Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Courtesy

Courtesy is the practice of showing politeness, respect, and consideration toward others through refined manners, gestures, and social conduct.^[1] It encompasses behaviors such as using polite language, observing personal space, and performing acts of kindness that acknowledge the dignity of individuals in interactions.^[2] The concept of courtesy originated in medieval Europe, deriving from the Old French term courtoisie, which referred to the courtly manners and elegance associated with noble courts during the 11th and 12th centuries.^[3]^[4] This refinement emerged as part of chivalric culture following the Norman Conquest of England, where French aristocratic influences shaped social norms among the elite, emphasizing generosity, civility, and hierarchical respect.^[5] In contemporary society, courtesy remains a fundamental social virtue that fosters harmony, reduces conflict, and strengthens interpersonal relationships across diverse settings.^[6] Its expressions vary significantly by culture, with differences in greetings, dining customs, and communication styles—such as directness in Western contexts versus indirectness in many Asian societies—reflecting unique values of collectivism, individualism, or hierarchy.^[6] Understanding these variations is essential for effective global interactions, as misalignment can lead to misunderstandings, while adaptation promotes mutual respect and cooperation.^[6]

Definition and Concepts

Etymology and Meaning

The word "courtesy" entered English around 1200, derived from Old French curteisie or cortoisie, denoting courtliness, gracious manners, and generosity, which itself stemmed from curteis ("courteous" or "courtly"), ultimately tracing back to Medieval Latin cortensis and Latin cohors ("court" or "enclosure," referring to a noble's retinue or yard).^[3]^[7] This etymological root emphasized behaviors befitting a royal or aristocratic court, evolving in Middle English as curteisie to signify refined conduct among the nobility, such as elegant speech and deferential gestures.^[1]^[5] At its core, courtesy refers to the habitual expression of respect, consideration, and good manners in social interactions, often involving actions that prioritize others' comfort and dignity without expectation of reciprocity.^[1] Unlike mere politeness, which may involve superficial adherence to social norms, courtesy implies a deeper, ingrained refinement shaped by ethical awareness and habitual practice, fostering harmonious relationships.^[8]^[9] The term's meaning shifted over time, initially tied in the 14th century to the ideals of courtly love in medieval European literature, where cortesia represented the chivalric virtues of devotion, discretion, and refined gallantry toward a lady in aristocratic circles.^[10] By the 19th century, as etiquette manuals proliferated amid industrialization and social mobility, courtesy broadened to encompass everyday civil behavior across classes, emphasizing universal politeness in public and domestic settings rather than exclusive courtly exclusivity.^[1]^[11]

Philosophical and Ethical Foundations

In Aristotelian ethics, courtesy is conceptualized as the virtue of friendliness (philia), which represents the golden mean between the extremes of obsequiousness (excessive agreeableness aimed at pleasing others at all costs) and surliness (contentiousness or rudeness that alienates others).^[12] This virtue involves appropriate social interactions that foster mutual goodwill without flattery or hostility, as detailed in Book IV of the Nicomachean Ethics, where Aristotle describes the friendly person as one who neither overpraises nor unduly criticizes, maintaining balance in interpersonal relations.^[13] As part of eudaimonic ethics, this form of courtesy contributes to the flourishing of the individual within the community by cultivating habits of equitable and considerate behavior. In Confucian philosophy, courtesy manifests through the concept of li (ritual propriety), a structured ethical practice that regulates social conduct to achieve harmony (he) in relationships and society.^[14] Li encompasses rituals, etiquette, and norms that express respect and maintain hierarchical yet reciprocal bonds, as emphasized in the Analects, where Confucius teaches that adherence to li cultivates benevolence (ren) and prevents disorder by aligning personal actions with communal expectations.^[15] This approach views courtesy not merely as superficial politeness but as an essential mechanism for moral self-cultivation and social stability, where proper observance of li transforms everyday interactions into pathways for ethical harmony. During the Enlightenment, thinkers like Immanuel Kant framed courtesy within deontological ethics as a duty rooted in respect for others' autonomy and dignity, independent of personal inclinations.^[16] In the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant outlines duties of respect that include politeness and affability as imperfect duties of virtue, prohibiting actions like contempt or ridicule that violate the categorical imperative by treating others merely as means rather than ends in themselves. In contrast, utilitarian perspectives, exemplified by John Stuart Mill, regard courtesy instrumentally as a practice that maximizes overall happiness by enhancing social cooperation and minimizing displeasure in interactions. Mill's Utilitarianism implies that virtues like courtesy derive their moral value from their tendency to promote the greatest good for the greatest number, such as through fostering pleasant and efficient communal life, rather than from intrinsic duty. Ethical debates surrounding courtesy often center on whether it constitutes an authentic virtue emerging from genuine character or a performative mechanism of social control that enforces conformity. Proponents of virtue ethics, drawing from Aristotle, argue for its authenticity as an internalized disposition that reflects true moral character, cultivated through habituation for personal and communal eudaimonia.^[17] Conversely, critics highlight its potential as a tool for performative social control, where outward displays of courtesy mask power dynamics and suppress dissent to maintain societal norms, as analyzed in examinations of cultural campaigns that promote politeness to regulate behavior in various societies, such as Singapore's initiatives.^[18] This tension underscores broader philosophical questions about the sincerity of ethical actions versus their role in upholding social order.

Historical Evolution

Ancient and Classical Periods

In ancient Egypt, courtesy was deeply intertwined with the concept of ma'at, the divine principle embodying truth, balance, order, and social harmony that governed both cosmic and human affairs.^[19] This ethical framework emphasized deferential behavior to maintain societal equilibrium, as seen in hieroglyphic texts from around 2400 BCE, such as the Instructions of Ptahhotep, where scribes were advised to speak with restraint, listen attentively, and show respect to superiors to avoid discord.^[20]^[21] For instance, the maxims instruct one to "be silent according to the fullness of thy knowledge" and to approach the powerful with humility, reflecting gestures of deference like lowered gaze or bowed posture depicted in tomb reliefs and advisory literature.^[22] In Mesopotamia, early codes of conduct similarly promoted courtesy as a means of orderly dispute resolution and communal stability. The Instructions of Shuruppak, dating to circa 2600 BCE, provided paternal advice on polite interactions, urging avoidance of offensive language, theft, and intrusion to foster trust and prevent conflict.^[23] By the time of Hammurabi's Code around 1750 BCE, this evolved into formalized laws that implied courteous processes in adjudication, such as requiring accusers to present evidence directly and imposing proportional penalties to ensure fair, non-violent settlements rather than vigilante retribution.^[24] These provisions underscored a societal expectation of respectful negotiation, where even adversaries were to engage through structured channels to uphold collective harmony. Classical Greek courtesy centered on xenia, the sacred ritual of guest-friendship, which mandated generous hospitality toward strangers as a divine obligation enforced by Zeus Xenios. In Homeric epics like the Odyssey (circa 8th century BCE), this is exemplified by episodes such as Odysseus's reception by the Phaeacians, where hosts provide food, shelter, and safe passage without inquiry into the guest's identity, while guests reciprocate with tales and gifts to honor the bond.^[25] Violations, like the suitors' abuse of hospitality in Ithaca, invite divine punishment, highlighting xenia as a cornerstone of ethical conduct. Romans adapted these ideals into urbanitas, a refined urban polish emphasizing wit, civility, and social grace, as articulated by Cicero in works like De Oratore (55 BCE), where he praises the urbane orator's ability to navigate conversations with elegance and deference to avoid offense.^[26] A pivotal event bridging Eastern and Western traditions occurred during Alexander the Great's conquests in the 4th century BCE, when he incorporated elements of Persian court etiquette to consolidate his empire. After defeating Darius III, Alexander adopted protocols such as proskynesis—a gesture of obeisance involving prostration—to symbolize hierarchical respect, influencing his multicultural administration despite Macedonian resistance to these "barbarian" customs.^[27] This fusion not only facilitated governance over diverse subjects but also elevated courtesy as a tool for political unity, echoing virtue ethics in its emphasis on balanced interpersonal relations.

