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Beresheet 2

Beresheet 2 is a proposed private lunar mission led by the Israeli nonprofit organization SpaceIL, designed to deploy three spacecraft—an orbiter and two landers—to the Moon for dual soft landings and scientific investigations.^[1]^[2] Building on the experience from SpaceIL's inaugural Beresheet mission, which in 2019 became the first privately funded spacecraft to orbit the Moon but failed to achieve a soft landing due to a technical malfunction, Beresheet 2 incorporates enhanced navigation and propulsion systems to enable precise surface operations.^[3]^[4] The mission's primary objectives include conducting geological surveys, mapping lunar terrain, analyzing regolith composition, and testing technologies for future exploration, with experiments contributed by Israeli academic institutions.^[5]^[6] Development of Beresheet 2 began in late 2020, shortly after the original mission's crash, with initial plans targeting a launch in 2024 aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.^[2] Key partnerships have bolstered the project, including collaboration with Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) for spacecraft construction, the Israel Space Agency for technical oversight, and international entities such as NASA for mission support, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) for an advanced image-based navigation algorithm to identify craters during descent, and the UAE Space Agency for lander instruments.^[1]^[4] In January 2025, SpaceIL signed a cooperation agreement with the Italian Space Agency to integrate additional scientific payloads focused on lunar environment studies.^[5]^[7] Despite these advancements, the mission faced significant hurdles; in April 2025, SpaceIL suspended engineering development after failing to secure sufficient funding, placing the project on hold as of November 2025.^[8]^[9] This setback echoes broader challenges in private space ventures, though SpaceIL continues to seek renewed investment and partnerships to revive the effort.^[10]

Background

Origins from Beresheet 1

The Beresheet 1 mission, developed by the Israeli nonprofit SpaceIL, launched on February 22, 2019, as a secondary payload aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, alongside the primary Nusantara Satu communications satellite.^[11] The spacecraft, weighing approximately 585 kilograms, embarked on a two-month journey involving a series of orbital maneuvers to reach the Moon, marking Israel's first attempt at a lunar landing and the world's first privately funded mission to soft-land on the lunar surface.^[12] During the descent phase on April 11, 2019, Beresheet 1 encountered critical failures approximately 14 kilometers above the lunar surface in the Mare Serenitatis region. An inertial measurement unit (IMU), responsible for providing attitude and orientation data, malfunctioned, leading to a loss of attitude control and triggering an automatic shutdown of the main engine to prevent potential damage.^[13] Ground controllers at SpaceIL's mission operations center responded by uplinking a manual command to reset the IMU, but this software instruction inadvertently initiated a chain reaction that fully deactivated the engine, rendering restarts—attempted five to six times—unsuccessful.^[14] With the braking thrust lost, the lander accelerated uncontrollably, impacting the surface at over 500 km/h and resulting in a hard crash rather than the intended soft landing.^[15] In the post-mission analysis conducted by SpaceIL's engineering team, the primary issues were traced to a combination of hardware vulnerabilities in the IMU (including gyroscope components) and software glitches in the command-handling protocols, which lacked sufficient redundancy for such a critical phase.^[16] The review highlighted that the unexpected IMU failure was unprecedented during the mission, exposing limitations in error recovery procedures and sensor reliability under high-stress conditions.^[13] These findings underscored the need for improved fault-tolerant systems in future designs to mitigate single-point failures in attitude control and propulsion. The crash prompted an immediate commitment to a successor mission, with SpaceIL announcing on April 13, 2019, the initiation of Beresheet 2 to address the lessons from the failure and achieve a successful lunar landing.^[17] However, in June 2019, SpaceIL announced that Beresheet 2 would not target the Moon and would instead pursue a more significant challenge at an undisclosed location, amid funding concerns.^[18] This decision, driven by the organization's determination to build on the technological achievements despite the setback, was later reversed, with the project recommitted to lunar objectives by late 2020, directly influencing Beresheet 2's emphasis on enhanced software robustness and hardware safeguards.

