Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Isa

Isa (Arabic: عِيسَىٰ, romanized: ʿĪsā ibn Maryam), the Islamic designation for the figure known as Jesus in Christianity, is regarded as one of the greatest prophets and messengers of Allah in Islam, the Messiah (al-Masīḥ) sent specifically to the Children of Israel to confirm the Torah and proclaim monotheism.^[1]^[2] Born miraculously to the virgin Maryam without a human father through divine command, Isa's birth is described as a sign of Allah's power, with the Quran recounting his first words from the cradle affirming his prophetic role and exonerating his mother from accusations of unchastity.^[3]^[2] Empowered by Allah, Isa performed notable miracles including breathing life into clay birds, healing the blind and lepers, and raising the dead, all as evidence of divine support rather than inherent divinity.^[3]^[2] Islamic doctrine holds that Isa received the Injīl (Gospel) as scripture but was not crucified or killed; instead, Allah raised him bodily to heaven, substituting another in his likeness to confound his adversaries, a narrative diverging from Christian accounts and rooted in Quranic revelation over later historical interpretations potentially influenced by prevailing religious establishments.^[1]^[3] Isa is anticipated to return before the Day of Judgment to slay the Dajjāl (false messiah), break the cross, abolish jizyah, and affirm Islam as the true faith, underscoring his role in eschatological justice without compromising tawḥīd (the oneness of God).^[2]^[3] These tenets, drawn from primary Islamic texts like the Quran and authenticated hadith collections such as those of al-Bukhari and Muslim, prioritize direct revelation over secondary sources often shaped by theological agendas in academic or media narratives.^[1]

Religion

Isa in Islam

In Islamic theology, ʿĪsā (Arabic: عِيسَى), rendered as Isa, denotes the prophet Jesus, identified as ʿĪsā ibn Maryam (Jesus, son of Mary), a human messenger of God (Allāh) born without a father through divine command to the Virgin Mary (Maryam). The Quran, revealed between circa 610 and 632 CE, portrays Isa as one of the major prophets, emphasizing his role in confirming the Torah, announcing a future messenger (interpreted as Muhammad), and upholding monotheism (tawḥīd) without divine incarnation or sonship. Isa's name derives from the Hebrew Yeshua through Syriac Ishoʿ, reflecting pre-Islamic Aramaic influences in Arabia rather than direct Greek Iēsous.^[4] The Quran attributes to Isa several miracles performed by God's permission (idhn Allāh), including speaking from the cradle to defend Mary's chastity against accusations, creating birds from clay and breathing life into them, healing the blind and lepers, and raising the dead. These acts underscore his prophetic status, akin to those of prior messengers like Moses, but explicitly as signs from God, not inherent divinity; Isa himself denies any claim to godhood or intercession beyond God's will. Islamic doctrine rejects original sin, viewing prophets as protected from major sin (maʿṣūm), with Isa exemplifying submission to God rather than atonement through death. The Quran denies the crucifixion and death of Isa, stating that disbelievers (identified as Jews) claimed to kill him but "they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them," with God raising him to Himself. This contrasts with non-Christian historical accounts, such as Roman historian Tacitus (circa 116 CE) reporting Christus executed by Pontius Pilate during Tiberius's reign, and Jewish historian Josephus (circa 93 CE) noting Jesus's condemnation and crucifixion under Pilate. In eschatology, the Quran positions Isa as a sign of the Hour (Yawm al-Qiyāmah, Judgment Day), with traditions elaborating his return to affirm Islam, break the cross (symbolizing correction of Christian doctrine), kill the deceptive figure Dajjal (Antichrist), and establish justice before dying naturally. Unlike Christian redemption theology, Isa's role remains that of a mortal prophet implementing divine rule, not sacrificial savior or second person of a trinity, aligning with the Quran's insistence on God's absolute oneness.

Personal names

As a given name

Isa is a masculine given name of Arabic origin, most commonly associated with the Islamic prophet ʿĪsā, the Arabic designation for Jesus in the Quran, reflecting its traditional religious significance in Muslim naming practices.^[5] The name derives from the Hebrew Yeshua (יֵשׁוּעַ), meaning "Yahweh saves" or "God is salvation," adapted through Aramaic and Syriac influences into the form ʿĪsā during the early Islamic period. While the precise phonetic evolution from Yeshua to ʿĪsā remains debated among linguists, with some attributing it to eastern Aramaic pronunciations like Ishoʿ, the form ʿĪsā has been consistently used in Islamic texts since the 7th century to denote the prophet born to Maryam (Mary).^[6] Predominantly male and tied to Islamic tradition, Isa is widely used in Muslim-majority regions, including the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.^[7] Distribution data indicate high incidence in countries like Turkey (over 105,000 bearers), Iran (approximately 113,000), Indonesia (around 33,000), and Ethiopia (nearly 29,000), where it serves as a direct homage to the Quranic figure revered as a messenger of God, though not divine.^[7] In these contexts, parents select Isa for its scriptural endorsement and connotation of piety, often paired with patronymics like ibn Maryam to evoke the prophet's lineage.^[8] Common variants include the diacritic form Īsā (عِيسَى) in formal Arabic script and the anglicized or simplified Issa, which appears in transliterations across African and diaspora communities.^[9] Though overwhelmingly masculine in origin and usage—reflecting the male prophet's identity—Isa has occasionally been adopted unisexually in secular or multicultural settings outside traditional Islamic spheres, detached from its primary religious roots.^[10] Its spread to non-Arabic cultures, such as through migration from Muslim-majority nations, has introduced the name to Europe and North America, where it retains strong ties to faith-based naming amid diverse demographic shifts.^[7]

As a surname

The surname Isa derives primarily from the Arabic personal name ʿĪsā, referring to Jesus in Islamic tradition, and is common among Muslim communities worldwide.^[11] It ranks as the most prevalent in Nigeria, where over 200,000 individuals bear it, accounting for roughly 66% of global occurrences concentrated in West Africa.^[12] In southern Nigeria, among the Edo (Bini) people east of Benin City, Isa designates a sub-tribe inhabiting the Ishan region, with social structures organized around clans like Ewohimi, featuring hereditary leadership and descent from legendary founders.^[13] In Pashtun tribal genealogies, Isa appears as the progenitor of the Isa Khel sub-tribe within the Niazi confederacy, originating from central Afghanistan's Khorasan region and later migrating southward; this lineage traces to Niazaey, one of three sons of Ibrahimi, with Isa Khel members historically noted in records dating to the early 16th century.^[14] The Niazi, including Isa Khel branches, maintain Pashtunwali codes and are documented in areas like Mianwali District, Pakistan, reflecting nomadic pastoral heritage.^[15] In South Asia, the surname connects to descendants of Isa Khan (c. 1529–1599), a zamindar of Sarail in present-day Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh, who led the Baro-Bhuiyan confederacy in guerrilla resistance against Mughal forces under Akbar, securing regional autonomy through naval tactics on Bengal's rivers until his death.^[16] Born to Solaiman Khan and Syeda Momena Khatun (daughter of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah), his lineage exemplifies Bengali Muslim nobility, with the Isa name persisting in local zamindari families.^[17] Genealogical records link such South Asian Isa bearers to broader Pashtun migrations, though primary origins remain tied to indigenous Bengal elites rather than direct Niazi importation.^[18] Demographic data indicate modern diaspora concentrations in the UK and Europe, stemming from 20th-century migrations of Nigerian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi communities; UK censuses from 1861–1920 already record Isa families, with increased prevalence post-independence reflecting ethnic Pashtun and West African influxes.^[11]^[19] Turkish and Arabic contexts show similar distributions, often denoting ethnic Muslim identity without distinct clan markers beyond regional variations.^[12]

Geographical locations

Settlements and regions

Isa Town is a municipality in northern Bahrain, established in the 1960s as a planned housing project to support population growth driven by the post-1932 oil economy expansion.^[20] Its name derives from the Arabic "ʿĪsā," referring to the prophet Jesus in Islamic tradition. The town spans approximately 6.7 square kilometers with a population of 38,090 as of recent estimates.^[21] Mount Isa is a mining city in Queensland, Australia, founded in 1923 following the discovery of rich silver-lead deposits by prospector John Campbell Miles.^[22] The name originates from Miles naming a mining lease after Mount Ida, a goldfield in Western Australia, rather than the Arabic prophet's name. Located in the Gulf Country region, it covers 43,713 square kilometers and had a population of 19,000 residents, serving as a key industrial hub for copper, lead, zinc, and silver extraction.^[23]^[24] Isa is a local government area in Sokoto State, northwestern Nigeria, encompassing rural and semi-urban settlements with historical ties to Hausa-Fulani communities. Its name likely stems from the Arabic "Isa," reflecting Islamic cultural influences in the region. The area features agricultural economies centered on millet, sorghum, and livestock. Isa Lake, situated at Craig Pass in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States, is a small glacial pond at 8,262 feet elevation that uniquely straddles the Continental Divide, with drainage historically flowing to both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans via interconnected waterways.^[25] Named for obscure historical reasons possibly linked to early explorers, it exemplifies rare hydrological anomalies rather than settlement development.^[26] Ras Isa refers to a coastal oil terminal and port facility on Yemen's Red Sea shore at approximately 15.2°N, 42.67°E, primarily known for crude oil loading from inland pipelines rather than as a populated settlement.^[27] Operations here support Yemen's energy exports, with recent infrastructure tied to the Marib-Ras Isa pipeline system.

