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Clonaid

Clonaid is a biotechnology firm established in February 1997 by Raël (Claude Vorilhon), founder of the Raëlian Movement—a group espousing that extraterrestrials genetically engineered humanity—and a consortium of investors under Valiant Venture Ltd., registered in the Bahamas, with the stated aim of pioneering human reproductive cloning to facilitate immortality via consciousness transfer into cloned bodies.^[1]^[2] The company, directed from 2000 by Brigitte Boisselier, a Raëlian with doctorates in chemistry, established laboratories and solicited clients, reporting over 250 potential customers by that year, though operations shifted locations amid regulatory pressures, including U.S. government scrutiny.^[1] Clonaid achieved notoriety in December 2002 when Boisselier announced the birth of "Eve," allegedly the first cloned human infant, followed by unverified claims of additional clones including a boy, yet despite promises of DNA testing, no empirical evidence, independent verification, or scientific documentation was forthcoming, prompting deadlines to lapse and consensus among experts that the assertions lacked substantiation and resembled an elaborate hoax.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Organizational Background

Raëlian Movement Foundations

Claude Vorilhon, born in 1946 in Ambert, France, established the Raëlian Movement after claiming personal encounters with extraterrestrial beings.^[6] Prior to these claims, Vorilhon worked as a race car driver and journalist, including as a test driver and editor for the French automotive magazine Autopop.^[7] On December 13, 1973, at the Puy de Lassolas volcanic crater near Clermont-Ferrand, Vorilhon asserted he met Yahweh, a representative of an advanced alien species called the Elohim, who informed him that humans were created through genetic engineering by these beings approximately 25,000 years ago.^[6] ^[7] Vorilhon claimed the Elohim, whose name he linked to ancient Hebrew terms misinterpreted in Abrahamic scriptures, seeded life on Earth in laboratories using DNA manipulation, rejecting supernatural creation narratives in favor of a scientific origin for humanity.^[7] Vorilhon stated he received instructions from Yahweh to disseminate this message globally, leading to his adoption of the name Raël, derived from Hebrew words meaning "messenger of the Elohim."^[8] In 1974, he self-published Le Livre qui dit la vérité ("The Book Which Tells the Truth"), detailing the 1973 encounter and reinterpreting biblical events as historical records of Elohim activities, such as the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah via advanced technology.^[7] A second claimed contact occurred on December 7, 1975, during which Raël alleged he was transported to the Elohim's planet for further revelations, including prophecies of their imminent return to Earth upon human scientific achievement of cloning and preparation of an embassy.^[7] These experiences formed the doctrinal core, positioning Raël as the final prophet in a lineage including Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad, all purportedly contacted by the Elohim.^[8] The International Raëlian Movement (IRM) was formally organized in 1975 to structure proselytizing efforts, initially as a small group promoting atheistic scientism, sensual hedonism, and pacifism under Elohim guidance.^[8] Core tenets emphasize empirical advancement over faith, including advocacy for human reproductive cloning as a path to physical immortality and eternal consciousness transfer, alongside rejection of proselytizing aggression in favor of voluntary adherence.^[7] The movement's hierarchical "Order of Angels" and "Order of Raël's Bishops," established early on, facilitate internal governance and tithe collection, with membership reportedly peaking at around 100,000 by the early 2000s, though independent verification of numbers remains limited.^[8] Raël's unverified personal testimonies constitute the foundational evidence, with no empirical corroboration from third parties or scientific validation of the Elohim claims.^[6]

