, including flagship events like Challenge Roth (annually drawing 3,500 athletes and 300,000 spectators), Challenge Canberra, and newer additions such as Challenge Xiamen with Olympic, sprint, and ultra distances alongside traditional formats.^[80]^[82] The series pioneered the first professional athlete world bonus in 2016, distributing awards based on seasonal performances across events, which has elevated competition standards and drawn Olympians and Ironman champions.^[81] Events emphasize accessibility for amateurs while hosting pro fields, with cut-off times adjusted per race to accommodate varying participant levels, though Roth's history of sub-8-hour finishes highlights its elite appeal.^[83]

Aviation and tourist contests

The Challenge International de Tourisme (International Tourist Aircraft Challenge) comprised a series of four competitions sanctioned by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) from 1929 to 1934, designed to stimulate innovation in light, economical aircraft optimized for private tourism and leisure travel rather than speed or military utility.^[84] These events assessed planes through multifaceted trials emphasizing reliability, such as fuel efficiency measurements, short takeoff and landing capabilities, wing-folding practicality for storage, minimum speed controls to ensure stability, precision landings, and extended cross-country navigation simulating tourist itineraries, alongside evaluations of cabin comfort, visibility, and instrumentation.^[85] The inaugural 1929 edition occurred in Paris, France, beginning August 4, with competitors undertaking a demanding European rally surpassing 5,000 km routed from Orly airfield through multiple nations to test endurance and pilot navigation under varied conditions.^[86] Subsequent contests evolved to incorporate purpose-built prototypes alongside serial production models, shifting focus toward advanced designs while retaining the core objective of viable tourist aviation.^[85] In the 1932 Berlin contest, hosted from August 12 to 28 in Germany, 43 aircraft from six countries—including Germany, Poland, France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, and Switzerland—underwent technical inspections, a 7,300 km rally spanning Europe (with segments like a race to Rome), and handicapped speed trials on a 300 km triangular course.^[85] Notable entries featured the Polish RWD-6, German Heinkel He 64, and Italian Breda Ba.33; incidents included crashes of prototypes like the Messerschmitt M.29 and sabotage allegations surrounding British-Italian pilot Winifred Spooner's withdrawal.^[85] Franciszek Żwirko secured first place for Poland in the RWD-6 with 461 points, edging out German pilots Fritz Morzik and Reinhold Poss (tied at 458 points each) via superior rally performance and overall handicapping.^[85]^[87] The concluding 1934 event, held August 28 to September 16 in Warsaw, Poland—selected due to the prior Polish triumph—drew entrants from Poland, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and Italy (with allied British and Austrian teams), featuring standout aircraft like the Messerschmitt Bf 108, Polish RWD-9, and Czech Aero A.200 in trials of technical merit, speed, and a 9,500 km continental rally.^[84] Jerzy Bajan and Gustaw Pokrzywka claimed victory for Poland aboard the RWD-9, tallying 1,896 points, followed by compatriot Stanisław Płonczyński (1,866 points) and German Hans Seidemann (1,846 points).^[84] These challenges underscored national rivalries and technological strides in general aviation, influencing postwar light aircraft standards, but ceased after 1934 amid prohibitive expenses and rising European tensions foreshadowing war, with no 1936 iteration despite initial planning.^[84]

Brands and commerce

Companies and products

Challenge Dairy Products is a California-based, farmer-owned dairy cooperative founded in 1911, specializing in butter production from fresh cream sourced from member farms.^[88] The company's flagship product, Challenge Butter, includes salted and unsalted varieties, European-style butter, spreadable options with olive oil, and individually wrapped butter cubes introduced for convenience in food service and home use.^[89] Additional offerings encompass lactose-free spreads and partnerships for retail distribution through major chains like Walmart.^[90] The brand emphasizes sustainability and quality, with products derived from rBST-free milk.^[91] Challenge Manufacturing, established in 1981, operates as a Tier 1 automotive supplier with 12 facilities across the United States, focusing on metal stamping, plastic injection molding, and assembly for major vehicle manufacturers.^[92] The company has expanded through innovation in manufacturing technologies, serving the automotive sector with components emphasizing precision and efficiency.^[93] Challenge Machinery Company, founded in 1870, manufactures equipment for the paper converting and printing industries, including guillotine cutters, three-knife trimmers, and palletizers.^[94] Over 150 years, it has introduced advancements in cutting and handling machinery, maintaining a reputation for durability in post-press operations.^[95] Other entities include Challenge Group, an Israeli logistics firm providing temperature-controlled transport for perishables like agriculture, food, and seafood products since its establishment.^[96] In New Zealand, Challenge operates a chain of 74 independently owned petrol stations. Historically, the Challenge Company in Batavia, New York, produced windmills and agricultural implements starting in 1867.^[97]

