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CR

Critical realism is a philosophical framework in the ontology of science and social inquiry, originated by British philosopher Roy Bhaskar in his 1975 book A Realist Theory of Science, which maintains that an objective reality exists independently of human cognition, stratified into domains of the empirical (human experiences and observations), the actual (events and patterns), and the real (underlying generative mechanisms and structures with causal powers).^[1] This approach rejects the epistemic fallacy of conflating being with knowledge, distinguishing the intransitive objects of scientific investigation—mind-independent structures—from the transitive, fallible theories constructed to explain them.^[1] Bhaskar's transcendental arguments underpin its core claim that experimental activity presupposes an open system where causal mechanisms operate but are not reducible to constant conjunctions of events, as in Humean empiricism. In social theory, critical realism extends these principles to emphasize explanatory critique, whereby identifying false or oppressive structures enables emancipation, influencing fields like sociology, economics, and international relations by prioritizing causal depth over surface correlations or interpretive subjectivity.^[2] Its methodological tools, including retroduction (inference to the best explanation of mechanisms) and the distinction between closed (experimental) and open (natural/social) systems, have facilitated realist analyses of complex phenomena such as social stratification and policy outcomes.^[1] Proponents highlight its success in bridging scientific realism with practical critique, as seen in applications to Marxist theory and complexity science, though detractors argue its ontological commitments remain speculative and insufficiently constrained by empirical falsification.^[2] Bhaskar's later dialectical phase incorporated absence and totality, evolving critical realism into a meta-theory for transformative praxis, yet it has faced charges of dogmatism in assuming unobservable mechanisms without direct verifiability.^[3]

Places

Countries

The Republic of Costa Rica is a sovereign state in Central America whose ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code is CR.^[4] It occupies a land area of 51,100 square kilometers and lies between 8° and 11° north latitude, featuring diverse topography including volcanic mountain ranges, highland plateaus, and coastal plains.^[5] The country shares a 313-kilometer border with Nicaragua to the north and a 348-kilometer border with Panama to the southeast, while its Pacific coastline spans 1,016 kilometers and its Caribbean coastline measures 212 kilometers.^[6] San José serves as the capital and largest city, located in the Central Valley at an elevation of approximately 1,170 meters.^[5] As of mid-2025, Costa Rica's population is estimated at 5,152,950, with a density of about 101 people per square kilometer.^[7] The nation maintains a unicameral legislature and a presidential system, having demilitarized its constitution in 1949 by abolishing standing armed forces to redirect resources toward education and health.^[8]

Other places

The CR postcode area, also known as the Croydon postcode area, serves the London Borough of Croydon and adjacent parts of South London and Surrey, including portions of the London Boroughs of Sutton, Merton, and Bromley, as well as Tandridge and Reigate and Banstead districts. Established as part of the UK's postal system, it encompasses eight postcode districts (CR0 through CR8), with CR0 covering central Croydon and surrounding suburbs like New Addington and South Croydon. This area supports a population of over 380,000 residents primarily in urban and suburban settings.^[9]^[10] Cedar Rapids, a city in Linn County, Iowa, United States, is commonly abbreviated as CR in local government, media, and resident communications. As the second-largest city in Iowa, it had a population of 137,710 according to the 2020 United States Census, with an economy centered on manufacturing, insurance, and agribusiness. The abbreviation appears in official city resources, such as the "My CR" application for reporting issues and the "Our CR Magazine" for community updates.^[11]^[12]

Science and technology

Chemistry

Chromium (Cr) is a chemical element with atomic number 24 and symbol Cr in the periodic table.^[13] It belongs to group 6 as a d-block transition metal, characterized by a steel-gray, lustrous appearance, high hardness, and brittleness at room temperature.^[14] Chromium exhibits variable oxidation states, primarily +3 (trivalent, often forming stable green or violet compounds) and +6 (hexavalent, yielding toxic yellow chromate or orange dichromate ions in aqueous solutions).^[15] Its electron configuration is [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹, an exception to the general Aufbau principle due to the stability of a half-filled d subshell.^[16] Chromium was first isolated in 1797 from the mineral crocoite (PbCrO₄) by French chemist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin, who identified it as a distinct element the following year.^[17] The element's name derives from the Greek chroma ("color"), reflecting the vivid hues of its compounds, such as the red of chrome alum or the green of chromium(III) oxide.^[14] Chemically, chromium resists corrosion through formation of a passive oxide layer (Cr₂O₃), enabling its use in alloys, though it reacts with halogens, oxygen at elevated temperatures, and strong acids like sulfuric acid to produce salts.^[15] In coordination chemistry, chromium forms octahedral complexes, with Cr(III) displaying slow ligand exchange kinetics due to high crystal field stabilization energy.^[16] Hexavalent chromium, while a strong oxidizing agent used in tanning and pigments, poses environmental and health risks as a carcinogen, with Cr(VI) reducing intracellularly to Cr(III) via reactive intermediates.^[18] Trivalent chromium, conversely, is biologically relevant as a cofactor in insulin signaling, though its essentiality remains debated beyond trace dietary needs.^[15]

Biology and medicine

In oncology, CR denotes complete remission or complete response, a clinical endpoint signifying the absence of detectable cancer signs and symptoms following treatment, as defined by standardized criteria such as those from the International Working Group for leukemia or solid tumors.^[19] This status correlates with improved survival outcomes; for instance, in multiple myeloma patients achieving CR, median survival reaches 9.7 years compared to 4.4 years for partial response and 2.7 years for lesser responses.^[20] Achievement of CR often requires confirmation via imaging, biomarkers, or minimal residual disease assessment, though incomplete count recovery (CRi) variants indicate hematologic recovery deficits despite remission. In pharmacology, CR abbreviates controlled release, referring to drug formulations engineered to deliver active ingredients at a sustained, predictable rate over extended periods, minimizing peak-trough fluctuations in plasma levels for enhanced efficacy and reduced dosing frequency.^[21] Examples include matrix tablets or osmotic pumps that erode or diffuse the drug gradually; this contrasts with immediate-release forms and supports chronic condition management, such as in hypertension or pain therapy, where steady-state pharmacokinetics improve patient adherence.^[22] In radiology, CR stands for computed radiography, a digital imaging modality that employs photostimulable phosphor plates to capture X-ray exposure, replacing traditional film by scanning the latent image to produce electronic data for computer processing and display.^[23] Introduced in the 1980s, CR enables dose reduction and image manipulation while maintaining compatibility with existing X-ray equipment, though it has largely transitioned to direct digital radiography for faster workflow.^[23]

