Salute
A salute is a ritualized gesture or action conveying respect, allegiance to authority, or greeting, primarily in military and ceremonial contexts, where it typically involves raising the right hand to touch the forehead or brim of headgear with the palm facing downward or outward depending on tradition.[1][2] The origins of the hand salute remain uncertain but are commonly attributed to ancient practices such as Roman citizens raising empty hands to assure safety from concealed weapons or medieval knights elevating their visors to signal non-hostile intent and reveal identity.[3][2][4] Over time, the gesture standardized in Western militaries during the 18th and 19th centuries, evolving from informal courtesies into formal protocols that reinforce hierarchical discipline and unit cohesion.[5][6] Variations include palm-down salutes in the U.S. Army and Air Force, palm-out in some British and Commonwealth forces, present arms with rifles, and cannon-fired gun salutes denoting rank or national honors, with the number of rounds fired calibrated to status under international conventions.[1][7] While generally uncontroversial as a marker of professional courtesy, salutes have sparked debates, such as U.S. presidents returning military honors despite lacking formal obligation, or historical shifts like the abandonment of the Bellamy salute in schools due to its visual similarity to the Nazi raised-arm gesture.[8][6]Definition and Purpose
Core Meaning and Functions
A salute constitutes a formal gesture or ceremonial action employed to convey respect, recognition of authority, or goodwill. As defined in standard lexicographic references, it involves addressing or greeting with a sign of courtesy or honor, often through a prescribed physical posture such as raising the hand to the forehead in military contexts.[9] This core meaning extends beyond the armed forces to civilian applications, including organizational protocols in scouting or law enforcement, where it similarly signifies deference or mutual esteem.[9] In military settings, the primary function of the salute is to symbolize respect for rank and authority while fostering comradeship and discipline among personnel. It serves as a ritual acknowledgment of hierarchical structure, reinforcing chain of command and unit cohesion through consistent, crisp execution.[10] Historically, this gesture evolved from practical demonstrations of trust—such as revealing an unarmed hand or raising a visor to identify peaceful intent—transitioning into a standardized expression of professional courtesy that signals to observers the presence of a superior officer.[10] [1] Beyond respect, salutes perform practical roles in ceremonial and operational environments, such as honoring national symbols like flags or anthems, or initiating formal interactions upon boarding vessels. In broader societal functions, salutes adapt to commend achievements or express solidarity, as seen in public tributes to veterans or cultural events, thereby upholding traditions of civility and order without implying subservience.[10] [9]Symbolic and Practical Roles
The military salute symbolizes respect for authority, comradeship among service members, and adherence to tradition. In formal military doctrine, it serves as an expression of mutual recognition between personnel, emphasizing the shared bond of service regardless of rank differences.[10] This gesture underscores the institutional values of honor and discipline, where the act itself honors the uniform and the role it represents rather than the individual wearer.[11] Symbolically, the salute evolved from medieval practices of doffing one's hat or helmet to demonstrate peaceful intent and submission to a superior's authority, a custom documented in European chivalric traditions as early as the 17th century. By the 18th century, formalized hand salutes replaced hat removal in many armies, retaining the core symbolism of deference while adapting to practical uniform standards.[1] This continuity reinforces hierarchical structure, signaling acknowledgment of command and fostering unit cohesion through ritualized equality in the exchange—superiors often return the salute to affirm reciprocity.[12] Practically, saluting functions as a standardized protocol for initiating formal interactions in armed forces, requiring juniors to salute first when approaching seniors outdoors in uniform, as stipulated in U.S. Army Regulation 600-25. This ensures clear visual communication of rank recognition, preventing misinterpretations in dynamic environments and upholding chain-of-command efficiency.[13] The requirement extends to reporting for duty or passing reviewing officers, where failure to salute constitutes a breach of courtesy enforceable under military discipline codes.[14] In operational contexts, the salute's practical role includes promoting instinctive discipline; regular performance ingrains habits of precision and attentiveness, which translate to readiness in combat scenarios despite the gesture's temporary vulnerability. Regulations exempt saluting indoors, under arms, or in combat zones to prioritize safety, balancing protocol with tactical necessity—evident in doctrines like U.S. Navy instructions that suspend salutes during maneuvers.[15] Overall, these roles maintain order by ritualizing respect, with empirical adherence linked to higher unit morale and compliance rates in studies of military customs.[11]Etymology and Linguistic History