Science and technology

Computing and authentication

Challenge-response authentication is a cryptographic protocol mechanism in which a verifier issues a challenge, typically a random nonce or value, to a claimant, who must compute and return a response derived from the challenge combined with a shared secret key, thereby proving knowledge of the secret without transmitting it directly.^[98] This approach enhances security by avoiding the transmission of plaintext passwords, which could be intercepted in network communications.^[99] The process generally follows a three-step handshake: the verifier generates and sends the challenge; the claimant applies a one-way hash function, such as MD5, to the challenge concatenated with the secret; and the verifier independently computes the expected response using the same inputs and compares it to the received value.^[100] Periodic re-challenges can be issued to detect session hijacking or link failures, ensuring ongoing verification without relying on static credentials.^[101] Unlike simpler protocols like Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), which send credentials in the clear, challenge-response resists eavesdropping and replay attacks due to the uniqueness of each challenge.^[102] A prominent implementation is the Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), standardized in RFC 1994 for use in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connections, such as dial-up and VPN links.^[100] In CHAP, the authenticator initiates by sending an identifier and random challenge to the peer, which responds with a hashed value; successful mutual authentication can occur bidirectionally if configured.^[103] CHAP has been employed in storage networks, like AWS Storage Gateway's iSCSI initiators, to secure volume attachments against impersonation.^[104] Despite vulnerabilities to dictionary attacks on weak secrets or hash collisions in outdated functions like MD5, modern variants incorporate stronger hashes such as SHA-256.^[105] Variations extend to protocols like Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism (CRAM), used in message authentication for systems like IMAP, where the server challenges the client similarly but often without re-authentication loops.^[106] These mechanisms underpin broader authentication frameworks, including Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) methods in wireless networks and digest authentication in HTTP, providing a foundational layer for zero-knowledge proofs in distributed systems.^[107] Adoption persists in legacy and embedded environments due to its efficiency and resistance to passive interception, though it is increasingly supplemented by multi-factor or public-key alternatives for heightened assurance.^[108]

Scientific initiatives

The Grand Challenges in Global Health initiative, launched by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in October 2003 in partnership with the National Institutes of Health, awarded an initial $200 million to address 14 specific scientific problems in disease prevention and treatment, particularly those affecting low-income populations.^[109] This program expanded in 2007 with Grand Challenges Explorations to support high-risk, innovative ideas through open calls, and was broadened in 2014 to encompass global development alongside health.^[110] By 2005, it had committed an additional $250 million, funding projects such as novel vaccine delivery methods and tools for vector-borne disease control.^[111] The National Academy of Engineering's Grand Challenges for Engineering, unveiled in February 2008 following a multi-year effort, identified 14 priority areas requiring interdisciplinary scientific advances, including making solar energy economical, developing carbon sequestration methods, and engineering better medicines through reverse engineering the brain.^[112] These challenges emphasize foundational scientific research in energy, health, and environmental systems, with progress tracked through summits and related programs like the Grand Challenges Scholars Program at over 100 institutions worldwide.^[113] In April 2025, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative announced four grand scientific challenges at the intersection of artificial intelligence and biology, aimed at elucidating cellular mechanisms: constructing AI-based virtual cell models to predict behavior, advancing imaging technologies for spatiotemporal mapping of biological processes, creating foundation models for single-cell analysis, and developing multimodal AI systems integrating diverse biological data.^[114] Complementing these, the National Institutes of Health has sponsored targeted challenge competitions, such as the ongoing Quantum Computing Challenge launched in 2025, which seeks algorithms for drug discovery and clinical predictions using quantum methods.^[115] These initiatives demonstrate a shift toward prize-driven models that incentivize breakthroughs in intractable scientific domains by engaging diverse global talent.^[116]

Military and security

Protocols and artifacts

In military security protocols, sentries employ a standardized challenge procedure to verify the identity of approaching individuals and prevent unauthorized access to restricted areas. This involves the sentry issuing a verbal challenge, such as "Halt! Who goes there?", followed by the respondent providing a prearranged password or countersign, which may be supplemented by visual inspection of identification or orders.^[117] Failure to respond correctly can result in detention or escalation, as codified in military law under offenses like improper use of countersign, which encompasses any mishandling of challenges, passwords, signals, or procedures that compromises security.^[117] Electronic and communications security in military operations utilize challenge-response authentication to confirm the legitimacy of transmissions or system access without transmitting static credentials. In this method, one entity issues a random challenge (e.g., a nonce or query), and the responder computes a valid reply based on shared secrets, such as cryptographic keys, ensuring mutual authentication while resisting replay attacks.^[118] This protocol appears in military doctrine for both challenge-reply (verifying a specific response) and transmission authentication (validating message integrity), often integrated into tactical radios and secure networks to mitigate interception risks in contested environments.^[118] A prominent military artifact associated with challenge traditions is the challenge coin, a small, custom-engraved medallion carried by service members to signify unit affiliation or achievement. These coins facilitate informal challenges, where a holder taps the coin on a surface (e.g., a bar) to demand others produce theirs; inability to do so typically obligates the challenged party to buy drinks or face light-hearted penalties, fostering esprit de corps.^[119] Popular lore traces their origin to World War I, when a wealthy U.S. aviator squadron lieutenant commissioned bronze medallions for pilots, one of whom survived capture by French forces after presenting his coin as proof of American allegiance when his paybook was confiscated.^[119] While this anecdote remains unverified and contested, documented unit-specific challenge coins emerged during the Korean War, with the tradition expanding across U.S. armed forces branches for recognition, morale, and informal authentication.^[120]