Computing and telecommunications

Carriage return (CR), represented by the ASCII control character with decimal value 13 (hex 0D), directs the printing or display device to move its position to the first character position on the current line, originating from typewriter mechanics where the carriage physically returned to the right margin.^[24]^[25] This contrasts with line feed (LF, ASCII 10), which advances to the next line; many operating systems, including Windows, employ the sequence CR followed by LF (CRLF) to denote a complete newline for compatibility with legacy teletype standards.^[26] In Unix-like systems, LF alone suffices, while older Mac systems used CR exclusively until macOS adopted Unix conventions.^[25] In processor architecture, control registers (CR) store flags and configuration bits that govern CPU behavior, such as interrupt enabling, paging modes, and privilege levels; for instance, in x86 architectures, CR0 holds bits for protected mode activation and numeric error reporting, established since the Intel 80386 in 1985.^[27] Within telecommunications protocols, CR designates a connection request message to establish sessions in network layers, as seen in systems like X.25 packet switching where it initiates virtual circuit setup.^[28] Similarly, call reference (CR) identifies specific calls in Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) signaling, uniquely numbering transactions within a multiplexed link to route setup and teardown messages.^[29] In cable engineering, CR measures conductor resistance, quantifying ohmic opposition in transmission lines, critical for signal attenuation calculations per standards like those from the International Cable Protection Committee.^[30]

Other uses in science and technology

In physics, CR commonly denotes cosmic rays, which are high-energy particles, primarily protons and atomic nuclei, originating from outer space and traveling at near-light speeds. These particles interact with Earth's atmosphere, producing secondary particles detectable on the surface, with primary energies ranging from gigaelectronvolts (GeV) to over 10^20 eV, as documented in particle physics reviews.^[31] Cosmic rays contribute to understanding astrophysical acceleration mechanisms, such as those in supernovae remnants or active galactic nuclei, and their flux measurements inform models of galactic propagation and diffusion.^[32] In mechanical engineering, particularly internal combustion engine design, CR refers to compression ratio, defined as the ratio of the cylinder's volume at bottom dead center to top dead center during the compression stroke. Typical values range from 8:1 to 12:1 for gasoline engines to optimize thermal efficiency while avoiding detonation, with higher ratios enabling greater power output but requiring premium fuels or advanced ignition timing.^[33] This parameter directly influences engine performance metrics, such as indicated mean effective pressure and fuel economy, as derived from thermodynamic cycle analyses like the Otto cycle.^[34] In astrophysics, CR also designates curvature radiation, a process where relativistic charged particles emit synchrotron-like radiation due to acceleration along curved magnetic field lines, such as in pulsar magnetospheres. This mechanism produces gamma-ray and radio emissions observable in pulsars like the Crab, with photon energies scaling inversely with the radius of curvature, often on the order of 10^6 to 10^8 cm for typical neutron star fields.^[35] Models incorporating CR explain spectral features in high-energy pulsar observations, though they must account for pair production cascades to match detected fluxes.^[36]

Organizations

Religious organizations

The Theatines, formally the Congregation of Clerics Regular (CR), constitute the oldest order of clerics regular in the Catholic Church, established in Rome on 24 June 1524 by Saints Cajetan of Thiene and Boniface of Colle, along with Giovanni Pietro Carafa (later Pope Paul IV) and Paolo Consiglieri.^[37] The order emphasizes the restoration of apostolic life through priestly ministry, asceticism, and pastoral work, rejecting endowments to maintain independence from secular influences; as of recent counts, it numbers approximately 30 priests and brothers worldwide, serving in parishes, seminaries, and missionary apostolates across Europe, the Americas, and Africa.^[38] The Congregation of the Resurrection (CR), also known as the Resurrectionists, is a clerical religious congregation of pontifical right founded on 3 May 1836 in Paris by three Polish seminarians—Bogdan Janski, Jerome Kajsiewicz, and Peter Semenenko—who pronounced vows on Easter Sunday 1842 in Rome, adopting the name to signify commitment to proclaiming Christ's resurrection amid personal and societal renewal. With around 250 members globally as of 2023, the congregation operates in over 20 countries, focusing on parish ministry, education, youth formation, and missionary evangelization, particularly among families and the marginalized; its generalate resides in Rome, and it maintains provinces in Europe, North America, and Latin America.^[39]^[40] The Community of the Resurrection (CR) is an Anglican monastic community for men, founded in 1892 by Charles Gore and others at Pusey House, Oxford, before relocating to Mirfield, West Yorkshire, in 1898 to embody Benedictine principles within the Church of England tradition.^[41] Comprising 14 professed brothers as of 2023, it centers on corporate prayer, theological study, preaching, and ecumenical engagement, including retreats, publications via the SCM Press, and training clergy through its College of the Resurrection; the community upholds a rule of life emphasizing contemplation, hospitality, and social justice rooted in the Incarnation and Resurrection.^[42]

Other organizations

Critical Resistance (CR) is a U.S.-based grassroots organization founded in 1997 to challenge the prison-industrial complex by building coalitions and conducting campaigns against systems of imprisonment, surveillance, and policing.^[43]^[44] The group emphasizes community organizing and strategic advocacy to reduce reliance on punitive measures for addressing social issues.^[45] Conciliation Resources (CR) is an independent international organization established in 1994 that supports people in conflict zones to prevent violence, facilitate dialogue, and foster sustainable peacebuilding practices.^[46]^[47] It operates globally, partnering with local actors to influence policies and promote inclusive approaches to resolving disputes, drawing on field experience in regions like Fiji and Sierra Leone.^[48] The CR Society International is a nonprofit organization initiated by gerontologist Roy Walford and associates, focused on advancing calorie restriction with optimal nutrition (CRON) as a dietary practice to improve health markers and potentially extend human lifespan.^[49] Members voluntarily adopt reduced calorie intake while maintaining nutrient density, and the group has supported research, conferences, and community resources to study its effects on aging and disease prevention.^[50] Studies of its adherents have shown lower cardiometabolic risk factors compared to the general population.^[51]

