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Cane Corso

The Cane Corso Italiano, commonly known as the Cane Corso, is a medium-to-large molossoid dog breed originating from Italy, characterized by its robust, muscular build, short dense coat, and strong guarding instincts, historically used for protection, herding, and hunting large game.^[1] Males typically stand 64–68 cm (25–27 inches) at the withers and weigh 45–50 kg (99–110 lbs), while females measure 60–64 cm (24–25 inches) and weigh 40–45 kg (88–99 lbs), with a rectangular body outline where the length exceeds height by about 11%.^[1] The breed's coat is short, shiny, and double-layered, coming in colors such as black, grey, fawn, red, and brindle variations, often with a dark mask on the face and minimal white markings permitted.^[1] Known for an average lifespan of 9–12 years, the Cane Corso requires regular exercise, mental stimulation, and grooming to maintain its health and vitality.^[2] Descended from ancient Roman war dogs known as canis pugnaces, which were brought to Italy by legions during conquests in regions like Epirus (modern-day Albania), the Cane Corso evolved alongside the Neapolitan Mastiff as a versatile farm dog for guarding property, livestock, and families in southern Italy following the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD.^[3] The breed nearly faced extinction in the early 20th century due to agricultural mechanization, world wars, and rural depopulation, with only a handful of specimens remaining by the 1970s.^[3] Its revival began in the 1970s through efforts by Italian enthusiasts including Giovanni Bonnetti, Dr. Paolo Breber, and the Malavasi brothers, who established the first breed club, Società Amatori Cane Corso, in 1983 and drafted an initial standard in 1980; the breed was officially recognized by the Ente Nazionale della Cinofilia Italiana (ENCI) in 1994 and provisionally by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) in 1996 and definitively in 2007.^[3] Introduced to the United States in 1988, it gained full recognition from the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 2010 as part of the Working Group.^[3] In temperament, the Cane Corso is intelligent, loyal, and even-tempered, displaying confidence and assertiveness while remaining responsive and affectionate toward family members when properly socialized from a young age.^[2] As a natural protector, it is watchful and discerning toward strangers but not inherently aggressive or shy, though it demands experienced ownership, consistent training, and early exposure to diverse environments to prevent behavioral issues.^[1] Suitable for active families with space, the breed excels in roles like therapy work or protection but is not recommended for novice handlers due to its size, strength, and need for firm, positive leadership.^[2] As of 2025, the breed has seen increased popularity in some regions, such as the UK, raising concerns about potential regulatory restrictions similar to those for other large guardian breeds.^[4] Health-wise, Cane Corsos are generally sturdy but prone to conditions like hip dysplasia, bloat, and eyelid issues, emphasizing the importance of breeding from health-tested lines.^[2]

History

Ancient Origins

The Cane Corso traces its lineage to the ancient Molossus dogs, large and powerful mastiffs originating from the region of Epirus in ancient Greece (modern-day Greece and Albania), which were imported and bred by the Romans for their formidable size and strength. These dogs formed the basis for the Roman canis pugnax, or "fighting dog," a breed specifically developed for warfare, where they served as combat companions in legions, often armored and trained to attack enemy lines or disrupt formations. In addition to military roles, Molossus-derived dogs were employed for hunting large game, such as boars and bears, and for guarding Roman estates and livestock, showcasing their versatility as multipurpose working animals.^[5]^[3]^[6] Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, the breed adapted to peacetime functions in rural Italy, transitioning from battlefield roles to protecting farms, herding cattle, and hunting wild boar in the countryside. This evolution preserved the Cane Corso's robust build and protective instincts, making it indispensable for agrarian communities where it deterred predators and intruders. Historical accounts indicate that these dogs were particularly valued in southern Italy for their ability to manage large estates and confront dangerous wildlife, ensuring the survival of family livelihoods in an era of instability.^[3]^[6] During the Middle Ages, the Cane Corso endured in isolated rural areas of southern Italy, especially the regions of Puglia and Basilicata, where traditional farming practices sustained the breed's population despite broader societal upheavals. Here, they continued as vigilant guardians of property and participants in boar hunts, maintaining their ancient traits amid feudal agricultural systems. The breed's resilience in these locales allowed it to persist through centuries of regional conflicts and economic shifts, though its numbers gradually dwindled with the decline of large-scale farming.^[3]^[6] By the mid-20th century, the Cane Corso faced near-extinction due to the impacts of World War II, which devastated rural Italian economies, and subsequent industrialization that reduced the need for traditional farm dogs. With only a handful of specimens remaining in remote southern villages by the 1970s, the breed teetered on the brink of disappearance, its ancient lineage preserved solely through isolated bloodlines.^[3]^[6]

