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Fas

Fas is an indeclinable neuter in Latin, originally from religious language, denoting the dictates of or that which is right and sanctioned by the gods, in opposition to , human or . This concept encompassed moral and ritual obligations deemed permissible or obligatory under the divine order, forming a foundational element of and where violations constituted nefas, the impious or forbidden. In classical texts, fas appears in expressions like fas est ("it is right" or "it is divinely permitted"), illustrating its role in affirming actions aligned with heavenly will, as in Ovid's proverb fas est et ab hoste doceri ("it is right to learn even from an enemy"). Etymologically linked to the verb fari ("to speak"), fas evokes divine pronouncements or prophetic utterances that define sacred propriety.

In biology and medicine

Fas cell surface death receptor

The Fas cell surface death receptor, also known as CD95 or APO-1, is a type I transmembrane belonging to the (TNF) receptor superfamily, characterized by three extracellular cysteine-rich domains and an intracellular death domain (DD). It was identified in as the target of agonistic monoclonal antibodies that trigger in transformed human cell lines. The receptor is ubiquitously expressed, with high levels in activated lymphocytes, hepatocytes, heart, , and lymphoid tissues, existing in both membrane-bound and soluble forms via . Upon binding its trimeric ligand, (FasL or CD95L)—a primarily expressed on activated T cells and natural killer cells—the receptor undergoes oligomerization and recruitment to lipid rafts, facilitating clathrin-mediated and formation of the (DISC). The DISC includes the adaptor protein , which binds the receptor's DD, and procaspase-8 (or procaspase-10 in humans) via death effector domains (DEDs), leading to caspase activation and initiation of the extrinsic pathway. In type I cells (e.g., thymocytes), high DISC formation directly activates effector caspases like ; in type II cells (e.g., hepatocytes), it requires Bid cleavage to amplify via the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. Regulation occurs through modulators like c-FLIP, which inhibits at high levels by competing for caspase-8 recruitment but can promote it at intermediate concentrations, establishing threshold-dependent signaling. Beyond apoptosis, Fas signaling activates non-canonical pathways, including NF-κB and MAPK, promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cytokine production in contexts like T-cell activation and liver regeneration. Physiologically, it maintains immune homeostasis by deleting autoreactive and activated lymphocytes, eliminating virus-infected cells, and enforcing peripheral tolerance, as evidenced by Fas-deficient lpr/lpr mice exhibiting massive lymphadenopathy and systemic lupus erythematosus-like autoimmunity. Heterozygous germline mutations in the FAS gene, often affecting the DD, cause (ALPS), characterized by non-malignant lymphoproliferation, , and increased risk, affecting approximately 1 in 2,000 individuals with confirmed cases reported since 1995. Dysregulated Fas signaling contributes to pathologies like from excessive FasL in T cells and tumor progression via pro-survival signals, despite its tumor-suppressive apoptotic role.

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) represents the severe end of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), characterized by a specific cluster of physical, growth, and neurodevelopmental deficits resulting directly from substantial prenatal exposure. This exposure occurs when consumed by the mother crosses the , disrupting fetal cellular , , and , particularly in the developing and craniofacial structures during the first . Unlike milder FASD variants, FAS requires documented heavy maternal use—often exceeding 5 standard drinks per occasion—leading to teratogenic effects without confounding genetic or environmental factors. The condition is entirely preventable through maternal abstinence, as no threshold for safe consumption during pregnancy has been established in human studies. Diagnostic criteria for FAS, as outlined by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), mandate three hallmarks: prenatal or postnatal growth retardation (height or weight below the ), distinctive facial dysmorphology including short palpebral fissures (eye openings shorter than the ), a smooth (vertical groove between nose and upper lip), and thin (upper lip border), and evidence of (CNS) abnormalities such as structural brain anomalies (e.g., , reduced volume) or functional impairments (e.g., IQ below 70, ). These features arise causally from alcohol's neurotoxic interference with cell migration and regulation, confirmed in longitudinal cohort studies tracking exposed children. Associated comorbidities include skeletal anomalies, cardiac septal defects, and sensory impairments, though these are secondary to core triad elements. CNS effects in FAS manifest as persistent , attention deficits, hyperactivity, and poor impulse control, with brain imaging revealing reduced gray and volumes persisting into adulthood. Growth deficiencies involve intrauterine restriction followed by , independent of postnatal nutrition, as alcohol impairs signaling. Epidemiological from active indicate FAS at approximately 0.5 to 2 cases per 1,000 live births in the general U.S. population, though higher in high-risk groups with elevated alcohol use; broader FASD estimates reach 1% to 5% among school-aged children. Recent meta-analyses of prenatal alcohol-exposed cohorts report FASD in up to 7.7% of pregnancies, underscoring underdiagnosis due to reliance on self-reported maternal history. No curative interventions exist for FAS, as damage is irreversible, but early multidisciplinary management—including behavioral therapies, , and for secondary symptoms like ADHD—can mitigate functional impairments. Prevention hinges on messaging emphasizing zero intake from through , supported by from prospective studies showing dose-response relationships where even moderate elevates . Long-term outcomes without intervention include elevated rates of disorders, , and , with cohort data indicating 82% prevalence in exposed individuals.