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional characters

In children's programming, Isa is an anthropomorphic green iguana character in the Nickelodeon animated series Dora the Explorer (2000–2019), serving as a close friend to protagonists Dora and Boots; she is knowledgeable about rainforest plants and often provides guidance during adventures, such as identifying wildberries or navigating foliage.^[28] In the Kingdom Hearts video game franchise by Square Enix, Isa is the pre-Nobody human form of the antagonist Saïx, depicted as a blue-haired youth from Radiant Garden and childhood friend to Lea (later Axel); their bond involves shared mischief and later diverges when Isa joins Xemnas's Organization XIII after experiments alter his loyalties.^[29] Isa, short for Isaline, features prominently in Chair Entertainment's Infinity Blade mobile game series (2010–2013) and tie-in novel Infinity Blade: Awakening (2011) by Brandon Sanderson; originally a mortal mercenary with a foreign accent, she becomes a Deathless immortal, allying with protagonist Siris to rebel against the tyrannical God King Raidriar and uncover Worker secrets enabling immortality.^[30] In the Indian Netflix crime thriller Sacred Games (2018–2019), adapted from Vikram Chandra's 2006 novel, Suleiman Isa is a fugitive gangster and terrorist operating from Pakistan, portrayed as a ruthless Mumbai underworld figure and rival to Ganesh Gaitonde; his arc involves smuggling, vendettas, and ideological clashes amid 1990s Bombay mafia dynamics. In Arabic literature, ʿĪsā ibn Hishām is the semi-autobiographical protagonist of Muhammad al-Muwayliḥī's satirical novel Hadith ʿĪsā ibn Hishām (serialized 1898–1900, published 1907), a naive Egyptian pasha's son who awakens from a dream-like death to critique British colonial influences, Westernization, and societal decay in late Ottoman Cairo through witty vignettes and encounters.^[31]

Music and performances

Isa (stage name of Lee Chae-young, born January 23, 2002) serves as a vocalist in the South Korean K-pop girl group STAYC, which debuted on November 12, 2020, with the single album Star to a Young Culture under High Up Entertainment.^[32] STAYC's discography, featuring songs like "ASAP" and "Stereotype" primarily produced by Black Eyed Pilseung, has amassed over 932 million streams on Spotify as of October 2022, reflecting the group's contributions to contemporary K-pop performance and global listener engagement.^[33] Isa's vocal range supports mid-register harmonies in the group's live performances and recordings, including subsequent releases such as the 2021 mini-album Stereotype.^[32] In Islamic musical traditions, nasheeds—acapella devotional songs—frequently invoke Isa (the Arabic name for Jesus, regarded as a prophet in Islam) to recount his miracles, virgin birth, and role as a messenger. Examples include "Isa Rasulullah," a 2019 Urdu-language nasheed by reciter Mugheera Haider emphasizing Isa's prophethood and miracles like speaking in the cradle, which has garnered millions of views on platforms like YouTube.^[34] Similarly, Mufti Ismail Menk's 2011 track "Isa (As) - Jesus (Pbuh)" lyrically honors Isa's status in Islamic theology, available on streaming services and performed in spoken-word style without instrumentation to adhere to nasheed conventions.^[35] These works, often shared via digital media, serve educational and devotional purposes in Muslim communities rather than commercial entertainment.^[36] Other performers adopting the name Isa include the Swedish artist ISA (Isa Tengblad, born April 25, 1998), a singer-songwriter who competed in Melodifestivalen 2017 with "I Will Wait," blending pop and electronic elements in her original compositions.^[37] Her releases, such as the 2018 EP 1.0, focus on themes of resilience and have achieved modest chart placements in Scandinavian markets, prioritizing independent production and live vocal performances.^[38]

Film and television

The 2007 Iranian production The Messiah (also known as Jesus, the Spirit of God), directed by Nader Talebzadeh, depicts the life of Isa as a prophet and messenger of God, emphasizing miracles such as speaking in the cradle, healing the blind and lepers, and raising the dead through Allah's permission rather than personal divinity.^[39] Originally conceived as a 10-hour miniseries drawing from Quranic accounts and the Gospel of Barnabas—a text rejected by mainstream Christian scholarship but aligned with Islamic rejection of Jesus's divinity—the work was edited into a two-hour feature film for theatrical release.^[40] It explicitly denies the crucifixion, portraying Isa as raised bodily to heaven while another figure is substituted on the cross, a narrative rooted in Surah An-Nisa 4:157 of the Quran but diverging from historical and New Testament evidence of the event's occurrence around 30-33 CE.^[41] The film received limited international distribution and holds an IMDb rating of 4.9/10 based on 229 user reviews, reflecting niche appeal within Islamic audiences but criticism for propagandistic elements from non-Muslim viewers.^[39] Subsequent Islamic media, including post-2010 animated features and documentaries, continue this pattern by illustrating Isa's virgin birth to Maryam, prophetic mission to the Children of Israel, and ascension without endorsing Trinitarian theology or atonement via crucifixion. For instance, the 2024 animated film Jesus in Islam: Story of Prophet Isa (AS) on YouTube platforms retells these events per traditional tafsir like Ibn Kathir, amassing views in educational Muslim communities but lacking theatrical box office data.^[42] Such productions prioritize fidelity to Islamic scripture over empirical historiography, often omitting archaeological or extra-Quranic corroboration for miracles, which Western scholars attribute to legendary development rather than verbatim history. Documentaries like Prophet Isa: The Messiah (circa 2020s) similarly focus on his role as a precursor to Muhammad, avoiding depictions of divinity to align with tawhid (Islamic monotheism).^[43] In Western film and television, direct use of "Isa" is rare, with portrayals anglicized as "Jesus" and framed within Christian narratives affirming divine sonship, the crucifixion's historicity (supported by Tacitus and Josephus), and resurrection—elements incompatible with Islamic doctrine. Ecumenical or interfaith works, such as educational segments in series like PBS's Empire of Faith (2000), occasionally reference Islamic views on Isa for comparative purposes but maintain narrative fidelity to Biblical sources, sparking debates on theological accuracy without adopting Quranic denial of the crucifixion. No major Western productions center "Isa" as a standalone figure, reflecting cultural prioritization of Judeo-Christian traditions over Islamic reinterpretations.

Computing and technology

Instruction Set Architecture

An instruction set architecture (ISA) defines the abstract model of a computer's processor, specifying the machine-level instructions, registers, addressing modes, memory operations, and data types that software can employ to control hardware execution.^[44] This interface ensures binary compatibility across implementations, allowing software portability while permitting microarchitectural variations in physical realizations for performance optimization.^[45] The conceptual foundations trace to the von Neumann architecture outlined in the 1940s, which introduced stored-program computing where instructions and data reside in a shared memory, enabling sequential fetch-execute cycles that underpin ISA evolution.^[46] Early machines like the EDVAC (proposed 1945) embodied these principles, evolving into diverse ISAs by the 1970s–1980s, including complex instruction set computing (CISC) like x86 (introduced by Intel in 1978 for the 8086) with variable-length instructions for code density, and reduced instruction set computing (RISC) paradigms prioritizing uniform, simple operations for pipelining efficiency.^[47] Modern examples include ARM, a RISC ISA licensed since 1985, whose load-store architecture and fixed-length instructions (e.g., 32-bit Thumb) minimize decoding overhead, yielding 20–30% lower power draw per operation compared to equivalent CISC designs, directly enabling its 99% share of smartphone processors by 2015 through extended battery life and thermal management in battery-constrained environments.^[48] ^[45] In contrast, x86's CISC complexity supports legacy software density but demands more transistors for micro-op translation, contributing to higher energy use in high-performance servers. RISC-V, launched in 2010 at UC Berkeley as an open ISA, features base integer subsets like RV32I (47 instructions for 32-bit operations), extensible without royalties to enhance efficiency in IoT and AI accelerators.^[49] ^[50] Empirical data from benchmarks show RISC designs like ARM and RISC-V achieve 2–3x clock cycles per instruction advantage over CISC in pipelined execution, reducing latency and power for real-time tasks, though ecosystem maturity affects adoption; ARM's closed licensing locked mobile markets, while RISC-V's modularity counters this via vendor-neutral extensions post-2010. Compatibility hinges on ISA fidelity, with deviations risking software faults, underscoring causal trade-offs in design for empirical metrics like MIPS/watt over marketing claims.^[47]

