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CD30

CD30 is a transmembrane glycoprotein and member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, also known as TNFRSF8, that functions as a cell surface receptor primarily expressed on activated T and B lymphocytes as well as certain malignant cells.^[1] It was first identified in 1982 as a marker on Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma using a monoclonal antibody derived from a Hodgkin lymphoma cell line.^[1] Structurally, CD30 is a type I protein consisting of approximately 595 amino acids with a molecular weight of 105–120 kDa, featuring an extracellular domain with six cysteine-rich repeats, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain that binds TRAF proteins to activate signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK/ERK.^[2]^[3] In healthy individuals, CD30 expression is tightly regulated and limited to subsets of activated immune cells, including CD4+ memory T cells and Th2-type cytokine-producing lymphocytes, where it plays a key role in modulating T- and B-cell interactions, memory T-cell maintenance, and germinal center responses essential for humoral immunity.^[1]^[3] Its ligand, CD30L (TNFSF8), is expressed on activated monocytes, B cells, and T cells, facilitating bidirectional signaling that influences cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity while regulating lymphocyte trafficking and effector functions.^[4]^[5] Dysregulated CD30 expression is associated with various diseases, particularly hematopoietic malignancies such as classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), where it is highly expressed on nearly all Reed-Sternberg cells, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), present in over 90% of cases; it also appears in subsets of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, and some non-lymphoid tumors like embryonal carcinoma.^[1]^[3] In these contexts, CD30 signaling promotes tumor cell survival through anti-apoptotic mechanisms and immune evasion, contributing to lymphomagenesis.^[6]^[1] Due to its restricted normal expression and prominent role in malignancies, CD30 serves as a valuable diagnostic marker in immunohistochemistry for identifying CD30-positive lymphomas and guiding therapeutic decisions.^[3] Therapeutically, CD30 has emerged as a prime target for antibody-based interventions, most notably brentuximab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate approved by the FDA in 2011 for relapsed or refractory cHL and systemic ALCL, which delivers a cytotoxic payload to CD30-expressing cells and has demonstrated objective response rates of 75% in cHL and complete remissions in up to 34% of patients in clinical trials.^[1]^[3] As of 2025, ongoing research continues to explore additional modalities, including bispecific antibodies like AFM13 (acimtamig) for natural killer cell redirection, which has shown high response rates (up to 90%) in Phase II trials combined with NK cells for relapsed/refractory lymphomas, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies demonstrating safety and efficacy in early-phase studies for CD30-positive lymphomas; emerging antibody-drug conjugates such as TUB-010 are also entering clinical development, while addressing challenges such as antigen downregulation and neuropathy-related toxicities.^[3]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Molecular characteristics

Gene

The TNFRSF8 gene, which encodes the CD30 protein (also known as TNF receptor superfamily member 8), is located on the short arm of human chromosome 1 at cytogenetic band 1p36.22, with genomic coordinates spanning from 12,063,303 to 12,144,207 (GRCh38.p14 assembly).^[11] The gene covers approximately 81 kb and consists of 16 exons, providing the foundational structure for transcription into mRNA variants.^[11] Alternative splicing of TNFRSF8 pre-mRNA generates multiple transcript variants, including the canonical full-length isoform (NM_001243.5, encoding a 595-amino-acid precursor) and a shorter isoform (NM_001281430.3, encoding a 419-amino-acid protein with a truncated cytoplasmic domain).^[11] These splice variants result in protein isoforms that differ primarily in their intracellular regions, potentially modulating downstream signaling, though the soluble CD30 (sCD30) detected in serum is primarily produced through proteolytic shedding of the membrane-bound form by enzymes such as ADAM17/TACE rather than direct splicing.^[12] Ensembl annotations identify five transcripts in total, underscoring the gene's capacity for isoform diversity.^[13] TNFRSF8 exhibits strong evolutionary conservation across mammals, with orthologs reported in 459 species, including mice (Tnfrsf8 on chromosome 4), rats, and non-human primates, highlighting its preserved role in immune cell activation and regulation.^[13] Gene expression is tightly controlled by promoter elements responsive to transcription factors; for instance, the oncoprotein IRF4 binds directly to the TNFRSF8 promoter to drive CD30 upregulation in lymphoid malignancies, while JunB relieves transcriptional repression to enhance expression in activated immune cells.^[14]^[15] Certain polymorphisms in TNFRSF8 influence expression levels and protein processing; a notable example is the low-frequency missense variant rs2230624 (p.Cys273Tyr), which disrupts a disulfide bond, leading to reduced surface CD30 expression, lower precursor-to-mature protein ratios, and decreased shedding of sCD30 in cell lines and primary cells.^[16] This variant associates with diminished asthma risk (odds ratio 0.82) and lower eosinophil counts, likely through impaired CD30-mediated T-cell regulation.^[16] Other single nucleotide variants may affect splicing efficiency, though specific impacts on TNFRSF8 isoform ratios remain under investigation.^[11]