Business and economics

Companies and terms

Credit (CR) in accounting denotes an entry on the right side of a ledger account, representing increases in liabilities, equity, revenue, or decreases in assets under double-entry bookkeeping.^[52] This convention originates from historical practices where credits were recorded on the right, contrasting with debits (DR) on the left.^[53] Conversion rate (CR) measures the percentage of users or visitors who complete a specified action, such as a purchase, relative to total interactions, serving as a key performance indicator in digital marketing and e-commerce.^[54] Crane Company (NYSE: CR) is a diversified industrial manufacturer producing engineered products including valves, sensors, and payment systems for sectors like aerospace, defense, and process flow.^[55] Founded in 1855 and headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, the firm reported $2.6 billion in revenue for 2023, with operations focused on high-margin, niche markets.^[56] CR Brands operates as a producer of professional cleaning chemicals and equipment, distributing nationally from facilities in Ohio and South Carolina, targeting commercial and institutional clients.^[57] CRST International provides freight transportation and logistics services, specializing in dedicated and expedited shipping from its base in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, with a fleet supporting temperature-controlled and flatbed operations.^[58]

People

Individuals with initials CR

Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Al-Nassr in the Saudi Pro League and captains the Portugal national team, holding records for most goals in the UEFA Champions League (140) and most international goals for a male player (133 as of October 2025).^[59] Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao (10 September 1920 – 22 August 2023), commonly known as C. R. Rao, was an Indian-American statistician whose work on the Cramér–Rao bound (1945) and Rao–Blackwell theorem (1945) forms foundational principles in estimation theory and statistical inference; he received the National Medal of Science in 2001.^[60]^[61] Carl Ransom Rogers (8 January 1902 – 4 February 1987) was an American psychologist and one of the founders of humanistic psychology, developing the person-centered approach to therapy emphasizing empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence; he served as president of the American Psychological Association in 1947.^[62]

Fictional characters

Crow T. Robot is a central fictional character in the American comedy series Mystery Science Theater 3000, debuting in the KTMA-TV pilot episode aired locally in Minneapolis on November 24, 1988. Built by the protagonist Joel Robinson from parts including a repurposed disassembled model airplane, Crow features a golden, beak-shaped head and spindly limbs, embodying a wisecracking, guitar-strumming robot persona prone to delivering biting sarcasm during film riffing segments.^[63]^[64] Over the series' original run from 1989 to 1996 on Comedy Central and subsequent revivals, Crow's role involved enduring experiments by mad scientists while providing humorous commentary on B-movies and sci-fi classics, with voice and puppetry handled by Trace Beaulieu (seasons 1–7), Bill Corbett (seasons 8–10), and others in later iterations like the 2017 Netflix reboot. The character's design and quips, such as mocking plot holes or actor performances, contributed to the show's cult following, with Crow often engaging in sibling-like rivalry with fellow robot Tom Servo.^[65]

Publications

Journals and magazines

Chemical Reviews is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society since 1924, specializing in comprehensive review articles covering all branches of chemistry, including organic, inorganic, physical, and analytical chemistry. It is known for its high-impact factor, with articles often synthesizing vast literature to advance understanding of chemical principles and applications. Cell Research, abbreviated CR, is a monthly peer-reviewed journal established in 1990 by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and published by Springer Nature, focusing on original research in molecular and cell biology, genetics, immunology, and related life sciences fields.^[66] The journal emphasizes studies of broad significance, such as epigenetic regulation and stem cell biology, and maintains rigorous peer review standards. CR: The New Centennial Review is a triannual scholarly journal launched in 2001 by Michigan State University Press, dedicated to comparative analyses of the Americas across humanities and social sciences, including literature, history, and cultural studies, with an aim to explore transnational dialogues and future-oriented perspectives.^[67] Climate Research, abbreviated CR, is a bimonthly peer-reviewed journal founded in 1990 by Inter-Research Science Publisher, examining interactions between climate variability and biological, ecological, and societal systems through empirical studies and modeling.^[68] It publishes research on topics like climate impacts on marine ecosystems and human adaptation strategies. Competitiveness Review, abbreviated CR, is a quarterly peer-reviewed journal published by Emerald Publishing since 1990, addressing economic competitiveness at national, regional, and firm levels, with articles on strategy, policy, and innovation drawing from management and economics disciplines.^[69] Among magazines, The Cincinnati Review is a semiannual literary magazine established in 2003 by the University of Cincinnati, featuring fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and interviews with established and emerging writers.^[70] CR Fashion Book, founded in 2012 by Carine Roitfeld, is a biannual fashion publication emphasizing high-concept editorials, photography, and luxury trends, distributed internationally.

Books and other works

The CR Way: Using the Secrets of Calorie Restriction for a Longer, Healthier Life (2008) is a nonfiction book by Paul McGlothin and Meredith Averill that advocates calorie restriction (CR) as a method to extend human lifespan and improve health markers. The authors cite animal studies, such as those on rodents and primates showing 30-50% lifespan extension via 20-40% calorie reduction without malnutrition, and extrapolate to human applications through low-glycemic eating patterns to minimize insulin spikes and promote autophagy.^[71]^[72] McGlothin, a former Wall Street analyst turned CR practitioner, and Averill, a researcher, emphasize nutrient-dense foods and intermittent fasting, drawing on data from the Calorie Restriction Society founded in 1994.^[73] The book reports observational evidence from human CR adherents, including lower biomarkers for inflammation, cholesterol, and cancer risk, based on studies like the Biosphere 2 experiment (1991-1993) where unintentional CR led to weight loss and metabolic shifts.^[74] Critics note limited randomized controlled trials in humans as of 2008, with long-term effects uncertain, though subsequent research like the CALERIE trial (2007-2016) supports short-term benefits such as reduced aging markers.^[75] It provides meal plans and recipes aiming for 10-30% calorie cuts tailored to activity levels.