Other uses

Miscellaneous concepts and events

The Challenge of Barletta occurred on February 13, 1503, near Trani in southern Italy, during the Italian Wars, pitting 13 Italian knights against 13 French knights in a series of duels on horseback. The confrontation stemmed from a tavern dispute where French captain Guy de la Motte insulted Italian valor by claiming French superiority; Ettore Fieramosca, an Italian captain, challenged the assertion, leading to the organized combat under neutral arbitration by the French commander Louis d'Ars. The Italians secured victory in most bouts, with the event lasting from dawn into the night and resulting in no fatalities but affirming Italian martial honor in historical accounts.^[121]^[122] The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge emerged in mid-2014 as a social media campaign to fund amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research, popularized by figures including Pete Frates, Pat Quinn, and Anthony Senerchia. Participants filmed themselves or others dousing with ice water, explained the cause, nominated three contacts to participate or donate $100 (with the nominator donating $10 if opting out), and posted videos online, generating over 17 million submissions across 159 countries and 10 billion views. The effort raised $220 million globally for ALS organizations, accelerating research funding and awareness without reliance on traditional advertising.^[123]^[124] Other concepts include challenge coins, medallions used in military and organizational traditions to verify membership or commemorate achievements, with origins traced to ancient Roman rewards or World War I anecdotes involving a pilot's custom coin proving authenticity during capture. These coins facilitate informal "challenges" where members demand proof of possession, fostering unit cohesion.^[125]^[126]