Origins of the Term
The English noun and verb "salute," denoting a gesture or act of greeting, respect, or honor, originates from the Latin verb salūtāre, meaning "to greet" or "to wish health to."[16] This verb derives from the noun salūs (genitive salūtis), which signified "good health," "safety," or "welfare," and is cognate with salvus, meaning "safe" or "unharmed."[16] The underlying sense reflects an ancient Indo-European root associating wholeness with preservation from harm, though the direct Latin lineage emphasizes ritualistic well-wishing as a precursor to formal address.[17] The term entered Middle English around 1400–1450 as salute (noun) and saluten (verb), borrowed via Old French salut or salue, itself from Latin salūtō in Vulgar Latin forms.[18] Early usages in English texts, such as Alexander Neckham's works, applied it to verbal or gestural greetings implying health and goodwill, evolving from ecclesiastical and courtly contexts where wishing safety preceded interactions.[18] By the 16th century, it had standardized in military and ceremonial senses, retaining the core implication of affirming the recipient's intact well-being amid potential peril.[16]Related Terms Across Languages
The English term "salute," denoting a gesture of respect or greeting, derives from the Latin verb salūtō, meaning "to greet" or "to wish health to," which stems from salūs ("health, safety, well-being") and ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root solh₂- ("whole, safe, unharmed").[16][19] This root emphasizes preservation of integrity, linking the word to concepts of wholeness and protection in early Indo-European languages. In Romance languages, cognates preserve this etymological thread, often blending greetings with wishes for health. French salut serves as both a casual greeting ("hi") and a formal salutation, directly from Old French salut ("greeting, health"), retaining the Latin sense of wishing safety.[20] Italian saluto means "greeting" or "salute," as in a respectful gesture, derived from salūtāre; similarly, salute refers to "health," used in toasts like "Alla salute!" ("To your health!"). Spanish saludo denotes "greeting" or "salute," with the verb saludar meaning "to greet" or "to salute," connected to salud ("health"), a term invoked in cheers such as "¡Salud!" to wish well-being. Portuguese mirrors this with saudação ("salutation, greeting") and saúde ("health").[21][22] These terms highlight a shared linguistic evolution from Latin imperial and ecclesiastical contexts, where salve (imperative of salvō, "be well") functioned as a standard greeting among Romans, influencing modern usages in diplomatic and military protocols across Romance-speaking nations.[16] Beyond Romance branches, no direct cognates appear in Germanic or Slavic languages for the gesture itself, though analogous health-wishing greetings exist independently, such as German Gesundheit ("health") after sneezes, underscoring convergent cultural emphases on vitality without shared etymology.[21]Historical Origins and Evolution
Ancient and Pre-Modern Gestures
In ancient societies, gestures of respect and peaceful intent often involved displaying an open hand or palm to signal the absence of weapons, a practice attested in various civilizations as a fundamental demonstration of non-hostility. This custom, rooted in the practical need to verify lack of threat during encounters, appears in early historical accounts but lacks evidence of standardization into a formal military salute. For instance, Roman military discipline included the salutatio, a morning greeting ritual where subordinates paid respect to superiors, though contemporary sources like Suetonius describe the act without specifying a hand gesture, suggesting verbal or postural elements predominated over precise movements.[23][24] No archaeological or textual evidence confirms a formalized hand-to-forehead or outstretched-arm salute in antiquity, contrary to later romanticized depictions; claims of a "Roman salute" with an extended arm, popularized in 19th-century art and 20th-century propaganda, stem from modern inventions rather than ancient practice.[25][23] In Eastern traditions, such as ancient China or India, equivalents included clasping hands or bowing, emphasizing hierarchy without direct analogs to Western hand gestures. These varied by context—military, civilian, or ceremonial—but prioritized symbolic submission over uniformity.[26] Pre-modern Europe saw the emergence of gestures closer to modern salutes during the medieval period, particularly among knights who raised their right hand with palm outward to lift helmet visors, revealing their identity and unarmed intent to superiors or peers. This action, practical for armored encounters on horseback or foot, evolved from 12th-15th century chivalric customs and is documented in period illustrations and later military histories as a courtesy among nobility and warriors.[2][27] As full helmets gave way to lighter headgear by the late Middle Ages, the motion adapted to tipping or doffing hats, bridging to early modern protocols where civilians and soldiers alike removed or touched headwear in deference.[28][29] In non-military pre-modern contexts, such as courtly or civic interactions, salutes manifested as bows, curtsies, or hat removals, reflecting social rank and varying by region—deeper obeisance for inferiors to monarchs, as seen in 16th-17th century European etiquette manuals. These gestures underscored causal hierarchies of authority, with empirical consistency in their purpose: signaling recognition without physical threat, though lacking the rigidity of later drills.[28][30]Medieval Development and Standardization