Software and protocols

The Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, originally implemented in the IBM PC released on August 12, 1981, provided an 8-bit expansion interface operating at 4.77 MHz for peripherals such as disk drives and printers.^[51]^[52] This design enabled modular add-ons but was constrained by its asynchronous signaling and limited bandwidth, achieving theoretical maximums around 2-3 MB/s in practice due to wait states and address decoding overhead. In 1984, the IBM PC/AT introduced a 16-bit extension, doubling the data width while retaining compatibility with 8-bit cards, though clock speeds remained below 8 MHz to avoid timing issues with legacy components.^[53] These bottlenecks—evident in measurable latencies for high-throughput devices like early graphics adapters—prompted its gradual obsolescence, with PCI buses (introduced in 1992 at 33 MHz and 32 bits) supplanting ISA by the late 1990s for superior concurrency and plug-and-play features.^[54] ISA-TAB, a tab-delimited format for bioinformatics metadata, organizes experimental descriptions into three layers: Investigation (overall context), Study (design and factors), and Assay (protocols and data files), promoting structured capture of complex multi-omics workflows. Developed under the ISA Commons initiative in the late 2000s, it gained traction with the release of supporting desktop software in September 2010, which automated file generation and validation to enhance data reusability across repositories like EBI ArrayExpress.^[55] The format's simplicity—using spreadsheets for hierarchical relations—facilitated adoption in fields requiring reproducible reporting, though it relies on controlled vocabularies for semantic consistency.^[56] linkedISA extends ISA-TAB by converting its tabular outputs to Resource Description Framework (RDF) triples, integrating with semantic web ontologies like EXPO for protocols and OBI for assays to enable queryable linked data. Released in November 2014 as a Java library leveraging the OWL API, it parses ISA-TAB syntax and maps elements to RDF schemas, supporting interoperability in distributed knowledge graphs without altering original files.^[57] This tool addresses ISA-TAB's syntactic limitations by adding formal reasoning capabilities, as demonstrated in benchmarks converting multi-study datasets to SPARQL-endpoint compatible formats.^[58]

Finance

Individual Savings Account (UK)

The Individual Savings Account (ISA) is a tax-advantaged savings and investment product available to UK residents, designed to encourage personal saving and investment by exempting qualifying income and gains from taxation. Introduced on 6 April 1999 by Chancellor Gordon Brown, it replaced earlier schemes including Personal Equity Plans (PEPs), which allowed tax-free equity investments since 1987, and Tax-Exempt Special Savings Accounts (TESSAs), which offered tax relief on fixed-term deposits maturing by 1999.^[59]^[60] The ISA's structure reflects government efforts to boost household saving rates, which had declined in the UK during the 1990s amid rising public debt and low interest environments, though empirical analyses question the net addition to national savings versus mere tax deferral for existing savers.^[61] Eligibility requires UK tax residency, with an annual subscription limit of £20,000 for the 2024/25 tax year, applicable across all ISA types and unchanged since 2017/18, frozen until at least 2030 to maintain fiscal predictability amid budget pressures.^[62]^[63] Four principal adult ISA variants exist: Cash ISAs, holding bank deposits or similar liquid assets; Stocks and Shares ISAs, permitting investments in equities, bonds, funds, and other securities; Innovative Finance ISAs, covering peer-to-peer loans and debt-based crowdfunding; and Lifetime ISAs, restricted to those aged 18-39 for retirement or first-home purchases, with a £4,000 sub-limit and a 25% government bonus on contributions.^[62]^[64] Withdrawals from most ISAs incur no tax, but Lifetime ISAs face a 25% penalty for non-qualifying uses, aiming to enforce long-term commitment.^[62] Tax advantages include exemption from income tax on interest or dividends and from capital gains tax (CGT) on asset appreciation, with no requirement to report ISA activity on self-assessment returns; this applies indefinitely to holdings, even post-withdrawal, provided funds remain within the ISA wrapper.^[62]^[65] By 2023/24, adult ISA holdings reached £872 billion in market value, up 20% from the prior year, with £103 billion in new subscriptions—67% to cash ISAs amid elevated interest rates—reflecting strong uptake among 15 million accounts, though stocks and shares ISAs captured only £31 billion.^[60]^[66] These incentives ostensibly counter high marginal tax rates (up to 45% plus National Insurance), promoting saving in a low personal savings rate environment averaging 4-6% of disposable income pre-2022, but causal evidence indicates limited behavioral shifts, as many users would save regardless, merely relocating funds to avoid tax.^[67] Critics argue ISAs disproportionately benefit higher earners, who contribute the bulk of subscriptions and realize larger tax savings; for instance, the top 10% of income groups claim over 40% of relief value, rendering the scheme regressive in effective subsidy per pound saved, with minimal impact on low savers facing liquidity constraints.^[68] The fiscal cost—foregone revenue estimated at £6.7 billion for 2023/24, rising from £4.9 billion prior—exceeds initial projections, correlating with post-2008 expansions (e.g., allowance hikes to £20,000) during quantitative easing and near-zero yields, which directed flows to low-return cash holdings rather than productive investment.^[67]^[61] This distorts capital allocation, favoring tax sheltering over genuine saving incentives, as evidenced by stagnant UK gross fixed capital formation relative to peers; reforms like capping cash components have been proposed to redirect toward equities, potentially aiding growth but risking reduced uptake among risk-averse households.^[69]^[70] Income-share agreements (ISAs) provide students with upfront funding for tuition or training costs in exchange for a specified percentage of their future earnings, typically once income surpasses a minimum threshold, for a fixed duration.^[71] This model, popularized in the U.S. for postsecondary education and bootcamps, contrasts with traditional student loans by tying repayments to actual income levels, theoretically reducing borrower risk during periods of low earnings.^[72] A prominent early example is Lambda School, launched in 2017, which offered coding bootcamp training under an ISA requiring 17% of gross income for 24 months after reaching a $50,000 annual threshold.^[73] Empirical analyses indicate that ISAs can lower default exposure for students compared to fixed-payment loans, as non-payment occurs only if income falls below the threshold without accruing penalties or interest, though providers bear the risk of unrecovered funds.^[72] Proponents argue ISAs promote outcome-based financing, aligning provider incentives with student success by eliminating fixed debt burdens that contribute to the $1.7 trillion U.S. student loan default crisis.^[74] Pilot programs in the early 2020s, such as those at Purdue University and select bootcamps, demonstrated repayment rates exceeding 80% within terms, with lower effective default risks than federal loans' 10-20% delinquency rates, due to income-contingent structures.^[75] However, causal evaluations reveal drawbacks: high-earning graduates often face elevated effective costs, potentially 1.5-2 times loan principals without interest caps, as percentages apply uncapped against success-driven incomes.^[76] Scalability challenges emerged post-2022, with program contractions amid funding shortages and higher-than-expected low-income outcomes, limiting broad adoption beyond niche vocational training.^[77] The U.S. ISA market reached approximately $32 million in outstanding agreements by 2023, concentrated in private providers rather than traditional universities, reflecting cautious growth amid evidentiary gaps in long-term repayment data.^[78] Regulatory scrutiny has intensified over consumer protections, with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) enforcing actions against deceptive marketing, such as misrepresentations of ISAs as non-debt instruments and inflated job placement claims, as seen in 2021 and 2024 settlements totaling millions in redress.^[79] ^[80] Despite theoretical advantages in risk-sharing, absent standardized disclosures and caps, ISAs risk exacerbating inequalities for underrepresented groups through opaque terms, underscoring the need for empirical monitoring over promotional narratives from providers.^[81]