References

[1]
The Challenge (TV Series 1998– ) - IMDb
Rating 8.1/10 (4,932) Alumni from reality TV and other forms of entertainment and first time cast members live together and compete against one another in physical and mental ...Full cast & crew · The Challenge · Episode list · Advanced search
[2]
The Challenge - MTV - Watch on Paramount Plus
The Challenge features competitors facing grueling physical and mental challenges to win prize money, split into two teams, the Good Guys and the Bad Asses.All Stars · The Challenge: UK · The Challenge: All Stars... · S10 E1: Surf Torture
[3]
The Challenge Fan Page - MTV
Reality stars battle for the title of The Challenge Champion through grueling physical and mental tasks and careful strategy, and the games continue in Final ...
[4]
The Challenge - MTV Reality Series - Where To Watch - TV Insider
Alumni from various MTV reality series members compete against one another in extreme challenges.'The Challenge' Season 41 · 'The Challenge's Jenna...
[5]
challenge for cause | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
A challenge for cause is a request to disqualify a potential juror for specific reasons. Typical reasons include an acquaintanceship with either of the parties.
[6]
[PDF] 25.5 Peremptory Challenges - Defender Manuals
The peremptory challenge is “a practice of ancient origin” and is “part of our common law heritage.” The principal value of the peremptory is.
[7]
challenge for cause - Legal Dictionary - Law.com
n. a request that a prospective juror be dismissed because there is a specific and forceful reason to believe the person cannot be fair, unbiased or capable of ...
[8]
Challenge for Cause - Criminal Law Notebook
Challenge for cause. 638 (1) A prosecutor or an accused is entitled to any number of challenges on the ground that. (a) the name of a juror does not appear ...
[9]
Challenge for Cause | Criminal Attorney in Los Angeles, CA
A challenge for cause requires a legal basis for a juror's disqualification, such as bias, inability to understand the trial or communicate with jurors.
[10]
peremptory challenge | Wex | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute
A peremptory challenge results in the exclusion of a potential juror without the need for any reason or explanation.
[11]
Participate in the Judicial Process - Rule of Law - United States Courts
Peremptory challenges had a long history in both England and America before the Revolution, and the purpose of peremptory challenges was to allow elimination ...
[12]
[PDF] The Peremptory Challenge: A Lost Cause?
But since discrimination and stereotypes of some sort are an inherent part of the peremptory challenge, the question be- comes when, in this balancing process, ...
[13]
Facts and Case Summary - Batson v. Kentucky - United States Courts
In sum, the Chief Justice asserted that "[a]n institution like the peremptory challenge that is part of the fabric of our jury system should not be casually ...<|separator|>
[14]
[PDF] peremptory challenges at the turn - of the nineteenth ... - NJ Courts
Leonard L. Cavise, The Batson Doctrine: The Supreme Court's Utter Failure to Meet the. Challenge of Discrimination in Jury Selection, 1999 WIS. L. REV.
[15]
"Peremptory Challenges" by Stephen W. Dicker
Abstract. An integral part of the jury selection process is the individual challenge, where a party has the privilege to remove potentially biased jurors.<|separator|>
[16]
[PDF] Challenging The Admissibility of Evidence Before Trial
Any of the motions discussed earlier can be brought during trial. In addition, at trial, the most common way to challenge evidence is to wait until it.
[17]
Admissibility of Evidence in Criminal Law Cases - Justia
Oct 15, 2025 · In criminal cases, defendants may move the court to exclude evidence that the state obtained in violation of their constitutional rights.
[18]
Legal strategies for challenging evidence admissibility
Jun 21, 2024 · Lawyers may challenge evidence if they suspect tampering or if the chain of custody is unclear.<|control11|><|separator|>
[19]
[PDF] Challenging the Admissibility of Expert Opinions at Trial
The admissibility of opinion testimony depends on whether it is proper, helpful, and reliable.
[20]
How Can You Challenge the Admissibility of Evidence in a Criminal ...
Jul 31, 2025 · To challenge evidence on appeal, you must lodge timely objections and secure definitive rulings at trial. Offers of proof outside the jury's ...
[21]
Peremptory Challenge of a Judge - Sacramento County Public Law ...
Therefore, a challenge “for cause” is timely if raised “at the earliest practicable opportunity” after discovering grounds for disqualification, even during ...
[22]
Standing to challenge a governmental action depends on the ...
Oct 27, 2011 · This case involves the concept of “standing” to bring a lawsuit. Generally speaking, to be able to challenge a law or to challenge an action ...Missing: procedures | Show results with:procedures
[23]
The Challenge of Peremptory Challenges: A Brief ... - The Florida Bar
With the invention of the jury trial, we have the first suggestion of the peremptory challenge: not so much as a means of ensuring fairness but as a sales ...
[24]
Challenge, CA Map & Directions - MapQuest
Challenge–Brownsville is a US city in Yuba County in the state of California. Located at the longitude and latitude of -121.265000, 39.472500 and situated at an ...
[25]