During the medieval period in Europe, particularly from the 11th to 15th centuries, knights in full armor developed practical gestures of recognition and respect amid the decentralized nature of feudal warfare. A common practice involved raising the visor of a helmet with the right hand to expose the face, signaling identity and non-hostile intent to another armored figure, as the weapon-bearing hand was thereby demonstrated to pose no immediate threat. This action, rooted in the need for quick visual verification in combat environments where anonymity behind visors could lead to mistaken attacks, is cited in historical analyses as an early form of courteous exchange among the knightly class.[2][31] Such gestures aligned with chivalric ideals codified in texts like Ramon Llull's Book of the Order of Chivalry (c. 1274–1286), which emphasized hierarchical deference through physical demonstrations of honor, though without prescribing a singular motion. Variations included clenching the fist over the breastplate or lowering lance points, reflecting regional customs across Frankish, English, and Germanic traditions rather than uniformity. Primary chronicles, such as those by Froissart detailing 14th-century campaigns, describe knights exchanging courtesies before battle but omit standardized hand-to-forehead salutes, indicating these were ad hoc rather than regulated protocols. The prevalence of visor-raising diminished with evolving armor designs by the late 15th century, as open-faced helmets and lighter plate reduced the need for such revelation.[28][32] Efforts toward standardization were limited by the feudal system's reliance on vassal levies lacking centralized training, though military-religious orders like the Knights Hospitaller (founded 1099) imposed internal disciplines that influenced broader etiquette. These groups maintained rigorous hierarchies, with gestures of submission—such as kneeling or presenting swords—enforced in monastic-military contexts to foster cohesion among diverse recruits. True uniformity awaited the transition to professional standing armies in the 16th century, but medieval practices laid foundational norms of respect that persisted through oral traditions and evolving drill manuals.[5][2]18th-19th Century Formalization
During the 18th century, European military forces, particularly in Britain, shifted from the practice of fully removing headgear to salute superiors—rooted in civilian courtesies of the era—to more practical hand gestures prompted by the adoption of heavier, more ornate helmets and hats that hindered quick removal.[6] This evolution reflected pragmatic adaptations in drill regulations amid expanding professional armies, where efficiency in maneuvers outweighed ceremonial flourish. In the British Army, for instance, soldiers during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) typically saluted by doffing their hats with the right hand, a method documented in contemporary accounts as a mark of respect for commissioned officers.[24] A pivotal formalization occurred in 1727 with the publication of drill instructions for the British Grenadiers, which introduced the precursor to the modern hand salute: raising the right hand to the hat brim with the palm facing outward, ostensibly to signal unarmed intent while acknowledging rank.[6] This palm-out variant, distinct from later naval adaptations, was designed to mimic hat-tipping without dislodging cumbersome tricornes or bearskins, and it gained traction across infantry units as armies standardized training to enhance discipline and unit cohesion.[2] By the late 18th century, similar abbreviated salutes appeared in other continental armies, influenced by British models during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), though variations persisted based on headgear design and national customs.[3] In the 19th century, further refinements codified the hand salute in official manuals, addressing inconsistencies from wartime improvisations. British regulations by 1820 modified the gesture to a precise touch of the right hand's fingertips to the hat visor or edge, elbow raised horizontally, streamlining it for parade and field use while preserving hierarchical signaling.[33] This form, with the open hand and palm facing forward by mid-century, became entrenched in drill books across Western militaries, including emerging U.S. Army practices that borrowed from British precedents post-independence.[3] The U.S. formalized it universally in 1875 amid post-Civil War professionalization, requiring the salute indoors and outdoors to officers, though enforcement varied until 1890s infantry manuals.[4] Prussian reforms under figures like Helmuth von Moltke emphasized rigid etiquette in the 1860s–1870s, integrating salutes into broader doctrinal training that prioritized instant obedience, influencing German unification's military culture but retaining a stiffer, heel-clicking execution distinct from Anglo traditions.[5] These developments underscored the salute's role in fostering instantaneous recognition of authority, reducing ambiguity in command chains during industrialized warfare.Military Salutes