Protein structure

CD30 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. The full-length human isoform comprises 595 amino acids, including a 19-amino-acid N-terminal signal peptide that is cleaved to yield the mature protein. This mature form features a 361-amino-acid extracellular domain, a 28-amino-acid transmembrane domain, and a 187-amino-acid cytoplasmic domain.^[17]^[18]^[19] The extracellular domain is characterized by six cysteine-rich domains (CRDs), which form an elongated structure typical of the TNFR superfamily and mediate ligand interactions. These CRDs are stabilized by conserved intramolecular disulfide bonds that maintain the pseudorepeat motifs essential for receptor folding and function.^[17]^[20] CD30 undergoes extensive post-translational N-linked glycosylation at multiple sites within the extracellular domain, contributing to its structural stability and increasing the apparent molecular weight to approximately 120 kDa, compared to the unglycosylated core of about 64 kDa.^[21] High-resolution structural data, such as crystal or cryo-EM structures, are not available for CD30; however, homology models based on related TNFR family members depict the CRDs as a linear array facilitating trimerization upon ligand binding.^[20] In addition to the membrane-bound form, a soluble isoform (sCD30) arises primarily through proteolytic shedding by metalloproteinases, releasing the majority of the extracellular domain while omitting the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions. This ~88 kDa soluble variant retains the six CRDs for ligand binding but lacks membrane anchoring, allowing it to circulate and potentially modulate signaling by competing with the full-length receptor.^[22]

Expression patterns

In normal cells

CD30 is primarily expressed on activated T and B lymphocytes, but not on resting lymphocytes, with expression transiently upregulated during immune activation in response to antigenic stimulation or mitogens.^[22] This activation-dependent pattern is observed in a small subset of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, particularly those producing Th2-type cytokines, as well as in stimulated B immunoblasts located at the edges of germinal centers and in extrafollicular regions of lymphoid tissues.^[22] Low-level expression also occurs in subsets of macrophages, natural killer cells, and eosinophils, often following activation or culture conditions that mimic immune responses.^[23]^[24]^[25] During fetal development, CD30 exhibits ontogenic expression starting as early as the 8th week of gestation in various tissues from all three germ layers, including non-hematopoietic systems such as the gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, and musculoskeletal system.^[26] Expression in the hematolymphoid system, including developing lymphoid organs such as the thymus and nascent lymph nodes, appears from the 10th week onwards, suggesting a role in immunoregulation during T-cell maturation in the thymic medulla and other lymphoid structures.^[27] While restricted to cells of hematopoietic origin in adults, CD30 is expressed in various non-hematopoietic fetal tissues early in gestation.^[7] The surface density of CD30 on these normal cells is regulated by various cytokines and co-stimulatory signals, including upregulation by IL-4 following TCR engagement and CD28 co-stimulation.^[28] IL-2 can enhance CD30 expression in certain activated T-cell contexts, such as regulatory T cells, while broader cytokine environments influence its modulation during immune responses.^[29]

In pathological conditions

CD30 exhibits aberrant overexpression in several hematological malignancies, most notably in the Reed-Sternberg cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, where it serves as a key diagnostic marker and contributes to tumor cell survival and proliferation.^[30] In anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a subtype of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, CD30 is uniformly and strongly expressed on the surface of nearly all tumor cells, defining the disease's hallmark morphology and supporting its classification as a CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorder.^[31] This contrasts with its limited, activation-induced expression in normal lymphoid cells. CD30 is also prominently expressed in embryonal carcinomas, particularly those of testicular origin, where it aids in distinguishing these aggressive germ cell tumors from other subtypes like seminoma.^[32] In virus-associated lymphomas, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, CD30 expression is significantly elevated compared to EBV-negative counterparts, with positivity rates of approximately 43% in EBV+ cases versus 16% in EBV- cases (as of 2022) and correlating with viral oncogenesis.^[33]^[34] Subsets of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas beyond ALCL, including certain peripheral T-cell lymphomas, show variable but notable CD30 positivity, particularly in activated or anaplastic variants.^[22] Elevated levels of soluble CD30 (sCD30), a cleaved extracellular form released from activated or malignant cells, are detectable in the serum of patients with autoimmune diseases, reflecting dysregulated immune activation. In systemic lupus erythematosus, sCD30 concentrations are markedly increased and associate with Th2 cytokine bias and disease flares.^[35] Similarly, in rheumatoid arthritis, serum sCD30 is higher than in healthy controls and correlates with rheumatoid factor titers and active synovitis.^[36] In lymphomas, CD30 expression and sCD30 serum levels often correlate with advanced disease stages and poorer prognosis; for instance, in Hodgkin lymphoma, elevated sCD30 at diagnosis predicts higher clinical stage, bulky disease, and reduced event-free survival.^[37] Relapsed or refractory cases of ALCL and other CD30-positive lymphomas frequently show intensified expression, underscoring its role in disease progression and potential for monitoring.^[38]

