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Se

Se most commonly refers to , a with symbol Se and 34. Se may also refer to:
  • [[Southeast]] (direction and orientation)
  • Various places and regions
  • Terms in language, business, arts, entertainment, transportation, and other contexts (see subsections below)

Science and technology

Chemical elements

(Se) is a with the atomic symbol Se and 34. It belongs to group 16 (the chalcogens) of the periodic table and is classified as a non-metal, exhibiting properties intermediate between those of and ./Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_16:The_Oxygen_Family(The_Chalcogens)/Z034_Chemistry_of_Selenium_(Z34)) Selenium occurs in several allotropic forms, including gray (hexagonal), black (amorphous), and red (monoclinic), with the gray form being the most stable at . The gray allotrope has a of 221°C and a of 685°C, and it displays behavior. Selenium has six stable isotopes, with selenium-80 being the most abundant at approximately 49.6% natural occurrence. Selenium was discovered in 1817 by Swedish chemist , who isolated it from residues in a production plant while investigating impurities that caused illnesses among factory workers. Berzelius named the element after the Greek word "," meaning moon, due to its volatile compounds' resemblance to the odor of , which had been named after Earth. Key applications of include its use in to decolorize the greenish tint caused by iron impurities in soda-lime , as well as to impart or hues in specialty and enamels. It serves as a photoconductive material in photocopiers and early xerographic processes, where its sensitivity to light enables . is also incorporated into thin-film cells to enhance photovoltaic efficiency. Additionally, as an essential , it is added to nutritional supplements to support dietary intake. Biologically, is crucial for human health, primarily functioning through incorporation into selenoproteins, a class of proteins containing the at their active sites. These selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidases and reductases, play roles in antioxidant defense, signaling, and thyroid hormone metabolism. deficiency has been linked to conditions like , an endemic cardiomyopathy in low-selenium regions of , which can be prevented through supplementation.71084-7/fulltext)

Computing and engineering

(SE) is defined as the systematic application of engineering principles to the design, development, operation, and maintenance of software systems, encompassing methodologies that ensure reliability, efficiency, and scalability in software production. Key methodologies include the , a linear and sequential approach where development progresses through distinct phases such as requirements gathering, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance, ideal for projects with well-defined specifications. In contrast, Agile methodology emphasizes iterative development, flexibility, and collaboration through practices like and sprints, allowing for adaptive responses to changing requirements and continuous feedback from stakeholders. In statistics and within , the (SE) quantifies the variability of a sample as an estimate of the , providing a measure of for statistical inferences. It is calculated using the formula SE = \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}, where \sigma represents the population standard deviation and n is the sample size, with larger samples yielding smaller SE values and thus more precise estimates. SE is fundamental in hypothesis testing and construction, enabling data scientists and engineers to assess the reliability of results in models, simulations, and experimental analyses. Systems engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary field that applies a holistic approach to the design, integration, and management of complex engineered systems over their life cycles, ensuring that all system elements function cohesively to meet needs. This involves processes such as , architecture development, , often guided by standards from the (INCOSE), which promotes best practices for handling technical, economic, and human factors in domains like , , and . INCOSE's framework emphasizes transdisciplinary integration to realize successful system deployment, operation, and retirement, mitigating risks in large-scale projects. A search engine (SE) is a software system designed for information retrieval, indexing vast collections of web content and delivering relevant results to user queries through sophisticated algorithms that process and rank documents based on relevance. Prominent examples include Google, which revolutionized the field with the PageRank algorithm, an iterative method that evaluates webpage importance by analyzing the quantity and quality of inbound hyperlinks, modeled as the principal eigenvector of the web's link matrix to prioritize authoritative sources. PageRank addresses challenges in web-scale search by countering issues like spam and ensuring unbiased, user-centric results in information retrieval systems.