Hand Salutes in Armed Forces
Hand salutes in armed forces constitute a formal gesture of respect toward superiors, national colors, and official ceremonies, executed primarily with the right hand raised to the head. This practice enforces discipline and hierarchy within military structures, with regulations mandating its use by personnel in uniform upon recognizing entitled individuals, typically from 6 to 12 paces or at a standstill.[34] Failure to salute appropriately can result in disciplinary action under service-specific customs.[35] The gesture originated from medieval knights raising visors to show peaceful intent but evolved into standardized forms by the 18th-19th centuries across Western militaries.[2] Today, it remains a universal military courtesy, though execution details differ by nation and branch, reflecting historical influences like British naval traditions or continental European adaptations. Personnel salute foreign officers of allied forces as a mark of professional respect.[5]Techniques and Protocols
Standard protocol requires the saluter to assume the position of attention, then raise the right hand sharply so the forearm is approximately horizontal, with the fingertips nearly touching the headgear's brow or temple. Fingers must be extended and joined, thumb along the palm, and the hand inclined slightly forward so the palm faces down. The salute is held until returned by the superior or until the individual passes, accompanied by a verbal greeting such as "Good morning, sir" or "ma'am" where appropriate.[15] [13] In the United States Army, detailed execution is outlined in Training Circular 3-21.5, emphasizing a smart, precise motion without unnecessary flourish; salutes are not rendered indoors unless reporting or under arms, nor when engaged in tasks preventing proper execution, such as carrying items with both hands.[13] Exceptions include left-hand salutes in the Navy when the right hand is encumbered, such as holding a sword or rifle, a custom not extended to Army or Air Force personnel.[10] Salutes to the national anthem or colors require facing the flag or direction of the music, with veterans and active personnel alike rendering the gesture outdoors.[34]National and Branch Variations
United States Army and Air Force regulations strictly limit hand salutes to the right hand, reflecting a standardization to ensure uniformity and readiness.[10] In contrast, the US Navy incorporates flexibility for left-hand salutes under specific conditions, distinguishing naval customs from ground forces.[10] British Armed Forces procedure involves raising the right hand smartly to the head via the shortest route, maintaining the forearm horizontal with fingers extended and palm facing down, before returning to the side equally smartly.[36] This aligns closely with US practices but emphasizes outward motion in some historical contexts, such as Royal Marines or Air Force variants where palm orientation may face forward. Saluting rules apply to commissioned officers and warrant officers, with compliments paid to ensigns and during guard mounts, per Queen's Regulations.[37] Across NATO allies and other nations, core elements—right hand to brow—predominate, though precise angles, palm directions, and accompanying words vary; for instance, some European forces tilt the palm perpendicular to the ground, adapting from French or Prussian influences without a codified alliance-wide standard.[38]Techniques and Protocols
The hand salute in military contexts is executed by raising the right arm smartly from the side, with the fingers and thumb extended and joined, palm facing down in U.S. forces, until the tip of the forefinger touches the brim of the headgear (or the temple if uncovered), while maintaining a straight wrist and forearm inclined at approximately 45 degrees, with the elbow locked and upper arm horizontal.[13] This motion is performed crisply in a one-count movement, followed by holding the position until acknowledged, then lowering the arm smartly to the side.[39] In British Army protocol, the salute differs by directing the palm outward (facing forward), with the right hand raised via the longest route from the side—passing to the right of the trunk—fingers together and extended, thumb along the trouser seam, until the forefinger contacts the cap peak or beret badge, emphasizing a visible open palm derived from historical knightly gestures of showing an ungrasped sword hilt.