Big Generator
Big Generator is the twelfth studio album by the English progressive rock band Yes, released in September 1987 by Atco Records, a subsidiary of Atlantic Records.[1] It marks the band's final studio release on the Atlantic label and features the core lineup of vocalist Jon Anderson, bassist Chris Squire, keyboardist Tony Kaye, drummer Alan White, and guitarist/vocalist Trevor Rabin.[1] The album was produced by Yes, Trevor Rabin, Paul de Villiers, and Trevor Horn, with recording sessions taking place across multiple locations including studios in Italy (Lark Recording Studios), England (Air and Sarm East & West), and Los Angeles (Southcombe, Sunset Sound, and Westlake Audio).[1] Intended as a follow-up to the commercial success of their 1983 album 90125, Big Generator blends progressive rock elements with pop and arena rock influences, emphasizing Rabin's guitar-driven songwriting and Horn's polished production style.[2] The record comprises eight tracks, including the title song "Big Generator," the moody epic "Shoot High Aim Low," and the acoustic-tinged "Holy Lamb (Song for Harmonic Convergence)."[3] Two singles were released from the album: "Rhythm of Love," which peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 2 on the Mainstream Rock chart, and "Love Will Find a Way," reaching number 30 on the Hot 100.[4] Commercially, Big Generator debuted at number 61 on the US Billboard 200, eventually peaking at number 15 and spending 30 weeks on the chart; in the UK, it reached number 17 on the Official Albums Chart with a five-week run.[5][6] The album was certified platinum by the RIAA on April 29, 1988, for sales exceeding one million copies in the United States, though it sold approximately two million copies worldwide.[7][1] Critically, Big Generator received mixed reviews, often viewed as a competent but uninspired sequel to 90125 that lacked the prior album's innovative energy and hit-making consistency.[2] Despite its commercial achievements, it represented a loss of momentum for Yes in the late 1980s pop-rock landscape, leading to lineup changes and the band's temporary hiatus before their next release. Remastered editions appeared in 2003 and 2013, and an alternate version featuring rehearsals and demos was released in 2024, preserving its place in Yes's discography as a bridge between their progressive roots and mainstream aspirations.[1][8]Background and development
Historical context
The 90125-era lineup of Yes, consisting of bassist Chris Squire, drummer Alan White, keyboardist Tony Kaye, guitarist Trevor Rabin, and vocalist Jon Anderson, formed in 1983 from the remnants of the band's Cinema project, which had initially brought together Squire, White, Kaye, and Rabin following the group's 1981 disbandment.[9] This configuration marked a significant shift from Yes's progressive rock roots, incorporating Rabin's rock-oriented songwriting to appeal to a broader audience. The album 90125, released in November 1983, achieved triple-platinum status in the United States and featured the band's only number-one single, "Owner of a Lonely Heart," revitalizing their career amid the 1980s' commercial music landscape.[9] Following the 90125 tour, which concluded in 1985, internal tensions emerged within the band, particularly over creative direction, as Rabin advocated for a more concise, pop-influenced sound to sustain commercial momentum.[10] These disagreements were exacerbated by the broader 1980s rock trends, including the rise of album-oriented rock (AOR) and synth-pop, which emphasized radio-friendly hooks and synthesizers over extended compositions, influencing Yes to blend their prog heritage with accessible production techniques.[9] Amid this, Anderson grew frustrated with the pop leanings and the toxic atmosphere during sessions, including conflicts between Kaye and producer Trevor Horn that marginalized Kaye; these tensions contributed to Anderson's departure after the album to form Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (ABWH) with former members Rick Wakeman, Steve Howe, and Bill Bruford as a return to more traditional progressive elements, though he remained committed to the core lineup for Big Generator.[11][12] By 1986, the band continued with the 90125 lineup for Big Generator, reflecting a compromise to capitalize on prior success while navigating these conflicts, with producer Trevor Horn initially involved but stepping back due to the band's egos and factions.[1] This period underscored Yes's adaptation to the era's synth-heavy, MTV-driven rock scene, where groups like Asia and Toto exemplified the fusion of prog complexity with pop polish, shaping the band's direction despite ongoing strains.[2]Songwriting process