Founding of Clonaid in 1997

Clonaid was established in February 1997 by Claude Vorilhon, known as Raël, the founder of the Raëlian Movement, along with a group of investors who formed Valiant Venture Ltd. to finance the initiative.^[1] The company was created explicitly as the first enterprise dedicated to human cloning, rooted in Raëlian beliefs that cloning enables immortality through the transfer of an individual's consciousness into a genetic duplicate.^[9]^[10] Headquartered in the Bahamas, Clonaid's formation reflected the Raëlian emphasis on advancing scientific technologies to fulfill prophecies from extraterrestrial creators, whom adherents claim engineered human life via cloning.^[11] Brigitte Boisselier, a chemist holding a doctorate in physical chemistry and a Raëlian bishop, was appointed as the scientific director to oversee operations, leveraging her expertise in molecular spectroscopy and management experience in the paint industry.^[12] The founding occurred amid growing public interest in cloning following the 1996 birth of Dolly the sheep, positioning Clonaid to capitalize on ethical debates surrounding reproductive technologies.^[13]

Pre-Claim Activities

Early Research and Public Positioning

Clonaid was founded in February 1997 by Claude Vorilhon, known as Raël and leader of the Raëlian Movement, alongside a group of investors who established Valiant Venture Ltd. in the Bahamas to operate the company.^[14] ^[15] The initiative followed closely on the February 22, 1997, announcement of Dolly the sheep's cloning by researchers at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, positioning Clonaid as the first enterprise explicitly dedicated to human reproductive cloning.^[16] Raëlian doctrine framed cloning as essential for achieving immortality, positing that advanced consciousness transfer into cloned bodies would enable eternal life, a belief Vorilhon claimed derived from extraterrestrial guidance.^[6] Brigitte Boisselier, a French chemist holding Ph.D.s in physical and organic chemistry from the University of Burgundy and the University of Houston respectively, was appointed scientific director in 1997.^[17] Boisselier, a longtime Raëlian, publicly asserted that Clonaid would conduct research to replicate somatic cell nuclear transfer techniques adapted for humans, soliciting investments and client DNA samples for potential future cloning of individuals or deceased relatives.^[18] The company issued early press statements emphasizing proprietary advancements in embryo development and gestation, though no peer-reviewed publications, patents, or independent verifications of preclinical research emerged during this period.^[19] Public positioning centered on portraying Clonaid as a pioneer unbound by conventional ethical or regulatory constraints, with Vorilhon advocating cloning as a scientific imperative against "religious fanaticism" opposing progress.^[20] Announcements highlighted plans for a global network of laboratories, starting in the Bahamas to evade restrictive laws, and offered services like DNA banking for $50,000 cloning contracts targeting infertile couples or those seeking posthumous replication.^[21] These efforts garnered media attention but drew skepticism from scientists, who noted the absence of demonstrated expertise in mammalian cloning beyond rhetorical commitments tied to the Raëlian UFO religion's unverified cosmology.^[22] No substantive empirical data from Clonaid's purported early experiments, such as oocyte manipulation or nuclear reprogramming success rates, was disclosed or independently corroborated prior to 2002.^[23]

Developments Leading to 2002 Announcement

Clonaid was established in 1997 in the Bahamas by Claude Vorilhon, known as Raël and founder of the Raëlian Movement, shortly after the successful cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996, with the explicit objective of advancing human reproductive cloning as a means toward eventual immortality.^[24]^[18] The organization positioned itself as a for-profit entity seeking clients, including infertile couples, willing to pay up to $200,000 for cloning services, though no verified contracts or payments materialized prior to 2002.^[21] Brigitte Boisselier, a French chemist with claimed degrees in the field and prior experience as a marketing director at Air Liquide, was appointed scientific director; she joined the Raëlian Movement in 1992 and held the rank of bishop within it.^[15] Under her leadership, Clonaid asserted it had established laboratories in undisclosed locations across multiple countries to conduct research, including initial animal cloning trials, but provided no peer-reviewed data or independent verification of facilities or results.^[12] Funding efforts included soliciting investments, such as a 2001 arrangement with U.S. lawyer Mark Hunt to build a lab in West Virginia, which collapsed amid disputes and accusations of misrepresentation, highlighting early credibility issues.^[25] In March 2001, Boisselier testified before a U.S. House of Representatives subcommittee, defending human cloning as a solution for infertility and stating Clonaid aimed to produce the first cloned human by year's end, while criticizing ethical opposition as religiously motivated.^[26] She reiterated these plans in public appearances, including a C-SPAN discussion on March 28, 2001, emphasizing ongoing embryo development without disclosing specifics or evidence.^[27] By August 2001, Boisselier participated in scientific forums on cloning bans, advocating for unregulated progress despite lacking demonstrable advancements.^[28] Progress claims escalated in April 2002, when Boisselier announced Clonaid had produced human clones reaching the blastocyst stage for potential implantation, based on techniques modeled after somatic cell nuclear transfer used in Dolly, though no genetic or lab data was released to substantiate this.^[19] These assertions, coupled with reports of implanting cloned embryos in at least five women, built anticipation but remained unverified, setting the stage for the December 2002 birth claim without prior independent oversight or published results.^[10]