[36] Protocols mandate that the junior ranking individual initiate the salute upon recognizing a superior (typically officers or warrant officers) at a distance of 6 to 30 paces outdoors when in uniform and covered, holding it until returned or passing by; indoors, saluting is generally omitted except during formal reporting or ceremonies to avoid disrupting operations.[13][34] Accompaniment by a verbal greeting, such as "Good morning, sir/ma'am," is encouraged in U.S. and similar forces to convey respect, though not strictly required.[13] Exceptions include situations posing safety risks (e.g., while handling weapons or in vehicles), during physical training, or when under arms, where weapon-specific salutes supersede the hand version; civilians and off-duty personnel in civilian attire are not obligated to salute.[13] Variations persist across NATO and allied forces without a unified standard, reflecting national traditions: U.S. and influenced navies (e.g., Royal Navy) favor the palm-down orientation possibly tracing to 18th-century maritime customs of showing clean hands, while Commonwealth armies retain the palm-outward form.[36][40] Salutes extend to national flags during ceremonies, colors passing in review, or the playing of anthems, with all personnel facing the direction of honor and rendering the gesture simultaneously if in formation.[13] Failure to adhere precisely can signal indiscipline, as the salute reinforces hierarchy and unit cohesion through standardized, observable compliance.[41]National and Branch Variations
In the United States, all military branches execute the hand salute with the right hand, palm facing downward, upper arm horizontal to the ground, and fingertips touching the right side of the headgear or forehead if uncovered. The Army, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Space Force restrict salutes to the right hand exclusively. The Navy permits left-hand salutes when the right hand is occupied or injured, and naval custom requires accompanying the gesture with a verbal address such as "aye, aye, sir" or "request permission to..." during reporting.[10][11] In the United Kingdom, the Army and Royal Air Force render a palm-outward salute, with the hand raised so the palm faces the direction of the person being saluted, fingers together, and thumb close to the fingers. The Royal Navy deviates by using a palm-downward orientation, aligning more closely with U.S. naval practice, reportedly to obscure grease or tar on sailors' hands from historical rope work. This distinction reflects branch-specific customs preserved since the 18th century.[40] Many Commonwealth nations, including Canada and Australia, adopt the British Army's palm-outward style for land and air forces, while their navies often mirror the Royal Navy's palm-down variant. In contrast, non-Commonwealth forces like those of France typically employ a palm-down salute similar to the U.S. model, with the hand brought sharply to the temple edge. Branch variations remain minimal in most countries beyond hand orientation or allowances for encumbrance, emphasizing uniformity to signify respect and discipline across services.[1]Firearms and Artillery Salutes
Firearms and artillery salutes constitute ceremonial discharges of weapons to convey military honors, distinguishing between small arms volleys using rifles and calibrated cannon firings for higher protocol events. These practices trace to medieval naval customs where ships demonstrated non-hostile intent by expending ammunition stores, evolving into standardized honors by the 17th century.[42] In modern usage, "gun" specifically denotes artillery pieces rather than rifles, with procedures emphasizing safety, precise timing, and blank or reduced-charge projectiles to minimize risk while upholding tradition.[43] [44]Small Arms Procedures
Small arms salutes typically involve rifle volleys rather than individual firearm presentations, with the three-volley salute serving as the primary form at funerals and memorials for fallen service members. This entails three ranks of soldiers, each firing three blank rounds simultaneously over the casket, executed at intervals of about five seconds between volleys, symbolizing a historical battlefield ceasefire signal rather than a direct honor count.[45] Procedures mandate troops stand at attention, shoulder arms prior to firing, and clear the area post-volley, adhering to branch-specific drill manuals such as U.S. Army Regulation 600-25 for alignment and command sequences.[13] Unlike artillery salutes, small arms firings do not calibrate rounds by rank but maintain a fixed three-volley structure across most Western militaries, ensuring uniformity in rendering respects without escalating to cannon use.[43] Present arms with rifles, while not a firing salute, complements these by holding the weapon vertically at eye level during formal honors, but firing protocols prioritize volley discipline to avoid misfires, with safety officers verifying ammunition and positioning.[13]Gun Salutes and Their Calibration