Medicine and biology

In medicine, "SE" commonly abbreviates "side effects," referring to unintended adverse reactions to medications or treatments that occur in addition to the intended therapeutic effect. These effects are typically predictable and dose-dependent, distinguishing them from unpredictable adverse drug reactions. Side effects are classified by severity, with common ones including , drowsiness, or mild gastrointestinal upset, while serious ones may involve , severe allergic reactions, or organ damage requiring immediate medical intervention. Monitoring and management of side effects occur through , a and set of activities aimed at detecting, assessing, understanding, and preventing adverse effects or other drug-related problems. Selenium (Se) serves as an essential in , incorporated into proteins as the selenocysteine, recognized as the 21st . This incorporation is crucial for the function of selenium-dependent enzymes, such as , which protects cells from oxidative damage by reducing harmful peroxides. The recommended dietary allowance for selenium in adults is 55 micrograms per day, primarily obtained from foods like Brazil nuts, , and grains, with varying by soil selenium content in different regions. Selenoproteins, a family of at least 25 proteins in humans, incorporate at their active sites and perform diverse physiological roles. Key functions include thyroid hormone metabolism, where deiodinases convert thyroxine to active ; modulation, enhancing defenses and T-cell responses; and potential through DNA protection and regulation of . These proteins are vital for maintaining balance and preventing oxidative stress-related diseases. Selenium deficiency manifests in low-selenium regions, leading to conditions like , a form of characterized by heart muscle and failure, particularly in children and young adults. Other symptoms include muscle pain, weakness, and white beds. Conversely, selenium toxicity, known as selenosis, arises from chronic excess intake above 400 micrograms per day, causing symptoms such as and loss, garlic-like breath due to dimethyl excretion, , and gastrointestinal distress.

Geography

Directions and orientations

Southeast (SE) is one of the four principal intercardinal directions on the , situated at 135 degrees clockwise from due north and equidistant between and east. This orientation serves as a fundamental reference in geographical and navigational systems, enabling precise bearing calculations for and . In modern applications, SE is integral to global positioning systems (GPS), routing, and urban , where it helps define alignments for roads, pipelines, and electrical grids to optimize efficiency and safety. In , SE denotes southeasterly winds, which originate from the southeast and are characterized by their direction relative to , often influencing weather patterns such as the convergence of near the . These winds, blowing toward the northwest, play a key role in regional , development, and models, with speeds and persistence varying by latitude and season. Architecturally, SE-facing orientations are employed to balance natural lighting and thermal performance, capturing intense morning from the east while benefiting from sustained southern exposure for passive solar heating in the . This design strategy enhances in buildings by maximizing daylight penetration and minimizing reliance on artificial , particularly in residential and structures where overhangs and glazing are adjusted to and . Historically, the direction has been depicted on roses in early and since the , originating as indicators to guide sailors along routes and coastal voyages. These ornate roses, often featuring 32 points including SE, adorned nautical charts to provide directional accuracy amid varying magnetic declinations, facilitating exploration and commerce across oceans.

Places and regions

Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a country located in on the . It holds the code and has its capital in . As of mid-2025, Sweden's population is estimated at approximately 10.6 million people. The country is renowned for its comprehensive , which provides extensive social services including and , and for its strong emphasis on , particularly in and sectors. The , often referred to as the Southeast, is a cultural and economic region encompassing states such as , , , , , , and others south of the Mason-Dixon Line. This area played a pivotal role in American history, serving as the heart of the during the (1861–1865), where major battles and the institution of were central to the conflict. In the , the Southeast became a focal point for the , with landmark events like the and marches in , driving national reforms against . Southeast Asia is a diverse geographical and cultural region in , typically comprising 11 countries including , , , , the Philippines, , , , , , and . It spans both mainland and insular areas, bordered by the to the west, the to the east, and to the north, known for its tropical climates, rich , and economic growth driven by and tourism.