Biological function

Signaling pathways

Upon binding of CD30 ligand (CD30L), the CD30 receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, undergoes trimerization, which is essential for initiating intracellular signaling cascades.^[39] This trimerization facilitates the recruitment of adaptor proteins, particularly TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs), to the cytoplasmic tail of CD30.^[22] TRAF2 and TRAF5 are the primary adaptors involved, binding to specific TRAF-interaction motifs in the CD30 intracellular tail and forming a signaling complex that activates downstream pathways. These TRAFs mediate the activation of the NF-κB pathway by recruiting the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, leading to phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of IκB inhibitors, thereby allowing NF-κB translocation to the nucleus and transcription of target genes.^[39] Additionally, TRAF2 contributes to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, including ERK and JNK, which promote AP-1 transcription factor activity.^[22] The signaling through NF-κB exerts an anti-apoptotic effect by upregulating survival genes such as Bcl-2 and FLIP, while MAPK/ERK signaling supports cell proliferation, particularly in activated lymphocytes and certain tumor cells.^[39] This dual role enhances cell survival and expansion in contexts where CD30 is expressed.^[22] Negative regulation of CD30 signaling occurs through signal-induced depletion of TRAF2, where ligand stimulation triggers rapid TRAF2 proteolysis via calpain-mediated cleavage, limiting sustained NF-κB activation and preventing excessive survival signaling.^[40] Furthermore, CD30 receptor internalization following ligand binding leads to its lysosomal degradation, often involving ubiquitination of associated proteins to attenuate prolonged signaling.^[2]

Physiological roles

CD30 contributes to the regulation of T-cell proliferation and survival after activation by delivering costimulatory signals that enhance cell persistence and prevent exhaustion in activated lymphocytes.^[41] This process involves transient NF-κB activation to support survival signals in post-activation phases.^[42] Additionally, CD30 limits the expansion of autoreactive CD8+ T cells, thereby promoting immune tolerance and restricting potentially harmful self-reactive responses.^[43] In B-cell biology, CD30 facilitates differentiation and antibody production during immune responses to infections by accelerating germinal center entry and enhancing plasma cell formation.^[44] It supports isotype switching and the expansion of IgG1-switched B cells, leading to improved high-affinity antibody titers in secondary responses.^[45] These functions are evident in studies of CD30-deficient models, which show impaired germinal center maintenance and reduced humoral immunity.^[5] CD30 contributes to lymphoid organ development through interactions involving CD30L expression on lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. Furthermore, it participates in responses to pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, where its absence leads to diminished CD4+ T-cell expansion and cytokine production against certain infections like Mycobacterium avium, though it appears dispensable for others like influenza.^[5]^[46]

Molecular interactions

Ligand

CD30 ligand (CD30L), also known as TNFSF8 or CD153, is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It consists of a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a transmembrane region, and a C-terminal extracellular domain with homology to other TNF family ligands. CD30L is expressed on the surface of activated T cells, stimulated monocyte-macrophages, granulocytes, eosinophils, and certain Burkitt-like lymphoma cell lines, with expression tightly regulated by cellular activation states.^[47] In unstimulated cells such as resting T cells or monocytes, CD30L is undetectable, but activation induces its transcription and surface presentation.^[47] As the primary ligand for the CD30 receptor (TNFRSF8), CD30L binds with high affinity, typically in the range of 1–5 nM (Kd ≈ 1.1 nM reported for soluble CD30-Fc to CD30L-expressing cells).^[48] Like other TNF superfamily members, CD30L forms homotrimers via its TNF homology domain, enabling it to engage and cluster multiple CD30 monomers on opposing cells, which is essential for efficient signal transduction.^[6] This trimeric stoichiometry promotes receptor oligomerization without requiring additional adaptor proteins for initial binding. A soluble form of CD30L (sCD30L) arises from proteolytic ectodomain shedding of the membrane-bound protein, primarily catalyzed by metalloproteases.^[49] This process releases bioactive sCD30L into the extracellular milieu, where it can modulate CD30 signaling at distant sites. Shedding and overall CD30L expression are upregulated by inflammatory stimuli, including cytokines like interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which enhance transcription in monocytes and T cells during immune activation.^[47]^[50] CD30L demonstrates strong evolutionary conservation within the vertebrate lineage, with functional homologs present in mammals, birds (e.g., chicken TNFSF8), and certain basal vertebrates like the coelacanth (a lobe-finned fish), underscoring its fundamental role in adaptive immunity.^[51] The TNF homology domain shows particularly high sequence similarity across species (e.g., >70% identity between human and murine CD30L), while species-specific variations occur in regulatory regions, potentially influencing expression patterns.^[51] This conservation highlights CD30L's emergence early in gnathostome evolution as a key costimulatory molecule.^[52]

Protein partners

CD30 primarily interacts with members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family through specific motifs in its cytoplasmic domain, facilitating signal transduction. The cytoplasmic tail of CD30 contains two distinct TRAF-binding regions: the proximal region binds TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF5, while the distal region interacts with TRAF3. These interactions, particularly with TRAF2 and TRAF5, are crucial for activating downstream pathways such as NF-κB, which promote cell survival and proliferation upon ligand binding.^[53]^[54] In addition to pro-survival signaling, CD30 associates with components of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), including Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and caspase-8, to mediate pro-apoptotic effects under specific conditions, such as in anaplastic large cell lymphoma cells. FADD recruitment to CD30 enables caspase-8 activation, leading to apoptosis when survival pathways are inhibited, for instance, by p38 MAPK blockade.^[55]^[56] CD30 exhibits potential cross-talk with other tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily members, including CD40 and Fas. CD30 expression can be induced by CD40 signaling, and both receptors share overlapping TRAF-dependent pathways that regulate NF-κB activation and lymphocyte proliferation. Similarly, CD30-mediated cytotoxicity may involve autocrine Fas/FasL interactions, amplifying apoptotic signals in certain cellular contexts.^[57]^[58] Following ligand-induced oligomerization, CD30 triggers post-interaction modifications of its partners, notably the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of TRAF2, TRAF3, and TRAF5, which attenuates prolonged survival signaling and may promote apoptosis. This TRAF degradation serves as a negative feedback mechanism to balance CD30's dual roles in cell fate decisions.^[40]^[59]