Challenge-Brownsville, CA Demographics - Map of Population by ...
Challenge-Brownsville, California had a population of 1,161 in 2020. It was 79.2% White, 1.0% Black, 0.9% Asian, 8.1% Hispanic, 3.8% Native American/Other, ...
[26]
https://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US0612612-challenge-brownsville-ca/
[27]
Challenge-Brownsville, California Population 2025
Challenge-Brownsville has a 2025 population of 796. Challenge-Brownsville is currently declining at a rate of -2.81% annually and its population has decreased ...
[28]
[PDF] Life in Challenge Mills, Yuba County, California, 1875–1915
The history of. Challenge Mills. (reduced to Challenge in 1895) is more fascinating than fiction. Few locations can claim title to the. “Old West” more.
[29]
Challenge Stadium and Arena Joondalup naming rights sold to HBF
May 4, 2014 · Built in 1986, Challenge Stadium got received its current name courtesy of a naming rights deal between the WA Government and Challenge Bank.
[30]
HBF Challenge Stadium | Hunt Architects
The stadium features a flexible seating configuration, allowing for a capacity ranging from 5,000 to 8,000 spectators, depending on the event. This adaptability ...
[31]
Challenge Stadium Perth, 10 Lane, Western Australia - Myrtha Pools
Challenge Stadium has world class swimming facilities: one 50 m 8 lane indoor swimming pool, an indoor diving/water polo pool, two 50 m outdoor swimming pools.
[32]
HBF Stadium: History, Capacity, Events & Significance - Sportsmatik
Apr 7, 2021 · In 2014, the stadium was renamed HBF Stadium as HBF health fund purchased its naming rights. The stadium was the home of Perth Wildcats that has ...
[33]
HBF Arena Joondalup and HBF Stadium in Mount Claremont revert ...
Jan 6, 2025 · Since January 1, the northern suburbs venue returned to the name Arena Joondalup while the western suburbs facility has been re-branded as Perth ...
[34]
HBF Stadium
Perth HPC is a multi-purpose venue, catering to elite sport, aquatics, health and fitness activities, as well as concerts and events.Upcoming Events · Lane Availability · Events · Welcome to Perth HPC
[35]
Challenge by Vita Sackville-West | Hachette UK - Virago Books
In stockCHALLENGE was Vita Sackville-West's second novel. It was ready to go to print in 1920, but the author suddenly changed her mind.
[36]
https://www.biblio.com/book/challenge-vita-sackville-west/d/1430672212
[37]
The Challenge by Danielle Steel - Penguin Random House
In stock Free delivery over $20By Danielle Steel. By Danielle Steel. By Danielle Steel. The Challenge by Danielle Steel. Paperback $18.00. Published on May 23, 2023 | 288 Pages. Add to Cart.
[38]
The Challenge: A Novel: Steel, Danielle - Amazon.com
The Challenge: A Novel [Steel, Danielle] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on ... Publication date. August 16, 2022. Dimensions. 6.42 x 0.99 x 9.54 inches.
[39]
The Challenge - Macmillan Publishers
The Challenge tells the inside story of an improbable act of patriotism. At its center are Navy lawyer Charles Swift and Georgetown law professor Neal Katyal.<|separator|>
[40]
The Challenge by Jonathan Mahler: Publication information
The Challenge by Jonathan Mahler: Publication information. ... First published in the USA by Farrar, Straus & Giroux Publication Date: August 2008
[41]
Challenge | Taylor & Francis Online
Challenge is dedicated to publishing highly readable heterodox articles on contemporary and historical economic subjects.
[42]
Challenge | JSTOR
Published six times a year, Challenge presents, in plain English, studies and analyses of the pressing economic problems that we face today.
[43]
About - Challenge Magazine
Welcome to Challenge, the magazine of the Young Communist League of Britain (YCL). Challenge has been the journal of the YCL since 1935. We survived the ...
[44]
Challenge Magazine – Magazine of the Young Communist League
Challenge archive: The Beatles talk to Challenge · Challenge archive: we interview an ex-terrorist · Challenge archive: Bernadette Devlin speaks to Challenge ...Menu · Magazine · Features · Support
[45]
Challenge Magazine - Wayne's Books RPG Reference
Challenge Magazine was published by GDW before its demise (1995). It replaced JTAS - Journal of the Travellers' Aid Society, starting with the 25th issue.
[46]
Challenge Magazine - BattleTechWiki - Sarna.net
Challenge, often called Challenge Magazine, was a gaming magazine published by Game Designers' Workshop that contained articles covering GDW's own games as well ...
[47]
Challenge - of Modernist Magazines
May 23, 2016 · Challenge, founded by Dorothy West in 1934, began with the goal of giving “younger negro writers” a platform to share their voices, writings, and perspectives.
[48]
The Challenge (1982) - IMDb
Rating 6.2/10 (2,931) Scott Glenn in The Challenge (1982). A down-and-out American boxer becomes involved in a feud between two Japanese brothers.
[49]
The Challenge (1982) - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 53% (17) A forgotten gem in the 80's action genre, The Challenge is a glorious reminder of how much fun a movie can be despite everything going against it. Starring ...<|separator|>
[50]
The Challenge (2003) - IMDb
Rating 5.2/10 (3,443) Estranged teen sisters who live on opposite sides of the country are brought together, much to their surprise, as teammates in the TV show The Challenge.Le challenge · Full cast & crew · Filming & production · 4 of 8