Transport

Railways

The Central Railway (CR) is one of the 18 zones of Indian Railways, headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Formed on 5 November 1951 through the amalgamation of the Central Provinces and Berar Railway, Scindia State Railway, and other lines, it originally spanned the largest area, track length, and workforce among Indian Railway zones.^[76] It operates five divisions—Mumbai, Bhusawal, Nagpur, Pune, and Solapur—covering Maharashtra, north-eastern Karnataka, and parts of southern Madhya Pradesh, with a route length of approximately 4,203 km as of recent records. Key services include suburban networks in Mumbai and long-distance expresses like the Deccan Queen between Mumbai and Pune.^[77] Conrail, formally the Consolidated Rail Corporation (reporting mark CR), was a major Class I railroad in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States. Incorporated on 10 February 1976 under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, it assumed operations on 1 April 1976 to consolidate and revitalize services from six bankrupt carriers, primarily Penn Central, amid the 1970s rail crisis.^[78]^[79] At its peak, Conrail operated over 23,000 miles of track and restored profitability by the 1980s through federal subsidies, efficiency improvements, and deregulation under the Staggers Act of 1980.^[78] It was privatized via IPO in 1987 and fully split in 1999 between Norfolk Southern and CSX Transportation, with residual shared assets operations continuing.^[80] In rail transit terminology, commuter rail (abbreviated CR) denotes a passenger service mode providing regional travel over distances typically 20–100 miles, using mainline tracks shared with intercity and freight trains, often with push-pull consists and bidirectional stations.^[81] This contrasts with urban heavy rail or light rail by emphasizing peak-hour commuter flows from suburbs to central cities, as defined by the American Public Transportation Association.^[81] Examples include services like Chicago's Metra or Boston's MBTA Commuter Rail.^[81]

Roads and vehicles

In the United States, "CR" commonly designates county roads, which are public roadways maintained by county governments and typically numbered sequentially within each county, such as CR 1 or CR 123.^[82] These routes form a significant portion of the secondary road network, connecting rural areas, smaller communities, and local destinations not served by higher-level state or federal highways; for instance, in Texas, county roads under CR designations total over 50,000 miles statewide as of 2023.^[83] Unlike interstate highways (prefixed "I-") or U.S. routes (prefixed "US-"), CR roads prioritize local access and often feature lower design speeds, unpaved surfaces in remote areas, and funding from county budgets rather than federal aid, leading to variability in maintenance quality across jurisdictions.^[84] The Honda CR-V, introduced in 1995 as a compact crossover SUV, derives its name from "Comfortable Runabout Vehicle," emphasizing practicality for urban and light off-road use.^[85] By 2025, the model has sold over 13 million units globally, with the sixth generation (launched in 2023) featuring hybrid powertrains achieving up to 40 mpg combined fuel economy in EPA testing, alongside standard all-wheel drive options and a cargo capacity of 76.5 cubic feet with seats folded.^[86] Honda positioned the CR-V as a versatile "crossover" blending sedan-like handling with SUV utility, initially built on the Civic platform to target families seeking affordability—starting MSRP around $30,000 for base trims in 2025—over larger vehicles like the Honda Pilot.^[87] Other vehicle-related uses of "CR" include abbreviations for body styles or registration documents, such as "Certificate of Registration" in the Philippines, where it verifies ownership details like chassis number and plate issuance date for all motor vehicles.^[88] However, these are context-specific and less standardized internationally compared to the Honda model's prominence.

Other transport uses

In aviation, CR designates the cruise phase of flight, a segment where the aircraft operates at optimal altitude and speed to maximize fuel efficiency and cover long distances between climb and descent.^[89] This abbreviation appears in flight planning and operational documentation to denote steady-state en route travel, distinct from takeoff, climb, or landing phases.^[90] Within aircraft maintenance contexts, CR stands for Cycles Remaining, quantifying the remaining flight cycles (takeoff-landing sequences) allowable on a component, such as an engine or landing gear, before mandatory inspection, overhaul, or replacement to ensure airworthiness.^[91] This metric is critical for predictive maintenance scheduling under regulatory frameworks like those from the Federal Aviation Administration, where exceeding cycle limits risks structural fatigue failure.^[91] In maritime and shipping operations, CR commonly refers to Current Rate, the spot market freight rate for transporting cargo by sea at a specific time, influenced by supply-demand dynamics, fuel costs, and geopolitical factors.^[92] For instance, during periods of high demand, such as post-2021 supply chain disruptions, CR fluctuations directly impacted global trade costs.^[92] Separately, CR denotes Carrier's Risk in charter parties and bills of lading, specifying liabilities assumed by the shipowner for cargo damage or loss under certain conditions, as opposed to shipper's risk.^[93] This term standardizes risk allocation in international conventions like the Hague-Visby Rules.^[93]

Sports

Codes and terms

In athletics and swimming, CR denotes championship record, the best performance recorded at a specific championship meet, such as the World Championships or national titles, often surpassing prior event benchmarks but limited to that competition's scope.^[94]^[95] This term distinguishes CR from broader records like world records (WR), emphasizing event-specific excellence verified by governing bodies like World Athletics or World Aquatics. In cross-country running and road racing events like marathons, CR signifies course record, the fastest verified time achieved on a designated course, accounting for fixed terrain, elevation, and distance under standard conditions.^[96]^[97] For instance, marathon courses such as the Boston Marathon maintain distinct CRs, updated only when a competitor eclipses the prior mark under certified measurement protocols. These abbreviations appear in official results, scoreboards, and statistical databases to denote record status, aiding athletes, coaches, and analysts in tracking performance hierarchies without implying universality across venues or disciplines.^[98] Variations may occur by sport federation, but CR consistently prioritizes empirical, site- or event-bound validation over subjective metrics.