Clinical relevance

Biomarker applications

CD30 serves as a key biomarker in the diagnosis and monitoring of various lymphoid malignancies, particularly those with aberrant expression in neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely employed on tissue biopsies to detect CD30 expression, revealing characteristic membranous and/or cytoplasmic staining patterns in CD30-positive lymphomas such as classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). This method aids in identifying CD30+ tumor cells, with strong positivity often correlating with diagnostic confirmation in over 90% of cHL cases and most systemic ALCL subtypes. Serum levels of soluble CD30 (sCD30), a shed ectodomain of the receptor, provide a non-invasive biomarker for assessing disease activity and prognosis in CD30-expressing malignancies. Elevated sCD30 concentrations, typically exceeding 100 U/mL, are associated with active disease, treatment response, and poor outcomes in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and ALCL, enabling serial monitoring without repeated biopsies. For instance, pre-treatment sCD30 levels above this threshold predict inferior event-free survival in advanced-stage cHL. Flow cytometry offers a quantitative approach to evaluate CD30 surface expression on peripheral blood or bone marrow cells, useful in detecting minimal residual disease or aberrant expression in autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders like lymphomatoid papulosis or certain T-cell lymphomas. This technique, utilizing monoclonal antibodies such as Ber-H2, allows for precise gating and measurement of CD30+ populations, facilitating early detection in peripheral samples. In differential diagnosis, CD30 expression is often integrated with other markers, such as CD15, to distinguish cHL from non-Hodgkin lymphomas; CD30+ CD15- patterns are hallmark for Reed-Sternberg cells in cHL, enhancing specificity when combined with CD20 or CD45 staining.

Role in disease

CD30 plays a significant oncogenic role in certain lymphomas, particularly through ligand-independent signaling that constitutively activates the NF-κB pathway, thereby promoting tumor cell survival and proliferation. In classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), overexpressed CD30 on Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cells drives persistent NF-κB activation, which sustains anti-apoptotic gene expression and enhances cell proliferation independent of ligand binding. Similarly, in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), high CD30 expression contributes to pathogenesis by inducing constitutive NF-κB signaling via degradation of TRAF3, although the NPM-ALK fusion protein in ALK-positive ALCL can modulate this pathway, leading to complex effects on cell survival.^[60] This activation fosters an inflammatory microenvironment that supports tumor growth in both cHL and ALCL.^[61] In autoimmune diseases, CD30 is associated with dysregulated T-cell responses, where CD30-positive T cells accumulate at sites of inflammation, and elevated levels of soluble CD30 (sCD30) correlate with disease activity and inflammatory processes. For instance, in rheumatoid arthritis, high serum sCD30 levels reflect an attempt by CD30+ T cells to downregulate excessive inflammation through regulatory mechanisms, though this often fails to control chronic autoimmunity.^[35] Similarly, increased sCD30 is observed in multiple sclerosis, atopic dermatitis, and thyroid autoimmunity such as Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, linking CD30 to Th2-biased immune dysregulation that exacerbates tissue damage.^[62]^[63]^[64] CD30 expression facilitates viral persistence in infections like those caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), where it supports infected cell survival and immune evasion. In EBV-associated lymphomas, such as EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, CD30 is frequently co-expressed with EBV markers like EBER, protecting infected cells from apoptosis and aiding latent viral maintenance through NF-κB-mediated survival signals.^[65]^[66] In HTLV-1 infection leading to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), CD30 is upregulated in up to 36% of cases, particularly in lymphomatous subtypes, where it drives constitutive NF-κB activation in infected T cells, promoting clonal expansion and viral persistence.^[67]^[68] High CD30 expression serves as a prognostic indicator in various lymphomas, often associating with more aggressive disease subtypes while showing variable survival implications. In peripheral T-cell lymphomas and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas, CD30 positivity identifies subtypes with distinct molecular profiles and potential for aggressive behavior, though it may confer better outcomes in certain contexts like regional-stage extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma.^[69]^[70] In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, CD30 expression marks a subgroup linked to EBV association and aggressive features, but it paradoxically correlates with favorable prognosis in some cohorts due to enhanced responsiveness to immune modulation.^[71] Overall, elevated CD30 highlights high-risk, aggressive lymphoproliferative disorders amenable to targeted evaluation.^[72]