Organizations

Government agencies

The Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) is an agency of the (USDA) established on March 10, 1953, via Secretary's Memorandum No. 1320, Supplement 1, with statutory authority confirmed by 83-690 on August 28, 1954. Headquartered in , it maintains a global network of nearly 100 offices across approximately 180 countries, staffed by agricultural attachés and local experts to monitor markets and facilitate trade. FAS's primary responsibilities include expanding U.S. agricultural exports by removing trade barriers, enforcing agreements, providing market intelligence and production forecasts, partnering with over 70 cooperator organizations for export assistance, and administering food aid programs to enhance global and support developing countries' agricultural systems. In fiscal year 2024, FAS's budget allocation was approximately $1.42 billion, reflecting its role in promoting U.S. agricultural competitiveness abroad. The Federal Acquisition Service (FAS) operates as the procurement division of the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), an independent agency created under the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 to manage federal purchasing and logistics. FAS delivers comprehensive acquisition solutions, including multiple award schedules for goods and services such as IT, transportation, and office supplies, to federal, state, local, and tribal governments, emphasizing cost savings and efficiency through . Evolving from earlier entities like the Federal Supply Service—whose records trace to 1921 coordination of government traffic activities—FAS underwent modernization, including the 2007 integration of telecommunication services to align procurement with evolving needs. It supports initiatives like technology transformation and centralized acquisition to streamline federal buying processes.

Research and advocacy groups

FASD United, formerly known as the , was established in 1990 as an international non-profit dedicated to preventing prenatal alcohol exposure, advocating for policy improvements, and providing support services for individuals affected by fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The organization operates programs such as the , which assists families with , , and resource access, and engages in public education campaigns to reduce and promote during . Proof Alliance functions as a Minnesota-based focused on FASD prevention through , policy advocacy, and family support initiatives, including grants for and an e-learning campus for training professionals on FASD recognition and management. It emphasizes evidence-based strategies to curb use in and supports affected families via peer networks and awareness events like FASD Advocacy Day. The FASD Study Group comprises researchers, clinicians, and administrators united to advance understanding of FASD , neurobehavioral impacts, and treatment outcomes through collaborative research and knowledge dissemination. Similarly, the Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (CIFASD), a multi-site funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and , conducts clinical trials and intervention development to address diagnostic challenges and behavioral therapies for FASD. Regional efforts include the FASD Collaborative Project, which provides support groups for caregivers, birth families, and self-advocates, fostering community-based advocacy and resource sharing to improve quality of life for those with FASD. These groups collectively prioritize empirical research on prevention efficacy and causal links between prenatal alcohol exposure and lifelong deficits, often critiquing incomplete diagnostic frameworks in mainstream health guidelines that may underemphasize neurodevelopmental permanency.