Medieval to Modern Eras

In medieval Europe, courtesy emerged as a key element within chivalric codes that governed knightly behavior, emphasizing honor, loyalty, and respectful conduct toward superiors, peers, and women. The Song of Roland, an epic poem composed around 1100, exemplifies this by portraying Roland as a model of chivalric courtesy through his steadfast defense of Charlemagne and courteous interactions amid betrayal and battle, contrasting with the treachery of Ganelon.^[28] This code, rooted in feudal obligations, extended courtesy to refined speech and gestures in courtly settings, as knights were expected to demonstrate corteisie—a term denoting polished manners and moderation.^[29] Complementing chivalry, the concept of courtly love, popularized in 12th-century troubadour poetry from southern France, further refined these ideals by idealizing unrequited devotion to a lady, expressed through elegant language, subtle gestures, and poetic praise that elevated social interactions beyond mere duty.^[30] Troubadours like Guillaume IX of Aquitaine composed verses in the Occitan language, promoting fin'amor (refined love) as a disciplined art of courteous expression that influenced northern European courts.^[31] During the Renaissance, humanism shifted courtesy toward intellectual and aesthetic grace, as articulated in Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier (1528), a dialogue set in the Urbino court that defined the ideal noble as versatile in arts, arms, and manners. Castiglione introduced sprezzatura, the art of performing difficult tasks with apparent nonchalance to avoid affectation, positioning effortless elegance as the pinnacle of courteous behavior in aristocratic circles.^[32] This work, drawing on classical sources while adapting them to contemporary Italian courts, emphasized courteous conversation, wit, and physical poise as markers of refined humanity, influencing etiquette across Europe.^[33] In the 18th and 19th centuries, courtesy evolved amid Enlightenment rationalism and industrial upheaval, with salons in France and Britain fostering intellectual exchange through polite discourse. These gatherings, hosted by women like Madame de Geoffrin in Paris, promoted civility as a tool for rational debate, where participants practiced courteous listening and measured speech to advance ideas without hierarchy's dominance, aligning with Enlightenment values of equality in conversation.^[34] As industrialization expanded the bourgeoisie in the 19th century, Victorian etiquette manuals codified manners to distinguish rising middle-class status from working-class roughness, addressing table settings, social calls, and gender roles in an era of urban growth and social mobility. Works like The Habits of Good Society (1859) and Sarah Josepha Hale's Manners (1868) served as precursors, instructing on refined conduct to navigate bourgeois aspirations amid factories and railways.^[35]^[36] The 20th century formalized courtesy for broader, democratic audiences, as seen in Emily Post's Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics, and at Home (1922), which adapted aristocratic norms to modern American life by emphasizing kindness, sincerity, and inclusivity over rigid class distinctions. Post's guide, responding to post-World War I social flux, covered everyday interactions from invitations to public behavior, promoting courtesy as a universal ethic in egalitarian settings like workplaces and homes.^[37] This democratization reflected shifting societal values, making refined manners accessible beyond elites.

Cultural and Regional Variations

Western Perspectives

In Western traditions, courtesy manifests through distinct national variations that emphasize social refinement and restraint. In France, politesse emerged as a hallmark of elegant formality during the 18th century, particularly in aristocratic salons where conversation was crafted for social distinction rather than intellectual rigor, emphasizing adherence to hierarchies through witty exchanges.^[38] This courtly ideal, influenced by earlier chivalric codes, prioritized graceful demeanor and protocol to maintain social prestige. In contrast, British courtesy favors understatement and reserve, exemplified by the "stiff upper lip" stoicism that became integral to gentlemanly masculinity in the early 20th century, especially among World War I officers trained to exhibit emotional restraint and polite leadership amid adversity.^[39] American adaptations of courtesy evolved from 19th-century frontier informality, where egalitarian ideals leveled social hierarchies during early settlement, toward more structured practices that reflected upward mobility and democratic values. Etiquette manuals from the mid-1800s, such as those prescribing refined conduct for ladies and gentlemen, promoted inclusivity by allowing flexible interactions like arm-in-arm escorts, while underscoring the importance of graciousness in political and social alliances.^[40] In the South, this manifested as "Southern hospitality," a regional ethic rooted in antebellum planter culture and 19th-century honor codes, which valorized generous hosting and conspicuous social warmth as expressions of status and community.^[41] Key verbal expressions like "please" and "thank you" serve as foundational elements of Anglo-American courtesy, with "thank you" tracing to 14th-century English as a contraction of "I thank you," denoting favorable thought or obligation in everyday interactions.^[42] These phrases underscore a cultural emphasis on acknowledging others' efforts, often more frequently invoked in British contexts to navigate reserve. Table manners, derived from Renaissance European innovations like the introduction of cutlery and structured place settings, evolved through 18th- and 19th-century refinements—such as codified serving orders in Victorian Britain—to influence modern Western dining protocols, promoting hygiene, restraint, and communal harmony.^[43] Historically, Western gender roles in courtesy reinforced binaries, with women expected to embody demure modesty—such as deferential speech and posture—while men displayed gallant protectiveness, like offering seats or escorts, as seen in pre-Civil War American "ladies first" norms that masked underlying power dynamics.^[44] By the 20th century, feminist critiques highlighted how modern etiquette manuals perpetuated these stereotypes by idealizing a "lady" archetype focused on nurturing and courtesy, even as women's gains in economic independence prompted informalization of manners and a push toward gender equality in social conduct.^[45] This shift diminished rigid distinctions, fostering more egalitarian expressions of politeness across genders.