Organizations

Professional societies

The International Society of Automation (ISA), founded in 1945 as a nonprofit professional association, advances technical standards and knowledge in automation, instrumentation, and control systems, serving over 40,000 members worldwide across industries including manufacturing, energy, and process sectors.^[82]^[83] ISA develops consensus-based standards that enhance industrial reliability and safety, such as ISA-95 (also known as ANSI/ISA-95 or IEC 62264), an international framework for integrating enterprise resource planning with manufacturing execution systems to streamline data exchange and operational efficiency in production environments.^[84] Similarly, ISA-84 establishes requirements for the design, implementation, and maintenance of safety instrumented systems (SIS) in hazardous processes, enabling probabilistic risk assessments that align with global functional safety regulations like IEC 61511. Adoption of ISA-84 in oil and gas facilities has supported compliance with safety integrity levels (SIL), thereby mitigating risks of catastrophic failures through systematic failure mode analysis and independent protection layers.^[85] In response to cybersecurity vulnerabilities exposed by the 2010 Stuxnet worm, which targeted supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems in industrial settings including refineries and pipelines, ISA contributed to fortified defenses via the ISA/IEC 62443 series, a comprehensive framework for securing industrial automation and control systems (IACS) against cyber threats.^[86]^[87] These standards emphasize zone-based segmentation, access controls, and lifecycle management, influencing post-incident protocols that have reduced exposure to similar state-sponsored or opportunistic attacks in critical infrastructure.^[88] Overall, ISA standards have demonstrably elevated baseline safety metrics in adopting organizations by standardizing risk reduction strategies, though empirical studies attribute broader gains in uptime and incident prevention to integrated implementation rather than isolated metrics.^[89]

International bodies

The International Seabed Authority (ISA), established in 1994 pursuant to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), serves as the primary international body regulating exploration and potential exploitation of mineral resources on the seabed beyond national jurisdiction, known as "the Area." It administers a regime emphasizing equitable sharing of benefits from non-living resources like polymetallic nodules, sulfides, and crusts, while mandating environmental protection measures. As of 2025, the ISA has issued 31 exploration contracts across 16 contractors, primarily for nodule fields in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, with resource allocation tied to mandatory technology transfer and a royalty system yet to be finalized.^[90] Efficacy assessments reveal mixed compliance: while contractors submit annual reports and environmental baselines as required, treaty implementation faces delays in adopting exploitation regulations, exacerbated by Nauru's 2021 notification invoking the "two-year rule," compelling a 2023 deadline that extended into 2025 amid disputes over biodiversity impacts.^[91] Critics highlight unmitigated environmental risks, such as sediment plumes and habitat destruction from mining operations, contrasting with proponents' optimism for sustainable technologies enabling critical mineral supply for green energy transitions; empirical data from exploratory activities show localized biodiversity hotspots vulnerable, yet no commercial mining has commenced, underscoring regulatory caution over rushed resource extraction.^[92]^[93] The International Studies Association (ISA), founded in 1959 as a response to limitations in mainstream political science curricula, functions as a global academic organization dedicated to advancing research in international relations (IR) and transnational affairs.^[94] With over 7,000 members spanning scholars, policymakers, and practitioners, it fosters interdisciplinary analysis through annual conventions, sections on subfields like security and global governance, and publications including flagship journals such as International Studies Quarterly.^[95] These outputs have influenced policy realism by emphasizing state-centric power dynamics and empirical testing of theories like balance-of-power models, evidenced in works critiquing idealistic interventions and prioritizing causal factors in conflict outcomes over normative agendas.^[96] Efficacy in shaping policy is gauged by citation impacts and advisory roles; for instance, ISA-affiliated research has informed realist frameworks in U.S. foreign policy debates, though academic biases toward constructivist or liberal paradigms in member institutions may dilute first-principles focus on verifiable incentives.^[97] The International Surfing Association (ISA), established on May 18, 1964, as the governing body for the sport, promotes global development through event sanctioning, athlete certification, and standardization of rules.^[98] Recognized by the International Olympic Committee, it facilitated surfing's inclusion in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics (held in 2021 due to delays), where 40 athletes competed in Tahiti, marking a milestone in elevating the sport's international profile.^[99] Membership has expanded significantly, from 32 national federations in 1995 to 117 across five continents by 2025, correlating with revenue growth from events and sponsorships, reflecting effective resource allocation toward coaching programs that trained over 2,500 instructors by 2017.^[100]^[101] Compliance with Olympic integration metrics demonstrates success, as participation quotas and judging protocols ensured fair competition, though growth metrics also reveal disparities in resource access for developing nations versus established powers like Australia and the United States.^[102]

Science and standards

Atmospheric standards

The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) defines a hypothetical vertical distribution of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density for aviation purposes, established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and grounded in empirical averages from mid-latitude observations. At sea level, it specifies a temperature of 15°C, pressure of 1013.25 hectopascals, and air density of 1.225 kilograms per cubic meter, with a constant lapse rate of -6.5°C per kilometer (equivalent to -2°C per 1000 meters) up to the tropopause at 11 kilometers geopotential height, where temperature stabilizes at -56.5°C. This model, formalized in ICAO standards in 1976 and derived from the U.S. Standard Atmosphere of the same year, serves as a reference for instrument calibration and performance predictions rather than a real-time forecast, reflecting averaged empirical lapse rates observed in radiosonde data from the mid-20th century.^[103]^[104] In aviation, ISA underpins altimeter calibration, where pressure-sensitive aneroid instruments convert atmospheric pressure to indicated altitude assuming standard lapse rates; deviations cause systematic errors, such as warmer-than-ISA conditions compressing air layers and yielding lower true altitudes than indicated, potentially leading to controlled flight into terrain if uncorrected. Aircraft performance calculations, including takeoff run lengths, climb gradients, and engine thrust, rely on density altitude derived from ISA comparisons, as true air density—causally linked to temperature and pressure—directly governs lift, drag, and propulsion efficiency. For instance, airspeed indicators and flight management systems are calibrated to ISA equivalents, enabling standardized operations across global airspace.^[105]^[106] Real-world deviations from ISA, particularly in tropical regions where surface temperatures often exceed 30°C (yielding ISA+20 or greater), reduce air density and exacerbate performance shortfalls, causally increasing stall speeds, extending required runway lengths by up to 20-50% in extreme cases, and heightening risks during "hot and high" operations at elevated airfields like those in the Andes or Himalayas. These variances, empirically documented in aviation accident analyses, necessitate adjustments such as derated thrust or payload reductions to maintain safety margins, as uncorrected assumptions can lead to insufficient climb rates or runway overruns; for example, a +15°C deviation at sea level halves density-relative performance compared to ISA. Despite post-1990s integration of satellite-derived global data revealing regional climatic shifts, the core ISA model has undergone no substantive revisions, retaining its 1976 parameters as a fixed benchmark to ensure instrument interoperability, though pilots apply real-time corrections via temperature and pressure reports.^[107]^[108]

Auditing and measurement

The International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) are a set of professional standards for the performance of financial statement audits, developed by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting body under the oversight of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).^[109] These standards, first issued as guidelines in 1977 and formally codified as ISAs in 1991, provide frameworks for auditors to gather sufficient appropriate audit evidence, assess risks of material misstatement, and evaluate internal controls.^[110] As of 2024, the IAASB has promulgated over 40 ISAs, covering core areas such as planning (ISA 300), risk assessment (ISA 315), audit evidence (ISA 500), and fraud considerations (ISA 240), with ongoing revisions to enhance skepticism and response to identified risks.^[111] Following the Enron scandal in 2001, which exposed deficiencies in audit risk assessment and evidence verification, the IAASB accelerated efforts to strengthen ISAs through a risk-based auditing approach, culminating in the 2009 Clarified ISAs that emphasized professional skepticism and explicit documentation of judgments.^[112] These enhancements aimed to address causal failures in high-profile collapses by requiring auditors to identify and respond to fraud risks more rigorously, though implementation relies on jurisdictional enforcement rather than universal mandates.^[113] Global adoption varies: as of 2024, over 90% of IFAC's 180 member jurisdictions incorporate ISAs into national standards for mandatory audits, with full adoption for all audits in about 72% of cases, though deviations occur in regions like the United States, which primarily follows PCAOB standards.^[114] ^[115] Despite these standards' emphasis on verification rigor, audit failures linked to non-compliance persist, as evidenced by the 2020 Wirecard scandal, where Ernst & Young (EY) issued unqualified opinions for years despite unverified €1.9 billion in Asian trust accounts, violating ISA 500 on audit evidence and ISA 315 on risk evaluation.^[116] German regulators fined EY €500,000 in 2021 for procedural lapses, highlighting how over-reliance on third-party confirmations without direct verification undermined the standards' intent, contributing to Wirecard's insolvency and €20 billion in investor losses.^[117] Such cases underscore that while ISAs promote causal realism in identifying misstatements through empirical testing, their effectiveness depends on auditors' adherence and supervisory oversight, with peer-reviewed analyses attributing failures to insufficient skepticism rather than inherent flaws in the standards themselves.^[118]