Academic institutions

The abbreviation FAS in academic contexts most commonly denotes the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, a divisional structure present in numerous universities that oversees departments in , social sciences, and natural sciences, often managing both undergraduate and graduate . This organizational model facilitates interdisciplinary collaboration and centralized administration of liberal arts curricula. At , the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS), established as the core of the institution since its founding in 1636, administers for undergraduates and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, encompassing over 40 departments and programs with more than 1,000 faculty members. In October 2025, Harvard FAS announced significant reductions in Ph.D. admissions, cutting seats by over 50% across disciplines for the 2026 and 2027 cycles, with science divisions facing up to 75% decreases, amid efforts to align resources with enrollment trends and financial constraints. Yale University's Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) similarly spans , social sciences, and sciences, hosting over 1,000 faculty across 40 departments and programs, and supports initiatives in research and teaching innovation as of 2024. University's FAS, through its artsandsciences division, integrates five schools, 60 research centers, and 28 departments, serving as the primary hub for non-professional graduate and undergraduate studies with approximately 1,000 faculty. Other institutions, such as , operate an FAS that provides rooted in alongside applied sciences, representing the largest academic unit on campus as of August 2025. These FAS structures vary by institution but generally prioritize broad scholarly inquiry over specialized professional training.

Sports organizations

The Football Association of Singapore (FAS) serves as the national governing body for , , and beach football in , overseeing development, competitions, and administration of the sport at all levels. Founded in 1892 and affiliated with since 1952, the FAS manages the , national teams, and youth programs, emphasizing player welfare through initiatives like Safe Sport policies that promote environments free from and . It operates under a that aligns with and AFC standards, focusing on advancing the game while providing structured pathways for participation. Club Deportivo FAS, commonly known as or simply FAS, is a professional football club based in , competing in the Primera División. Established in 1947, the club—whose full name translates to "Associated Footballers Santanecos"—has secured 18 league titles, making it one of El Salvador's most successful teams historically, with its home stadium, Estadio Óscar Quiteño, seating approximately 15,000 spectators. FAS participates in domestic and occasional international competitions, maintaining a squad of professional players and a reputation for competitive performance in Central American football. Other entities using the FAS acronym in sports contexts include recreational youth programs like Fast Action Sports, which provides leagues for children aged 4-18 , prioritizing skill development in a positive environment. Similarly, Flight Action Sports operates , , and programs aimed at youth competition and fun, with discounts for new teams to encourage participation. These smaller organizations focus on levels rather than professional or national governance.

Businesses and finance

Companies and chains

Fas Mart is a chain of convenience stores primarily operating in the eastern and , offering , groceries, prepared foods, and loyalty programs such as fas REWARDS®. Owned by LLC since its acquisition and rebranding efforts in the , the chain expanded through purchases including 42 Road Ranger stores in 2015, now operating or supplying to over 800 locations across states like , , , , and others. FAS Windows & Doors, also known as FAS Exteriors, is a Florida-based company specializing in the replacement and installation of residential windows, entry doors, patio doors, and related services. Founded as a family-owned standing for "Father and Son," it maintains offices in Orlando, Tampa, and Winter Park, claiming to be Central Florida's largest volume dealer for such products in replacement and new construction markets. FAS Converting Machinery AB is a manufacturer of converting , including bag-making machines and winders, established in the mid-20th century by founders Flyghagen, Andersson, and Stenqvist—whose initials form the company name. It pioneered in-line bag production technologies targeted at flexible industries. FAS Parts & Service, established in 1993 in the , provides specialized maintenance and repair for commercial beverage , machines, and HVAC systems, employing over 30 as of recent . Fuji Automotive Systems (FAS) is a firm focused on automotive systems, serving major manufacturers and known internally by its initials among clients and employees.