Eastern and Non-Western Perspectives

In East Asian traditions, courtesy manifests through concepts like enryo in Japan, which embodies self-restraint, modesty, and deference to maintain social harmony through indirect expressions that prevent discomfort.^[46] This practice underscores a collectivist ethic where indirect expressions prevent discomfort, aligning with broader cultural norms of humility in interpersonal exchanges. Similarly, in Chinese culture, mianzi (face) governs courtesy by prioritizing reputation and social standing, achieved through indirect communication that avoids direct confrontation or shame, such as using euphemisms or intermediaries to preserve harmony in relationships.^[47] Rooted in Confucian principles of ethical reciprocity and hierarchical respect, these approaches emphasize communal well-being over individual assertion.^[48] In South Asian contexts, particularly among Hindu traditions in India, courtesy is expressed through aadar, denoting profound respect and deference, especially toward elders, integrated into daily rituals like touching feet during greetings or family pujas to acknowledge wisdom and authority.^[49] This extends to hospitality embodied in the maxim atithi devo bhava ("the guest is God"), derived from ancient Upanishadic teachings, which mandates treating visitors with divine reverence, including offering food, shelter, and warmth without expectation, as a moral duty to foster social bonds.^[50] Such practices highlight a hierarchical yet inclusive ethic where elder deference and guest honor reinforce familial and communal stability. African perspectives on courtesy, particularly in sub-Saharan cultures, are deeply informed by the Ubuntu philosophy, which views humanity as interconnected and promotes communal harmony through empathy, respect, and shared responsibility, manifesting in everyday interactions that prioritize collective welfare over individualism.^[51] For instance, among the Maasai people of East Africa, greeting rituals exemplify this by requiring younger individuals, especially women, to kneel or bow before elders while offering verbal salutations like "sopa" (hello) with lowered gaze, symbolizing deference and reinforcing social order within pastoral communities.^[52] These acts of ritualized respect ensure group cohesion and mutual support in resource-scarce environments. Indigenous examples from Native American traditions further illustrate non-Western courtesy through reciprocal exchange, as seen in potlatch ceremonies among Northwest Coast peoples like the Kwakwaka'wakw, where hosts lavish gifts, feasts, and speeches on guests to honor alliances, redistribute wealth, and affirm social ties, embodying a principle of balanced giving that strengthens community resilience.^[53] This practice, often tied to life events like namings or memorials, underscores courtesy as an ongoing cycle of generosity rather than obligation, fostering prestige through selfless contribution to the collective.^[54]

Forms and Practices

Verbal and Linguistic Expressions

Verbal and linguistic expressions of courtesy encompass a range of structured language forms designed to convey respect, deference, and social harmony in interactions. These include honorifics, polite phrases, and formal conventions that vary by language and context, serving to mitigate potential face-threatening acts and foster positive relational dynamics.^[55] Honorifics and titles represent foundational elements of linguistic courtesy, embedding social hierarchies and respect into address forms. In English, terms like "sir" and "ma'am" function as courtesy titles to acknowledge authority or gender-based politeness, particularly in service or formal settings, without implying nobility.^[56] Similarly, Japanese keigo, or honorific language, employs polite verb endings such as desu and masu to elevate the speech level, signaling respect toward superiors or strangers and distinguishing teineigo (polite form) from plain forms in everyday discourse.^[57] In French, the T-V distinction manifests through the pronouns tu (informal singular) and vous (formal singular or plural), where vous conveys politeness and social distance, obligatory in professional or initial encounters to avoid presuming familiarity.^[58] Phrases and idioms further instantiate courtesy by expressing gratitude, apology, or deference in routine exchanges. Universal expressions like "sorry" for apologies and "thanks" for gratitude appear across many languages as pragmatic softeners that maintain interpersonal rapport, with "sorry" often preempting conflict by acknowledging minor infractions.^[58] In Arabic-speaking contexts, "inshallah" (meaning "if God wills") serves as a courteous idiom invoking deference to fate, politely qualifying commitments or responses to avoid overpromising and reflecting cultural humility toward divine will.^[59] Written courtesy extends these principles to textual communication, adhering to conventions that ensure decorum and clarity. In business letters and emails, salutations such as "Dear Mr./Ms. [Last Name]" establish a formal tone, followed by complimentary closings like "Sincerely" or "Best regards" to signal respect and closure.^[60] Diplomatic language in treaties and notes verbales employs elevated phrasing, such as courtesy introductions like "The Embassy of [Country] presents its compliments," to uphold neutrality and mutual esteem among states, often in multiple official languages per agreement.^[61]^[62] Globalization has spurred linguistic evolution in courtesy forms, yielding hybrid expressions that blend politeness strategies across languages. This hybridization reflects broader shifts in global communication, enhancing flexibility while preserving core politeness functions.

Non-Verbal and Behavioral Practices

Non-verbal and behavioral practices of courtesy encompass a range of physical gestures and actions that convey respect and consideration without words, varying significantly across cultures. These practices often serve as immediate signals of social harmony and deference, rooted in longstanding traditions that emphasize bodily expression over verbal communication.^[63] Gestures form a core element of non-verbal courtesy, with bowing prevalent in many Asian cultures as a hierarchical indicator of respect. In Japan, the depth of the bow—ranging from a casual 15-degree eshaku for informal greetings, a standard 45-degree keirei for ordinary respect, to a profound 90-degree saikeirei for deep apologies or utmost reverence—reflects the level of deference shown, a practice formalized in etiquette since the Edo period.^[63] Similarly, in South Korea, bowing (jeol) embodies Confucian principles of humility and hierarchy, with the angle and duration adjusted based on age, status, and context to signify politeness.^[64] In contrast, Western cultures favor the handshake as a gesture of equality and trust, where a firm grip lasting about three seconds conveys confidence and respect, while a limp handshake is often perceived as lacking sincerity or assurance.^[65] In India, the namaste gesture—pressing palms together at chest level while slightly bowing the head—symbolizes honoring the divine spirit within others, serving as a respectful greeting that transcends social barriers and promotes unity.^[66] Personal space and proximity also play a crucial role in behavioral courtesy, governed by cultural norms of proxemics as outlined by anthropologist Edward T. Hall. In Latin American cultures, closer interpersonal distances—typically around 20–30 inches (50–76 cm) during conversations—facilitate warmth and relational bonds, reflecting high-context communication styles.^[67] Conversely, Northern European societies maintain greater distances, typically 3 to 4 feet, to uphold personal boundaries and avoid perceived intrusion, aligning with low-context preferences for explicit interactions.^[68] Violating these norms can unintentionally signal disrespect, underscoring the need for cultural awareness in cross-border encounters. Acts of service represent proactive behavioral courtesy, where individuals perform helpful actions to ease others' burdens. Common examples include holding doors for those behind, offering seats to the elderly or pregnant on public transport, and gift-giving during visits or milestones, all of which demonstrate attentiveness and goodwill.^[69] In Japan, omotenashi exemplifies anticipatory service, a hospitality philosophy involving selfless prediction of needs—such as providing amenities before requests—to create seamless comfort, deeply embedded in service industries like hospitality.^[70] These practices, while simple, foster reciprocity and social cohesion by prioritizing others' convenience. Attire and presentation serve as non-verbal cues of courtesy in professional and social settings, signaling respect for occasions and participants through appropriate dress codes. Formal business attire, such as suits and ties, conveys professionalism and deference in Western corporate environments, enhancing perceptions of competence and ethicality.^[71] In diverse workplaces, adhering to context-specific guidelines—like modest, neat clothing in conservative cultures—avoids offense and promotes inclusivity, as inappropriate attire can undermine trust and collaboration.^[72] Courtesy plays a pivotal role in conflict resolution by serving as a de-escalation tool that mitigates tensions and facilitates constructive dialogue. In diplomatic negotiations, polite concessions and deferential language help prevent escalations, allowing parties to maintain face while exploring compromises; for instance, research shows that politeness strategies, such as hedging requests or using indirect speech, reduce defensiveness and increase the likelihood of mutually agreeable outcomes.^[73] This approach is evident in international diplomacy, where courteous exchanges signal respect and goodwill, transforming potential adversarial interactions into collaborative processes.^[74] In building relationships, courtesy fosters reciprocity, strengthening social bonds through mutual exchanges of politeness that encourage ongoing interactions. The principle of politeness reciprocity posits that individuals mirror courteous behaviors, creating cycles of positive reinforcement that deepen trust and cooperation in social networks.^[75] For example, in professional networking, courteous greetings, active listening, and follow-up thanks notes build rapport and open doors to future opportunities, as these practices demonstrate respect and value for the other person's time and input.^[76]^[77] Within institutions, courtesy underpins hierarchical deference and respect, enhancing group dynamics in educational and workplace settings. In education, teacher-student interactions rely on mutual courtesy to cultivate respect, where polite address and attentive listening promote a supportive learning environment that boosts engagement and academic performance.^[78] Studies indicate that implementing courtesy scripts in classrooms reduces peer conflicts and improves self-control among students by modeling deferential behaviors.^[79] Similarly, in workplaces, politeness aligns with organizational hierarchies, as subordinates' deferential language toward superiors mitigates power imbalances and fosters smoother collaborations, with empirical evidence showing that such behaviors correlate with reduced interpersonal friction.^[80] This deference, often expressed through honorifics or yielding in conversations, reinforces structured authority while maintaining professional harmony.^[81] Courtesy also intersects with social stratification, often reinforcing class and gender norms through targeted etiquette training in elite institutions. In elite schools, etiquette education imparts embodied cultural capital—such as refined manners and social graces—that distinguishes upper-class individuals and perpetuates inequality by embedding class-specific behaviors as markers of legitimacy.^[82] For instance, programs emphasizing deferential postures and polite discourse in these settings challenge gender norms by promoting equitable interactions but more commonly reinforce them, as historical analyses reveal how such training grooms students for stratified roles, with women often directed toward relational courtesy while men toward assertive leadership.^[83] This process subtly upholds social hierarchies, ensuring that courteous practices signal belonging to privileged strata.