Other specialized uses

Entomology

Isa is a genus of moths in the family Limacodidae, part of the superfamily Zygaenoidea within the order Lepidoptera.^[119] The genus follows binomial nomenclature as codified by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), with species names such as Isa textula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854).^[120] Taxonomic classification places it under subclass Pterygota, reflecting winged adult forms derived from ancestral insects.^[121] The most documented species, Isa textula (crowned slug moth), occurs in North America, distributed from Minnesota and southern Ontario southward through the eastern United States to Florida and west to Texas.^[122] Adults are small moths with wingspans of 15–25 mm, exhibiting uniform light reddish-tan to reddish-orange coloration on the head, thorax, abdomen, and wings, lacking distinct markings; they are nocturnal and attracted to lights.^[123] Larvae, known as slug caterpillars, are pale green, flattened, oval-shaped with radiating lobes bearing venomous stinging spines and additional irritant hairs along the midline, causing dermatitis upon contact.^[124] These larvae feed on foliage of deciduous trees and shrubs, including elms (Ulmus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.), lindens (Tilia spp.), maples (Acer spp.), oaks (Quercus spp.), and Prunus species, typically active from late summer into fall when leaves begin changing color.^[122]^[125] Lifecycle stages include eggs laid in clusters on host leaves, followed by slug-like larvae that lack prolegs and move via undulating motion; pupation occurs in thin cocoons within leaf litter or soil.^[124] Habitats consist of deciduous woodlands and forests, where larvae contribute to foliar herbivory, though outbreaks are uncommon and populations are generally low-density per field observations.^[120] The genus encompasses at least five species, though comprehensive ecological data beyond I. textula remains limited in accessible surveys.^[121]

Military and government

The Intelligence Support Activity (ISA), a highly secretive U.S. Army special mission unit under the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), was established in March 1981 in response to intelligence shortcomings exposed by the failed Operation Eagle Claw hostage rescue in Iran on April 24, 1980.^[126]^[127] Initially subordinated to the Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), the ISA—also known as "The Activity"—focuses on providing tailored clandestine human intelligence (HUMINT), signals intelligence (SIGINT), and operational preparation for elite units such as Delta Force and SEAL Team Six, enabling direct-action raids and high-value target captures.^[128] Its operational history includes support for counter-narcotics efforts in Latin America during the 1980s and early counter-terrorism missions, with effectiveness measured by its low public profile and integration into JSOC task forces rather than quantifiable metrics due to classification.^[129] Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, declassified accounts and operational overviews indicate the ISA expanded its role in global counter-terrorism, contributing intelligence for JSOC hunts of al-Qaeda leaders in Afghanistan and Iraq, including network mapping and close-target reconnaissance that facilitated captures and strikes.^[129]^[126] While specific success rates remain opaque, the unit's contributions are inferred from broader JSOC outcomes, such as the neutralization of over 3,000 insurgents in Iraq by 2006 through intelligence-driven operations, though critics note risks of mission creep into non-traditional intelligence roles without congressional oversight.^[129] The Israeli Security Agency (ISA), officially Sherut ha-Bitachon ha-Klali and commonly called Shin Bet or Shabak, was established on February 16, 1949, as Israel's principal domestic intelligence and counter-terrorism body, tasked with preventing subversion, espionage, and attacks against state institutions and civilians.^[130] Operating without arrest powers but coordinating with the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and police, the ISA has focused on preempting Palestinian militant operations, with historical effectiveness evidenced by the disruption of thousands of plots since the Second Intifada (2000–2005), during which suicide bombings dropped from peaks of over 130 annually to near zero by 2006 through arrests and intelligence penetrations.^[131]^[132] Recent metrics underscore the ISA's operational impact: since the October 7, 2023, Hamas attacks, it collaborated with the IDF to thwart over 1,200 major terror incidents, including suicide bombings and shootings, while in 2024 alone, more than 1,000 attempts in the West Bank and Jerusalem were foiled via surveillance and informant networks.^[133]^[134] These outcomes reflect causal investments in human intelligence amid dense threat environments, though the agency's methods—such as prolonged interrogations—have fueled security-civil liberties tensions; a 1999 Israeli Supreme Court ruling banned "moderate physical pressure" techniques previously used on ticking-bomb scenarios, citing ethical limits, yet empirical analyses show no subsequent spike in attack success rates, suggesting adaptation via non-physical means.^[135] Human rights groups allege overreach in administrative detentions (over 1,000 annually pre-2023, often based on secret evidence), but data from independent security assessments indicate these prevented disproportionate casualties compared to alternatives, with failure rates like the October 7 intelligence lapse highlighting systemic vulnerabilities over isolated abuses.^[132]