Modern Revival and Recognition

In the early 1980s, efforts to revive the Cane Corso breed gained momentum among Italian enthusiasts who sought to locate and preserve the few remaining specimens, primarily in rural areas of southern Italy such as Puglia. These individuals, including Giovanni Bonatti, Fernando Casolino, Stefano Gandolfi, Gianantonio Sereni, and Giancarlo and Luciano Malavasi, founded the Società Amatori Cane Corso (SACC) on October 18, 1983, in Mantova, with the explicit goal of collecting surviving dogs and establishing a structured breeding program to prevent extinction.^[7]^[8] By 1979, key figures like Gandolfi, Paolo Breber, and Malavasi had already traveled to Puglia to select six foundational dogs—two males and four females—for relocation and selective breeding, marking the initial steps in resurrecting the breed from near obscurity.^[7] The formalization of the breed advanced in 1986 when the Ente Nazionale della Cinofilia Italiana (ENCI) commissioned Dr. Antonio Morsiani to draft the first breed standard, based on cinometric evaluations of over 50 Cane Corsos at exhibitions in Milan, Florence, and Bari.^[9] This standard was officially approved and the breed recognized by ENCI on January 20, 1994, as Italy's 14th native breed, enabling registration in the Libro Genealogico Italiano and supporting organized breeding under SACC oversight.^[8] International acknowledgment followed swiftly, with the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) provisionally recognizing the Cane Corso on November 12, 1996, and granting definitive recognition on May 21, 2007, which facilitated global standardization and export.^[10] The breed's spread beyond Italy began in the late 1980s, with the first importations to the United States occurring in 1988, initiated by American enthusiast Michael Sottile following encounters with the dogs at an Italian event.^[3] In the U.S., the American Kennel Club (AKC) recorded the breed in its Foundation Stock Service starting in 1996, approved it for the Miscellaneous Class in 2007, and granted full recognition on June 30, 2010, as its 165th breed.^[2] This expansion was bolstered by the establishment of dedicated clubs, such as the Cane Corso Association of America (CCAA) in 1995, which served as the breed's national parent club and promoted ethical breeding and education.^[11] By the early 21st century, Cane Corsos had been introduced to numerous countries, including those in Europe and North America, through similar importation and club formation efforts, solidifying the breed's international presence.

Physical Characteristics

Build and Size

The Cane Corso is classified as a mastiff-type dog, characterized by a muscular and athletic build supported by a powerful bone structure and harmonious proportions.^[1] Its physique features lean yet powerful muscles, contributing to a robust and sturdy frame with an overall rectangular outline that is slightly longer than it is tall, with a height-to-length ratio of approximately 11:12.^[1] This design emphasizes functionality, balancing strength for guarding tasks with sufficient agility for movement. Official breed standards specify height at the withers of 64–68 cm (25–27 in) for males and 60–64 cm (24–25 in) for females, with a tolerance of ±2 cm.^[1] Corresponding weights range from 45–50 kg (99–110 lb) for males and 40–45 kg (88–99 lb) for females, varying proportionally with size to maintain the breed's athleticism without excess bulk.^[1] These dimensions underscore the Cane Corso's medium-to-large stature, where the head constitutes about 36% of the height at the withers, promoting a balanced and imposing presence.^[1] Key anatomical features include a broad, molossoid head with a pronounced stop, a strong and muscular neck roughly equal in length to the head, a deep chest extending to the elbows, a straight and muscular back, and powerful hindquarters formed by a long, wide, and slightly inclined croup.^[1] The body is sturdy yet not square, with pronounced withers, a short and strong loin, and well-developed musculature throughout, enabling both endurance and explosive power.^[1] Sexual dimorphism is evident, with males exhibiting a more massive and imposing build compared to females, who display a slightly more elegant form while retaining the breed's core robustness.^[1]