Psychological and Emotional Impacts

Courtesy in social interactions has been associated with reduced stress levels through the promotion of reciprocal behaviors that trigger oxytocin release, a neuropeptide known to foster bonding and attenuate physiological stress responses such as elevated cortisol.^[84]^[85] Studies from the 2010s in social psychology indicate that polite environments enhance cooperation by signaling mutual respect and facilitating adherence to shared norms, as seen in experimental paradigms where politeness strategies improved negotiation outcomes and group coordination.^[86]^[87] Habitual engagement in courteous practices contributes to cognitive benefits, including heightened empathy and improved perspective-taking abilities, potentially mediated by activation in mirror neuron systems that underpin the simulation of others' emotional states during polite exchanges.^[88]^[89] This process allows individuals to better anticipate and respond to social cues, strengthening interpersonal understanding over time.^[90] In children, consistent modeling and positive reinforcement of courteous behaviors, such as saying "please" and "thank you," support the development of self-esteem by providing affirming feedback loops that reinforce a sense of competence and social value.^[91] Longitudinal observations suggest these practices build intrinsic motivation and emotional resilience, as children internalize the positive outcomes of prosocial actions.^[92] However, the negative psychological impacts of courtesy include the "courtesy bias," where individuals may engage in insincere polite interactions to conform to social expectations, leading to emotional labor and heightened stress, particularly in service industries where scripted courtesy is mandatory.^[93] This surface-level acting depletes emotional resources, contributing to burnout and reduced authenticity in relationships, as evidenced by studies on frontline workers who report increased psychological strain from suppressing genuine feelings.^[94]^[95]

Contemporary Applications and Challenges

Courtesy in Digital and Professional Contexts

In digital communication, netiquette encompasses established guidelines to foster respectful interactions online, adapting traditional courtesy to text-based and visual formats. A core rule is avoiding all-capital letters, as typing in all caps is widely perceived as shouting and can escalate conflicts or appear aggressive.^[96] Similarly, the use of emojis or tone indicators, such as "/s" for sarcasm, helps convey intent in ambiguous messages, though they should be employed sparingly to maintain clarity, especially in professional exchanges.^[97] In professional environments, courtesy manifests through structured practices that enhance collaboration and inclusivity. Email signatures often include pronouns or contact details to signal respect for diverse identities, reducing misgendering and promoting psychological safety in teams.^[98] Punctuality in meetings remains a fundamental expectation, demonstrating respect for colleagues' time and contributing to efficient workflows, as arriving on time allows for prepared participation without disrupting agendas.^[99] Inclusive language, such as avoiding gendered terms or assumptions about abilities, is prioritized in diverse teams to ensure equitable communication, with guidelines recommending neutral phrasing like "everyone" instead of "guys."^[100] Many corporations integrate cultural sensitivity training programs, which teach employees to recognize and adapt to varying communication styles across backgrounds, thereby reducing misunderstandings in global workforces.^[101] Challenges in digital courtesy arise from the tension between cyberbullying and counter-initiatives promoting kindness. Cyberbullying, involving repeated online harassment, affects a significant portion of internet users—including 41% of U.S. adults as of 2025—and undermines safe digital spaces, often through anonymous or amplified attacks on platforms.^[102] In response, online kindness campaigns like Be Kind Online have emerged as social movements, educating users on cyber safety and encouraging empathetic interactions to combat bullying through awareness and community pledges.^[103] The shift to remote work post-COVID-19 has introduced specific etiquette norms for video calls, emphasizing technical and visual professionalism to sustain courteous interactions. Muting microphones when not speaking is a standard practice to prevent background noise disruptions, fostering focused discussions and reducing fatigue in virtual meetings.^[104] Appropriate backgrounds, such as neutral or virtual ones that avoid distractions like clutter or personal items, help maintain privacy and a professional atmosphere, particularly in client-facing calls.^[105] These adaptations reflect broader efforts to preserve interpersonal respect in distributed teams, where visual cues play a heightened role in conveying attentiveness and inclusivity.