References

[1]
Who is Jesus in Islam? | Blog | Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research
Dec 22, 2022 · Jesus (peace be upon him) has a special status in Islam. He's the servant of God and the bearer of the Gospels. Jesus is one of the 5 greatest messengers sent ...
[2]
Ibn Kathir: Story of Prophet Isa/Jesus (pbuh) - Islam Awareness
He (Jesus) said: "Verily! I am a slave of Allah. He has given me the Scripture and made me a Prophet; and He has made me blessed wheresoever I be, and has ...<|separator|>
[3]
The Story of Prophet Isa (عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَامُ) - My Islam
The Islamic belief holds that Isa (عَلَيْهِ ٱلسَّلَامُ) was protected and saved by Allah (سُبْحَٰنَهُۥ وَتَعَٰلَىٰ). Some Qur'an exegetes believe that it was the betrayer of Isa ( ...
[4]
The Origins of the Name 'Isa: — Pfander Center
May 31, 2025 · Actually, his proper name was Eesa (Arabic), or Esau (Hebrew); ... Isho, the Syriac name for Jesus. (Robinson, Neal, Christ in Islam ...
[5]
Meaning, origin and history of the name Isa (1) - Behind the Name
Arabic form of Jesus. This form is found in the Quran and is used as a given name by Muslims. Arabic-speaking Christians instead use يسوع (Yasūʿ) to refer ...
[6]
Is 'Isa a fake name of Jesus invented by Islam? - Calling Christians
Dec 30, 2015 · ... Isho, the Syriac name for Jesus.” [7] ... This Arabic expression appears to have originated from the Nestorian Syriac, Isho Mshiha.
[7]
Isa Name Meaning, Origins & Popularity - Forebears
Isa Forename Distribution ; Iran. 83%. 113,497 ; Turkey. 100%. 105,850 ; Indonesia. 88%. 33,805 ; Ethiopia. 100%. 28,666 ...
[8]
Isa: Meaningful Islamic Baby Names - Arabic Unlocked
The name 'Isa is originally Hebrew. The meaning of this name is unknown. However, Isa is the name of one of the well-known messengers of Allah sent to Bani ...
[9]
Issa Baby Name Meaning, Origin, Popularity Insights - Momcozy
Various linguistic adaptations exist across cultures, including Isa in Turkish and Malay contexts, Īsā in formal transliterations, and Essa as an alternative ...
[10]
Isa first name popularity, history and meaning
Based on the last 50 years of data, Isa is more commonly used as a male name, with approximately 58% of people named Isa being male. For the most recent data ...
[11]
Isa Surname Meaning & Isa Family History at Ancestry.com®
Muslim: from the Arabic personal name ʿĪsā 'Jesus' (see Issa). Japanese: written phonetically 伊佐 'that' and 'help'. It is found mostly in the Ryūkyū Islands.
[12]
Isa Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
The last name is primarily found in Africa, where 74 percent of Isa live; 66 percent live in West Africa and 66 percent live in Atlantic-Niger Africa. Isa is ...
[13]
some aspects of the otu system of the - isa sub-tribes of the edo ...
THE Isa people are a sub-tribe of the Edo or Bini tribe, who inhabit a large area to the East of Benin City-their parent town-called ' Esan' or Ishan, ...
[14]
Niazi History - NiaziXpres
Their ancestor Niazai had three sons, Bahai, Jamal and Khaku. The descendents of the first are no longer distinguishable; while the Isa Khel among the Jamal, ...Missing: surname | Show results with:surname
[15]
Niazi - Surname Origins & Meanings - Last Names - MyHeritage
The surname Niazi has its roots in the Pashto-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan, particularly among the Pashtun tribes. ... Isa Khan Niazi ...
[16]
Isa Khan - Banglapedia
Aug 1, 2021 · Isa Khan (1529-1599) Zamindar of Sarail, ruler of the southern region and leader of the bara-bhuiyans. He was born in Sarail of Brahmanbaria.
[17]
Great ruler Isa Khan | The Asian Age Online, Bangladesh
Jul 11, 2019 · Isa Khan was born in Sarail of Brahmanbaria in 1529 to the daughter of the Sultan of Bengal Giasuddin Mahmud, Syeda Momena Khatun and Solaiman Khan, Diwan ...
[18]
The legend of Isa Khan - Bhuiyan
Apr 26, 2024 · Isa Khan had many faces. He was a slave and he was a ruler. He was an adventurer and he was a lover. A rebel and a warrior; a landlord as well ...
[19]
Isa Last Name — Surname Origins & Meanings - MyHeritage
The surname Isa has historical roots that can be traced back to various cultures and regions, particularly in the Middle East and South Asia.<|separator|>
[20]
Isa Town: Experience modern civilization and historical authenticity
Apr 30, 2023 · ... Bahrain, with a population of more than 45 thousand people. Isa city was established about 50 years ago and named after one of the region's ...
[21]
Bahrain Cities by Population 2025
Madinat `Isa, 38,090. Sitrah, 37,657. Jidd Hafs, 31,735. Al Hadd, 12,797. Request Data. Please enter your email address to receive this data in your inbox.<|separator|>
[22]
Mount Isa | Mining Town, Copper Mining, Outback - Britannica
Oct 13, 2025 · The city's name is attributed to John Campbell Miles, who in 1923 discovered deposits of silver-lead ore and named one of his leases after his ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[23]
Welcome to Mount Isa
With a population of 19,000, Mount Isa is the major service centre of the region and well equipped to meet the needs of residents and tourists alike with all ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[24]
Mount Isa - Culture and History - Brisbane Times
Nov 25, 2008 · Miles named the site after Mount Ida, a Western Australian goldmine. Within months over 500 claims had been lodged in Cloncurry but slowly these ...<|separator|>
[25]
What Is Unique About Wyoming's Isa Lake? - World Atlas
Mar 20, 2018 · Geography of Isa Lake ... Isa Lake is located approximately halfway between Old Faithful and West Thumb geyser basin on the Grand Loop Road in ...
[26]
Isa Lake (U.S. National Park Service)
Nov 13, 2023 · Isa Lake at Craig Pass was, at one time, probably the only lake on Earth that drained naturally backwards to two oceans, the east side ...
[27]
`ISA Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo ...
Alternates names : Ras Isa - Coordinates UTM : KB48 Geographical coordinates in decimal degrees (WGS84) Latitude : 15.200. Longitude : 42.667
[28]
Isa the Iguana - Nickelodeon
From the leaves to the trees, the wildberries down to the seeds, Isa knows ALL about the rainforest, which comes in handy ALOT on Dora's explorations. When Isa ...
[29]
Isa - Kingdom Hearts Wiki
Jun 13, 2025 · Isa is the human form of Saïx. In his youth, he was a close friend of Axel's human form, Lea.Story · Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep · Between Kingdom Hearts Birth...
[30]
Isa | Infinity Blade Wiki - Fandom
Isa (short for Isaline) is a character, appearing in Infinity Blade II and Infinity Blade III, and in the books Infinity Blade: Awakening and Infinity Blade: ...
[31]
What ʿĪsā ibn Hishām Told Us - NYU Press
Trenchant and witty critiques of life in Cairo under British rule. What ʿĪsā ibn Hishām Told Us is a masterpiece of early twentieth-century Arabic prose.
[32]
Isa (STAYC) Profile (Updated!) - Kpop Profiles
Dec 23, 2020 · Isa is a member of the South Korean girl group STAYC under HighUp Entertainment. Stage Name: Isa (아이사) Birth Name: Lee Chae Young (이채영) Birthday: January ...
[33]
https://kworb.net/spotify/artist/01XYiBYaoMJcNhPokrg0l0_songs.html
[34]
ISA RASULULLAH (A.S), 1st Super Hit Kalaam about ISA ... - YouTube
Dec 24, 2019 · ... islamic song about ISA (A.S) (Jesus) "ISA RASULULLAH (A.S)" with English Subtitles, which is written and recited by "Mugheera Haider" with ...
[35]
Isa (As) - Jesus (Pbuh) - song and lyrics by Mufti Ismail Menk | Spotify
Listen to Isa (As) - Jesus (Pbuh) on Spotify. Song · Mufti Ismail Menk · 2011.
[36]
Isa, My Isa Best Nasheed 2024 | Beautiful Tribute to Prophet Jesus ...
Sep 22, 2024 · "Isa, My Isa (Nasheed) | A Beautiful Tribute to Prophet Jesus (PBUH)" In this heartfelt Islamic nasheed, we pay tribute to Prophet Isa ...
[37]
Isa age, biography | Last.fm
May 6, 2025 · Isa Sanna Mattiasdotter Tengblad (born 25 April 1998), known professionally as Isa (stylized as ISA) is a Swedish singer, dancer and songwriter.
[38]
ISA | Spotify
Ida Hallquist · Mattias Andréasson · Efraim Leo · Oscar Enestad · Wiktoria · Lisa Ajax · Sebastian Walldén · Ida LaFontaine ...
[39]
The Messiah (2007) - IMDb
Rating 4.9/10 (229) The Messiah: Directed by Nader Talebzadeh. With Mohammad Hossein Gheshmi. The story of Jesus Christ told from an Islamic perspective.
[40]
Jesus, The Spirit of God - An Iranian Messiah - Fuller Studio
It was Nader Talebzadeh's The Messiah, a two hour film cut down from a 10 hour miniseries. ... By 2007, he had filmed a second ending using Christian sources.<|separator|>
[41]
THE MESSIAH - The Bedlam Files
A Jesus movie with a difference: it was filmed in Iran and made from a Muslim perspective. Its source wasn't the Bible but the Koran and the GOSPEL OF BARNABAS.
[42]
Jesus In Islam - Story of Prophet Isa (AS) | Full Animated Film
Feb 21, 2024 · The Story of Prophet Isa (Jesus) in Islam Based on Tafsir Ibn Kathir More Prophet Stories⬇️ ➤Prophet Adam: ...
[43]
Prophet Isa: The Messiah | Documentary - YouTube
from his miraculous birth to Maryam (AS), his divine miracles by Allah's ...
[44]
What Are the Leading Processor Architectures? - Wind River Systems
RISC-V is an open source instruction set architecture (ISA). It is designed to be simple, modular, and extensible, providing a foundation for building a wide ...Cisc Architectures · X86/intel · Risc Architectures
[45]
ARM vs x86: What's the difference? - Red Hat
Jul 21, 2022 · ARM and x86 have similarities and both are used in some of today's fastest supercomputers. But they also have very significant differences.Defining X86 And Arm... · Risc, Cisc, And The Effect... · Arm Vs X86 For Energy Usage
[46]
[PDF] Von Neumann Computers 1 Introduction
Jan 30, 1998 · The von Neumann computer concept was developed in the 1940s when the first electronic computers were built.
[47]
The Battle Between ARM and Intel Gets Real - IEEE Spectrum