Primary Cloning Claims

Announcement of Baby Eve (December 2002)

On December 27, 2002, Brigitte Boisselier, the chief executive officer and a chemist affiliated with Clonaid, held a press conference in Hollywood, Florida, to announce the birth of what the company claimed was the world's first cloned human baby, named Eve.^[9]^[18]^[29] Boisselier stated that Eve, a girl, had been born on December 26, 2002, at 11:55 a.m. via Caesarean section in an undisclosed location, weighing approximately 7 pounds, and was reported to be healthy and doing well.^[30]^[18]^[29] Clonaid described Eve as the product of a cloning procedure using somatic cell nuclear transfer, with the process initiated after an American couple requested assistance following the death of their previous child; the mother, aged 30 or 31, provided the egg and carried the pregnancy.^[31]^[32]^[18] Boisselier emphasized that the cloning was performed by a team of scientists under Clonaid's direction, though she declined to disclose specific details about the laboratory, medical staff, or exact methodology at the time of the announcement, citing client privacy and ongoing verification processes.^[9]^[10] The announcement drew immediate expressions of doubt from reproductive biologists and ethicists, who noted the absence of verifiable evidence such as DNA tests comparing Eve to the claimed donor and the lack of independent oversight, given Clonaid's ties to the Raëlian movement, which promotes cloning as a path to human immortality.^[33]^[10]^[18] Boisselier promised that DNA testing by a panel of independent experts would confirm the claim within weeks, but no such results were ever publicly released.^[31]^[30]

Follow-Up Claims of Additional Clones

In January 2003, Clonaid announced the birth of a second cloned human, reportedly delivered on January 3 to a Dutch woman and described as a boy by Brigitte Boisselier, the company's scientific director.^[34]^[35] Boisselier stated during a press event that this clone, like Eve, was produced via somatic cell nuclear transfer and had developed normally, but emphasized that the parents declined DNA testing to protect their privacy.^[34] The announcement followed Clonaid's initial claim of Eve's birth on December 26, 2002, and came amid promises of forthcoming evidence that ultimately went unfulfilled.^[3] Clonaid subsequently claimed additional successes, asserting that four more cloned babies were expected by February 5, 2003, bringing the total to at least five human clones produced through their techniques.^[36] Boisselier reiterated in interviews that these procedures involved transferring cloned embryos to surrogate mothers in undisclosed locations, with the organization prioritizing client confidentiality over public verification.^[36] By early February 2003, Clonaid reported that these births had occurred without complications, though no medical records, genetic data, or independent observations were released to substantiate the claims.^[3] Further assertions emerged in March 2003, when Clonaid presented a photograph purportedly of one of the cloned infants during a press conference, describing it as evidence of ongoing reproductive cloning efforts tied to the Raëlian movement's goals.^[37] However, the image lacked accompanying documentation, and Boisselier again cited parental refusals for DNA analysis as the reason for withholding proof, a pattern consistent with prior statements.^[37] No subsequent claims of additional clones were prominently announced by Clonaid after early 2003, and the organization maintained that its work continued privately, funded by clients seeking cloning services.^[38] Scientific scrutiny persisted, with experts noting the absence of peer-reviewed data or verifiable outcomes to support the series of declarations.^[38]