Initial planning

Following the crash of the original Beresheet lander in April 2019, SpaceIL announced the Beresheet 2 project on December 9, 2020, during an event hosted by Israeli President Reuven Rivlin at his official residence.^[19] The initiative marked a more ambitious endeavor, featuring one orbiter and two landers designed to achieve dual landings at separate sites on the lunar surface.^[1] This configuration represented an upgrade from the single-lander approach of the first mission, aimed at enhancing mission reliability through redundancy—where the dual landers increase the probability of at least one successful touchdown—and enabling broader scientific coverage by targeting different lunar regions for experiments.^[1] The initial target launch window was set for the first half of 2024, reflecting an aggressive timeline to build on the technological foundation established by Beresheet 1 while addressing its shortcomings, such as the main engine failure during descent.^[19] However, subsequent adjustments pushed the planned launch to 2025, allowing additional time for design refinements and securing partnerships.^[20] Early engineering support came from Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), which partnered with SpaceIL and the Israel Space Agency to provide expertise in spacecraft development, announced alongside the project launch.^[19] This collaboration leveraged IAI's prior role in the original Beresheet mission to guide preliminary architecture decisions, focusing on a modular system where the orbiter would handle transit and orbit insertion before deploying the landers.^[1]

Development

Key milestones

In 2021, SpaceIL revealed detailed plans for the Beresheet 2 mission, outlining a multi-spacecraft architecture consisting of an orbiter that would deploy two landers to separate lunar sites for scientific operations.^[21] This included an international call for experiments in September, emphasizing the orbiter's role in long-term imaging and the landers' surface investigations, alongside securing $70 million in funding to advance development.^[22] During 2022, key technological selections bolstered the mission's capabilities, including a July agreement with Maris-Tech to develop a video recording, streaming, and image processing solution for onboard Ultra-HD capture and AI acceleration.^[23] In September, Lulav Space and Ramon Space were selected to provide a vision-based landing sensor suite powered by radiation-hardened computing, enabling precise hazard avoidance during descent.^[24] The year 2023 marked significant international advancements, with the Israel Space Agency (ISA) and NASA announcing a collaboration agreement in February to support payload integration and scientific contributions for the mission.^[25] That same month, SpaceIL signed an agreement with the German Aerospace Center (DLR) to incorporate a crater navigation algorithm for enhanced lunar orbit and landing hazard detection.^[26] Early 2025 saw further progress with the January signing of a cooperation agreement between SpaceIL, ISA, and the Italian Space Agency (ASI), facilitating joint scientific experiments on lunar mapping, soil analysis, and technology demonstrations.^[5] This pact built on prior collaborations, aiming to enhance the mission's payload for the planned dual landings.^[7]

Partnerships and collaborations

SpaceIL serves as the lead nonprofit organization for the Beresheet 2 mission, overseeing the overall development and integration of the spacecraft components.^[20] Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) collaborates closely with SpaceIL, providing expertise in propulsion systems and structural engineering to enhance the mission's reliability and performance.^[2] In February 2023, the Israel Space Agency (ISA) and NASA issued a joint statement of intent to collaborate on Beresheet 2, focusing on technology demonstrations and the inclusion of potential NASA payloads to advance shared lunar exploration goals.^[27] This partnership builds on previous U.S.-Israel space cooperation and aims to support autonomous landing technologies.^[28] The Italian Space Agency (ASI) signed a memorandum of understanding with the ISA on January 28, 2025, during the Ilan Ramon International Space Conference, to conduct joint experiments on lunar mapping, soil analysis, and environmental phenomena aboard the Beresheet 2 spacecraft.^[29] This agreement emphasizes collaborative research in landing sensors, navigation, and control systems to contribute to the mission's scientific objectives.^[29] Germany's contributions come through the German Aerospace Center (DLR), which partnered with SpaceIL to provide an advanced navigation algorithm for the spacecraft's autonomous lunar landing.^[4] This algorithm analyzes surface images to identify craters and match them against an onboard database, enabling precise descent and hazard avoidance during the mission's double landing.^[28] In the private sector, Maris-Tech supplies onboard video systems to capture and transmit high-definition footage from the lunar surface, enhancing the mission's educational and outreach components.^[30] Additionally, Lulav Space develops vision-based sensor algorithms for landing navigation, utilizing computer vision techniques such as simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and hazard detection to ensure safe touchdowns without relying on heavier radar or laser systems.^[20]