Language

Grammar and pronouns

In Spanish grammar, "se" functions primarily as the third-person reflexive pronoun, corresponding to "himself," "herself," "itself," "themselves," or "yourself" (formal) in English, and it is used when the subject performs an action on itself. For instance, in the sentence Se lava las manos ("He/She washes his/her hands"), "se" indicates that the subject is the recipient of the action, forming a reflexive verb like lavarse (to wash oneself). This pronoun is invariant for singular and plural third-person subjects (él/ella/usted/ellos/ellas/ustedes), distinguishing it from first- and second-person reflexives such as me, te, nos, or os. Beyond strict reflexives, "se" appears in impersonal constructions to express general statements or passive-like ideas without specifying the agent, often translating to "one" or "it is" in English. Examples include Se habla aquí (" is spoken here") or Se dice que llueve ("It is said that it is raining"), where the verb remains in the third-person singular to indicate an unspecified subject. In passive uses, it allows for an explicit subject, as in El libro se lee fácilmente ("The book is read easily"), emphasizing the action's effect on the object promoted to subject. The placement of "" follows standard rules for pronouns in : it precedes the conjugated in simple tenses, as in Ella se viste rápido ("She gets dressed quickly"), but attaches to the end of infinitives, gerunds, or affirmative commands, potentially requiring an to preserve stress, such as Vístase ("Get dressed," formal command) or Lavarse las manos ("To wash one's hands"). When combined with other object pronouns, "se" replaces le or les in certain dative contexts to avoid the sequence le lo or les lo, resulting in forms like Se lo di ("I gave it to him/her/them"). English-speaking learners of commonly err in placement by attaching "se" after conjugated verbs instead of before them, producing ungrammatical forms like Lava se rather than Se lava, or by omitting "se" entirely with inherently reflexive verbs like quejarse ("to complain"). Another frequent mistake involves overusing reflexives for non-reflexive actions in English, such as incorrectly rendering "I wash the car" as Me lavo el coche instead of Lavo el coche, due to the lack of direct equivalents in . In , "se" serves a parallel role as the (for ele/ela/você/eles/elas/vocês), as well as in reciprocal, passive, and impersonal constructions, such as Ele se lava ("He washes himself") or Fala-se português (" is spoken"). Placement rules mirror , with "se" preceding conjugated verbs (Se diverte) or attaching to infinitives (divertir-se). Historically, the Romance "se" evolved directly from the Latin accusative sē (from the reflexive pronoun sui), which denoted in sentences like Se lavat ("He washes himself"). Through phonetic changes, including ization and analogical extension, sē generalized as an third-person clitic in , expanding beyond pure reflexives to include datives, passives, and impersonals by the medieval period, as evidenced in early and Old Portuguese texts.

Specific languages

Several languages and dialects associated with the name "Se" exist across different linguistic families and regions. The Se dialect forms part of the Saxwe language, a Gbe language within the Niger-Congo family, spoken in southwestern by approximately 350,000 people (as of 2021). Saxwe, including its Se variety, is classified under the Kwa subgroup and is used as a first language in the Atlantique, Couffo, and Mono departments. Saxwe is characterized as a tonal with a of classes, which organize nouns into categories based on semantic and morphological features, a common trait in Volta-Congo languages. Documentation efforts for Saxwe and its dialects, including Se, have been led by , which has produced dictionaries and sociolinguistic surveys to support language development; as of 2025, these efforts continue. In the Austronesian family, Erromangan (also known as Sye) is spoken on Island in Vanuatu's Tafea Province by around 3,200 speakers (recent estimates). This features verb-initial , where verbs typically precede subjects and objects in sentences, and it maintains strong oral traditions encompassing myths, genealogies, and navigational knowledge passed down through generations. Erromangan benefits from missionary-influenced documentation, including a full translation completed in the early 20th century and revised portions available today. Fanafo, alternatively named Se, is an Oceanic language in the North-Central Vanuatu subgroup, spoken by a community of about 20 individuals (as of 2023) in villages on eastern Island. Like many small languages, Fanafo remains under-documented, with limited lexical resources and no full grammatical descriptions, contributing to its high endangerment status; revitalization efforts are minimal but supported by broader linguistic surveys in the region. has contributed to awareness of such low-vitality languages through fieldwork in , though specific projects for Fanafo are scarce.