Verification Attempts

Demands for DNA Testing and Evidence

Following Clonaid's December 27, 2002, announcement of the birth of baby Eve, the purported first human clone, the scientific community swiftly demanded independent verification, emphasizing DNA testing to confirm genetic identity between the infant and the nuclear DNA donor, typically the mother in somatic cell nuclear transfer.^[18] Researchers highlighted that without such evidence, the claim lacked credibility, given the absence of prior peer-reviewed data from Clonaid and the technical challenges of mammalian cloning demonstrated only in limited cases like Dolly the sheep.^[10] Prominent figures, including cloning pioneer Ian Wilmut, criticized the announcement as irresponsible and urged rigorous proof, noting that ethical standards required transparent, third-party genetic analysis to rule out fraud or error.^[39] Regulatory bodies echoed these calls for empirical substantiation. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated an inquiry into the claim on December 30, 2002, seeking documentation and evidence of the procedure, while stressing that human reproductive cloning violated safety protocols and required verifiable safety data, including genetic confirmation.^[40] Concurrently, a U.S. Senate hearing on human cloning in early 2003 featured testimonies demanding forensic-level DNA sequencing and comparative genotyping to assess mitochondrial and nuclear DNA matches, underscoring the need for chain-of-custody protocols to prevent tampering.^[21] Biotechnology experts and organizations, such as the Biotechnology Industry Organization, reinforced that only blinded, replicated DNA tests by accredited labs could validate the extraordinary assertion amid widespread skepticism over Clonaid's opaque methods.^[3] Media outlets and independent scientists further amplified demands for immediate access to biological samples for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing, proposing international oversight to ensure impartiality.^[31] These verification protocols, standard in genetics, aimed to detect the expected 100% nuclear DNA similarity in clones while accounting for minor mitochondrial variations from the egg donor.^[41] No such tests materialized despite initial pledges from Clonaid's CEO Brigitte Boisselier for results within days, fueling accusations that the demands exposed foundational gaps in the company's evidentiary framework.^[32]

Refusals and Unmet Promises

Clonaid's chief executive, Brigitte Boisselier, initially promised independent DNA testing to verify the cloning of "Eve," announced as born on December 25, 2002, stating the infant would be brought to the United States for analysis by January 2003.^[42] ^[31] However, by early January 2003, Boisselier cited the anonymous mother's refusal to allow testing, attributing it to concerns over privacy, potential custody risks, and alleged dangers from media exposure or government intervention.^[43] ^[44] No DNA samples, medical records, or other empirical evidence were ever disclosed to independent scientists or third parties.^[3] Subsequent deadlines for proof, including a January 7, 2003, commitment to provide verification, passed without fulfillment, as Clonaid declined to release identifiable data or facilitate peer-reviewed examination.^[3] Boisselier acknowledged logistical "problems" in producing evidence but maintained the claims' validity, while offering no substantive alternatives like photographs linked to verifiable metadata or hospital records.^[45] Claims of additional clones, such as a second infant announced on January 4, 2003, followed the same pattern, with assertions of healthy births but zero independent corroboration.^[3] ^[46] Over the following year, Clonaid reiterated promises of eventual proof contingent on client consent but provided none, leading to the absence of any documented clones despite repeated public statements.^[38] The company's refusal to engage standard scientific protocols—such as submitting data for replication by unaffiliated labs—contrasted with its pre-announcement assertions of rigorous, proprietary processes, eroding credibility among experts who demanded verifiable genetic matching akin to forensic standards.^[39] ^[18] By 2003, even a purported incubator photo of a baby was released without linkage to cloning evidence, failing to address core verification gaps.^[47]