Funding and challenges

SpaceIL established an initial funding goal of $100 million for the Beresheet 2 mission, with efforts to secure approximately half from international partners, including explorations of collaboration with the United Arab Emirates that were discussed but not finalized.^[31]^[32] The organization raised $70 million from a group of entrepreneur-philanthropists by mid-2021, leaving a shortfall that necessitated additional sources.^[33] To bridge the gap, SpaceIL pursued philanthropic donations akin to crowdfunding alongside government backing from the Israel Space Agency (ISA), which provided approximately $5.6 million in support.^[34]^[35] However, persistent funding shortfalls, exacerbated by the withdrawal of major donors who had committed $45 million by 2023, resulted in significant delays to the project timeline.^[36]^[37] In April 2025, SpaceIL announced the suspension of engineering development for Beresheet 2 after failing to meet the necessary fundraising deadline, shifting focus temporarily to educational initiatives while halting substantive progress.^[8]^[38] These financial obstacles directly impacted key milestones, postponing planned advancements in spacecraft assembly and testing.^[39] As of November 2025, SpaceIL continues efforts to revive the mission through new partnerships and alternative funding sources, amid ongoing challenges from economic pressures and geopolitical events that have complicated donor engagement.^[38]^[37]

Mission design

Spacecraft components

The Beresheet 2 spacecraft architecture integrates an orbiter with two landers into a unified system for launch and transit to the Moon. The orbiter acts as the central carrier spacecraft, designed to achieve lunar orbit insertion, sequentially deploy the landers toward their target sites, and remain in orbit to perform ongoing observations of the lunar surface.^[1] Lander 1 serves as the primary vehicle for the core surface mission, enabling a soft landing to support scientific experiments while incorporating enhanced propulsion capabilities derived from analyses of the Beresheet 1 mission's challenges. Lander 2 is targeted for a separate landing site to provide additional exploration, and the landers share a similar core design, each with a mass of approximately 150 kg.^[25]^[28] The overall integration of these components forms a compact stack suitable for rideshare launch opportunities, with the orbiter managing deployment mechanisms and communication relays during the landers' descent phases. Each lander includes provisions for payload instruments to measure lunar environmental conditions, though specific configurations align with broader scientific objectives. The designs are proposed as of the project's development phase.^[1]

Technical specifications

The Beresheet 2 spacecraft incorporates an upgraded propulsion system designed to enhance reliability following the main engine shutdown that caused the Beresheet 1 crash during descent. Complementing this, the landers employ cold-gas thrusters for precise attitude control and maneuvering during flight and landing phases.^[1]^[40] Navigation for the mission relies on advanced autonomous systems to ensure accurate lunar approach and touchdown. A terrain-relative navigation algorithm, developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), processes onboard camera images to identify surface craters and match them against a preloaded database, providing GPS-like positioning without ground intervention.^[28]^[37] The power subsystem is engineered for sustained operations in the lunar environment, drawing from body-mounted solar panels and lithium-ion batteries to provide capacity during orbital eclipses or shadowed periods on the lunar surface, ensuring uninterrupted functionality for propulsion, navigation, and communication systems.^[40] Communication architecture supports data relay between the landers, orbiter, and Earth-based stations. An S-band transponder handles telemetry, command uplink, and tracking signals via the Deep Space Network, while the orbiter's high-gain antenna facilitates direct high-rate data transmission to ground stations during favorable geometry.^[40]

Scientific objectives

Primary goals

The primary goals of the Beresheet 2 mission center on achieving the first successful Israeli soft landings on the Moon through a dual-redundancy approach, utilizing two independent landers deployed from a single spacecraft to enhance reliability following the failure of the original Beresheet mission. This configuration aims to demonstrate robust lunar landing capabilities, with the landers targeting separate sites on the lunar surface to mitigate risks associated with single-point failures during descent and touchdown.^[7]^[1] A key objective is to prove the commercial viability of private lunar missions by employing a cost-effective design that builds on the original Beresheet's architecture, with an estimated total mission cost of approximately $100 million for the orbiter and dual landers, significantly lower than many government-led endeavors. This approach underscores SpaceIL's role as a nonprofit yet commercially oriented entity, leveraging partnerships and innovative engineering to make deep-space exploration accessible to non-state actors.^[36]^[9] The mission seeks to advance lunar science by collecting surface and orbital data on the Moon's geology and environment, including soil composition analysis, topographic mapping, and investigations into physical phenomena such as magnetic fields and radiation. An accompanying orbiter, designed to remain in lunar orbit for about five years, will facilitate long-term observations and relay data from the landers, enabling comprehensive studies of regional variations in the lunar regolith and atmosphere.^[7]^[9] Technological demonstrations form a core pillar, focusing on autonomous hazard avoidance during landing via advanced onboard sensors for terrain relative navigation and real-time obstacle detection, as well as inter-spacecraft communication systems to ensure coordinated operations between the orbiter and landers. These capabilities aim to refine technologies for future missions, including precise guidance, control, and data exchange in the challenging lunar environment.^[7]^[1]