Coat, Color, and Grooming

The Cane Corso possesses a short, coarse, and dense coat that provides weather resistance and protection, characterized by a slight undercoat that varies in thickness according to climate.^[1]^[2] This double-layered coat is shiny and of vitreous texture, with a rough, stiff outer layer that is neither smooth nor fringed; semi-long or smooth hair is considered a disqualifying fault in breed standards.^[1] Long-haired variants are not recognized by major kennel clubs, as the breed's coat is specifically adapted for utility in working environments.^[1]^[2] Accepted coat colors include black, various shades of gray (from lead-gray to light gray, often referred to as blue), fawn (light to dark, including stag red and dark wheat), and red, with brindle patterns permitted in black, gray, or fawn bases where stripes may vary in shade.^[1]^[2] Fawn and brindle dogs typically feature a black or gray mask on the muzzle that does not extend beyond the eye line, and small white markings are tolerated on the chest, toes, or nose bridge.^[1] Disqualifying colors encompass any not listed in the standard, such as merle, as well as large white patches or excessive white markings that exceed the minimal allowances.^[1] Grooming needs for the Cane Corso are low-maintenance due to its short coat, requiring weekly brushing with a medium-bristle brush, rubber mitt, or hound glove to remove dead hair and distribute natural oils.^[2] Bathing should be infrequent, only as needed to avoid stripping the coat's protective oils, while regular ear cleaning prevents infections and nail trimming every few weeks maintains paw health.^[2] The breed experiences moderate shedding year-round, with increased loose hair in spring and fall, though the short coat limits excessive buildup compared to longer-haired breeds.^[2]

Temperament and Behavior

Personality Traits

The Cane Corso exhibits core personality traits of loyalty, confidence, and protectiveness, making it an exemplary guardian breed intensely devoted to its family.^[2] This intelligence, combined with strong territorial instincts, enables the breed to vigilantly assess and respond to potential threats.^[1] While affectionate and gentle with known family members, including children when properly socialized, Cane Corsos remain naturally wary and reserved toward strangers, reflecting their historical role as property and livestock protectors.^[12] Instinctually, the breed demonstrates natural guarding behaviors without undue aggression, relying on a discerning and composed approach to security.^[13] Their high prey drive, inherited from ancestral uses in hunting big game and herding, suits them well for livestock protection but requires management in modern environments.^[1] Unthreatened, Cane Corsos display a calm and even-tempered demeanor, often remaining quiet unless alerting with a deep bark, which underscores their balanced and responsive nature.^[12] Variations in personality can occur based on breeding lines, with working lines typically more energetic and drive-oriented due to their focus on functional tasks, while show lines may exhibit a more laid-back disposition.^[2] Some lines possess more dominant personalities, best suited for experienced owners.^[14] Cane Corso puppies begin life playful and bold, exploring their environment with curiosity, but they gradually mature into serious, focused adults by around 2 to 3 years of age, fully developing their guardian instincts.^[15] Proper training helps channel these evolving traits to ensure a well-adjusted companion.^[2]

Training and Socialization

Early socialization is essential for Cane Corso puppies, particularly during the critical window from 8 to 16 weeks of age, when exposure to diverse people, animals, sounds, and environments helps prevent the development of fear-based aggression and promotes confident, well-adjusted adults.^[16] During this period, owners should enroll in puppy classes and gradually introduce the dog to new stimuli using positive reinforcement, such as treats and praise, to create positive associations and build a foundation for lifelong adaptability.^[2] Failure to socialize adequately can exacerbate the breed's natural protective instincts, leading to overguarded behavior toward strangers.^[16] Training Cane Corsos requires positive reinforcement methods, emphasizing rewards like food treats and verbal praise over harsh corrections, as the breed responds best to firm, consistent leadership that establishes clear boundaries without fostering dominance issues.^[2] Their intelligence makes them suitable for advanced obedience work and protection sports such as IPO (formerly Schutzhund), which test tracking, obedience, and controlled protection skills, provided training begins early with professional guidance.^[17] Short, engaging sessions—ideally 10-15 minutes multiple times daily—help maintain focus and prevent frustration in this eager-to-please yet strong-willed breed.^[16] Challenges in training include the Cane Corso's potential stubbornness when bored or understimulated, necessitating mental enrichment through puzzle toys, scent games, or job-like tasks to channel their working drive and avoid destructive behaviors.^[2] Due to their size, strength, and assertive nature, they are not recommended for novice owners, who may struggle with the consistent handling required to manage dominance tendencies effectively.^[18] Legal considerations vary by location, as breed-specific legislation in certain U.S. cities and counties classifies Cane Corsos as restricted breeds, often mandating muzzling, leashing in public, secure fencing, and proof of training or liability insurance for ownership.^[19] Owners must research and comply with local ordinances to ensure safe integration of the dog into community settings.^[19]