Technical Assertions

Described Cloning Techniques

Clonaid's described human cloning process relied on somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a technique involving the transfer of a nucleus from a donor somatic cell into an enucleated oocyte to produce a genetically identical embryo.^[48]^[49] The company asserted that this method, originally demonstrated in the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996, had been adapted for human application following extensive preliminary trials.^[48] According to Clonaid's official process outline, the procedure commences with procurement of somatic cells, such as skin cells, from the intended donor whose genetic material is to be replicated. These cells undergo optimization in laboratory culture for several weeks to prepare the nucleus for transfer. Concurrently, human oocytes are harvested from the commissioning parent or an egg donor; the oocyte's own nucleus is then surgically removed via micromanipulation to create an enucleated cytoplast. The donor nucleus is inserted into this enucleated oocyte, typically using electrical or chemical stimuli to fuse the components and initiate embryonic development. The resulting reconstructed embryo is cultured briefly to confirm cleavage before implantation into the uterus of the gestational carrier—either the commissioning individual or a surrogate—for full-term development over approximately nine months.^[50]^[48] Clonaid reported conducting thousands of preliminary experiments to refine SCNT efficiency prior to human trials, including approximately 3,000 attempts using cross-species combinations such as human somatic cells with bovine oocytes to generate early-stage embryos, which were subsequently discarded after verifying developmental progression.^[51] Brigitte Boisselier, Clonaid's scientific director, emphasized in 2002 announcements that these iterations addressed common SCNT challenges like low implantation rates and developmental arrest, though the company withheld detailed proprietary modifications beyond standard SCNT protocols.^[30]^[32]

Claims of Proprietary Innovations

Clonaid's representatives, particularly Brigitte Boisselier, described their human cloning procedure as an adaptation of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the method used to produce Dolly the sheep in 1997, involving the removal of the nucleus from a human egg cell, insertion of a somatic cell nucleus from the individual to be cloned, and chemical or electrical activation to initiate embryonic development.^[15] Boisselier asserted that Clonaid had refined this process through extensive experimentation, including over 3,000 preliminary trials using cow eggs and human somatic cells to generate dividing embryos, which were subsequently destroyed for analysis.^[51] The company claimed proprietary optimizations in SCNT execution, such as improved synchronization of donor cell and enucleated egg cycles, precise nucleus insertion techniques to minimize cellular damage, and enhanced activation protocols, which purportedly elevated success rates beyond those achieved in established animal cloning research.^[52] Boisselier reported a 20% success rate in Clonaid's animal cloning attempts prior to human applications, compared to the 1-5% typical in peer-reviewed mammalian studies at the time.^[53] For human cloning, she specified that of 10 implantations into surrogate mothers, five resulted in live births, yielding an unprecedented 50% viability rate, attributed to factors including the use of freshly harvested eggs from young, fertile donors and rigorous embryo selection criteria.^[29]^[54] These asserted innovations were presented as commercially guarded intellectual property, with Clonaid declining to disclose full methodological details to prevent replication by competitors, while emphasizing their laboratory's accumulated expertise from animal models as the key differentiator enabling human reproductive success.^[55] Boisselier further claimed that Clonaid's approach incorporated ethical surrogacy arrangements and post-implantation monitoring tailored to human physiology, distinguishing it from purely experimental animal protocols.^[56] No peer-reviewed publications or independent validations of these refinements were provided by Clonaid.