Business and organizations

Companies and products

The iPhone SE is a line of compact smartphones developed by Apple Inc., introduced as an affordable entry into the company's flagship iPhone ecosystem. The first generation, released in March 2016, featured a 4-inch Retina HD display, the A9 chip, a 12-megapixel rear camera, and Touch ID, drawing design elements from the iPhone 5s while incorporating hardware from the iPhone 6s. The second generation, launched in April 2020, upgraded to a 4.7-inch Retina HD display, the A13 Bionic chip for enhanced performance and efficiency, and improved camera capabilities including Portrait mode, positioning it as a budget-friendly option with near-flagship power. The third generation, released in March 2022, retained the 4.7-inch display but adopted the A15 Bionic chip from the iPhone 13 series, along with 5G connectivity and better battery life. In February 2025, Apple discontinued the iPhone SE line and introduced the iPhone 16e as its replacement, featuring a 6.1-inch Super Retina XDR display, A18 chip, 48MP Fusion camera, up to 26 hours of video playback battery life, and starting at $599, serving as the most accessible model in the iPhone 16 family. SAP SE is a German multinational software corporation specializing in enterprise resource planning (ERP) solutions, business intelligence, and cloud-based applications. Founded in 1972 by five former IBM employees in Mannheim, Germany, the company has grown into one of the world's largest software providers, with its headquarters in Walldorf, Baden-Württemberg. SAP's core offerings, such as SAP S/4HANA, enable organizations to manage operations including finance, supply chain, and human resources through integrated platforms. As of November 10, 2025, SAP SE's market capitalization stands at approximately $290.81 billion, reflecting its dominant position in the enterprise software market. The PRS SE series refers to the "Student Edition" line of electric guitars produced by Paul Reed Smith Guitars, designed to offer high-quality instruments at accessible prices for beginners and intermediate players. Introduced in 2001 with the SE Santana model, the series is manufactured in using materials and designs inspired by PRS's premium USA-made instruments, featuring bolt-on necks for comfortable playability and versatile tonewoods like bodies. Popular models include the SE Custom 24, which incorporates a 24-fret , PRS 85/15 "S" humbucking pickups, and a double-cutaway body for enhanced upper-fret access, making it suitable for , , and genres. The SE line emphasizes affordability without compromising on craftsmanship, with production adhering to PRS's standards through final quality control in the United States. In the automotive industry, "SE" commonly designates trim levels such as "Special Edition" or "Sport Edition," typically offering mid-tier enhancements over base models, including aesthetic and performance upgrades like alloy wheels, sport-tuned suspensions, and upgraded interior materials. For example, the Toyota Camry SE trim emphasizes dynamic styling with 18-inch alloy wheels, a sportier front fascia, paddle shifters, and a firmer suspension for improved handling, positioning it as an engaging option for daily drivers seeking value-added features. Similarly, the Hyundai Sonata SE serves as an entry-to-mid-level configuration with standard 16-inch alloy wheels, LED headlights, an 8-inch touchscreen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, and Hyundai SmartSense safety technologies like forward collision avoidance, providing a balance of comfort and technology at a competitive price point. These SE trims are widely used across manufacturers to differentiate vehicles with enhanced equipment packages without reaching premium pricing tiers.