Government and politics

Legislative and administrative terms

A continuing resolution (CR) is a form of temporary appropriations legislation enacted by the United States Congress to provide budget authority for federal agencies and activities when regular annual appropriations bills have not been completed by the start of the fiscal year on October 1.^[99]^[100] CRs typically extend funding at levels from the prior fiscal year, often with specified conditions or anomalies to address immediate needs, preventing a government shutdown that would occur from a lapse in appropriations.^[101]^[102] Enacted under Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits expenditures without appropriations, CRs have been used since the 1960s but became more frequent after the 1974 Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act formalized the budget process.^[100] From fiscal year 2010 to 2023, Congress relied on CRs for an average of about three months per year, with the longest single CR spanning 159 days in fiscal year 2011.^[102] These measures are joint resolutions requiring presidential approval and can include restrictions on new spending or policy riders, though "clean" CRs avoid extraneous provisions to expedite passage.^[101]^[103] In administrative practice, CRs direct executive agencies to operate under prior-year funding formulas, prorating obligations and outlays, which can limit new initiatives or hiring until full appropriations are passed.^[99] Critics argue frequent CRs undermine strategic planning and fiscal discipline, as evidenced by over 100 such resolutions since 1977, correlating with delayed comprehensive budgeting.^[102] Proponents view them as pragmatic tools to maintain continuity amid partisan disputes, with recent examples including the September 2025 CR extending funding through November 21 at fiscal year 2025 levels.^[104]

Other uses

General terms and slang

In informal texting and conversation, "CR" is shorthand for "can't remember," signaling momentary forgetfulness or lapse in recall.^[105] In the Philippines, "CR" universally denotes "comfort room," a euphemistic term for bathroom or toilet, ingrained in everyday Filipino English despite the availability of native words like banyo.^[106]^[107] In Indian English, "cr" or "Cr" abbreviates "crore," a numeral unit of 10 million (10^7), routinely applied in discussing large figures such as budgets (e.g., "₹50 cr") or populations.^[108] Among online reading enthusiasts, particularly on platforms like TikTok's BookTok, "CR" means "current read," referring to the book actively being read. In accounting and banking statements, "CR" marks "credit" entries, indicating inflows or balances in favor of the account holder, as opposed to "DR" for debit.^[109]