Debates on Decline and Adaptation

Sociologists have documented a perceived decline in courtesy norms, particularly in urban settings, where a "rudeness epidemic" has been observed since the early 21st century. Studies indicate that nearly half of Americans report increased rudeness in public spaces following the COVID-19 pandemic, with 34% encountering it frequently during outings. This trend is attributed to rising individualism, which prioritizes personal expression over collective harmony, and the pervasive influence of technology, such as smartphones, that fosters distracted and impersonal interactions. For instance, urban environments exacerbate these issues, as city density amplifies stress and reduces empathetic exchanges, leading to behaviors like ignoring social cues or abrupt communications.^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109] In contrast, proponents of adaptation argue that courtesy is evolving to align with contemporary social values, incorporating inclusive practices that promote equity. This includes the adoption of gender-neutral language, such as "they/them" pronouns, to respect diverse identities and avoid assumptions based on binary norms. Similarly, anti-racist etiquette emphasizes avoiding microaggressions through mindful word choices, like specifying "Black" with a capital B to acknowledge cultural significance, thereby fostering respectful dialogue in multicultural contexts. These shifts reflect a broader transformation where traditional politeness adapts to address systemic inequalities, enhancing social cohesion without rigid adherence to outdated conventions.^[110]^[111]^[112] Globalization has introduced tensions between Western casualness and Eastern formality, prompting hybrid courtesy norms. In Asia, younger generations increasingly blend informal Western styles—such as direct eye contact and casual greetings—with traditional practices, influenced by media and economic integration. For example, K-pop idols maintain ceremonial bows during global performances, exporting Korean non-verbal politeness to international audiences while adapting to less hierarchical Western fan interactions. This cross-cultural exchange dilutes strict formality in Eastern societies but enriches global etiquette with diverse expressions of respect.^[113]^[114]^[115] Looking ahead, experts predict that AI interactions will necessitate programmed courtesy to mirror human social dynamics effectively. Research suggests that AI systems should incorporate politeness strategies, like responsive affirmations, to build user trust and improve response quality. Surveys as of 2025 indicate that approximately 70-80% of users in the UK and USA exhibit courteous behavior, such as using "please" and "thank you," toward chatbots.^[116]^[117] Education plays a pivotal role in this revival, as integrating civility training in schools—through lessons on respect and empathy—can counteract declines by instilling adaptive norms from an early age. Such initiatives, including character education programs, aim to equip future generations with skills for both human and technological interactions.^[118]