Health and Wellness

Common Health Concerns

The Cane Corso, as a large mastiff-type breed, is predisposed to several genetic health conditions, particularly those affecting the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, ocular, and cardiac systems. Hip dysplasia, a malformation of the hip joint leading to instability, pain, and arthritis, is one of the most prevalent issues, with radiographic evaluations showing dysplastic rates of 30-50% in various populations.^[20]^[21] Similarly, elbow dysplasia, involving abnormal development of the elbow joint, can cause lameness and chronic discomfort in the front limbs, with screening recommended to identify affected individuals early; prevalence is approximately 14-19% based on breed registries.^[22]^[23] The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) advises radiographic screening for both hips and elbows in breeding dogs to reduce inheritance rates, as these conditions are polygenic and influenced by rapid growth in large breeds.^[24] Gastrointestinal vulnerabilities include gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), or bloat, a life-threatening emergency where the stomach twists and fills with gas, exacerbated by the breed's deep-chested conformation.^[13] Deep-chested large breeds like the Cane Corso face elevated risk due to anatomical factors, with prompt veterinary intervention critical for survival.^[25] Ocular concerns encompass entropion (inward rolling of the eyelids) and ectropion (outward rolling), which can lead to corneal ulcers, infections, and chronic irritation if untreated; these are common in mastiff breeds, including cherry eye (prolapsed nictitating membrane gland). The OFA eye certification examination is recommended for breeding stock to detect and mitigate hereditary forms.^[26] Cardiac issues, notably dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), involve weakening of the heart muscle, resulting in enlarged chambers and reduced pumping efficiency, which can lead to arrhythmias or sudden death. Cane Corsos show genetic susceptibility to DCM, alongside other giant breeds, prompting annual cardiac examinations via echocardiography for breeding dogs as per OFA guidelines. Neurological conditions like idiopathic epilepsy, manifesting as recurrent seizures typically between 1-5 years of age, affect the breed, with genetic factors implicated. Degenerative myelopathy (DM), a progressive spinal cord disease leading to hindlimb weakness and paralysis, has seen rising incidence, with ~13% of North American Cane Corsos testing as affected or carriers as of 2024. In puppies, demodectic mange arises from an overproliferation of Demodex mites due to immature or compromised immunity, manifesting as localized hair loss, scaling, and secondary infections, with a breed prevalence of about 5-7%.^[27] This condition often resolves with treatment but underscores the need for immune-supportive care during rapid growth phases.^[28] Additional joint problems, such as osteochondrosis or panosteitis, stem from the breed's fast skeletal development, potentially worsening dysplasia and requiring controlled exercise and nutritional management. The breed is also prone to skin allergies and ear infections due to its short coat and folded ears.^[13]^[29] Prevention hinges on responsible breeding practices, including mandatory health testing for hips, elbows, eyes, heart, and DM to select against affected lines and lower incidence over generations.^[2] Breeders should provide OFA or PennHIP certifications to buyers, ensuring transparency on parental evaluations.^[13] Debates surround early spay/neuter timing, as studies as of 2025 indicate that neutering before 18-24 months in large breeds like the Cane Corso may elevate joint disorder risks by 2-5 times due to disrupted hormone influences on bone growth.^[30] Delaying until full maturity is often advised to balance reproductive control with orthopedic health.^[31]