Therapeutic targeting

Antibody-drug conjugates

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting CD30 represent a targeted therapeutic approach for CD30-expressing malignancies, such as Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), where the antibody component binds specifically to the antigen on tumor cells.^[73] Brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris), the first and most established CD30-directed ADC, consists of a chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody (cAC10) covalently linked to the microtubule-disrupting agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) via a protease-cleavable valine-citrulline linker.^[73] Upon binding to CD30, the conjugate internalizes through receptor-mediated endocytosis; in the lysosome, the linker is cleaved by cathepsin B, releasing MMAE, which binds to tubulin, inhibits microtubule polymerization, induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, and triggers apoptosis selectively in CD30-positive cells.^[74] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved brentuximab vedotin in August 2011 for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma after failure of autologous stem cell transplantation or at least two prior multi-agent chemotherapy regimens, and for systemic ALCL after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen, based on pivotal phase 2 trials demonstrating objective response rates (ORR) of 75% (complete response [CR] 34%) in Hodgkin lymphoma and 86% (CR 57%) in ALCL.^[73]^[75] The standard dosing regimen is 1.8 mg/kg administered as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes every 3 weeks, up to a maximum of 16 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.^[76] In these trials, common adverse reactions (≥20%) included peripheral sensory neuropathy (often grade 2 or higher, leading to discontinuation in 10%), neutropenia, fatigue, upper respiratory tract infection, pyrexia, rash, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, with peripheral neuropathy attributed to MMAE's microtubule inhibition affecting neuronal cells.^[76]^[77] Subsequent FDA approvals have expanded brentuximab vedotin's indications, including in 2015 as consolidation therapy post-autologous stem cell transplant in high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma, in 2018 for previously untreated stage IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma in combination with doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (A+AVD; 5-year modified progression-free survival 82% vs. 77% with ABVD), and in 2018 for frontline peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (CHP; ORR 83%, CR 68%).^[78]^[79] By 2022, approval extended to pediatric patients aged ≥2 years with previously untreated high-risk classical Hodgkin lymphoma in combination with chemotherapy, reducing the risk of event-free survival by 59% compared to standard regimens.^[80] In frontline settings, the combination has shown improved efficacy with manageable toxicity, though peripheral neuropathy remains a key dose-limiting factor, often mitigated by schedule adjustments or discontinuation.^[81] Emerging CD30-targeted ADCs aim to enhance efficacy and reduce off-target toxicity through optimized payloads, linkers, or antibodies. For instance, TUB-010, a novel ADC using a tubulysin derivative payload with a cleavable linker, demonstrated potent antitumor activity in preclinical models of CD30-positive lymphomas, with improved stability and bystander killing compared to brentuximab vedotin.^[82] Next-generation linkers, such as enzyme-cleavable or pH-sensitive variants, are under investigation to further minimize premature payload release and neuropathy incidence in ongoing clinical trials for relapsed CD30-expressing lymphomas.^[83]

Cellular therapies

CD30-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies represent a key advancement in adoptive cellular immunotherapy for CD30-expressing malignancies, particularly relapsed or refractory lymphomas. These second-generation CAR constructs typically incorporate a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from the CD30-specific monoclonal antibody cAC10, linked to CD3ζ signaling and costimulatory domains such as CD28 or 4-1BB to promote robust T-cell expansion and effector function.^[84] Clinical development has focused on autologous CAR-T cells, with phase 1/2 trials demonstrating substantial antitumor activity while highlighting the need for optimized lymphodepletion regimens to enhance efficacy.^[85] In pivotal phase 1/2 studies, CD30 CAR-T cells have achieved complete response (CR) rates of 40-70% in heavily pretreated patients with CD30-positive lymphomas. The RELY-30 trial (NCT02917083), evaluating autologous CD30 CAR-T cells in relapsed CD30+ Hodgkin lymphoma, reported an overall response rate (ORR) of 72% and a CR rate of 59% among 32 patients receiving fludarabine-based lymphodepletion, with durable responses observed in a subset at median follow-up exceeding 500 days.^[86] Similarly, the CHARIOT trial (NCT04268706), a multicenter phase 2 study of autologous CD30 CAR-T (TT11) in relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma, yielded an ORR of 73.3% and a CR rate of 60% in evaluable patients, with low rates of severe neurotoxicity. These outcomes position CD30 CAR-T as a viable option post-brentuximab vedotin failure, though relapse due to antigen loss or T-cell exhaustion remains a concern.^[87] Advancements from 2023 to 2025 have aimed to overcome limitations in antigen specificity and tumor microenvironment access. Bispecific CD20/CD30 CAR-T cells, designed for dual targeting to mitigate escape in B-cell lymphomas with heterogeneous expression, showed feasibility and efficacy in a 2025 case report of bulky transformed follicular lymphoma, achieving rapid tumor reduction without dose-limiting toxicities.^[88] In 2025, the HSP-CAR30 therapy, featuring a high proportion of less-differentiated T cells for improved persistence, achieved 100% ORR (50% CR) in phase I (n=10) and over 55% CR in phase II (n=32) for refractory CD30+ lymphoma, with mild adverse effects and long-term remissions in 60% of complete responders at 34 months median follow-up.^[89] For cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, where skin-homing is critical, CD30 CAR-T cells co-expressing the chemokine receptor CCR4 (to enhance migration toward CCL17/CCL22 gradients) demonstrated safety and preliminary activity in a phase 1 trial, with data from the 2024 American Society of Hematology (ASH) annual meeting indicating T-cell expansion and responses in CD30+ patients. Key challenges include managing cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which occurs in most patients but is predominantly grade 1-2 and responsive to tocilizumab or steroids, and ensuring CAR-T persistence beyond 3-6 months to prevent relapse. A 2025 analysis reported that most infections following CD30 CAR-T infusion were mild (grade 1-2), with lower severity compared to concurrent CD19 CAR-T recipients, supporting the favorable safety profile.^[90] Trials like NCT05634785 are extending applications to non-Hodgkin lymphomas and CD30+ nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, evaluating CD30 CAR-T as a bridge to consolidation or standalone therapy.^[91] Autologous manufacturing, while personalized, faces scalability hurdles due to vein-to-vein times of 3-4 weeks and high costs per patient; allogeneic CD30 CAR-T variants, such as those engineered on EBV-specific T cells, promise off-the-shelf access and batch production but require gene editing (e.g., via CRISPR) to reduce alloreactivity and improve yield.^[92]^[93]