The songwriting process for Big Generator was dominated by guitarist Trevor Rabin, who composed the majority of the album's tracks, including the lead single "Rhythm of Love" (co-credited with Jon Anderson, Tony Kaye, and Chris Squire) and the ballad "Love Will Find a Way" (credited solely to Rabin). Squire contributed bass lines and structural input to several songs, such as "Rhythm of Love" and "Shoot High Aim Low," helping to anchor Rabin's rock-oriented compositions with the band's signature rhythmic foundation.[1] Vocalist Jon Anderson provided lyrics for most tracks, infusing them with themes of love, technology, and spirituality that reflected his personal worldview. The title track "Big Generator," for instance, employs the metaphor of a relentless, powerful machine to symbolize creative energy and the band's collective drive.[13] Pre-production jams took place in 1986 at Squire's home studio, where the band developed early versions of songs like "Shoot High Aim Low" and "Final Eyes," evolving rough ideas into more defined structures before full recording.[14] Integrating Anderson's ethereal vocal style with Rabin's guitar-driven demos proved challenging, leading to rewrites on tracks like "Big Generator" to better accommodate Anderson's phrasing and harmonic preferences amid the band's internal tensions over creative direction. Producer Trevor Horn ultimately stepped aside due to these conflicting visions, leaving Rabin to oversee the final stages.[1][11]Recording and production
Studio sessions
The recording sessions for Big Generator commenced with initial backing tracks at Lark Recording Studios in Carimate, Italy, in 1986, before the primary work shifted to SARM East Studios in London from late 1986 through mid-1987.[1][15] Additional sessions took place at SARM West Studios and Air Studios, also in London.[15] The process extended over more than a year due to band members' scheduling conflicts and internal disagreements, fostering significant frustration among the group. Drummer Alan White later reflected, "We started recording in Italy and did half the backing tracks. Then we came back to SARM studios in London…" Producer Trevor Horn departed midway amid creative differences, with guitarist Trevor Rabin and engineer Paul DeVilliers taking over to finalize the album during sessions at Southcombe Recording Studio, Westlake Audio, and Sunset Sound in Los Angeles.[1][16][15] Rabin described the atmosphere as highly strained, stating in a 2025 interview that "in terms of writing together, there was no cohesiveness whatsoever, and the atmosphere between certain people was very toxic," compounded by an initial "party period" in which "very little was achieved." Key events included vocalist Jon Anderson's overdubs in early 1987, where he layered harmonies onto the existing tracks developed during songwriting. Bassist Chris Squire contributed his parts during this period, despite ongoing band tensions.[11][17] The extended timeline led to budget overruns, influencing decisions such as enlisting session musicians for the strings on "Rhythm of Love," with arrangements handled by Rabin to enhance the track's texture.[18][19]Engineering and mixing
The engineering and mixing of Big Generator were handled primarily by Paul De Villiers, who served as the lead engineer and co-producer, working closely with guitarist Trevor Rabin, who also took on mixing responsibilities.[18][20] Trevor Horn initially contributed as producer during early sessions but departed midway through the process due to creative differences, leaving an advisory influence on the overall direction while retaining a production credit.[16][1] Recording took place across multiple international locations from 1986 to 1987, including Lark Recording Studios in Carimate, Italy; and various facilities in England and the United States, before the project shifted to Los Angeles for finalization.[18] Mixing occurred at studios in Los Angeles, including Southcombe Recording Studio, Westlake Audio, and Sunset Sound, where the team crafted the album's signature polished, expansive 1980s adult-oriented rock (AOR) production.[21][1] These sessions enabled precise processing that contributed to the album's clean, layered sonic profile.[22] Additional engineering support came from Alan Goldberg, particularly during sessions at Lark Studios, alongside contributions from technicians such as John Jacobs and Paul Massey.[23] The production credits formally list Yes, Trevor Rabin, Paul De Villiers, and Trevor Horn, reflecting the collaborative yet tumultuous process that extended the album's timeline and budget.[24] This technical approach emphasized clarity in instrumental separation and vocal harmonies, aligning with the era's radio-friendly rock aesthetic while building on the band's progressive foundations.[21]Musical content