Lifespan, Diet, and Care

The Cane Corso has an average lifespan of 9 to 12 years, though this can vary based on genetics, overall care, and environmental factors.^[2]^[13] Females tend to live slightly longer than males, with median lifespans of approximately 9.33 years for females compared to 9.25 years for males in one study of the breed.^[32] Responsible breeding practices, including health screenings for conditions like hip dysplasia, can contribute to achieving the upper end of this range.^[13] Cane Corsos require a high-protein diet tailored to their large-breed status to support muscle development and prevent rapid growth issues in puppies. Puppies should be fed a specialized large-breed formula with at least 25-30% protein from quality animal sources until 18 to 24 months of age, divided into 3-4 meals daily to aid digestion and reduce bloat risk.^[33]^[13] As adults, they transition to maintenance food with balanced protein levels, typically 4 to 6 cups of high-quality dry kibble per day split into two meals, adjusted for activity and weight to avoid obesity.^[34]^[13] Fresh water must always be available, and feeding should occur at consistent times without exercise immediately afterward. Daily exercise is essential for the Cane Corso's physical and mental well-being, with recommendations of 1 to 2 hours of vigorous activity such as brisk walks, jogging, or interactive play to channel their energy and maintain joint health.^[2]^[35] Insufficient activity can lead to boredom and behavioral issues, so incorporating off-leash play in secure areas or structured games is beneficial. Cane Corsos thrive in homes with securely fenced yards where they can roam, but they are primarily indoor family companions that bond closely with their households and should not be left alone for extended periods.^[13] They are not ideal for apartment living due to their size and exercise demands. Their short, double-layered coat provides some protection but makes them sensitive to extreme temperatures; they adapt better to warmer climates and may require coats in cold weather or cooling measures in heat to stay comfortable.^[13]^[36]

Roles and Uses

Traditional Working Roles

The Cane Corso, an ancient Italian breed descended from Roman war dogs, transitioned after the fall of the Roman Empire into essential roles on rural farms and estates across Italy, serving as guardians, hunters, and livestock managers from the early Middle Ages onward.^[3] These dogs were prized for their strength, intelligence, and protective instincts, making them indispensable in pre-industrial agricultural life in regions like Puglia and Calabria.^[3] As farm guardians, Cane Corsos protected livestock from predators such as wolves, patrolling pastures and alerting owners to threats with their vigilant presence.^[3] They also assisted in herding cattle and managing swine, using their agility to distract and control animals during handling, such as grabbing a sow's snout to separate her from piglets.^[37] This versatility ensured the safety and efficiency of rural operations in southern Italy, where the breed's imposing build deterred intruders and wildlife alike.^[3] In hunting, the Cane Corso excelled as a companion for pursuing big game, particularly wild boar, where hunters relied on the dog's power to chase, hold, and immobilize prey by gripping its snout or limbs until the hunter could approach.^[3] They also flushed smaller game like badgers and porcupines from cover, working in packs to navigate dense Italian woodlands and support subsistence hunting in medieval rural communities.^[3] Their role as "catch dogs" highlighted their athleticism and courage, essential for the dangerous task of confronting large, aggressive animals.^[37] For property defense, Cane Corsos patrolled estates and villages during the medieval and Renaissance periods, safeguarding homes, farms, and communities from bandits and unauthorized entrants through their deep bark and formidable stature.^[37] In feudal Italy, they were allowed to roam freely at night, embodying loyalty as they deterred threats without needing direct confrontation.^[3] The breed's cultural significance is evident in Italian Renaissance art and literature, where depictions of Cane Corso-like dogs symbolize strength, guardianship, and fidelity, often portrayed as loyal companions to nobility or as heroic figures in rural narratives.^[37] These representations underscore their enduring role in Italian heritage, influencing modern preservation efforts to adapt these traditional functions to contemporary settings.^[3]