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[22]
The expression of CD30 and its clinico-pathologic significance in ...
CD30 expression is minimal in healthy adults but is most prominent in activated B cells, T cells, and NK cells, although it accounts for less than 1% of ...
[23]
Ber-H2 (CD30) immunohistochemical staining of human fetal tissues
Our results demonstrated that CD30 is expressed early in human fetal development (8th to 10th week of gestation) in several fetal tissues derived from all ...Missing: lymphoid | Show results with:lymphoid
[24]
Ber-H2 (CD30) Immunohistochemical Staining of Human Fetal Tissues
CD30 appears to have an important immunoregulatory role in normal T cell development. Within the thymus, CD30L is highly expressed on medullary thymic ...
[25]
Expression of the costimulatory receptor CD30 is regulated by both ...
Expression of the costimulatory receptor CD30 is regulated by both CD28 and cytokines. J Immunol. 1998 Mar 1;160(5):2180-7. Authors. M C Gilfillan , P J ...
[26]
PD-1 receptor deficiency enhances CD30+ Treg cell function in ...
Jun 2, 2025 · In the presence of IL-2, PD-1 inhibition led to significant increases in both protein and mRNA CD30 expression compared with the PD-L1 Fc ...
[27]
New molecular targets in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells
CD30 signaling is an important pathway for survival and proliferation of HRS cells. CD30 forms a 120 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein, with both ...
[28]
CD30 + anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a review of its ...
Defining features consist of a proliferation of predominantly large lymphoid cells with strong expression of the cytokine receptor CD30 and a characteristic ...Abstract · Structure and pathogenic role... · Clinical features and subforms
[29]
Treatment of CD30‐Expressing Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord ...
Dec 8, 2017 · Expression of CD30 has been observed in testicular cancers, and patients with CD30‐expressing embryonal carcinomas have worse progression ...
[30]
CD30 protects EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells ...
Feb 28, 2024 · Increasing evidence has proved that CD30 expression is significantly higher in EBV+ DLBCL patients compared to EBV-negative (EBV‒) DLBCL and ...
[31]
Soluble CD30 in early rheumatoid arthritis as a predictor of good ...
Circulating levels of soluble CD30, a marker of cells producing Th2-type cytokines, are increased in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and correlate ...
[32]
Soluble CD30 Levels in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis | Archives ...
The serum levels of sCD30 were significantly increased in RA patients (25.1±18.3 IU/ml) compared to healthy controls (17.2±8.1 IU/ml) (p=0.004). The mean serum ...
[33]
Serum levels of soluble CD30 are elevated in the majority of ...
Serum levels of soluble CD30 are elevated in the majority of untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease and correlate with clinical features and prognosis.
[34]
Clinical implications of serum levels of soluble CD30 in 70 adult ...
In particular, soluble CD30 (sCD30) levels were elevated in most patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). Patients and ...
[35]
CD30: receptor, marker, target | PLMI - Dove Medical Press
Jun 10, 2016 · Expression of the costimulatory receptor CD30 is regulated by both CD28 and cytokines. J Immunol. 1998;160(5):2180–2187. 7. Stein H, Gerdes ...
[36]
CD30-dependent degradation of TRAF2: implications for negative ...
Here we show that one of the effects of CD30 signal transduction is to render cells sensitive to apoptosis induced by the type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor ...
[37]
CD30: from basic research to cancer therapy - PMC - PubMed Central
The picture emerging is that one of the primary functions of CD30 is the control of memory cells providing costimulation and trafficking information or inducing ...Cd30: From Basic Research To... · Murine Cd30 And Cd30-L · Cd30 In Colitis In Animal...
[38]
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.1998.16.4.1532
[39]
Regulation of CD30 Antigen Expression and Its Potential ... - NIH
CD30 is a specific marker of a subset of peripheral T cell NHLs known as anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL).
[40]
CD30 influences germinal center B-cell dynamics and the ... - NIH
Oct 17, 2024 · Subsequent studies demonstrated that CD30 signaling plays a role in the maintenance of GCs and recall of immune responses.
[41]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3992519/
[42]
CD30 Is Dispensable for T-Cell Responses to Influenza Virus and ...
CD30 is a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family member whose expression is associated with Hodgkin's disease, anaplastic large cell lymphomas, and other ...
[43]
Expression and regulation of CD30 ligand and CD30 in human ...
These data provide strong evidence for the involvement in growth regulation of recombinant and natural CD30L through its interaction with the CD30 receptor.Missing: transmembrane | Show results with:transmembrane
[44]
The Opposite Functions of CD30 Ligand Isoforms - MDPI
TNFSF8/CD30 ligand is a TNF superfamily member expressed on several major immune cell types, including activated monocytes, B, and T cells.