Overall style and themes
Big Generator represents a fusion of Yes's progressive rock foundations with the polished pop-rock sensibilities of the 1980s, resulting in a more streamlined sound that prioritizes accessibility over the expansive compositions of the band's 1970s era.[25] The album features shorter song structures, averaging around 4-5 minutes per track, a stark contrast to the multi-part epics exceeding 10 minutes that defined earlier works like Close to the Edge.[2] This shift underscores Yes's commercial evolution, incorporating radio-friendly hooks while retaining subtle progressive elements such as intricate rhythms and dynamic builds.[26] Sonically, the album emphasizes a blend of electronic and organic instrumentation, with prominent synthesizers providing atmospheric layers alongside driving electric guitars and robust rhythm sections.[25] Trevor Rabin's production highlights crunchy riffs, layered vocal harmonies, and arena-scale drums, creating a glossy, MTV-era sheen that bridges the band's technical prowess with contemporary rock trends.[2] These elements subtly nod to influences from AOR acts like Toto and Asia, evident in the album's emphasis on melodic precision and emotional resonance, marking Yes's pivot toward broader mainstream appeal.[26] Lyrically, Big Generator explores themes of human emotion in contrast to technological forces, emphasizing personal connections, love, and inner power as counterpoints to modern alienation.[2] Recurring motifs include romantic yearning and creative energy, often framed through spiritual enlightenment and kindness, reflecting Jon Anderson's mystical inclinations amid the band's rock-oriented framework.[26] This thematic focus underscores a hopeful narrative of emotional resilience, positioning the "big generator" as a metaphor for innate human vitality rather than mechanical dominance.[25]Track-by-track breakdown
"Rhythm of Love" opens the album as an upbeat adult-oriented rock (AOR) track characterized by a bluesy guitar riff and Beach Boys-inspired vocal harmonies, emphasizing themes of carnal romantic pursuit through Jon Anderson's belted falsetto delivery.[27][28] The song features a driving pulse with layered harmonies, a brief flashy guitar solo by Trevor Rabin, and orchestral string arrangements that enhance its pop accessibility, clocking in at 4:47 and achieving minor hit status as Yes's final Top 40 single.[29][2] The title track "Big Generator" delivers a chunky rocker with heavy, crunchy riffs reminiscent of "Owner of a Lonely Heart," bold brass samples, and mechanical synth soundscapes that underscore lyrics exploring artistic inspiration and creative energy.[27][2] Chris Squire's prominent, funky bass lines drive the 4:32 composition, which incorporates vocal scatting, Phil Collins-style horns, and orchestral hits, though its hook feels somewhat half-formed compared to prior hits.[28] "Shoot High Aim Low," a collaborative effort primarily between Trevor Rabin and Chris Squire, stands as the album's longest track at 7:01, blending atmospheric prog elements with droning guitars, tag-teamed vocals by Anderson and Rabin, and Tony Kaye's keyboard solos.[27] The slow-tempo, reflective piece features subtle layering, a brief flamenco-style guitar solo, churning Squire bass, and arena-sized drums by Alan White, using aviation-tinged metaphors in its lyrics to evoke a future beyond war and themes of ambition amid conflict.[28][2][30] "Almost Like Love" adopts a funky groove highlighted by Alan White's percussion and a wasted funky Rabin riff, building to an arena-friendly chorus that addresses brotherly love and unity in a nuclear age, with themes of near-misses in human connection across faiths.[27] The 4:57 track incorporates synthetic-sounding orchestral hits and live brass from the Soul Lips horn section, including Tony Kaye's stellar Hammond B3 organ, though its drum line and overall energy can feel subdued.[28][31] "Love Will Find a Way" is the fifth track and a 4:50 hit single with a catchy, optimistic chorus and chiming 12-string guitar, originally written by Trevor Rabin for Stevie Nicks before Yes drummer Alan White encouraged its adoption by the band.[32] The lightweight rocker features a straightforward pop structure, Rabin's primary vocals and sole writing credit, and themes of enduring love overcoming obstacles, marking a minor chart success in the late-1980s Yes catalog.