Scientific and Public Reception

Initial Skepticism from Experts

Upon Clonaid's announcement on December 26, 2002, of the birth of "Eve," the purported first human clone, leading reproductive biologists and geneticists immediately voiced profound doubts, citing the absence of empirical proof and the formidable technical barriers to mammalian cloning. Ian Wilmut, the scientist who led the team that cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, described attempts at human reproductive cloning as "absolutely criminal," emphasizing the high risk of severe developmental abnormalities observed in animal clones, such as premature aging and organ failures, which made successful human application highly improbable without rigorous, transparent verification.^[57] Similarly, Robert Lanza, vice president of medical and scientific development at Advanced Cell Technology, labeled the claim "abhorrent" and implausible, noting that even advanced labs struggled with cloning efficiencies below 1% in mammals, often resulting in non-viable embryos or unhealthy offspring, and that Clonaid's refusal to provide DNA evidence undermined any credibility.^[58] Reproductive medicine experts, including those from institutions like the Roslin Institute, highlighted Clonaid's lack of peer-reviewed data or independent oversight, contrasting it with established cloning protocols that required extensive validation; they argued that Brigitte Boisselier's assertion of a healthy 7-pound baby born without complications defied known somatic cell nuclear transfer failure rates exceeding 99% in primates and other large mammals.^[59] Skepticism was compounded by Clonaid's ties to the Raëlian Movement, a group promoting extraterrestrial origins of humanity, which experts viewed as eroding scientific rigor, with figures like Wilmut and others demanding verifiable genetic testing to rule out fraud or misattribution.^[33] In a joint statement shortly after, international cloning specialists reiterated that without such proof—such as mitochondrial DNA analysis distinguishing clones from natural births—the announcement resembled prior unsubstantiated claims, urging regulatory bodies to investigate amid ethical concerns over untested procedures on humans.^[60] The scientific community's initial response underscored a consensus that human cloning remained ethically and technically unfeasible at the time, with outlets like Scientific American reporting widespread calls for evidence from bodies such as the National Academy of Sciences, which had previously warned of insurmountable health risks based on animal data.^[10] No expert endorsed the claim without qualification, and many, including embryologists, pointed to Clonaid's unproven track record—lacking any documented successes in non-human primates—as evidence of hype over substance, setting the stage for formal challenges to produce the infant for examination.^[61]

Broader Critiques and Hoax Allegations

Skepticism toward Clonaid's claims extended beyond the absence of verifiable evidence, encompassing allegations that the announcements constituted an elaborate hoax designed to garner publicity for the Raëlian Movement. Michael Guillen, a former ABC News science correspondent selected by Clonaid to oversee independent DNA verification of baby Eve, withdrew from the process on January 7, 2003, stating that the company's failure to provide access to the alleged clone or family suggested "an elaborate hoax intended to bring publicity to the Raelian movement."^[3]^[39] Guillen's team had no opportunity to conduct tests, and Clonaid offered no substantive response beyond repeated promises that went unfulfilled.^[62] Critics highlighted Clonaid's lack of a credible scientific track record, noting the company's origins within the Raëlian sect—a group promoting extraterrestrial origins of humanity and cloning for immortality—without prior peer-reviewed publications or demonstrated expertise in advanced reproductive technologies.^[5] Animal cloning efforts, such as Dolly the sheep in 1996, exhibited failure rates exceeding 99% with severe health defects in survivors, rendering human applications at the time implausible without rigorous, transparent validation that Clonaid never provided.^[22] By October 2003, analyses concluded the claims were a "media hoax," as subsequent assertions of additional clones similarly lacked documentation or independent corroboration.^[47] Financial and ideological motives fueled hoax suspicions, with Clonaid soliciting payments for cloning services—up to $200,000 per client—while using unproven announcements to boost Raëlian recruitment and media attention.^[63] No photographs, medical records, or genetic data emerged despite initial pledges, and by late 2003, even purported images of clones were dismissed by experts as lacking authenticity.^[37] The scientific community, including embryologists and geneticists, viewed the episode as emblematic of pseudoscience, emphasizing that true breakthroughs require reproducible evidence rather than press releases from fringe organizations.^[64] As of 2025, no entity has substantiated Clonaid's assertions, solidifying their status as unsubstantiated promotional tactics rather than genuine scientific achievements.^[38]