[45]
CD30L is involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response ...
CD30L could promote the inflammatory response by inducing the homing and differentiation of monocytes via the chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/CCR2 axis and NF-κB ...
[46]
Vertebrate TNF Superfamily: Evolution and Functional Insights - MDPI
This study characterizes the evolution of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) across vertebrate lineages, both cyclostomes and gnathostomes.
[47]
Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily: Ancestral Functions and ...
Jul 6, 2020 · The evolution of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) in early vertebrates is inferred by comparing the TNFSF genes found in humans and nine fishes.
[48]
CD30 induction of human immunodeficiency virus gene transcription ...
To confirm the interaction of CD30 with TRAF1 and TRAF2, we expressed the intracellular regions of CD30, Fas, and CD40 as GST fusion bacterial proteins, ...Missing: review | Show results with:review
[49]
Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase unmasks a CD30 ...
Signaling via TNFR2 was shown to induce c-IAP1–dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteosomal degradation of the cellular TNFR-associated factor-2 pool ...
[50]
Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase unmasks a CD30 ...
Importantly, we show that expression of the caspase-8 inhibitor c-FLIP(S) is strongly induced by the CD30 ligand, and that this is dependent on the activation ...
[51]
CD30 Is a CD40-Inducible Molecule that Negatively Regulates ...
Thus, in normal B cells, CD40L-induced CD30 expression is negatively regulated by BCR coengagement and exposure to IL-6 and/or IL-12. CD30 Engagement Hampers ...
[52]
Induction of cell death by tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 2 ...
Here we demonstrate in different cellular systems that cytotoxic effects induced by TNF‐R2, CD40 and CD30 are mediated by endogenous production of TNF.<|control11|><|separator|>
[53]
CD30-dependent degradation of TRAF2: implications for negative ...
These data suggest a model in which CD30 limits its own ability to transduce cell survival signals through signal-coupled depletion of TRAF2.
[54]
A novel model of alternative NF-κB pathway activation in Anaplastic ...
Nov 12, 2020 · Endogenous expression of CD30 induces constitutive NF-κB activation through binding and degrading of TRAF3. In ALK+ ALCL, the CD30 pathway is ...
[55]
The NPM-ALK oncoprotein abrogates CD30 signaling and ...
Here we show that NPM-ALK impedes CD30 signaling and NF-κB activation, dependent on both ALK kinase activity and the N-terminal NPM domain.
[56]
In rheumatoid arthritis soluble CD30 ligand is present at high levels ...
In RA high sCD30 reflects the attempt by CD30+T cells to downmodulate inflammation. · Evaluation of sCD30 serum levels in RA may predict a good response to ...Missing: elevated | Show results with:elevated
[57]
Soluble CD30, the Immune Response, and Acute Rejection in ...
Feb 27, 2020 · Moreover, CD30+ T cells are available at inflammatory sites of several autoimmune diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis ...
[58]
Elevated levels of soluble CD26 and CD30 in multiple sclerosis
Oct 26, 2015 · The present results suggest that the elevated levels of sCD30 are associated with the regulatory immune responses predisposing to clinically ...
[59]
Increased Serum Concentration of Soluble CD30 in Patients with ...
In this study, we demonstrated that increased levels of sCD30 are present in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, especially in the ...
[60]
CD30 associates with EBER-EBV but not HCV-NS3 in T-cell non ...
Jun 3, 2025 · CD30, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is known to be uniformly expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) (3).
[61]
Clinicopathological features and survival in EBV-positive diffuse ...
Aug 24, 2021 · We found a positive expression of CD30 in almost all EBV+ DLBCL-NOS cases (98%), in contrast with the literature, where CD30 positivity ...
[62]
Differential CD30 expression in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma ...
Our preliminary data show that 36% of ATLLs are CD30+ and therefore may be amenable to anti-CD30 therapy.
[63]
Elevated expression of CD30 in adult T-cell leukemia cell lines
May 6, 2005 · Elevated CD30 expression is considered one of the causes of constitutive NF-κB activation in ATL cells, and may be involved in ATL development.
[64]
Molecular heterogeneity of CD30+ peripheral T-cell lymphoma with ...
Molecular heterogeneity of CD30 + peripheral T-cell lymphoma with prognostic significance and therapeutic implications: a retrospective multi-centre study
[65]
CD30 expression and survival in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma
Mar 27, 2018 · This study indicates that the CD30 expression is significantly associated with better prognosis in ENKTL, especially for patients with regional lymphoma ...Cd30 Expression And Survival... · Results · Study Characteristics<|control11|><|separator|>
[66]
CD30 expression defines a novel subgroup of diffuse large B-cell ...
Here we report that CD30 expression is a favorable prognostic factor in a cohort of 903 de novo DLBCL patients. CD30 was expressed in ∼14% of DLBCL patients.