[27][28] "Final Eyes," the sixth track running 6:20, creates an atmospheric mood with synthesizers, clean guitar introductions, and swirling Tony Kaye organ and piano, recalling classic Yes moments like "And You and I" while settling into a medium rock groove.[27] The track's structure highlights direct lyrics on love, dependence, and personal connection as themes of closure, avoiding clichés through light touches of Anderson's emotive delivery against a backdrop of classic ambiance disrupted by layered harmonies.[28][33] "I'm Running," the seventh track at 7:34, serves as a suite-like emotional centerpiece with subtle progressive flourishes, Jon Anderson's heartfelt vocals, and 1980s production sheen including cavernous reverb and shimmery guitar textures.[34] The track draws Caribbean influences through marimba fills and multiple musical shifts, evoking themes of pursuit and tropical escape via lyrics about a rare plant, though its chorus provides limited payoff amid proggy extensions.[28] "Holy Lamb (Song for Harmonic Convergence)," the album's closing eighth track at 3:15, is a subdued, spiritually uplifting acoustic song composed solely by Jon Anderson, inspired by the 1987 Harmonic Convergence global meditation event. It features gentle melodies, clean electric guitar over synth soundscapes, and optimistic lyrics with religious imagery, providing a lovely but somewhat out-of-place ethereal conclusion.[28][35]Release and promotion
Commercial release and formats
Big Generator was commercially released on September 21, 1987, by Atco Records in the United States and Atlantic Records in the United Kingdom, initially available in LP, cassette, and CD formats.[36][3][18] The album saw a CD reissue in 1991 through Atlantic, marking an early digital update to the original pressing.[37] A 2003 remaster was released digitally from the original master tapes.[1] In 2009, Rhino Records issued a remastered edition featuring bonus tracks, including the extended version of "Love Will Find a Way" and the "Dance to the Rhythm Mix" of "Rhythm of Love."[38][39] In 2013, Friday Music issued a remastered edition on vinyl and CD.[40] Standalone reissues in the 2020s include a 2022 Japanese UHQCD/MQA-CD edition and a 2025 limited-edition orange vinyl for National Album Day.[41][42] The album remains accessible via streaming and standard digital platforms.[1] International editions varied, particularly in Japan, where vinyl LPs included obi strips and catalog numbers such as P-13429, while early CDs used numbers like 32XD-559.[43][44]Singles and marketing
The lead single from Big Generator, "Love Will Find a Way", was released in September 1987. It peaked at number 30 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 1 on the Mainstream Rock Airplay chart.[45][46] A music video for the track featured the band performing outdoors near an airplane and palm trees, contributing to its visibility on MTV. The second single, "Rhythm of Love", followed in December 1987. It reached number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 but achieved greater success on rock radio, peaking at number 2 on the Mainstream Rock Airplay chart and becoming one of the most played tracks on US radio that year.[47][48][1] The song's official music video, consisting of live band performance clips, received rotation on MTV to support its promotion. The album's marketing campaign focused on Yes's pop-rock accessibility, building on the success of 90125, through targeted radio pushes on album-oriented rock (AOR) stations and print advertisements in music magazines. Press materials highlighted Trevor Rabin's songwriting and production contributions, emphasizing the band's streamlined sound.[21]Tour and aftermath
1987–1988 tour
The Big Generator tour by Yes began on November 14, 1987, at the Omaha Civic Auditorium in Omaha, Nebraska, and concluded on April 13, 1988, at the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium in Osaka, Japan, comprising approximately 69 performances across North America and Asia.[49][50][51] The typical setlist incorporated six tracks from Big Generator—"Rhythm of Love," "Big Generator," "Shoot High Aim Low," "Holy Lamb (Song for Harmonic Convergence)," and "Love Will Find a Way," with "Almost Like Love" or "Final Eyes" featured in the initial shows—balanced against staples like "Owner of a Lonely Heart" from 90125 (1983), "Heart of the Sunrise" from Fragile (1971), and the encore "Roundabout" from The Yes Album (1971).[52] Early performances also included brief renditions of "Final Eyes" and "I'm Running," which were quickly dropped after the first week.[53] A significant disruption occurred in early 1988 when guitarist Trevor Rabin's illness from overwork prompted the cancellation of six scheduled shows.[11] The tour's stage production maintained Yes's tradition of elaborate light displays to complement the progressive rock arrangements, though it adopted a more restrained aesthetic compared to prior outings.[1] Singles like "Rhythm of Love" received promotional emphasis through varied live arrangements debuted during the shows.[54]Post-tour developments