Payload instruments

The Beresheet 2 landers feature a magnetometer developed in collaboration with the Weizmann Institute of Science, building on the instrument from the original mission to measure and map local magnetic field variations on the lunar surface.^[41] This fluxgate magnetometer aims to provide data on the Moon's geological history and formation processes by detecting regional and local magnetic anomalies during surface operations.^[42] For surface imaging and navigation, the landers are equipped with a vision-based sensor suite including stereo cameras supplied by Lulav Space, integrated with radiation-hardened processing from Ramon.Space.^[24] These cameras enable real-time stereo photogrammetry for hazard detection, simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), and high-resolution imaging of the landing site and surrounding terrain to support scientific analysis of lunar morphology.^[24] In partnership with the Italian Space Agency (ASI), the landers will include additional scientific payloads focused on lunar environment studies, contributing to experiments on mapping and exploration of the lunar subsurface.^[5] The orbiter carries a multispectral imaging system based on the Jupiter-Space platform from Maris-Tech, which manages camera operations, video streaming, and image processing for comprehensive lunar surface mapping over its planned multi-year mission.^[43] This setup supports the acquisition of spectral data across multiple wavelengths to identify mineral distributions and geological features from lunar orbit.^[44] As a cultural payload, Beresheet 2 includes a time capsule containing a digital library of human knowledge, art, and heritage, serving as an archival record etched for long-term preservation on the Moon.^[45] Note: The above objectives and payloads are for the proposed Beresheet 2 mission, which was suspended in April 2025 due to funding challenges.^[8]

Planned operations

Launch and trajectory

Development of Beresheet 2 was suspended in April 2025 due to insufficient funding, placing the mission on hold as of November 2025 with no confirmed launch schedule.^[8]^[9] Prior plans called for launch as a rideshare payload aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, with an initial target of 2024 delayed to mid-2025 due to funding and development challenges.^[46]^[20] Following separation from the Falcon 9's second stage, the integrated spacecraft stack—comprising the orbiter and two landers—would enter a highly elliptical Earth parking orbit, from which a series of propulsion maneuvers would gradually raise the apogee toward lunar distance. This low-energy transfer trajectory, optimized for fuel efficiency given the mission's mass constraints and rideshare deployment limitations, would involve multiple Earth-relative orbits before the final trans-lunar injection.^[40]^[1] Upon arrival, the spacecraft would perform a lunar orbit insertion burn to enter lunar orbit, enabling the orbiter to deploy the landers while conducting initial mapping and relay operations.^[47]

Landing and surface activities

The Beresheet 2 mission plans for the sequential deployment of two landers from its orbiter upon reaching lunar orbit, enabling targeted surface exploration at distinct geological sites. The orbiter would release the landers for descent and landing operations, allowing the orbiter to monitor activities and provide continuous orbital support for data relay.^[1]^[30] This approach facilitates efficient resource management. Landing sites for the landers were intended to capture diverse lunar geology for comparative analysis of regolith composition, magnetic properties, and surface evolution across different mare terrains. During the descent phase for each lander, autonomous hazard avoidance systems would scan for craters, boulders, and slopes using onboard cameras and altimeters to select safe touchdown spots, building on lessons from prior missions to minimize risks in uneven terrain.^[1] Once on the surface, each lander is designed for a nominal 2-week operational lifespan, powered by solar panels during the lunar day to activate payload instruments, conduct soil sampling via a robotic arm or scoop for regolith analysis, and perform in-situ measurements of temperature, radiation, and subsurface properties. Data collected, including high-resolution images and spectral data, would be relayed to the orbiting spacecraft for storage and transmission back to Earth, ensuring reliable communication even as the landers' direct line-of-sight varies; this relay architecture extends the mission's scientific reach while the landers focus on localized activities before entering dormancy at lunar sunset.^[1]

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