Apr 25, 2012 · CISC chips have a wider vocabulary—they can perform certain operations in one step that might require a series of commands on a RISC chip.
[48]
How Arm Came to Dominate the Mobile Market - TechSpot
Dec 24, 2020 · Their RISC ISA model allows them to license plans to chip manufacturers. By going with the RISC model, they are maximizing power-efficiency over ...
[49]
What Is RISC-V & How Does It Work? - AMIQ EDA
History. RISC-V originated from research efforts at the University of California, Berkeley, around 2010 and has since evolved into a globally-recognized ISA ...
[50]
An Introduction to RISC-V—Understanding RISC's Open ISA
Jun 12, 2022 · RISC-V is an open instruction set architecture (ISA), which means that you are free to implement a RISC-V CPU in a microprocessor or ...Understanding Risc Vs Cisc · Risc-V History · Risc-V Compressed...
[51]
The IBM PC
Dave Bradley wrote the interface code. Mark Dean and Dennis Moeller created the ISA bus that allowed the disk drives and printer to communicate with the PC.
[52]
What is ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)? - TechTarget
Mar 27, 2020 · The PC bus in early IBM PCs, which was 16 bits wide and operated at 4.77 MHz, remained in use for years because of its compatibility with ...
[53]
ISA Bus Technical Summary - WearCam.org
The original IBM Personal Computer introduced in 1981 included the 8-bit subset of the ISA bus. In 1984, IBM introduced the PC-AT which was the first full 16- ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[54]
PC Expansion Slot History: When the Clone-Makers Fought Back
Oct 26, 2022 · The ISA system bus remained popular for roughly a decade after IBM tried to ditch it in favor of MCA, despite its weaknesses. This was in part ...<|separator|>
[55]
ISA software suite: supporting standards-compliant experimental ...
This desktop application enables users (i.e. experimentalists) to compile experimental metadata sets, and to import and edit existing ISA-Tab formatted files.
[56]
ISA-Tab | DCC - Digital Curation Centre
The Investigation/Study/Assay (ISA) tab-delimited (TAB) format is a general purpose framework with which to collect and communicate complex metadata.
[57]
linkedISA: semantic representation of ISA-Tab experimental metadata
Nov 27, 2014 · As presented in the introduction, ISA-Tab is a tabular or spreadsheet-like format designed to describe biological experiments using a ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[58]
linkedISA - ISA tools
linkedISA has been implemented as a Java package relying on the OWL API that parses ISA-Tab files and generates an Resource Description Framework (RDF) ...
[59]
Annual savings statistics: background and methodology - GOV.UK
Dec 4, 2024 · ISAs were introduced on 6 April 1999, replacing the earlier Personal Equity Plans ( PEPs ) and Tax-Exempt Special Savings Accounts ( TESSAs ).
[60]
Commentary for Annual savings statistics: September 2025 - GOV.UK
Sep 18, 2025 · Chart 3 shows that at the end of 2023 to 2024 tax year, the market value of Adult ISA holdings stood at £872 billion. This is a 20.1% increase ...
[61]
Options for tax increases | Institute for Fiscal Studies - IFS
Increasing income tax rates would discourage saving in taxed forms (such as investing in companies or property) and would increase the bias towards putting ...
[62]
Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs): How ISAs work - GOV.UK
ISAs have tax-free interest, income, and capital gains. You can save up to £20,000 per tax year, and the savings remain tax-free as long as they are in the ISA.
[63]
Understanding the new ISA rules for 2024 - MoneyHelper
Nov 22, 2024 · The annual tax-free allowance for an adult ISA is £20,000. This limit has been confirmed to be frozen until 2030. If you're looking for a longer ...
[64]
Types of ISA | Investments - Legal & General
Different types of ISA. You can choose between: stocks and shares ISA; cash ISA; innovative finance ISA; Lifetime ISA. And if you want to ...
[65]
ISAs and other tax-efficient ways to save or invest - MoneyHelper
You pay no Income Tax on the interest or dividends you earn within an ISA and any profits from investments are free of Capital Gains Tax.Individual Savings Accounts... · How Isas Work · Your Capital Gains Tax (cgt)...
[66]
ISA use hits 13-year high as savers rush back to cash | AJ Bell
Sep 18, 2025 · The latest data shows that in 2023/24 the nation paid into 9.9 million Cash ISA accounts and more than 4 million Stocks and Shares ISA accounts ...
[67]
Ineffective Savings Accounts - Resolution Foundation
Apr 6, 2024 · The tax relief offered through ISAs is expected to cost the Treasury £6.7 billion in 2023-24, up from £4.9 billion in 2022-23. Furthermore, ISAs ...Missing: regressive | Show results with:regressive
[68]
UK's saving incentives not fit for purpose with the rich pocketing ...
Jan 16, 2023 · Government incentives for savings are not fit for purpose, with around 750,000 low-and-middle income households having no savings at all, ...
[69]
ISAs: how to encourage savings and growth in the UK - Peel Hunt
The latest stats from HMRC show that there is an estimated £9.4bn of tax relief from ISA investments, which sounds to be in the right ballpark given the £740bn ...Missing: uptake | Show results with:uptake
[70]
Fiscal risks and sustainability – July 2025 - OBR
Jul 8, 2025 · In this FRS we focus on three areas of risk to the long-term fiscal outlook: the sustainability of UK's system of public and private pensions; ...
[71]
Income Share Agreements: What Are They, and How Do They Work?
May 15, 2023 · An income share agreement is a student loan in which you receive money to fund your education or training. In return, you promise to pay the ISA ...
[72]
[PDF] Student Loans and Income Share Agreements for Financing Education
Jun 2, 2022 · Income Share Agreements (ISAs) are seen as an alternative to financing education using student loans, which subject students to default and ...
[73]
Lambda School's Income Share Agreement: What You Need to Know
Oct 4, 2019 · Lambda School offers an income share agreement where students pay nothing up front, and don't pay until they land a job.
[74]
Startups want to turn your tuition into the next asset class ... - Quartz
With US students mired in over $1.3 trillion of student debt, income-share agreements (ISA) are looking like a growth business. These contracts cover students' ...
[75]
[PDF] Income Share Agreements - RAND
Apr 6, 2023 · Income share agreements (ISAs) are an alternative way to finance postsecondary education and training.
[76]
Income-Share Agreements Burden Students with Unfair Terms and ...
Mar 31, 2022 · The high cost of ISAs often results in unmanageable repayment burdens, and discriminatory impacts on women and people of color. States can and ...<|separator|>
[77]
Colleges Are Already Ditching Income-Share Agreements - WIRED
Aug 12, 2022 · Introduced July 19, it would give the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau formal regulatory authority over ISAs, require that borrowers ...
[78]
What We Know About the Income Share Agreement Market
Sep 8, 2023 · Stratagem estimated that the U.S. ISA market totals $32.4 million, representing nearly a quarter of the $134.2 million global market. In ...
[79]
CFPB Takes Action Against Student Lender for Misleading ...
Sep 7, 2021 · The CFPB found that Better Future Forward falsely represented that its ISAs are not loans and do not create debt, in violation of the CFPA.
[80]
CFPB Enters Consent Order Against BloomTech Over Misleading ...
Apr 23, 2024 · The CFPB found that BloomTech and Allred misled students about the nature and cost of their ISAs and made false claims about job-placement rates for graduates.
[81]
[PDF] Income Share Agreements - RAND
This report details income share agreements (ISAs) as a student loan alternative, analyzing contract terms, communication, and marketing practices.
[82]
ISA International Society of Automation - Standards portal
The International Society of Automation (ISA) is a non-profit professional association founded in 1945 to create a better world through automation. ISA ...Missing: date 95 84
[83]
International Society of Automation (ISA) - ACC 2023
Founded in 1945, the International Society of Automation is a leading, global, nonprofit organization with more than 40,000 members worldwide. ISA develops ...<|separator|>
[84]
ISA-95 Series of Standards: Enterprise-Control System Integration
ISA-95, also known as ANSI/ISA-95 or IEC 62264, is an international set of standards aimed at integrating logistics systems with manufacturing control systems.
[85]
[PDF] isa 84 – the standard for safety instrumented systems - SIS-TECH
On March 23, 2000, ISA, the instrumentation, systems and automation society, received a letter from the United. States Occupational Safety and Health ...
[86]
[PDF] CYBERSECURITY THREATS TO THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY
STUXNET was used to hijack industrial control systems around the globe, including computers used to manage oil refineries, gas pipelines, and power plants.
[87]
[PDF] WHITE PAPER - International Society of Automation (ISA)
The ISA/IEC 62443 standards approach the cybersecurity challenge in a holistic way, bridging the gap between operations and information technology; and between ...
[88]
New ISA position paper urges reliance on relevant standards ...
Aug 31, 2023 · New ISA position paper urges reliance on relevant standards, training to advance industrial cybersecurity.
[89]
The impact of safety instrumented system isolation on current and ...
This article will define the threat scenarios and industry response options, and provide an approach for addressing requirements.Missing: downtime | Show results with:downtime
[90]
Summary report 7–25 July 2025 - Earth Negotiations Bulletin
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) was established to organize and control activities in the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the ...Missing: criticisms 2020s
[91]