References

[1]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/courtesy
[2]
COURTESY Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Courtesy definition: excellence of manners or social conduct; polite behavior.. See examples of COURTESY used in a sentence.Missing: cultural | Show results with:cultural
[3]
Courtesy - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating c.1200 from Old French curteisie meaning courtliness and generosity, courtesy means polite conduct, civility, and elegance of manners.Missing: cultural | Show results with:cultural
[4]
Courtliness and courtesy - Oxford Reference
[OFr. cort, curtesie, courtoisie] Terms describing the refined customs and behaviours that emerged in the European courts of the 11th and 12th centuries.
[5]
How courteous are you at court? | OUPblog
Jul 17, 2013 · Courtesy would have become courtezy if it had stuck to its etymon, but it probably fell under the sway of jealousy, fantasy, heresy, and the ...
[6]
Cross Cultural Etiquette - The Emily Post Institute
Cross-cultural etiquette involves understanding cultural variations, regional customs, and differences in technology, attire, language, and feedback, while ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[7]
courtesy, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
OED's earliest evidence for courtesy is from around 1225, in Ancrene Riwle. courtesy is a borrowing from French. Etymons: French curtesie.<|control11|><|separator|>
[8]
Courteous - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating c.1300 from Old French curteis, meaning "courtly," courtesy means having elegant manners, politeness, and gracious, urbane behavior.
[9]
Polite vs Courteous: What's the Difference & Why It Matters?
Aug 26, 2025 · Polite comes from Latin politus (“smoothed, refined”). It signals social ease, adherence to norms, something expected. · Courteous stems from Old ...
[10]
The Rules of Courtly Love – All 31 of them! - Lions and Lilies
Feb 18, 2014 · Any lover worth his salt was said to be cortes, a word that means both courteous and courtly. Cortesia was a vital aspect of troubadour love.
[11]
Victorian Era Etiquette and Manners - The Old Farmer's Almanac
Apr 15, 2025 · During the Victorian Era (1837-1901), there were countless rules of social manners and etiquette, though they now may seem a bit old-fashioned.
[12]
Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle - The Internet Classics Archive
Book IV, Go to next. 1. Let us speak next of liberality. It seems to be the mean with regard to wealth; for the liberal man is praised not in respect of ...Missing: philia surliness
[13]
Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle: Book IV. Moral Virtue - Sacred Texts
Friendliness, obsequiousness, churlishness. those who to give pleasure praise everything and never oppose, but think it their duty 'to give no pain to the ...Missing: philia | Show results with:philia
[14]
Chinese Ethics - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jan 10, 2008 · Under the right conditions, courtesy develops into li, which as a virtue consists in the observance of the rites or the virtue of ritual ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[15]
Confucius | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Confucius' vision of order unites aesthetic concerns for harmony and symmetry (li) with moral force (de) in pursuit of social goals: a well-ordered family, a ...Missing: courtesy | Show results with:courtesy
[16]
Kant's Moral Philosophy
Feb 23, 2004 · According to Kant, what is most distinctive about motivation by duty is that it consists of bare respect for the moral law. What naturally comes ...
[17]
Virtue Ethics - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jul 18, 2003 · Following (and adapting) Aristotle, virtue ethicists draw a distinction between full or perfect virtue and “continence”, or strength of will.Missing: courtesy performative
[18]
[PDF] Courtesy and Kindness: Social Marketing and Cultural Control in ...
the government's cumulative attempts at social control were overbearing. In ... The courtesy and kindness campaigns are “easy” ethical cases in that ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[19]
[PDF] The ancient Egyptian concept of Maat: Reflections on social justice ...
Jan 2, 2016 · The ancient Egyptian conception of Maat includes connotations of 'order',. 'harmony', 'rightness' and true witness.
[20]
The Project Gutenberg E-text of The Instruction of Ptah-hotep, by ...
The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep and the Instruction of Ke'Gemni: The Oldest Books in the World. Translated from the Egyptian with an introduction and appendix.
[21]
[PDF] Ptahhotep, Instruction of - Mark-Jan Nederhof
Oct 18, 2009 · Transcription of The Instruction of Ptahhotep, in the version of Papyrus Prisse, following Zába. (1956). The missing line numbers 6.1, 8.13 ...
[22]
The instructions of Shuruppag: translation - ETCSL
You should not steal anything; you should not ...... yourself. You should not break into a house; you should not wish for the money chest (?). A thief is a lion ...Missing: Mesopotamia etiquette courtesy Hammurabi
[23]
Code of Hammurabi - The Avalon Project
6. If any one steal the property of a temple or of the court, he shall be put to death, and also the one who receives the stolen thing from him shall be put to ...Missing: courteous resolution etiquette
[24]
(DOC) The Concept of Xenia in The Odyssey - Academia.edu
This paper discusses the ancient Greek practice of hospitality known as xenia within the text of Homer's epic The Odyssey.
[25]
Urbanitas: Cicero and Quintilian, a Contrast in Attitudes - jstor
In an earlier paper' I attempted to outline the rise of the. Roman feeling of urbanity during the third and second centuries before Christ.Missing: courtesy | Show results with:courtesy
[26]
(PDF) An Admirer of Persian Ways: Alexander the Great's Reforms ...
The reforms included creating a court ceremonial modeled on Achaemenid traditions and establishing Iranian royal guards. Resistance from Macedonian troops arose ...
[27]
Remarks on Medieval "Courtoisie": Poetry and Grace - jstor
Thierry's "courtesy" of speech is directly linked to that of Roland, and is, of course, opposed to Ganelon's lack of courtesy. , verses 819-22. to the text ...
[28]
Courtly Love and Courtliness - jstor
In the Chanson de Roland, Oliviers is characterized as corteis, 11. 576, 3755, by implication, moderate as contrasted with the impetuous Roland. In Provengal, ...Missing: medieval | Show results with:medieval
[29]
Courtly Love
The emergence in twelfth-century France of a model of male-female relations that contemporaries referred to as fine amour (refined love).
[30]
"Courtly Love": A Problem of Terminology - jstor
Courtly love, a literary expression of feudalism, is an invention of the 11th or 12th century, with traits like furtive love, an inferior lover, and the love ...Missing: gestures speech
[31]
The Book of the Courtier, by Count Baldesar Castiglione
The Book of the Courtier by Count Baldesar Castiglione (1528) translated from the Italian and annotated by Leonard Eckstein Opdycke with seventy-one portraits ...
[32]
Baldassare Castiglione's *The Book of the Courtier* (1903 edition)
May 5, 2021 · Sprezzatura found a modern patron in Baldassarre Castiglione, whose The Book of the Courtier (Il Cortegiano) holds the performance of effortlessness in highest ...
[33]
The Epistemology of the Sentence: Language, Civility, and Identity ...
Civility could be criticized in the same way as politeness, while politeness could be restored to the virtues of civility. Beauzee, for example, writes ...
[34]
A Question of Manners: Status and Gender in Etiquette and Courtesy
The fact that etiquette did not reflect the common image of the insolent, boorish Victorian is not surprising, since books of manners of all ages so ...
[35]
The Project Gutenberg eBook of "Etiquette In Society", by Emily Post.
But the aims of the world in which he moved were routed by the onrush of the ideals of democratic equality, fraternity, and liberty. With the prosperity of ...
[36]
The Kingdom of Politesse: Salons and the Republic of Letters in ...
The aim of this paper is to show that it is much more effective to think about the salons as the main institution of cultural sociability for social elites.Missing: courtesy | Show results with:courtesy
[37]
[PDF] The Masculinity of Lower-Middle-Class Temporary British Officers in ...
... stiff upper lip.' Hegemonic masculinity had undergone a number of developments over the previous century. In the eighteenth century, polite and refined ...
[38]
The Power of Etiquette in 19th Century America | AM
Etiquette manuals are often seen as a window into the underlying ideologies of society at that time, most particularly the desire to act like the upper classes.
[39]
The Southern Hospitality Myth - UGA Press
540-day returnsAnthony Szczesiul looks at how and why we have taken something so particular as the social habit of hospitality—which is exercised among diverse individuals ...
[40]
Ta, cheers, much obliged: A brief history of 'thanks' in English
Sep 23, 2014 · There's more to just saying thank you than you think. Philip Seargeant delves into the fascinating linguistics of expressing gratitude.Missing: politeness | Show results with:politeness
[41]
The history of table manners | Food | The Guardian