[51]
The Challenge (2023) - IMDb
Rating 6.7/10 (2,854) "Challenge" is the first and hopefully not the last Russian film made about space and space. The film is beautiful, with excellent acting, a wonderful and ...
[52]
THE CHALLENGE (1939) - Full Movie - Captioned - YouTube
Aug 5, 2011 · THE CHALLENGE (1939) - Full Movie - Captioned · Comments.
[53]
Movie Challenge Filmed in McDowell County, North Carolina
Sep 7, 2024 · Challenge (1974) a film directed by Earl Owensby which I've been told was shot mostly around Asheville, as was another and perhaps several other ...Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
[54]
How MTV's 'The Challenge' Made Reality TV a Real Career
Aug 14, 2024 · Over 40 seasons, the MTV series has become the grandfather of reality-competition shows while helping create a new brand of permanent semi-stardom.
[55]
The Challenge: Untold History - MTV - Watch on Paramount Plus
The true story of how cast members from The Real World and Road Rules came together to compete for cash and prizes on The Challenge.
[56]
Challenge | Freeview
Channel number: 48. Challenge is a free-to-air entertainment channel from Sky which brings together TV's best game shows - ...
[57]
Challenge - Channels - Sky Media
Challenge is the ultimate home of game show entertainment, featuring the very best of modern, most loved and physical game shows.
[58]
Challenge Idents & Presentation
The station was originally called The Family Channel. From its launch on 1 September 1993 to 2 February 1997. It mostly transmits game shows from the UK and ...
[59]
Challenge - TV Whirl
Ownership has changed several times over the years since, initially being owned by Flextech at its 1997 launch. This became Virgin Media Television in 2009, who ...
[60]
13 Tense Reality Competition Shows You Can Watch Right Now
Mar 7, 2025 · The Mole · Physical: 100 · Outlast · The Devil's Plan · Surviving Paradise · Squid Game: The Challenge · Celebrity Bear Hunt · The Influencer.
[61]
Challenge - Videogame by Mirco Incorporated - Games Division
A one- to four-player ball and paddle game from Mirco. Challenge was produced by Mirco Incorporated - Games Division in 1974.
[62]
Takeshi no Chousenjou Prices Famicom - PriceCharting
Genre: Action & Adventure ; Release Date: December 10, 1986 ; CERO Rating: Not Applicable ; Publisher: none ; Developer: none.
[63]
Takeshi no Chousenjou - StrategyWiki
Apr 18, 2023 · Publisher(s), Taito Corporation ; Year released, 1986 ; System(s), NES, Wii ; Japanese title, たけしの挑戦状 ; Designer(s), Takeshi Kitano.
[64]
Takeshi's Challenge (Video Game 1986) - IMDb
Rating 6.8/10 (29) Takeshi's Challenge: Obtuse action adventure based on story ideas and concepts by actor Takesji Kitano whose name is in the title. Your life is in a stupor, ...
[65]
Chip's Challenge 1 on Steam
Rating 9/10 (918) Solve all 144 challenging puzzles. Your bird's-eye view can help Chip rush through the puzzles and mazes before he's deleted by monsters, traps and the passage ...
[66]
Retro Game Challenge (Video Game 2007) - Release info - IMDb
Retro Game Challenge (Video Game 2007) - Movies, TV, Celebs, and more ... Release date. Japan. November 15, 2007(Nintendo DS version). Also known as (AKA).
[67]
Retro Game Challenge Release Information for DS - GameFAQs
Rating 77% (30) Retro Game Challenge – Release Details ; Genre: Miscellaneous » Trivia / Game Show ; Developer: indieszero ; Publisher: XSEED Games ; Release: February 10, 2009.
[68]
Retro Game Challenge Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 77% (30) ... game magazines offering cheat codes and... Read More. Rated E for Everyone. Platforms: DS. Initial Release Date: Feb 10, 2009. Developer: indieszero. Publisher ...
[69]
https://www.discogs.com/label/41160-Challenge
[70]
Catalogue - Challenge Records International BV
2–15 day delivery 14-day returnsHot Dance Music And Jazz From Britain 1923-1936. Various Artists. € 10.95buy. Play 'Hot' Dance Music 1925-'27. The Kit-Cat Band. € 10.95buy. Rockin' in Rhythm
[71]
Challenge Records International BV
2–15 day delivery 14-day returnsUpcoming releases ; Jakob's Mirror Goeyvaerts String Trio | Robin Verheyen | Robyn Schulkowsky ; Longing Animato Quartet ; Timeless Horizons Trio Fibonacci ; IN ...About us · Catalogue · Contact · Live at Brussels Jazz Festival...
[72]
2023 Ferrari 488 Challenge & Challenge Evo review - F1rst Motors
Discover the engine, performance, price, and top speed of the Ferrari 488 Challenge & Challenge Evo with the full review.
[73]
CHALLENGE, Chemical/Oil Products Tanker - IMO 7816551
Vessel CHALLENGE (IMO 7816551, MMSI 303104000) is a Chemical/Oil Products Tanker built in 1981 and currently sailing under the flag of Alaska.
[74]
Vessel Characteristics: Ship CHALLENGE (Oil/Chemical Tanker ...
CHALLENGE (IMO: 7816551) is a Oil/Chemical Tanker and is sailing under the flag of USA. Her length overall (LOA) is 191.81 meters and her width is 32.26 meters.
[75]
IMO 9590591 - GLOVIS CHALLENGE, Vehicles Carrier - VesselFinder
The vessel GLOVIS CHALLENGE (IMO 9590591, MMSI 441190000) is a Vehicles Carrier built in 2012 (13 years old) and currently sailing under the flag of Korea.
[76]
GLOVIS CHALLENGE - Vehicles Carrier (IMO: 9590591, MMSI
The vessel GLOVIS CHALLENGE (IMO: 9590591, MMSI: 441190000) is a Vehicles Carrier that was built in 2012 ( 13 years old ). It's sailing under the flag of [KR]
[77]
Challenge (1852) - Wisconsin Shipwrecks