Gun salutes employ artillery cannons firing prescribed odd-numbered rounds, calibrated to the honoree's protocol rank, with the 21-gun salute reserved for national sovereigns, presidents, or equivalent figures as the highest honor. Originating from 14th-century maritime practices where warships fired seven guns to empty broadsides ashore, the count standardized to 21 by the early 19th century following international agreements, such as British naval orders in 1772 reciprocating foreign salutes.[42] [43] Intervals between shots average five seconds, using blank charges or low-velocity rounds from saluting guns over 20mm caliber, positioned at least 500 meters from spectators for safety.[13] Calibration varies by nation and context; in the United States, for instance:| Honoree Category | Number of Guns |
|---|---|
| President or equivalent | 21 |
| Vice President or high foreign dignitaries | 19 |
| General officers (four-star) or ambassadors | 17 |
| Other senior officials | 11-15 |
Small Arms Procedures
Small arms procedures for military salutes typically entail a firing party executing three coordinated volleys using rifles loaded with blank cartridges, most commonly during funeral honors to render respect to deceased service members. This practice, distinct from artillery-based gun salutes, involves a squad of riflemen—usually seven in number for U.S. forces—to ensure an odd count symbolizing finality.[47] [48] The rifles employed are often ceremonial models such as the M14 service rifle, selected for their reliability in drill and compatibility with blanks to minimize residue and risk. The firing party positions itself at a safe distance, generally 50 to 75 paces from the casket or gravesite, facing away from attendees to direct fire upward at a 45-degree angle for safety.[49] Execution begins with the party at order arms, followed by commands from the squad leader: "Ready" (raising the rifle to port arms and then to the shoulder), "Aim" (aligning sights upward), and "Fire" (simultaneous discharge). This sequence repeats for three volleys, with intervals allowing for reloading blanks, typically executed in seven counts for the first two volleys and six for the final from a ready position.[49] Post-firing, the party may recover spent casings—three per rifle—to place within the folded flag presented to next of kin, symbolizing duty, honor, and country.[47] Safety protocols mandate pre-inspection of weapons, use of certified blanks to prevent live ammunition mishaps, and clear firing lanes free of personnel or structures.[50] In the event of a misfire or jam, the affected rifleman signals silently while others continue, with remedial action taken post-volley to maintain ceremony continuity. These procedures are standardized across U.S. military branches per drill manuals like TC 3-21.5, though minor variations exist, such as Marine Corps emphasis on M14 manual of arms for precision. Historically rooted in signaling the cessation of combat by ceasing reloads after three volleys, the practice ensures ceremonial efficiency without implying ongoing engagement.[47]Gun Salutes and Their Calibration
Gun salutes involve the ceremonial firing of artillery rounds to render honors to dignitaries, national symbols, or significant occasions, with the number of rounds precisely calibrated to reflect the status of the honoree.[43] The practice originated in naval traditions dating to the 14th century, when ships fired cannons to signal peaceful intentions by depleting their ammunition stores, rendering them temporarily defenseless.[42] Over time, the custom evolved into standardized protocols, with the 21-gun salute emerging as the highest honor through 19th-century international naval agreements that fixed 21 rounds as the maximum broadside from the largest warships of the era.[43] In the United States, gun salute calibration follows strict military regulations outlined in Army Regulation 600-25, which specifies odd numbers of rounds based on the honoree's rank or office, typically fired only on official arrivals and limited to four-star equivalents or higher unless exceptional circumstances apply.[13] The rounds are discharged at three-second intervals, synchronized with ruffles, flourishes, and appropriate music, beginning with the first note and continuing until completion, with the national flag hoisted during the salute.[13] For example, the President, former Presidents, presidents-elect, foreign sovereigns or chiefs of state, and reigning royal family members receive 21 guns; the Vice President, Speaker of the House, Cabinet members, Secretary of Defense, service secretaries, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, and service chiefs receive 19 guns; four-star generals or admirals receive 17 guns; and lower flag ranks receive correspondingly fewer, down to 11 guns for brigadier generals or rear admirals (lower half).[13]| Grade, Title, or Office | Number of Guns (Arrival) |
|---|---|
| President, Former President, President-elect; Sovereign or Chief of State (Foreign) or Royal Family Member | 21 |
| Vice President; Speaker of the House; Cabinet Member; Secretary of Defense; Service Secretaries; Chairman of Joint Chiefs; Service Chiefs | 19 |
| Generals/Admirals (4-star) | 17 |
| Lieutenant Generals/Vice Admirals (3-star) | 15 |
| Major Generals/Rear Admirals (Upper Half) (2-star) | 13 |
| Brigadier Generals/Rear Admirals (Lower Half) (1-star) | 11 |