Nov 9, 2011 · Only in Renaissance Europe do paintings and artefacts reveal the dawn of table manners: just to contemplate the extreme beauty and fragility ...
[42]
[PDF] Manners in Modern World History
saying hello, goodbye, please, thank you and excuse me. These—or their linguistic equiva- lents—had gradually become standard ways for people in the West to ...
[43]
[PDF] A Modern Etiquette for a Modern Lady: A Feminist Critique
Apr 11, 2025 · Women have been seeking advice about proper ways of conducting a dinner party, writing a thank you letter, or dressing for a wedding reception ...
[44]
[PDF] Chinese Communication Modes - DigitalCommons@URI
Four key concepts can be used as a framework to effectively explore Chinese communication behaviors. They are he xie (harmony), guanxi (relation), mianzi (face) ...<|separator|>
[45]
The Feeling of “Face” in Confucian Society - PubMed Central - NIH
Jul 19, 2016 · This article adopts a perspective of psychosocial equilibrium to elaborate people's feeling of face in Taiwan, a Confucian society.Missing: communication | Show results with:communication
[46]
Chapter 17 Hindu Culture - Free Books from UVU
The Hindu culture is one that revolves around love and respect for others. For example, respect for elders is a foundation of Hindu culture.Missing: deference | Show results with:deference
[47]
An exploratory study on Indian traditional hospitality “Atithi Devo ...
Research Article| March 22 2024. An exploratory study on Indian traditional hospitality “Atithi Devo Bhawah” in Uttarakhand's rural areas post-pandemic using data science Available ... Atithi Devo Bhava” which means “Guest is like God”. Also government ...
[48]
[PDF] respect as a pillar of african ubuntu philosophy. okogbe shadrach
Ubuntu is a foundational concept in African philosophy that underscores the interconnectedness of humanity and emphasizes communal values over individualism. It ...Missing: courtesy | Show results with:courtesy
[49]
Greetings - Orville Jenkins
Apr 5, 2005 · But the Maasai always greet a child by touching the head. While Europeans may kiss or hug, some cultures reserve such overt gestures for ...Missing: courtesy | Show results with:courtesy
[50]
Penn's Timothy Powell: Forging Partnerships to Promote Native ...
Feb 8, 2017 · The centuries-old cultural ceremony is marked by feasts, speeches, songs, dances and exchanges of gifts between host clans of elders and chiefs ...
[51]
[PDF] The Wisdom of the Giveaway: A Guide to Native American
For some tribes, giving is most often anonymous or private, because giving is an engagement in a broad reciprocity, not for the sake ofprestige or altruism, but ...
[52]
[PDF] The Japanese Keigo Verbal Marker - ERIC
Keigo consists of sonkeigo, kenjougo, and teineigo. Each of those speech levels is going to be analyzed based on linguistic and nonlinguistic factors. In this ...<|separator|>
[53]
Protocol Reference - United States Department of State
Courtesy titles are not salutations and are used only in writing before the full name of a person. Additionally, it is custom in the United States for a person ...Missing: English | Show results with:English
[54]
[PDF] Interpersonal Functions of the Polite Forms Desu/Masu in Japanese ...
The present study focuses on the use of polite forms desu/masu and non-polite forms which belong to the Teineigo category. In Japanese, there are two kinds of ...
[55]
(PDF) Vous ou tu?: Towards Understanding the Politeness Concept ...
Aug 8, 2025 · Politeness strategies in French have a primary goal of establishing and maintaining good social relationships between fellow members of the community.
[56]
Insha'Allah (God's Willing) and its Functions in Arabic - Academia.edu
How does 'insha'allah' reflect cultural attitudes towards fate among Arabs?add. 'Insha'allah' embodies fatalism, with individuals often attributing outcomes ...Missing: courteous | Show results with:courteous
[57]
Examples of Business Letter Format - UW-Madison Writing Center
Salutation. Now you will begin your letter. It is typical to start the letter with the salutation “Dear x:” (where x is the name of your letter's recipient).
[58]
Use of language in diplomacy - Diplo Resource
The use of language in written diplomatic communication is usually explicitly determined (most often by bilateral agreement). Generally speaking, it is based ...
[59]
5 FAH-1 H-610 USING DIPLOMATIC NOTES - Foreign Affairs Manual
A diplomatic courtesy phrase or complimentary close is not used. A note diplomatique may be signed or initialed by a government representative from the ...
[60]
[PDF] Defining Spanglish: A Linguistic Categorization of Spanish-English ...
Apr 1, 2017 · Spanglish is not a chaotic mashup of two languages, but a rule-governed and expressive hybrid of two sociolinguistic identities that can co- ...Missing: politeness | Show results with:politeness
[61]
(PDF) “The Global Transformation of English: Linguistic Hybridity ...
Aug 26, 2025 · The global dominance of English has transformed it into a dynamic, hybrid language enriched by contributions from non-native speakers.
[62]
How to Bow: An Essential Form of Respect in Japan | Nippon.com
Nov 9, 2023 · Bowing plays a central role in Japanese etiquette. Here we introduce different kinds of bows for different situations, and the roots of the practice.
[63]
The Art of Bowing in South Korea - HaeTek 해택
Mar 3, 2025 · Bowing, known as “인절 “ (injeol), is a fundamental way to show respect in South Korea. It is deeply rooted in Confucian values.<|separator|>
[64]
The Power of the Perfect Handshake | Etiquette School of New York
And a man should give a woman the same firm handshake he gives a man. In social situations, however, a man should wait for a woman to extend her hand first.
[65]
The Meaning of Namaste: How to Perform the Namaste Gesture - 2025
Jun 7, 2021 · ” In Indian culture and Buddhist and Hindu belief systems, namaste is a respectful greeting or salutation and a sign of deferential respect ...
[66]
Proxemics 101: Understanding Personal Space Across Cultures
Dec 22, 2019 · Developed by anthropologist Edward T. Hall in the 60s, proxemics is the study of how we use space when we communicate.
[67]
Proxemics - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The seminal work by Hall (1966) indicated that people of different cultures have significantly different standards for maintaining personal space and, thus, ...
[68]
Small Favors Can Yield Large Returns, Study Finds - USC Today
Dec 3, 2015 · The effort made in performing a small courtesy, such as holding a door open for others, influences whether people say “thank you” or return ...
[69]
Omotenashi: The Heart of Japanese Business - Global Career Guide
Feb 20, 2025 · Several key elements distinguish omotenashi from standard customer service: ・Anticipation: Involves anticipating the needs of others before ...Omotenashi: The Heart Of... · Omotenashi In Japanese Work... · Omotenashi And Technology<|separator|>
[70]
Perceptions of Ethicality: The Role of Attire Style ... - PubMed Central
Feb 11, 2023 · Attire style influences perceptions of ethicality in the workplace, with individuals dressed in more professional attire (business formal) being ...
[71]
The New Rules of Work Clothes - Harvard Business Review
Sep 7, 2022 · She said it's becoming more widely accepted to allow your attire to be an expression of who you are, as opposed to a formal environment to which ...Summary · Observe Others · Experiment And EvaluateMissing: courtesy | Show results with:courtesy
[72]
The Role of Politeness in Negotiations | The ILR School
Aug 14, 2023 · Politeness is a set of verbal behaviors intended to validate and defer to interaction partners (e.g., “Any chance you can lower the price?” vs.
[73]
The Importance of Politeness in Negotiation - The Conflict Expert
Sep 10, 2019 · Politeness is key for achieving mutually agreeable solutions, improving image, reputation, and future relationships, and making negotiators ...
[74]
The Principle of (Im)politeness Reciprocity - ScienceDirect.com
Reciprocal polite 'thank yous', sometimes repeating themselves over several exchanges, are not uncommon in British culture. Conversely, reciprocal impolite ...3. Morality And Reciprocity · 5. Reciprocity In Requestive... · 5.1. Study 1
[75]
The Rules of Reciprocity - Debretts
Reciprocity – the notion that we pay back what we have received from others – underpins many of our social interactions.
[76]
How do you network in a professional and courteous way?
Respect time, focus on making connections, listen carefully, keep conversations positive, ask for help in small doses, and always send a thank you note.
[77]
Exploring positive teacher-student relationships: the synergy of ...
Nov 29, 2023 · A positive teacher-student relationship is characterized by fundamental elements such as trust, mutual respect, emotional support, and effective ...
[78]
[PDF] How courtesy scripts improve self-control and reduce peer conflict by
Feb 7, 2020 · Courtesy scripts, like 'I do, we do, you do', improve self-control, reduce peer conflict, and help children make requests while honoring others.
[79]
A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Power and Politeness - PubsOnLine
Results of a laboratory study confirm that politeness behaviors are sensitive to the distribution of formal authority in organizations.
[80]
The deference between us | UNC Kenan-Flagler Business School