Contemporary Applications

In contemporary settings, the Cane Corso serves primarily as a personal protection dog, valued for its natural guarding instincts, loyalty, and intimidating presence that deters intruders without excessive aggression. Specialized breeders and trainers select and condition these dogs for family and property defense, emphasizing their ability to assess threats calmly and respond decisively, making them suitable for high-security homes worldwide.^[38]^[39] While not commonly deployed in official police or military K9 units due to their size and build favoring endurance over high-speed pursuits, some law enforcement contexts in Italy and the United States explore their potential for patrol and surveillance roles, leveraging their strength and territorial nature.^[40] The breed excels in various dog sports that highlight its athleticism and protective drive, including protection trials such as French Ring, IGP (formerly Schutzhund), PSA, and Mondioring, where participants demonstrate obedience, agility, and controlled bite work against decoys.^[17]^[41] Cane Corsos also compete in weight-pulling events, showcasing their muscular power by hauling loads over distances, and in conformation shows under organizations like the American Kennel Club (AKC), where judges evaluate adherence to breed standards for structure and movement.^[42]^[43] As family companions, Cane Corsos are increasingly popular as vigilant guard dogs, forming deep bonds with household members while remaining aloof toward strangers, a trait rooted in their historical farm-guarding roles.^[2] In select breeding lines, well-socialized individuals exhibit a calm demeanor suitable for therapy or emotional support work, particularly for veterans, as demonstrated by programs pairing trained Corsos with individuals needing psychiatric assistance.^[44]^[45] Global interest in the Cane Corso has surged since its full AKC recognition in 2010, with registrations rising 414% and the breed climbing from 47th to 14th in popularity rankings as of 2024, reflecting its appeal as a versatile guardian.^[46] Ethical breeders prioritize temperament stability, health testing, and balanced conformation over exaggerated size or features, ensuring dogs remain reliable companions rather than overly reactive protectors.^[47]^[48]

References

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[PDF] CANE CORSO ITALIANO - FCI
STANDARD:25.09.2023. UTILIZATION: Utility dog, polyvalent. FCI-CLASSIFICATION: Group 2 Pinscher and Schnauzer,. Molossoid and Swiss.
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È in sintesi un cane che vive con l'uomo e per l'uomo, la cui bellezza è figlia di reale funzionalità. “È il 20 Gennaio 1994” Dalla Sala Consiliare dell' ...
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In July 2007, the breed was approved for the AKC Miscellaneous Class and received full recognition as of July of 2010. Written by Mike Ertaskiran DOES THE ...
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Titles from the internationally recognized sports such as: IPO (Schutzhund), French Ring and Mondio Ring hold the most weight, as do the nationally recognized ...
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Breed-specific legislation (BSL) refers to laws that regulate or ban certain dog breeds deemed dangerous or aggressive. Cane Corsos often fall under this ...
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The Cane Corso is a breed of mastiff and thus has eye problems common to its other molosser relatives. The most common defects are entropion, ectropion and ...Missing: dilated cardiomyopathy
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Demodectic mange, sometimes just called 'Demodex' or 'red mange', is the most common form of mange in dogs. All normal dogs (and many humans) have a few of ...What Is Mange? · What Causes Demodectic Mange... · Why Doesn't The Immune...Missing: prevalence | Show results with:prevalence
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You'll need to feed them a complete, balanced dog food to keep them slim and healthy. Your vet will be able to tell you how much your dog should be eating. You ...
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Temperature Sensitivity: Corsos don't tolerate extreme temperatures well. Keep them cool in the summer and warm in the winter to ensure their comfort. The Poop ...
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Golden State K9 Cane Corso personal protection dogs are the best choice for people who need highly effective and obedient protection dogs, and pets.
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Teaching Cane Corso Weight Pulling! THIS IS INCREDIBLE! Get ...
Dec 22, 2021 · Get 17% OFF a Breo Pet massager with code BREO-JASONCOREY ▻ Breo Pet massager: https://us.breo.com/?ref=i1u40etmfhe Help your dog relieve ...Missing: sports trials French conformation shows
[36]
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[37]
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Corsos for Heroes provides trained Cane Corsos to veterans and first responders at no cost, and they breed and raise these dogs.About · Meet Our Heroes · Events · Gallery
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[40]
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[41]
FAQs - International Cane Corso Federation Registry, LLC
To register a Cane Corso with the ICCF, both parents must be ICCF-registered purebreds of the same breed. This foundational requirement ensures that the dog ...