Following the exhaustive 1987–1988 tour supporting Big Generator, which left the band physically drained and amplified existing creative differences, tensions escalated between the Jon Anderson-led faction seeking a return to progressive rock experimentation and the Trevor Rabin-influenced group favoring continued arena rock accessibility.[17] These conflicts, rooted in divergent visions for the band's future, culminated in Anderson's departure from Yes in September 1988.[55] In response, Anderson reunited with former Yes members Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, and Rick Wakeman to form Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (ABWH) in 1989, operating as a parallel progressive outfit that drew on the classic Yes sound of the 1970s.[1] The ABWH lineup released their self-titled debut album that year, emphasizing intricate compositions and spiritual themes, which contrasted sharply with the pop-oriented direction of the remaining Yes members.[56] Meanwhile, bassist Chris Squire, drummer Alan White, guitarist Trevor Rabin, and keyboardist Tony Kaye continued as the core of Yes, evolving from the earlier Cinema supergroup project—initially formed by Squire and White in 1982 with Rabin—that had already transitioned into the band's official incarnation for 90125 and Big Generator.[57] Rabin pursued additional side endeavors, including session work and early film scoring opportunities, while Squire explored collaborative ventures outside the band, maintaining the Rabin-led Yes as the "official" entity amid the schism.[58] The split sparked legal disputes over the rights to the Yes name, with Anderson's camp attempting to claim it for ABWH activities, only to be blocked by Squire's contractual hold as a founding member.[59] These conflicts, involving managers, labels, and promoters, were resolved through negotiations that merged the two factions for the 1991 album Union, a compromise project incorporating tracks from both groups under the Yes banner.[60]Reception
Critical reviews
Upon its release in 1987, Big Generator received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its melodic hooks and energy while faulting it for lacking the innovation of Yes's prior album, 90125. William Ruhlmann of AllMusic described it as a "strong collection of songs, highlighted by the two singles and the title track," though noting it was less commercially impactful than its predecessor.[25] In contrast, Ultimate Classic Rock characterized the album as a critical disappointment that "lacks the inventive spark" of 90125, presenting a more conventional hard rock sound without the same invigorating exploration.[2] The album's artistic merits were acknowledged with a Grammy Award nomination in 1988 for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, recognizing its overall rock craftsmanship.[61] Retrospective assessments have often viewed Big Generator as a transitional work hampered by era-specific production choices. A 2022 review in Something Else! highlighted it as a "step back" from 90125, criticizing the "heavy 1980s production" with cavernous reverb, shimmery guitars, and synthesized horns that diminished its dynamic range.[34] Similarly, a 2025 analysis in Cult Following deemed the synth-heavy sound "truly dated," arguing that the heavier guitar elements clashed with progressive rock subtleties and resulted in a "desperate" commercialized effort lacking the band's signature synchronicity, ultimately rating it 2 out of 5.[62] Across reviews, Trevor Rabin's guitar contributions drew consistent praise for adding vitality and intricate layers, particularly on tracks like the title song and "Rhythm of Love."[29] However, formulaic songwriting was a frequent point of criticism, with observers noting that many compositions felt like generic 1980s pop-rock compilations rather than bold evolutions of Yes's progressive roots.[62]Commercial performance