References

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What is Critical Realism? - University of Warwick
Dec 18, 2020 · Critical realism (CR) is a branch of philosophy that distinguishes between the 'real' world and the 'observable' world.
[2]
Full article: Critical Realism: A Critical Evaluation
Jun 21, 2022 · Critical realism seeks to offer a constructive alternative to both the positivist empiricist paradigm, on the one hand, and constructivism, ...
[3]
Roy Bhaskar – Transcendental Realism - Critical Realism Network
Critical Realism is a diverse and developing movement, and there is no single universally agreed definition of what critical realists stand for.
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CR - Costa Rica - ISO
Short name. COSTA RICA ; Short name lower case. Costa Rica ; Full name. the Republic of Costa Rica ; Alpha-3 code. CRI ; Numeric code. 188.
[5]
Costa Rica At A Glance - Embassy of Costa Rica in Kenya
Official Name: Republic of Costa Rica ; Capital: San José ; Area: 51,100 square kilometers (19,729 square miles) ; Location: Central America, between Nicaragua and ...
[6]
Country Facts | Costa Rica - UN Member States
Costa Rica is part of the Central American isthmus and borders Nicaragua to the North, Panama to the South, the Atlantic Ocean to the East, and the Pacific ...
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Costa Rica Population (2025) - Worldometer
Costa Rica 2025 population is estimated at 5,152,950 people at mid-year. Costa Rica population is equivalent to 0.063% of the total world population. Costa Rica ...
[8]
Costa Rica (07/07) - State.gov
OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Costa Rica. Geography Area: 51,100 sq. km (19,730 ... Costa Rica also hosted several rounds of negotiations between the Salvadoran ...
[9]
CR postcodes Croydon - Doogal
This is a list of postcodes in the CR area, Croydon. The area covers Bromley, Caterham, Chaldon, Chipstead and Woodmansterne, Croydon, Hooley, Lambeth, Merton, ...
[10]
CR Postcode Area - Geostats
The CR Croydon postcode area is located in the south of London, covering the borough of Croydon and parts of Sutton and Bromley.
[11]
My CR - Cedar-Rapids.org
The City of Cedar Rapids provides My CR, an application for residents and visitors to report non-emergency issues to the City.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[12]
Our CR Magazine - Cedar-Rapids.org
Our CR Magazine features news and stories that inform residents of the inner workings of City departments, programs, and plans for the future.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[13]
Chromium | Cr (Element) - PubChem - NIH
Chromium (Cr) is a transition metal, solid at room temperature, with atomic number 24. It is a steel-gray, hard, and corrosion-resistant metal.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
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Chromium - 24 Cr: the essentials - WebElements
Chromium (Cr) is a silvery metallic element with atomic number 24. It is steel-gray, hard, and essential in trace amounts for glucose metabolism.
[15]
Chromium (Cr) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental ...
Chromium is a lustrous, hard, silver-gray metal. It's used in alloys, plating, and ceramics. Chromium(III) is essential, but chromium(VI) is toxic.
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The Facts on Chromium | Dartmouth Toxic Metals
What is Chromium? Chromium, a “transition” metal, is of intermediate atomic weight – that is, it is not considered either a heavy metal or a light metal.
[17]
Chromium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table
Element Chromium (Cr), Group 6, Atomic Number 24, d-block, Mass 51.996. Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and ...Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
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What Is Chromium? | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR - CDC Archive
Chromium is a hard, steel-gray metal. Cr(III) is essential, while Cr(VI) is carcinogenic and 1,000 times more toxic.
[19]
https://www.cancerindex.org/medterm/medtm15.htm
[20]
CR represents an early index of potential long survival in multiple ...
Jul 27, 2009 · CR is an early index of potential long survival in multiple myeloma, with a median survival of 9.7 years compared to 4.4 years for PR and 2.7 ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[21]
Top 150 Prescription Abbreviations & Medical Meanings - Drugs.com
Jun 30, 2025 · CR: Controlled release. A controlled release formulation releases medicine at a predictable rate to achieve optimal, known drug ...
[22]
What Are Extended-Release Drugs? - Oakwood Labs
Controlled-Release Medication. These are medications that are labeled with “CR” at the end of their medical names; CR drugs can release active ingredients at ...
[23]
What Does CR Mean in Radiology? - Maven Imaging
Oct 29, 2023 · CR stands for Computed Radiography, a digital imaging technology using a phosphor plate, a digital alternative to traditional X-ray film.Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[24]
What is CR? - Computer Hope
Mar 15, 2025 · 1. Short for carriage return, CR represents a carriage return done by pressing the Enter and Return key.
[25]
Difference Between Carriage Return (CR) and Line Feed (LF ...
Jul 23, 2025 · Carriage Return (CR, \r, ASCII 13): A Carriage return, takes the paper carriage back to the beginning of the line. In computing this control ...
[26]
Difference between CR LF, LF and CR line break types
Oct 12, 2009 · CR (\r) stands for CARRIAGE RETURN. It puts the cursor at the beginning of a line, but it doesn't create a new line. · LF (\n) stands for LINE ...
[27]
https://www.totalphase.com/blog/2023/05/what-is-register-in-cpu-how-does-it-work/
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CR Telecom Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
CR in Telecom commonly refers to a Connection Request, which is a message sent to initiate a connection in telecommunications networks.
[29]
CR - Call Reference - Abbreviations.com
chromium, Cr, atomic number 24(noun): a hard brittle multivalent metallic element; resistant to corrosion and tarnishing.
[30]
Glossary & Abbreviations - International Cable Protection Committee
May 29, 2025 · CR. Abbreviation for 'conductor resistance' i.e. the resistance of a system or part of a system, or resistance of a length of cable or a ...
[31]
[PDF] 30. Cosmic Rays - Particle Data Group
Sep 19, 2024 · 30.1 Theory. Cosmic rays (CRs) are a non-thermal population of particles that pervade the Universe. Their salient characteristics can be ...
[32]
physics of galactic winds driven by cosmic rays I: Diffusion
The physics of Cosmic ray (CR) transport remains a key uncertainty in assessing whether CRs can produce galaxy-scale outflows consistent with observations.<|separator|>
[33]
Compression Ratio - Quincy Compressor
The compression ratio (CR) is a fundamental measurement indicating how much the air is compressed. It is the ratio of the absolute discharge pressure to the ...
[34]
[PDF] Compression-Ratio-and-Thermal-Efficiency.pdf
compression ratio, because it allows an engine to reach higher thermal efficiency. For example, let assume an Otto cycle with compression ratio of CR = 10 : 1.
[35]
ACCELERATING HIGH-ENERGY PULSAR RADIATION CODES
Curvature radiation (CR) is believed to be a dominant mechanism for creating gamma-ray emission from pulsars and is emitted by relativistic particles that ...
[36]
Polarized curvature radiation in pulsar magnetosphere
The polarized waves are generated through curvature radiation from relativistic particles travelling along the curved magnetic field lines and corotating with a ...
[37]
History - teatinos.org