The struggle at the International Seabed Authority over deep sea ...
Dec 19, 2024 · 2025 will be a decisive year for the deep sea mining regime. Pressure is mounting on the International Seabed Authority to adopt regulations for the commercial ...
[92]
The Risks of U.S. Deep-Sea Mining - CSIS
Aug 26, 2025 · The ISA, created by Part XI of UNCLOS and a 1994 implementing agreement to regulate seabed mineral-related activities in international waters, ...
[93]
Briefing: International Seabed Authority 30th session, July 2025
Jul 7, 2025 · Established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), it is responsible for the governance of deep-sea mining in areas ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[94]
History - The International Studies Association
ISA was formed in the late 1950s in response to dissatisfaction with the standard content of the American Political Science Association and its leadership. The ...
[95]
About ISA - The International Studies Association
Founded in 1959, its more than 7,000 members span the globe – comprising academics, practitioners, policy experts, private sector workers and independent ...History · Scope and Data · PurposeMissing: influence | Show results with:influence
[96]
ISA Publications - The International Studies Association
ISA publishes seven journals and cosponsors an eighth! We also partner with Oxford University Press to publish the Encyclopedia of International Studies.
[97]
https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-390
[98]
Who we are: About the International Surfing Association
ISA membership includes the surfing National Federations of 117 countries on five continents. The ISA is presided over by Fernando Aguerre (ARG).
[99]
Surfing's Olympic Debut: Tokyo 2020
Apr 28, 2021 · In August of 2016, history was made. Surfing was confirmed as a sport on the program for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games for the first time ever. ...Missing: 1964 growth
[100]
Surfing's Popularity Evident At U.S. Open And With 2020 Olympics ...
Aug 7, 2019 · The ISA has also grown from 32 member nations in 1995 to more than 100, including non-traditional surfing markets like Russia, Sierra Leone and ...
[101]
International Surfing Association Ramps up Surfing and SUP ...
Jul 12, 2021 · The ISA saw a record number of participants take part in its Coaching and Instructing Programme in 2017, with over 2,500 coaches and instructors ...
[102]
https://statista.com/topics/9833/surfing/
[103]
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) | SKYbrary Aviation Safety
ISA is a standard against which to compare the actual atmosphere at any point and time. The ISA is based on the following values of pressure, density, and ...<|separator|>
[104]
[PDF] US Standard Atmosphere, 1976
COESA has recommended that the ICAO also extend its standard atmosphere to 50 km, by accepting for its own standard the definition of the 32- to 59-km region of ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[105]
Altimeter Pressure Settings | SKYbrary Aviation Safety
As your altimeter is calibrated using ISA, it will indicate altitude correctly at the airfield reference point.
[106]
Atmospheric Properties & the ISA – Introduction to Aerospace Flight ...
By calibrating instruments such as altimeters and airspeed indicators relative to the ISA, all such instruments will show identical readings under the same ...
[107]
International Standard Atmosphere: How It Affects Flight
Jul 31, 2025 · The ISA is a theoretical model used to calibrate aircraft instruments. Deviations from ISA, especially warmer temperatures, degrade aircraft ...
[108]
Hot and High Operations | SKYbrary Aviation Safety
Hot and High Operations refer to a combination of aerodrome altitude and temperature which have a detrimental effect on aircraft performance.
[109]
Supporting International Standards | IFAC
95 percent have established quality assurance review systems. 72 percent have adopted International Standards on Auditing for all mandatory audits.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[110]
About IAASB
In 1991, the IAPC's guidelines were recodified as International Standards on Auditing (ISAs). In 2001, a comprehensive review of the IAPC was ...
[111]
[PDF] International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board® - NET
International Standards on Auditing, the International Standard on Auditing for Audits of Financial Statements of Less Complex Entities, International Standards ...<|separator|>
[112]
Standard-Setting in the Public Interest—IAASB Milestones
Sep 30, 2015 · One of IAASB's key past accomplishments was the Clarified International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), released in 2009, a merit of my ...
[113]
Standards of Innovation in Auditing - American Accounting Association
SUMMARY. This paper examines the impact of the development of Business Risk Auditing (BRA) on international audit standard setting and the implications reg.
[114]
[PDF] 2024 GLOBAL ADOPTION STATUS SNAPSHOT - NET
In the 2019, 2022, and now 2024 report, international standards continue to be widely used in IFAC member jurisdictions. Copyright © 2024 by the International ...
[115]
International Standards: 2022 Global Adoption Status Snapshot - IFAC
Aug 10, 2022 · As was true in the 2019 report, over 90% of IFAC member jurisdictions continue to use international standards on accounting, audit, education, ...
[116]
The Falling House of Wirecard - American Accounting Association
May 1, 2025 · One of the key failures of EY was their failure to verify Wirecard's claim to have some 1.9 billion euros in trust accounts in Asia. Given the ...
[117]
[PDF] What are the wider supervisory implications of the Wirecard case?
Oct 1, 2020 · An audit performed in full compliance with ISA does not guarantee fraud or errors will be detected. ... failures-in-wirecard-scandal, accessed ...
[118]
The Audit Failures of the Wirecard Scandal | springerprofessional.de
If the audit would have been provided properly, the fraud could have been discovered very quickly. We uncover the massive deficiencies in the audit procedures.
[119]
Genus Isa - BugGuide.Net
Genus Isa. Classification · Moth 11 - Isa textula Crowned Slug - Isa ... Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths). Superfamily Zygaenoidea (Flannel ...
[120]
Species Isa textula - Crowned Slug Moth - Hodges#4681
The caterpillar is pale green, flattened. Lobes bearing stinging spines radiate out from the edge of the body and additional stinging hairs run down its ...
[121]
Genus Isa - iNaturalist
Butterflies and Moths Order Lepidoptera · Flannel, Slug Caterpillar, Leaf Skeletonizer, and Allied Moths Superfamily Zygaenoidea · Slug Caterpillar Moths Family ...
[122]
Crowned Slug Moth Isa textula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854)
Caterpillar Hosts: Elms, hickories, lindens, maples, oaks, Prunus species, and other trees and shrubs. Adult Food: Habitat: Range: Massachusetts ...
[123]
Isa textula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854) - Crowned Slug Moth
Adult Markings: Isa textula lacks any conspicuous markings on the body or wings. The head, thorax, and abdomen vary from light reddish-tan or reddish-orange ...Missing: Lepidoptera | Show results with:Lepidoptera
[124]
Crowned Slug Caterpillar | NC State Extension Publications
The crowned slug caterpillar, Isa textula, is one of the most exquisite caterpillars in the whole animal kingdom! These caterpillars are flattened, oval, ...
[125]
Crowned Slug Moth, Isa textula - David George Haskell
Sep 30, 2012 · This species is one of the season's last active caterpillars, and are “frequently found feeding on leaves in the midst of turning color in late October.<|separator|>
[126]
Spec Ops Profile: Intelligence Support Activity - Military.com
May 18, 2013 · FOG was developed because of a perceived need for greater intelligence-gathering capabilities for the U.S. military. When hostages were ...<|separator|>
[127]
The Intelligence Support Activity - one of America's most secretive ...
Sep 17, 2024 · Established in March 1981, the Intelligence Support Activity was tasked with collecting human and signal intelligence for the military.
[128]
ISA: Soldier Spies of the Intelligence Support Activity - Grey Dynamics
The ISA is a US Army intelligence group for JSOC, focused on clandestine actions and intelligence, not direct combat, using HUMINT and SIGINT.
[129]
ISA: Inside the Army's Most Secretive Unit Ever - The National Interest
Nov 14, 2024 · The US Army Intelligence Support Activity (ISA), or "The Activity," is one of America's most secretive special operations units.Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[130]
About
The Israeli Security Agency (ISA) is a state-run organization responsible for safeguarding state security.
[131]
The Israeli Security Agency (ISA)/Shin Bet/Shabak
The Israel Security Agency is charged with the defense of the State of Israel, its institutions and its democratic governance, against the threats of terror, ...
[132]
Israel's Counter-Terrorism Strategy and its Effectiveness - DTIC
Because of ongoing suicide attacks from Palestinian and other terrorist organizations, Israel will continue to have an aggressive counter-terrorism strategy. It ...Missing: metrics | Show results with:metrics
[133]
IDF thwarts 1,200 terror attacks since October 7, high alert for Tishrei
Oct 4, 2024 · Since the Israel-Hamas War began on October 7, 2023, the Shin Bet and IDF have thwarted over 1,200 significant terror attacks, according to ...
[134]
More Than 1,000 Terror Attacks in West Bank and Jerusalem ... - FDD
Jan 6, 2025 · Shin Bet Discloses Increase in Thwarted Attempts, Decrease in Realized Terror Attacks: Israel's internal security agency, the Shin Bet, ...Missing: metrics | Show results with:metrics
[135]
Alan Dershowitz - CSULB
In the course of my research I learned that the Israeli Security Services (the GSS or Shin Bet) were employing what they euphemistically called "moderate ...

Isa