The Challenge was his first schooner where he tied design concepts learned on the East Coast of the United States to the needs of the Great Lakes mariners.
[78]
CHALLENGE WALES - Sail Training International
Challenge Wales has been in operation since 2009 and has worked with young people and groups, aged 12-25 years, from a variety of backgrounds.
[79]
Ship CHALLENGE (Trawler) Registered in United Kingdom - Vessel ...
CHALLENGE (IMO: 9286671) is a Trawler and is sailing under the flag of United Kingdom. Her length overall (LOA) is 65 meters and her width is 13.2 meters.
[80]
Challenge Family
Challenge Family is the leading global triathlon festival race series featuring over 30 middle- and long distance races in 27 countries.All Races · Challenge sandefjord · Be Part of the Challenge... · Challenge canberra
[81]
20 Years of Challenge
Challenge began in 2002, became the world's largest long distance triathlon, expanded globally, and evolved into Challenge Family, with the loss of its founder ...
[82]
Races By Distance - Challenge Family
Find your next Challenge Family race - world-class triathlons that are all about the athlete in all four corners of the globe.
[83]
What is Challenge Roth? Meet the Tour de France of Triathlon
In 1984, the first 'Frankentriathlon' took place in a small town in Bavaria. Inspired by the triathlon fever taking hold in Hawaii, this inaugural short ...
[84]
Challenge International de Tourisme – a competition that marked ...
Sep 29, 2022 · Now, majority of the aeroplanes participating in the contest was completely new designs, made purposedly to compete, and win, the Challenge.
[85]
Challenge International de Tourisme – a competition that marked ...
Sep 22, 2022 · Its initial idea was to compete with serial manufactured aeroplanes of so-called tourist class – and that was exactly reflected in the name of ...
[86]
Challenge International de Tourisme - a competition that marked the ...
Aug 4, 2022 · A rally over Europe was the final competition of the Challenge 1929. Its route exceeded 5,000 km and led from Orly airfield in Paris, through ...
[87]
The Żwirko and Wigura - two outstanding Polish pilots | study.gov.pl
On August 28th 1932, Franciszek Żwirko and Stanisław Wigura were winners at the international aviation competition in Berlin. They won first place on the RWD-6 ...
[88]
Challenge Dairy | The One with the Elk on It
Our new individually-wrapped butter cubes put high-quality butter exactly where you need it, when you need it—less measuring and less mess ...Products · Where to Buy · Careers · Our Story
[89]
Products - Challenge Dairy
Challenge Butter Cubes · Challenge Salted and Unsalted Butter · Challenge European Style Butter · Challenge Spreadable Butter · Challenge Lactose Free Spreadable ...
[90]
Challenge Dairy - Walmart.com
Shop items from Challenge Dairy at Walmart.com and learn more about how you can save money on the best Challenge Dairy products to help you live better.
[91]
Challenge Dairy Products - LinkedIn
A cooperative association of member-owner farmers dedicated to delivering high-quality dairy products through industry-leading farming and sustainability ...<|separator|>
[92]
Challenge Manufacturing: Homepage
Established in 1981, Challenge Manufacturing embarked on a journey of growth, expanding to 12 locations across the United States, fueled by a dedicated team of ...
[93]
Challenge Manufacturing Company Profile - Datanyze
Challenge Manufacturing is a leading Tier 1 automotive supplier established in 1981, with a commitment to innovation and quality across 12 locations in the ...
[94]
Challenge Machinery
Established in 1870, The Challenge Machinery Company has introduced a vast array of machines to the paper cutting and handling industry. With over a century and ...Contact Us · Support · About · Dealer Login
[95]
History - Challenge Machinery
The Challenge Machinery Company has a long lineage of excellence in machine quality and innovation. We are proud of our history and the company standards.
[96]
Products - Challenge Group
From flowers to food products, Challenge Group keeps everything fresh. · AGRICULTURE & FOODSTUFF · SEAFOOD.
[97]
Challenge (company) - Wikipedia
Challenge is a chain of independently owned petrol stations around New Zealand. Challenge. Headquarters. New Zealand. Number of locations. 74. Area served.
[98]
Challenge Company – Batavia Historical Society
The product line of the Challenge Company, founded in 1867 was similar to that of the Appleton, including the most famous of their products, the windmill.<|control11|><|separator|>
[99]
Challenge-Response Protocol - Glossary | CSRC
An authentication protocol where the verifier sends the claimant a challenge (usually a random value or a nonce) that the claimant combines with a secret.
[100]
What is Challenge-Response Authentication? - TechTarget
Feb 19, 2025 · Challenge-response authentication is a set of protocols that protects digital assets and services from unauthorized access.
[101]
RFC 1994 - PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol ...
Oct 4, 2023 · The Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) is used to periodically verify the identity of the peer using a 3-way handshake.<|control11|><|separator|>
[102]
[PDF] Configure and Understand the PPP CHAP Authentication - Cisco
CHAP verifies identity via a three-way handshake: challenge, peer response (hash), and authenticator check. It can be one-way or two-way.