[67]
Clinical Implications of CD30 Expression in Aggressive B-Cell ...
We evaluated CD30 expression in 116 cases of aggressive B-cell lymphomas diagnosed at Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center between 2000 and 2012.
[68]
[PDF] Brentuximab vedotin. - accessdata.fda.gov
ADCETRIS (brentuximab vedotin) is a CD30-directed antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of three components: 1) the chimeric IgG1 antibody cAC10, specific ...
[69]
Brentuximab Vedotin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Brentuximab vedotin (BV) is an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) that selectively delivers a toxic microtubule-disrupting agent into CD30-expressing cells, thereby ...
[70]
Brentuximab Vedotin (SGN-35) for Relapsed CD30-Positive ...
Nov 4, 2010 · Brentuximab vedotin induced durable objective responses and resulted in tumor regression for most patients with relapsed or refractory CD30-positive lymphomas.Missing: Emerging | Show results with:Emerging<|control11|><|separator|>
[71]
[PDF] ADCETRIS® (brentuximab vedotin) - accessdata.fda.gov
In case of overdosage, the patient should be closely monitored for adverse reactions, particularly neutropenia, and supportive treatment should be administered.
[72]
Brentuximab vedotin - PMC - NIH
The most common adverse events, predominantly of grade 1 and 2, were fatigue (36%), pyrexia (33%), diarrhea (22%), nausea (22%), neutropenia (22%), and ...
[73]
FDA Expands Approval of Brentuximab for Hodgkin Lymphoma - NCI
Apr 17, 2018 · The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has expanded the approved uses for the drug brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) in people with Hodgkin lymphoma.
[74]
Brentuximab Vedotin with Chemotherapy for Stage III or IV ...
Dec 10, 2017 · Brentuximab vedotin plus AVD (A+AVD) had an acceptable side-effect profile and resulted in complete response in 24 of 25 patients (96%).
[75]
Adcetris plus Chemotherapy Now FDA Approved for Pediatric ...
On November 10, 2022, the FDA approved brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris; Seagen) in combination with a chemotherapy regimen of doxorubicin, vincristine, ...Missing: expanded | Show results with:expanded
[76]
Brentuximab vedotin: clinical updates and practical guidance - PMC
Brentuximab vedotin (BV), a potent antibody-drug conjugate, targets the CD30 antigen. Owing to the remarkable efficacy shown in CD30-positive lymphomas ...Missing: side | Show results with:side
[77]
TUB-010, a novel anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate based on Tub ...
Jan 19, 2025 · Researchers have developed TUB-010, a new type of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that targets CD30, a protein present in various lymphomas.Missing: Emerging | Show results with:Emerging
[78]
Antibody-Drug Conjugates Targeting CD30 in T-Cell Lymphomas
Feb 2, 2025 · The antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin (BV), targeting CD30-positive cells, has been approved for the treatment of relapsed or ...
[79]
The third-generation anti-CD30 CAR T-cells specifically homing to ...
Jun 21, 2022 · The ORR in 32 patients who received fludarabine-based lymphodepletion was 72% including a CR rate of 59%. However, 1-year progression-free ...
[80]
Anti-CD30 CAR-T Cell Therapy in Relapsed and Refractory Hodgkin ...
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy of B-cell malignancies has proved to be effective. We show how the same approach of CAR T cells specific for ...Missing: domain 1BB<|control11|><|separator|>
[81]
Anti-CD30 CAR-T Cell Therapy for Lymphoma
Nov 10, 2020 · The overall response rate in the 32 patients with active disease who received fludarabine-based lymphodepletion was 72%, including 19 ...
[82]
Anti-CD30 CAR-T Therapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma: Review
Jan 14, 2025 · Ramos et al., the objective response rate (ORR) for the 32 patients with HL was 72%, with 19 patients (59%) achieving a complete response (CR), ...
[83]
Case Report: Bispecific CD20/CD30-targeted chimeric antigen ...
May 7, 2025 · We report that a patient with bulky transformed follicular lymphoma was successfully treated with CD20/CD30-directed CAR-T cells.
[84]
Transient responses and significant toxicities of anti-CD30 CAR T ...
Feb 13, 2024 · ... CD30 CAR T cells for CD30+ lymphomas: results of a phase 1 trial ... The overall response rate was 43%; 1 patient achieved a complete remission.
[85]
Study Details | NCT05634785 | CD30 CAR for CD30+ NSGCT
This is a phase 2 research study that enrolls adult subjects with Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCT). The purpose of this study is to create a ...Missing: Hodgkin | Show results with:Hodgkin
[86]
Adoptive T-cell therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma - ScienceDirect.com
Oct 26, 2021 · The results of clinical trials with EBV-specific CTLs and anti-CD30 CAR T cells to target tumor-associated antigens in patients with extensively ...
[87]
Scalable Manufacturing of CAR T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy
Autologous scaling out versus allogeneic scaling up. A ... CAR T cells is a strategy being implemented in autologous and allogeneic product manufacturing.