Ethical and Ideological Dimensions

Raëlian Philosophical Justification

The Raëlian movement justifies human cloning as a scientific pathway to physical immortality, rooted in their doctrine that extraterrestrial beings called the Elohim created humanity through genetic engineering rather than divine intervention. According to founder Claude Vorilhon (Raël), the Elohim used advanced DNA manipulation to produce humans as an experiment in life creation, and adherents are urged to replicate this process to advance human potential. Cloning is thus framed not as reproduction but as a technological emulation of the Elohim's methods, enabling the preservation of individual identity beyond biological death.^[20] Central to this philosophy is the concept of transferring consciousness—or "mind transfer"—from an original body to a genetically identical clone, which Raëlians claim will achieve eternal life on Earth without reliance on supernatural afterlife beliefs. Raël has described this as "scientific immortality," where a person's "cellular plan" (DNA) is cloned, followed by uploading their consciousness, a technique purportedly demonstrated by the Elohim. Clonaid, founded in 1997 under Raëlian auspices, operationalizes this by offering cloning services to clients, positioning it as the first step toward widespread immortality through iterative cloning cycles. The movement's motto, "Eternal life, thanks to science," encapsulates this eschatological vision, rejecting traditional religious eschatology in favor of empirical technological progress.^[65]^[20] Raëlians dismiss ethical objections to cloning, viewing them as relics of outdated moral systems incompatible with their atheistic, hedonistic emphasis on sensual freedom and scientific liberation. They argue that since life originated scientifically via the Elohim, humans have no inherent right to limit such innovations, and cloning poses no moral harm as it extends rather than creates new souls. This stance aligns with broader Raëlian advocacy for unrestricted genetic research, including promises of immortality to followers under a certain age through sponsored cloning. Critics note the absence of empirical validation for consciousness transfer, but Raëlians maintain it as a foreseeable outcome of advancing biotechnology inspired by Elohim teachings.^[66]^[67]

Counterarguments and Regulatory Responses

Critics of the Raëlian endorsement of human reproductive cloning argued that it disregards profound risks to the cloned individual, including elevated rates of developmental abnormalities, organ dysfunction, and premature aging documented in animal cloning experiments, such as those involving Dolly the sheep and subsequent mammalian clones, thereby contravening bioethical principles of non-maleficence and informed consent for experimental subjects.^[68]^[69] Bioethicists further contended that cloning inherently imposes a predetermined genetic identity on the offspring, denying them an "open future" and treating them as manufactured replicas rather than autonomous persons with inherent dignity, a stance articulated in reports emphasizing the ethical impropriety of replicating human genomes without the clone's retrospective consent.^[70]^[71] Opponents specifically challenged the Raëlian philosophical framework as unsubstantiated, positing that its advocacy for cloning as a pathway to immortality overlooks causal realities of genetic instability in somatic cell nuclear transfer—evidenced by over 90% failure rates in early embryonic stages for cloned animals—and promotes a commodification of human life that prioritizes ideological goals over empirical safety data.^[72]^[73] These critiques extended to warnings of societal harms, including potential exploitation of surrogate mothers and oocyte donors, who face documented health risks like ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome without commensurate benefits.^[74] In response to Clonaid's December 27, 2002, announcement, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) asserted regulatory jurisdiction over human cloning as an unapproved "investigational new drug" under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, issuing warnings on December 26, 2002, that such procedures posed "major unresolved safety questions" and required premarket approval, with no IND applications ever submitted for human reproductive cloning.^[75]^[76] The FDA initiated investigations into Clonaid's operations, seeking court-ordered inspections in early 2003 after the company refused cooperation and claimed extraterritorial activities, though legal challenges by Clonaid questioning FDA authority were ultimately unsuccessful.^[77]^[78] Congressional efforts intensified, with the Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2003 (H.R. 534) introduced to criminalize all forms of human cloning, passing the House but stalling in the Senate amid debates over distinguishing reproductive from therapeutic applications; meanwhile, the President's Council on Bioethics unanimously recommended a permanent ban on reproductive cloning in its July 2002 report, reiterated post-Clonaid.^[79]^[54] Several U.S. states, including California and Michigan, enacted or strengthened bans on human cloning by 2003, prohibiting the creation of cloned embryos for implantation.^[80] Internationally, nations like France reinforced prohibitions, deeming human cloning a "crime against the human species" in bioethics laws updated around this period, while the UN General Assembly adopted a non-binding declaration in 2005 urging member states to prohibit all forms of human cloning incompatible with human dignity.^[81]