Financial terms and instruments

Free Alongside Ship (FAS) is an defined in the International Commercial Terms () rules published by the , applicable exclusively to sea or inland waterway . Under FAS, the seller fulfills its delivery obligation by placing the goods alongside the buyer's nominated at the specified port of shipment, bearing all costs and risks up to that point, including clearance, while the buyer assumes responsibility for loading, freight, , and import formalities thereafter. This term, originating from maritime trade practices dating back to eras, allocates financial risks distinctly: sellers cover inland , handling, and duties, but buyers handle loading costs, which can exceed 10-15% of total shipment value depending on cargo type and port efficiency. FAS differs from Free on Board () by shifting loading risk to the buyer earlier, potentially reducing seller liability but increasing buyer exposure to port delays or damages during quay-side placement. Financial Accounting Standards (FAS), issued by the (FASB) prior to the codification into (ASC) in 2009, established U.S. generally accepted accounting principles () for recognizing, measuring, and disclosing financial instruments and transactions. Notable examples include FAS 133 (1998), which defined as contracts with no initial net investment equivalent to the notional amount, underlying value variation, and not at the outset, mandating accounting for hedges and to reflect economic . FAS 107 (1991) required disclosures of s for most financial instruments, including off-balance-sheet items like swaps and options, using market quotes or discounted cash flows where observable data is unavailable, aiming to enhance transparency amid the 1980s that exposed hidden risks in illiquid assets. These standards influenced global practices, though critics noted implementation challenges in volatile markets, such as the where FAS 157 ( hierarchy) amplified procyclicality by forcing mark-to-market losses on assets without active markets. Post-codification, legacy FAS numbers retain interpretive value in legal and audit contexts. The ticker symbol FAS denotes the Direxion Daily Financial Bull 3X Shares, an (ETF) launched in 2008 by , designed to deliver three times (300%) the daily performance of the 1000 Financial Services Index before fees and expenses. This leveraged instrument targets investors seeking amplified exposure to U.S. equities, including banks, insurers, and asset managers, but carries high : for instance, it posted a 385.58% cumulative return over five years ending in recent data, contrasted by potential daily decays from in non-trending markets. Suitable for rather than buy-and-hold due to beta slippage, FAS uses swaps, futures, and index securities for , with an of approximately 0.94%, and is traded on , reflecting sector sensitivities to interest rates and regulatory changes like Dodd-Frank reforms. Regulatory filings emphasize its non-diversified nature and unsuitability for all investors, as triple can erode principal rapidly in downturns, as seen in 2022 drawdowns exceeding 50% amid rising rates.

Places

Settlements in Europe

No notable human settlements in Europe are documented under the name "FAS" or "Fas" in geographical records or standard references. Extensive searches of place names across European countries, including , , , , , and others, yield no matches for villages, hamlets, towns, or localities bearing this designation. The term "Fas" appears more commonly as a of European origin, particularly in Southwestern , rather than a toponym. In contexts like traditions (e.g., "Fasnet" in and ), it refers to cultural events, not fixed settlements. Any potential abbreviations or acronyms for places (e.g., institutional names like schools) do not correspond to residential settlements.

Settlements elsewhere

Fas is a small rural village in the Kaffrine region of central , located near the communities of Mbankouma and Belal. Another settlement of the same name lies in the Tambacounda region in eastern , proximate to Nialing Séni and Médina Tiélène. A third Fas appears in the Fatick region, classified as a populated place with limited documented infrastructure or population data. Fass Boye (also spelled Fas Boye), a coastal in western , gained international attention in August 2023 when a migrant departing from its shores drifted for over a month toward the , resulting in over 90 deaths among passengers predominantly from the community. The village's economy relies heavily on and , typical of Senegal's rural Atlantic coast settlements. These Senegalese locales represent minor administrative divisions with sparse demographic records; censuses report no significant or population exceeding a few thousand residents collectively as of the 2013 census, with updates pending from subsequent surveys. No other verified non-European settlements bearing the exact name "Fas" appear in major geographic databases outside .

Other uses

Technical and miscellaneous terms

In , Fas (also designated CD95 or APO-1) denotes a transmembrane receptor protein belonging to the receptor superfamily, characterized by an intracellular death domain that triggers extrinsic signaling upon binding, thereby regulating immune and eliminating damaged cells. This receptor's activation recruits adaptor proteins like and procaspase-8, forming the death-inducing signaling complex () to initiate cascade and . The (FasL, also CD95L or APO-1L) is a type II in the TNF superfamily expressed primarily on activated T cells and natural killer cells, which binds Fas to induce target cell , playing a key role in sites such as the eye and testis by suppressing excessive . Mutations in Fas or FasL genes underlie (ALPS), marked by defective leading to lymphoproliferation and . (FAS), a homodimeric multifunctional complex in eukaryotes, catalyzes the of long-chain fatty acids from and , involving iterative cycles of , , , and further across seven catalytic domains. In mammals, cytosolic FAS-I type supports in liver and , with dysregulation implicated in and cancer proliferation due to upregulated synthesis for membrane formation and energy storage.

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