Economic and professional terms

In economic and professional contexts, "" commonly denotes self-employed status, referring to individuals who operate their businesses independently without employing others. These workers, prevalent in the , are responsible for funding their own through self-employment taxes, which cover Social Security and contributions at a combined rate of 15.3% on earnings. In the United States, self-employed individuals with earnings of $400 or more must report these on Schedule SE (Form 1040) to calculate and pay the tax, ensuring eligibility for future benefits like retirement and . The rise of has accelerated post-2020 amid the and platform-based work, with over 70 million Americans participating in the by 2025, representing about 36% of the workforce and driven by flexible opportunities in freelancing and ride-sharing. Another key usage of "SE" is for stock exchange, an organized marketplace where securities such as stocks and bonds are bought and sold by brokers and traders. Prominent examples include the (NYSE), the world's largest by , and the London Stock Exchange (LSE), which facilitates for thousands of listed companies. Stock exchanges play a crucial role in capital allocation by enabling firms to raise funds through initial public offerings and secondary trading, while directing investor savings toward productive investments that support and innovation. In and , "SE" stands for , denoting limited-run versions of products designed to enhance appeal through exclusivity and tactics. These editions, such as collector's versions of books or merchandise, often feature unique , , or materials to create urgency and boost , with strategies like time-limited availability driving demand and allowing higher pricing. For instance, limited editions can increase and attract niche audiences by leveraging psychological factors like , as seen in where deluxe formats have surged in popularity via . "SE" also abbreviates second edition in professional publishing and , signifying an updated release that incorporates revisions, new research, or corrections to the original work. In academic texts, second editions are essential for maintaining relevance, often including at least 30% new content to address evolving knowledge, syllabus changes, or reader , thereby justifying repurchases over used copies. Similarly, in software, a second edition might involve significant updates to codebases or documentation to reflect technological advancements, ensuring continued utility for professionals and educators.

Arts and entertainment

Music and subcultures

The (often abbreviated as SE or sXe) emerged within the scene in the early 1980s as a movement advocating from , , recreational drugs, and sometimes promiscuous sex, positioning as a form of rebellion against the excesses of mainstream punk culture. Pioneered by the Washington, D.C.-based band , the term originated from their 1981 song "Straight Edge," written by vocalist as a personal declaration of his drug-free and alcohol-free commitment, which resonated with youth seeking alternatives to the prevalent in the punk scene at the time. Adherents often symbolize their dedication by drawing black X marks on the backs of their hands, a practice adapted from the underage markers used by venues to prevent alcohol service to minors during the 1980 tour (featuring future members), transforming it into an iconic emblem of identity. The movement profoundly shaped the scene by promoting clean living as a core tenet of punk ethos, influencing bands like and SSD, who incorporated sobriety themes into their lyrics and performances, fostering dedicated all-ages shows and DIY ethics centered on personal responsibility. Over time, it extended its reach into metal scenes, serving as a foundational influence on through bands such as Earth Crisis and Undertow, which blended hardcore's aggressive breakdowns with metallic riffs while upholding straight edge principles in their music and against abuses and substance use. This crossover helped evolve subcultural boundaries, with straight edge acts emphasizing militant and alongside musical innovation. In music theory, "Se" appears rarely as a solfège syllable variant denoting the lowered fifth scale degree (flat sol) in chromatic movable-do systems, used to vocalize semitones between standard notes for sight-singing and purposes. This notation, part of broader chromatic extensions, contrasts with the more common "Si" for the raised fourth or , though its application remains niche outside specialized pedagogical contexts.