The Order of clerics regular Theatines presents itself today as a small company that seeks above all the Kingdom of God and his Justice. Contact.
[38]
Congregation of Clerics Regular (Institute of Consecrated Life
Order of Clerics Regular; Official Web Site: https://teatinos.org; Mailing Address: Piazza Vidoni, 6, 00186 Roma, Italia; Telephone: 06.68.61.339; Fax: 06.88 ...
[39]
Congregation of the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ
The Congregation announces the Paschal Mystery, heralds liberation, and calls others to communities of the Risen Christ, especially youth and families.News · Contact Us · Ministries · History
[40]
Congregation of the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ (Institute ...
Clerical Religious Congregation; Official Web Site: http://www.resurrectionists.com/; Mailing Address: Via S. Sebastianello, 11, 00187 Roma, Italia; Telephone ...
[41]
Mirfield Community of the Resurrection
The Community of the Resurrection is located in Mirfield, West Yorkshire, living a corporate life within the monastic tradition, engaging with contemporary ...
[42]
Mirfield - Community of the Resurrection
The Community of the Resurrection lives together as brothers in Christ, rooted in the Anglican tradition, and welcomes others to learn and share.Live Streaming · Meet Us · Hospitality · We live a corporate life within...
[43]
Critical Resistance
Dismantle. Through strong coalitions and strategic grassroots campaigns, we fight to dismantle the prison industrial complex, including the caging, policing and ...How We OrganizeHistoryPICResources for abolishing ...Our Structure & Membership
[44]
The History of Critical Resistance - jstor
Critical Resistance (CR) was formed in 1997 to challenge the prison-industrial complex, aiming to build an international movement against it.
[45]
Critical Resistance - Lever for Change
Critical Resistance seeks to build a movement to end reliance on interlocking systems of imprisonment, surveillance, and policing.
[46]
Conciliation Resources: Homepage
We are an international organisation committed to stopping violent conflict. We bring people together to find creative and sustainable paths to peace.Jobs · Who we are · Learning Hub · Our staff
[47]
Who we are - Conciliation Resources
Our Organisation In 1994, our founders had a vision: to transform the way the world resolves violent conflict so people work together to build peaceful and ...
[48]
Our history - Conciliation Resources
Jul 30, 2024 · We are proud to have been working to build peace for over 30 years. The staunch conviction of our founders, Andy Carl and David Lord, was that people living in ...
[49]
Calorie Restriction and Aging in Humans - PMC - NIH
Initiated by the late Roy Walford, a Biosphere-II participant, CR Society International is a group of free-living individuals who have voluntarily restricted ...
[50]
Calorie Restriction (CR) – What is it and what does the research tell ...
The Calorie Restriction Society (CRS) is a group of individuals who voluntarily restrict calorie intake to prove CR will increase longevity. They consume ...
[51]
Calorie Restriction as a New Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases
All cardiometabolic risk factors in the members of the CR Society were lower than in the general population. Interestingly, several serum proinflammatory ...
[52]
What Credit (CR) and Debit (DR) Mean on a Balance Sheet
An increase in liabilities or shareholders' equity is a credit to the account, notated as "CR." A decrease is a debit, notated as "DR."
[53]
In accounting, what is the meaning of cr.?
cr. is the abbreviation for credit. In accounting and in bookkeeping, credit or cr. indicates an entry on the right side of a general ledger account.
[54]
CR Business Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
CR in Business commonly refers to Conversion Rate, a key performance metric that measures the effectiveness of a marketing campaign.
[55]
Crane Company (CR) Stock Price, News, Quote & History
Find the latest Crane Company (CR) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing.Crane Co. (CR) · CXT Crane NXT, Co. · Historical Data · Más detalles
[56]
Crane - Investors - Investor Relations - Crane Company
Crane has pursued a consistent strategy for profitable growth. We continue to transition to a more integrated operating company with a common business system.Missing: ticker | Show results with:ticker
[57]
CR Brands - Resilience Capital Partners
CR Brands, based in West Chester, OH, is a cleaning products company with national distribution and manufacturing facilities in Spartanburg, SC.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[58]
CRST: Transportation Company and Logistics Solutions
Have seamless deliveries with CRST in Cedar Rapids, IA. Contact our transportation company for comprehensive and tailored logistics solutions.
[59]
Cristiano Ronaldo | Portugal | UEFA Nations League
Position Forward, Shirt number 7, Country of birth Portugal, Date of birth 05/2/1985 (40), Height 185 cm, Weight 80 kg.Stats · Video · Europe's most-capped men's... · Matches
[60]
Obituary: C.R. Rao 1920–2023 - Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Sep 30, 2023 · C. R. Rao, a giant in statistical theory who blazed the field over an 80-year research career died on August 22, 2023, two weeks short of ...
[61]
Profile - CRRao AIMSCS
C.R. Rao was born on 10 September 1920 in Huvanna Hadagali, now in Karnataka State. ... Government has appointed C.R. Rao, an eminent statistician, as National ...Missing: death | Show results with:death
[62]
Carl Rogers, PhD: 1947 APA President
Rogers (1902–1987) is esteemed as one of the founders of humanistic psychology. He developed the person-centered, also known as client-centered, approach to ...
[63]
Fictional Initials (… so far) - Blue Towel Productions - WordPress.com
Aug 31, 2019 · Instead, I'm talking about initials of fictional characters. That ... CR – Crow T. Robo – One of Joel's robot friends (and later Mike's ...
[64]
The History of: Crow T. Robot (MST3K) - YouTube
Dec 1, 2019 · According to the MST3K storyline, Crow, like his fellow robots Tom ... The History of: Crow T. Robot (MST3K). 2.5K views · 5 years agoMissing: CR initials<|control11|><|separator|>
[65]
Crow T. Robot | Mystery Science Theater 3000 (Character) - hobbyDB
Crow T. Robot is a character from Mystery Science Theater 3000. He helps commentate during poor quality B science-fiction films.
[66]
Cell Research - Nature
Cell Research (CR) publishes original research results that are of unusual significance or broad conceptual or technical advances in all areas of life ...
[67]
CR: The New Centennial Review - Michigan State University Press
CR: The New Centennial Review is devoted to comparative studies of the Americas that suggest possibilities for a different future.
[68]
https://www.int-res.com/journals/cr/
[69]
Competitiveness Review | Emerald Publishing
Competitiveness Review (CR) publishes academic research and conceptual policy dialogue on the competitiveness of locations at all stages of economic development ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[70]
Welcome to the Cincinnati Review - The Cincinnati Review
Welcome to the Cincinnati Review ... Cover of Spring 2025 issue with CR logo in orange and a painting of the side. Issue 22.1. Featuring our Schiff Award winners, ...
[71]
The CR Way: Using the Secrets of Calorie Restriction for a Longer ...
Now, with The CR Way, you too can slow the aging process; protect against cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes; and increase your energy and mental ...
[72]
The CR Way: Using the Secrets of Calorie Restriction for a Longer ...
Now, with The CR Way, you too can slow the aging process; protect against cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes; and increase your energy and mental ...
[73]