[103]
CHAP (Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol) - TechTarget
Sep 29, 2021 · CHAP uses a three-way handshake to verify and authenticate the identity of the user, whereas the Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) uses a ...
[104]
Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
CHAP uses a challenge and response where the authenticator challenges the caller with a random number and ID. The caller uses a secret and the challenge to ...
[105]
Configuring CHAP authentication for your volumes
Storage Gateway uses Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) to authenticate iSCSI and initiator connections. CHAP provides protection against ...
[106]
CHAP Authentication: Secure Protocol Explained - Ping Identity
CHAP is a challenge-response protocol using a shared secret and a three-way handshake, without exposing passwords, and has ongoing authentication.
[107]
Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism (CRAM)
Mar 15, 2022 · CRAM is the most often used way to authenticate actions. They are a group of protocols in which one side presents a challenge(to be answered) and the other ...
[108]
Challenge-response authentication - Glossary - MDN Web Docs
Jul 11, 2025 · Challenge-response protocols are one way to fight against replay attacks where an attacker listens to the previous messages and resends them at a later time.
[109]
Challenge-Response Authentication Method - F5
The challenge-response authentication method is primarily used for one-time passwords (OTPs). Aside from OTPs, it is also utilized in protocols such as CHAP.
[110]
Fourteen Grand Challenges in Global Health Announced in $200 ...
Oct 14, 2003 · The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced a $200 million grant to the FNIH in January to establish and administer the Grand Challenges in Global Health ...
[111]
Grand Challenges in Global Health: The First Five Years
Feb 7, 2013 · The Grand Challenges in Global Health program was launched in 2003 as a partnership between the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Foundation for the ...
[112]
History | Global Grand Challenges
May 2005: Bringing initiative funding to $450 million The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announce the addition of $250 million to fund research under the ...
[113]
21 Centurys Grand Engineering Challenges Unveiled
Feb 15, 2008 · 21 Century's Grand Engineering Challenges Unveiled · Make solar energy affordable · Provide energy from fusion · Develop carbon sequestration ...
[114]
GCSP Network | Solving the world's grand challenges
The Grand Challenges Scholars Program (GCSP) Network is a community of students, alumni, faculty, and staff at more than 100 institutions around the world.
[115]
AI and Biology: CZI Launches Four Scientific Grand Challenges to ...
Apr 16, 2025 · CZI has identified four scientific grand challenges, each focused on solving key biological questions that will demystify the inner workings of human biology.
[116]
Challenges and Prize Competitions
Sep 24, 2025 · NIH Quantum Computing Challenge · Quantum Algorithms for Drug Discovery · Quantum Algorithms for Clinical Risk Predictions, Diagnosis and ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[117]
About Grand Challenges Initiatives
Grand Challenges is a family of initiatives fostering innovation to solve key global health and development problems.
[118]
UCMJ Article 101: Improper Use of Countersign - My Military Lawyers
May 1, 2020 · It usually consists of a challenge, password, signal, or procedure. A parole is the word used to check the countersign. It is given to those ...
[119]
SS0002 Lesson 3 - GlobalSecurity.org
Apr 27, 2005 · There are two types of authentication: challenge and reply authentication and transmission authentication. You should conduct authentication ...
[120]
Coin challenge backed by rich history - Joint Base San Antonio
The most common challenge coin story, according to an article by Cpl. Wil Acosta, depicts an American who volunteered to fly during World War I. The wealthy ...<|separator|>
[121]
https://www.italyonthisday.com/2025/02/the-challenge-of-barletta.html
[122]
The Challenge of Barletta - Italy On This Day
Feb 13, 2025 · A group of 13 Italian cavaliers won a duel, which has since gone down in history, against 13 French mounted soldiers, on this day in 1503 near Trani in the ...
[123]
180 – The Challenge of Barletta (1503) - A History of Italy
Jan 4, 2025 · 13 Italian knights faced off against 13 French knights lead by Guy De La Motte to defend the honour of Italian arms.
[124]
The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge: How it Started - The ALS Association
The Ice Bucket Challenge was the beginning of the end of ALS,” said Pat. 17 million films. 159 countries. 10 billion views. 220 million dollars raised.
[125]
Ice Bucket Challenge | ALS Therapy Development Institute
The Ice Bucket Challenge raised an estimated $135 million for ALS in the United States, and $220 million worldwide.
[126]
The Challenge Coin Tradition: Do You Know How It Started? - War.gov
Oct 8, 2017 · The most well-known story that the internet produced linked the challenge coin tradition back to World War I. As the U.S. started building up ...
[127]
History of Challenge Coins - Daily Stoic
A challenge coin holds the emblem or insignia of a specific group and is carried by that group's members.