Big Generator entered the US Billboard 200 at number 61 in October 1987 before climbing to its peak position of number 15 the following January.[63] In the United Kingdom, the album debuted and peaked at number 17 on the UK Albums Chart in October 1987.[64] The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album platinum in April 1988, denoting shipments of one million units in the United States.[2] It also received platinum certification in Canada from the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for sales exceeding 100,000 units.[65] The lead single "Love Will Find a Way" reached number 30 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in late 1987, while topping the Mainstream Rock chart and bolstering the album's chart momentum through increased radio exposure.[66] By 1990, global sales estimates for Big Generator stood around two million copies, sustained by consistent radio play of its singles and tracks across international markets.[67]Legacy
Awards and certifications
Big Generator earned a nomination at the 30th Annual Grammy Awards in 1988 for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.[61] The album ultimately lost the award to U2's The Joshua Tree.[61] The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album platinum on April 29, 1988, for shipments exceeding one million copies in the United States.[67] The album did not win any major international awards but contributed to Yes's broader recognition, including their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2017.Cultural impact and reappraisal
Big Generator has been reevaluated in retrospectives as a transitional album in Yes's discography, bridging the band's commercial pop-oriented phase of the 1980s with their progressive rock roots, though often viewed as a mixed effort compared to predecessors like 90125. In a 2013 Dutch Progressive Rock Page (DPRP) special reviewing Yes's catalog, the album received an average rating of 5.85 out of 10, ranking it lowest among their studio releases, with reviewers noting its commercial singles like "Rhythm of Love" and "Love Will Find a Way" but critiquing its lack of direction and excitement.[68] This mid-tier placement in fan-driven analyses underscores its role as an experimental yet uneven link between eras, appealing to those who appreciate the Trevor Rabin-influenced sound.[68] Over time, Big Generator has garnered a cult following among fans, particularly for its production and atmospheric tracks, fostering discussions in online communities that highlight its enduring appeal. A 2017 CultureSonar article described the album as an "underrated gem" that illustrates Yes's "lasting power," praising its blend of 1980s polish with classic elements and noting fan enthusiasm for songs like "Shoot High Aim Low."[26] Similarly, 2020 threads on the Steve Hoffman Music Forums revealed a dedicated appreciation, with users lauding the energetic drumming and guitar work while rating it around 3 to 3.5 out of 5, positioning it as a strong entry in the "Trevor Trilogy" for longtime listeners.[69] Recent developments have further spotlighted the album's legacy, including reflections from key members and new physical releases signaling renewed interest. In a 2025 Louder interview, guitarist Trevor Rabin recounted the recording as a "hellish" experience marked by toxic band dynamics, lack of cohesiveness, and production burdens that "almost killed" him, yet acknowledged standout tracks like "Shoot High Aim Low."[11] That same year, Rhino Records issued limited-edition vinyl reissues, including an orange pressing for Rocktober and a purple variant for National Album Day, making the album more accessible to collectors and contributing to its ongoing reappraisal.[42]Credits
Track listing
The standard edition of Big Generator contains eight tracks, with a total runtime of 43:14.[3]| No. | Title | Writers | Length |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Rhythm of Love" | Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Jon Anderson, Chris Squire | 4:49 |
| 2. | "Big Generator" | Trevor Rabin, Tony Kaye, Jon Anderson, Chris Squire, Alan White | 4:31 |
| 3. | "Shoot High Aim Low" | Alan White, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Jon Anderson, Chris Squire | 6:59 |
| 4. | "Almost Like Love" | Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Jon Anderson, Chris Squire | 4:58 |
| 5. | "Love Will Find a Way" | Trevor Rabin | 4:48 |
| 6. | "Final Eyes" | Trevor Rabin, Tony Kaye, Jon Anderson, Chris Squire | 6:20 |
| 7. | "I'm Running" | Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Jon Anderson, Tony Kaye, Alan White | 7:34 |
| 8. | "Holy Lamb (Song for Harmonic Convergence)" | Jon Anderson | 3:15 |
Personnel
Yes- Jon Anderson – lead vocals
- Chris Squire – bass guitar, backing vocals
- Tony Kaye – keyboards
- Alan White – drums, percussion
- Trevor Rabin – guitars, vocals, keyboards