https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2008/9/the-cr-way
[74]
The CR Way: Using the Secrets of Calorie Restriction for a Longer ...
Rating 3.5 (120) Update-wise, The CR Way has some new information about limiting glucose and protein, and about the benefits of limited fasting. It's more of a how-to book than ...
[75]
The CR Way: Using the Secrets of Calorie Restriction for a Longer ...
In stock Store nearbyNow, with The CR Way, you too can slow the aging process; protect against cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes; and increase your energy and mental ...
[76]
https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C0%2C40
[77]
Central Railway Zone - India Map
Aug 19, 2025 · Some notable trains on the CR zone are: Deccan Queen - Pune to Mumbai, Vidarbha Express - Mumbai to Gondia, Amravati Superfast Express - Mumbai ...
[78]
History - Conrail
Conrail was incorporated in Pennsylvania on February 10, 1976, and began operations on April 1, 1976. The Company's mandate was to revitalize rail service in ...
[79]
Consolidated Rail Corporation | History, Federal Rescue, & Shared ...
Conrail was established by the U.S. government under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 to take over six bankrupt northeastern railroads. Conrail ...
[80]
Goldman Sachs Leads Historic Conrail IPO, the Largest Public ...
In 1976, the US Congress approved the operation plan of the new Consolidated Rail Corporation (commonly known as Conrail) as part of the Railroad Revitalization ...
[81]
[PDF] Compendium of Definitions and Acronyms for Rail Systems
Jun 20, 2019 · • Rail modes (heavy rail (HR), light rail (LR), commuter rail (CR), inclined plane (IP), cable car. (CC) and Monorail/Automated guideway (MG).
[82]
Address Standardization — County, State, Local Highways
C1 Street Suffix Abbreviations · C2 Secondary Unit Designators · Appendix D · D1 ... CR 1185. COUNTY ROAD 1185. CNTY RD 33. COUNTY ROAD 33. CA COUNTY RD 150. CA ...
[83]
Traffic Count Assistance - NCTCOG
There are several types of traffic counts, and also several abbreviations and acronyms used with traffic counts. ... CR, County Road, CR111. DIRCON, Direct ...
[84]
CR Road Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
CR Road Abbreviation ; 1. Cameron Road · Croydon, London, Business · Croydon, London, Business ; 1. Carpenter Road · Routing, County, London · Routing, County, ...
[85]
CR-V 30th Anniversary: Behind the Scenes Developing the SUV ...
Oct 9, 2025 · The name CR-V was an abbreviation of "Comfortable, Runabout Vehicle." The CR-V's development team embraced the principles of "Think Right ...
[86]
What Is a CR-V? - Kelley Blue Book
The acronym “CRV” (as in Honda CR-V) represents a mix between a car or minivan and a sport utility vehicle, or SUV.
[87]
What Does CR-V Stand For In A Honda? Name And Key Features
Feb 3, 2025 · What Does CR-V Mean? · Comfortable Runabout Vehicle: This is the most widely accepted meaning, reportedly confirmed by Honda in some markets.
[88]
All About Your Vehicle's OR and CR - LTO - Zigwheels
Jun 9, 2023 · The Land Transportation Office also issues the Certificate of Registration (CR), which proves your ownership of the vehicle by including your ...Key Takeaways · Differences Between The Or... · What To Do If You Lose Your...
[89]
CR - Aviation Abbreviations Glossary - Sofema Online
CR - Cruise. ... SofemaOnline.com (SOL) is the dedicated online platform facilitated by Sofema Aviation Services, offering high-quality training solutions for ...Missing: transport | Show results with:transport
[90]
[PDF] AVIATION ABBREVIATIONS
CR. Central Region. CR. Course to a VOR Radial (ARINC 424 Path Terminator). CRAF. Central Reservation Airspace Facility. CRAF. Civil Reserve Air Fleet. CRAF.
[91]
Aviation Acronyms - C&L Aero
CR, Cycles Remaining, Number of cycles remaining on an aircraft part before replacement or overhauled ; CSLSV, Cycles Since Last Shop Visit, Number of cycles ...
[92]
Shipping Terms - Cargo Network International Pty Ltd
CR, Current Rate ; CROB, Cargo Remaining on Board ; CRN, Crane ; CRT, Cargo Retention Clauses, introduced by charterers based on shortage of delivered cargo ...
[93]
Abbreviations & Acronyms - Skuld
CR, 1. Carrier's Risk 2. China Corporation Register of Shipping 3. Crane 4. Current Rate. CRDIP, Columbia River District including Portland. CRINE, Cost ...
[94]
CR Championship Record - All Acronyms
The abbreviation CR stands for Championship Record, which refers to the best performance or achievement recorded in a specific championship event, often used in ...
[95]
CR - Championship Record (sports) | AcronymFinder
How is Championship Record (sports) abbreviated? CR stands for Championship Record (sports). CR is defined as Championship Record (sports) frequently.
[96]
Cross country glossary: Get to know the basic and advanced terms
Aug 12, 2022 · Slow run or jog to loosen muscles after a race to rid the body of lactic acid. CR. Course record. DNF. Did not finish. DNS. Did not start.
[97]
CR Sports Abbreviation Meaning - All Acronyms
CR in Sports typically signifies Course Record, which refers to the best time or score achieved on a specific course or track in competitive events. This term ...Missing: code | Show results with:code
[98]
Words and terms - Roster Athletics
Sep 3, 2025 · CR Championship Record. DNF Did Not Finish. DNS Did Not Start. DoB Date of Birth. DQ Disqualified. DQ RULE Specific rule used to disqualify ...
[99]
What is a Continuing Resolution and How Does It Impact ...
Nov 3, 2022 · Without final appropriations or a continuing resolution (CR), there could be a lapse in funding that results in a government shutdown. Today's ...
[100]
Continuing Resolutions: Overview of Components and Practices
Continuing resolutions (CRs) are temporary funding acts used when regular appropriations are not enacted, providing temporary funding for specified activities.Missing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation
[101]
What You Need to Know About Continuing Resolutions
Sep 3, 2025 · A continuing resolution (CR) is a temporary “stop gap” by which Congress funds the federal government for a limited period to avoid a lapse in appropriations.
[102]
What Is a Continuing Resolution? - Peterson Foundation
Mar 25, 2025 · Congress uses a continuing resolution, or “CR,” as a temporary measure to fund government activities for a limited time.
[103]
Continuing Resolution (CR) | TFX - Treasury Financial Experience
TFM: A Continuing Resolution (CR) is an act of Congress that provides budget authority to continue government operations when Congress and the President ...
[104]
House passes clean Continuing Resolution to fund the government ...
The Continuing Resolution (CR) bill largely maintains level funding from Fiscal Year (FY) 2025. The bill now moves to the Senate, where it is expected to face ...
[105]
CR Meaning & Definition - NoSlang.com
The abbreviation "CR" in texting means "can't remember." It's a quick and easy way to indicate that you don't recall a particular piece of information or memory ...
[106]
COMFORT ROOM definition | Cambridge English Dictionary
Here in the Philippines, the bathroom is referred to as the comfort room or the CR for short. She had to go to the comfort room. He stayed in the comfort ...
[107]
How to say "Where is the Bathroom" in Filipino - FilipinoPod101
Banyo is the Filipino word for "bathroom." But usually, the word Banyo is substituted by CR, meaning "comfort room." As a matter of fact, in a country that has ...
[108]
abbreviations - What does this 'cr' stand for?
Nov 27, 2020 · “cr” appears to represent crore. 10,000,000 in Indian numbering. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore.
[109]
CR Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Medical Definition · 1 of 3 abbreviation. creatinine. Cr · 2 of 3 symbol. chromium. CR · 3 of 3 abbreviation.