Media and publications

In film and television, "SE" commonly denotes a , referring to enhanced re-releases of movies or episodes that incorporate updated , additional footage, or bonus content to provide a refreshed viewing experience. A prominent example is the 1997 theatrical re-release of the original , which produced to celebrate the 20th anniversary of A New Hope by adding new CGI elements, such as expanded scenes on and altered duels, generating over $138 million in revenue and revitalizing interest in the franchise. These editions often include director's cuts, like Ridley Scott's 2007 Blade Runner: The Final Cut, which restored his original vision with uncut scenes and improved , distinguishing it from prior theatrical and versions. In and , Special Editions (SE) of feature premium formatting, such as sprayed edges, illustrated covers, or exclusive artwork, appealing to collectors while preserving the core narrative. For instance, Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights has been issued in special editions with gilded pages and thematic illustrations to enhance its gothic atmosphere, making it a staple in classic collections. Similarly, modern romances like Ali Hazelwood's receive deluxe SE treatments with foil-stamped covers and endpapers, often priced higher to reflect their artisanal quality and limited availability. These editions prioritize aesthetic and supplemental value over textual changes, contrasting with standard reprints. Second Edition (SE) publications represent updated reprints of works, incorporating revisions, new chapters, or corrected errors to reflect evolving knowledge or author intent. In academic contexts, texts like OpenStax's Biology 2e include expanded sections on and revised diagrams based on recent scientific advancements, ensuring accessibility for educational use. Encyclopedias and technical handbooks frequently adopt this format; for example, Elsevier's Health Systems Science, 2nd Edition integrates contemporary case studies on healthcare , building on the inaugural volume's framework. In and , SE often signifies deluxe or compiled volumes that consolidate original runs with bonus material, such as author notes or color inserts. The Deluxe series by repackages the dark fantasy epic into oversized hardcovers, restoring censored artwork and adding high-resolution scans for enhanced detail. Likewise, : The Perfect Edition by offers enlarged panels and original color pages from the serialized version, providing fans with a premium reading experience. Documentaries occasionally explore "" as the chemical symbol for , the essential for human health yet toxic in excess. The University of Nottingham's Periodic Table of Videos features a segment on selenium's properties, highlighting its role in and through demonstrations of its red allotrope and photovoltaic applications. Such educational films emphasize selenium's dual nature without delving into unrelated media formats.

Other uses

Transportation

Southeast Airlines was a low-fare public charter airline in the United States, operating from 1993 until its abrupt cessation on November 30, 2004, primarily due to escalating fuel costs. Headquartered in Largo, Florida, the carrier provided scheduled passenger services using a fleet that included McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and MD-80 jet aircraft, serving routes such as those connecting to Columbus, Ohio's Rickenbacker International Airport. In the , Southeastern (commonly abbreviated as SE in timetables) is a train operating company providing services across southeast , including routes from to and . Established under a agreement and integrated with Network Rail's Kent Route on June 18, 2025, it operates over 1,700 daily trains, transporting approximately 500,000 passengers on weekdays (as of 2023), with 135 million annual journeys in 2024, through key infrastructure like the third-rail electrified network. The fleet prominently features Electrostar multiple units, which support efficient operations with dual-voltage capability for both 750 V DC and 25 kV systems, enabling reliable mobility in urban and suburban transport. The designation SE also appears as a trim level in various automobile models, denoting configurations optimized for everyday transportation with enhanced mobility and efficiency. For instance, the SE incorporates a 1.0-liter EcoBoost three-cylinder , delivering an EPA-estimated economy of 30 mpg city and 40 mpg , which supports cost-effective commuting and reduced environmental impact through advanced turbocharging and lightweight materials. Similar SE variants in other vehicles, such as certain or models, prioritize practical features like improved and hybrid-compatible powertrains to facilitate efficient urban and travel.

Miscellaneous

In , () refers to the codified variety of the that is socially recognized as the prestige form, used in formal education, official documents, broadcasting, and professional communication. It encompasses standardized , vocabulary, and orthography, distinct from regional dialects or vernaculars, and serves as a unifying norm across diverse English-speaking communities. While itself is primarily a grammatical and lexical standard, in British contexts it is frequently associated with (), a non-regional accent historically linked to higher social classes and public institutions, though modern usage allows for various accents as long as the grammar adheres to norms. The abbreviation also denotes "self-explanatory," an informal applied to concepts, instructions, or elements that are inherently clear and require no additional clarification, often appearing in technical manuals, , or user guides to indicate obvious procedures or definitions. This usage promotes efficiency in communication by signaling that further elaboration is unnecessary, reducing for readers. Among other niche applications, "Se" serves as an for "" in certain scheduling contexts, such as sports timetables or event calendars, where space constraints demand brevity.

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