Oct 11, 2014 · Deference is a communication tool used to manage relationships. People expect that underlings will show deference to their superiors.Missing: courtesy | Show results with:courtesy
[81]
[PDF] THE FORMS OF CAPITAL
Cultural capital can exist in three forms: in the embodied state, i.e., in the form of long-lasting dispositions of the mind and body; in the objectified state, ...
[82]
Full article: The cultural capital of senior leaders in elite traditional ...
Jan 31, 2022 · 141), Bourdieu identified three types of cultural capital: Objectified, Embodied, and Institutionalized, and this offers a useful, nuanced ...Introduction · Cultural Capital And Habitus · Discussion<|control11|><|separator|>
[83]
Oxytocin facilitates reciprocity in social communication - PMC
Collectively, our findings point to a central role of social synchrony in facilitating reciprocal communication between individuals via heightened OXT signaling ...
[84]
Roles of Oxytocin in Stress Responses, Allostasis and Resilience
Oxytocin administration and social support have been shown to decrease cortisol levels and reduce anxiety during a Trier social stress test in healthy men [73].
[85]
Beyond cheap talk accounts: A theory of politeness in negotiations
Politeness in negotiations is a communicative strategy to signal deference and respect, using verbal behaviors to validate interaction partners and fulfill ...Missing: workplace | Show results with:workplace
[86]
Politeness and Compassion Differentially Predict Adherence ... - NIH
Jun 13, 2017 · In this study, we compared adherence to fairness norms in the dictator game with responses to violations of the same norms in third-party punishment and ...
[87]
Dissociating Empathy From Perspective-Taking: Evidence From Intra
Mar 14, 2019 · The data show that empathy and perspective-taking recruit distinct neural circuits and can be discerned already during early and throughout ...
[88]
Your Error's Got me Feeling – How Empathy Relates to the ...
May 17, 2012 · The mirror neuron system, activated during self-performed but also observed actions, is thought to support both observational learning and our ...
[89]
Cognitive and Affective Empathy Relate Differentially to Emotion ...
Nov 15, 2021 · These studies demonstrate that greater cognitive empathy was broadly associated with improved emotion regulation abilities.
[90]
Recognition for Positive Behavior as a Critical Youth Development ...
This paper discusses the following theories on positive behavior recognition: operational conditioning, observational learning, self-determination, and ...
[91]
From Helpless to Hero: Promoting Values-Based Behavior and ... - NIH
Apr 23, 2020 · Behavior analysts can help parents enlist their children in managing the household by framing their behavior in terms of hidden superpowers.Missing: fostering esteem
[92]
Influence of Leaders' Emotional Labor and Its Perceived ... - NIH
May 15, 2024 · The current study adopts the Emotion as Social Information (EASI) model as a theoretical framework to investigate the influence of leaders' emotional labor.
[93]
Understanding Emotional Labor Dynamics in Participant Sport Service
Sep 15, 2023 · This study proposes a conceptual framework that outlines the antecedents, consequences, and moderators of emotional labor strategies in participant sport ...
[94]
Association of Emotional Labor, Self-efficacy, and Type A ...
Jul 25, 2017 · The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between emotional labor and burnout, and whether the levels of self-efficacy and type ...
[95]
What Are the 10 Rules of Netiquette? - UTEP
Use emojis or tone indicators like “/j” (joking) or “/srs” (serious) sparingly in informal class chats, but avoid them in academic discussions. Rule #5: No ...Missing: shouting | Show results with:shouting
[96]
Practical Advice for Netiquette - The Cybersmile Foundation
You could do this by using emoticons, putting "lol" (laugh out loud) at the end of the message, or by starting with a phrase like, "On a lighter note...".
[97]
Analysis of Incivility on Twitter During the 2020 Democratic ...
Aug 16, 2021 · This study seeks to address the extent of incivility on Twitter in discourse regarding the top three 2020 Democratic primary candidates.Missing: etiquette sources
[98]
Inclusive Communication Through an Email Signature: HR's ...
Jun 16, 2025 · An inclusive email signature gives everyone the opportunity to share information like pronouns, without friction or pressure.Missing: courtesy meeting punctuality language training sensitivity
[99]
11 Meeting Etiquette Rules You Should Follow at Work | Indeed.com
1. Be punctual · 2. Come prepared · 3. Dress professionally · 4. Speak loud enough · 5. Actively listen and participate · 6. Take turns speaking · 7. Follow the ...
[100]
70 Inclusive language principles that will make you a ... - Handshake
Learn effective strategies to reduce hiring bias and create a more inclusive recruitment process that attracts diverse, qualified candidates for your team.Missing: courtesy | Show results with:courtesy
[101]
How corporate language training promotes inclusivity in the workplace
Jan 31, 2023 · This article frames the importance of corporate language training in promoting workplace inclusivity and helping employees work better ...Missing: courtesy signatures punctuality
[102]
[PDF] Cyberbullying: An overview of research and policy in OECD countries
Mar 24, 2022 · In recent years, the literature base on cyberbullying has rapidly expanded, shedding insights into the prevalence of the issue, highlighting ...Missing: #bekind movements
[103]
About ‹ Be Kind Online
Be Kind Online is a social movement – an initiative to bring awareness and education to cyberbullying and cyber safety.Missing: campaign | Show results with:campaign
[104]
“There's an Etiquette to Zoom That's Not Really Present In-Person ...
Aug 9, 2023 · Our findings document an overarching discourse of Zoom etiquette by which muting was a discursive practice that all participants used.Missing: remote | Show results with:remote
[105]
https://hrdailyadvisor.com/2022/07/22/video-conference-etiquette
[106]
Almost half in US say rudeness has increased since COVID-19
Mar 12, 2025 · Many Americans perceive a rise in rude behavior, and 34% say they see it almost always or often when they go out in public.Missing: decline century urban
[107]
The 'age of selfishness' is making us sick, single, and miserable. It's ...
Mar 12, 2024 · But it hasn't. From rudeness in grocery stores to doors closing in your face rather than being held open by a stranger, behavior at a macro ...
[108]
Is Modern Technology Making Us Rude? | Psychology Today
Jan 6, 2025 · Is Modern Technology Making Us Rude? Why our evolutionary past doesn't align with chatbots and call centers. Posted January 6, 2025 ...
[109]
Learning English - Why do cities make us rude? - BBC
Feb 2, 2017 · Well, that's a good question, Neil, and maybe we'll find some answers in the show, because today we're talking about why cities make us so rude.
[110]
UNITED NATIONS Gender-inclusive language
1. Use non-discriminatory language · 2. Make gender visible when it is relevant for communication · 3. Do not make gender visible when it is not relevant for ...Missing: evolution racist
[111]
The power of inclusive language for promoting racial equity
Nov 1, 2024 · The European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance describes anti-Gypsyism as “a specific form of racism, an ideology founded on racial ...Missing: courtesy | Show results with:courtesy
[112]
LSA Guidelines for Inclusive Language - Linguistic Society of America
These guidelines highlight ways in which linguists can both lead the way in proactively writing inclusively and avoid past pitfalls or habits.Missing: racist etiquette
[113]
Chinese youth: Westernised but not pro-democracy - The China Story
Nov 30, 2021 · Multiple national sample surveys find that Chinese youth are adopting Westernised values, with a greater preference for individualism and self-expression, and ...Missing: casual | Show results with:casual
[114]
(PDF) “Koreans Are Always Nodding or Bowing”: K-Wave Fandom's ...
Jul 7, 2024 · This chapter shows how K-wave viewers' exposure to dramas and reality TV shows informs their perception and understanding of politeness.Missing: courtesy | Show results with:courtesy
[115]
(PDF) Globalisation Impact on the Western and Eastern Cultures
Aug 6, 2025 · The aim of this paper is to study the impact of globalisation on the cultures of Western and Eastern countries.
[116]
Should robots be polite? Expectations about politeness in human ...
Nov 30, 2023 · In this paper, we present qualitative research exploring whether users expect artificial agents to use politeness—a fundamental mechanism of ...
[117]
Politeness in 2025: Why are we so kind to AI? - Diplo Foundation
Apr 23, 2025 · Why do ~80% of us say 'please' & 'thank you' to AI like ChatGPT? Explore the psychology, hidden costs, and what our AI politeness reveals ...
[118]
Why You Should Be Polite To ChatGPT And Other AIs - Forbes
Nov 5, 2024 · Studies show that maintaining digital courtesy might be the secret weapon for both building stronger emotional intelligence and getting ...Missing: programmed | Show results with:programmed
[119]
Teaching civility in schools will re-instill an attitude of respect
Aug 28, 2023 · One strategy to re-instill an attitude of respect for others is to incorporate character education into our schools' programs of study.