Post-Claim Trajectory

Legal and Media Aftermath

Following the December 27, 2002, announcement of the alleged cloned baby Eve, Clonaid faced immediate legal scrutiny in the United States, primarily centered on demands for evidence and regulatory compliance. On January 12, 2003, Brigitte Boisselier, Clonaid's chief executive, was subpoenaed to appear in a Florida court regarding the child's welfare and location, as authorities sought to verify the claim and potentially appoint a guardian.^[82] During a January 29, 2003, hearing, Boisselier testified under oath that Eve resided in Israel but refused to disclose further details or produce the infant for DNA testing, citing client confidentiality; the judge declined to appoint a guardian absent concrete evidence.^[43] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had earlier raided a Clonaid-affiliated lab in 2001 and, post-announcement, asserted regulatory authority over human cloning attempts, leading Clonaid to challenge the agency's jurisdiction in legal filings while suspending operations pending clarification.^[77] No criminal charges resulted directly from the Eve claim, though Boisselier faced prior fraud investigations tied to unproven cloning promises, including a 2001 incident involving a $500,000 investment from lawyer Mark Hunt that yielded no results.^[25]^[12] Media coverage exploded initially, with outlets like CNN, The New York Times, and CBS News reporting the announcement amid global skepticism from scientists demanding verifiable proof such as DNA tests, which Clonaid repeatedly promised but never delivered.^[4]^[18] Independent journalist Michael Guillen, initially tasked with overseeing neutral DNA verification, withdrew in January 2003 after Clonaid imposed conditions he deemed obstructive, publicly stating a hoax appeared possible.^[62] Subsequent claims by Clonaid of additional clones, including a boy born January 22, 2003, to a Japanese couple, received brief attention but amplified doubts due to persistent lack of evidence.^[4] By late 2003, coverage waned as experts, including fertility specialists, dismissed the assertions as fraudulent publicity stunts linked to the Raëlian movement's ideology, with bioethicist Art Caplan criticizing media outlets for insufficient scrutiny of Clonaid's history of unverified promises.^[25] The story effectively faded from mainstream discourse after a year without substantiation, though it spurred broader debates on cloning bans, influencing U.S. legislative efforts like the 2003 Human Cloning Prohibition Act.^[38]^[79] As of 2025, no peer-reviewed or independent confirmation of Clonaid's claims has emerged, solidifying their status as unsubstantiated in scientific and journalistic retrospectives.^[22]

Current Status as of 2025

As of October 2025, Clonaid exhibits no signs of active research, development, or commercial operations in human cloning. The company's official website remains online but displays content frozen in time, with a copyright notice spanning 2006–2009 and no updates to its news section since May 2004, when it referenced exploratory interest in parthenogenesis without subsequent follow-through.^[83]^[84] Services described on the site, such as potential cloning from preserved cells, lack evidence of implementation or client fulfillment, and no contact mechanisms or operational labs are detailed.^[83] Public records and scientific literature contain no peer-reviewed data, regulatory approvals, or independent validations supporting Clonaid's historical assertions of successful human clones, including the 2002 "Eve" claim or subsequent reports of up to 14 clones by 2004.^[22] Recent analyses, including a 2024 review, describe Clonaid as having "faded away" without credible post-2003 activity, attributing this to the absence of verifiable outcomes amid widespread expert dismissal of its methods as pseudoscientific. Affiliations with the Raëlian Movement persist in doctrinal advocacy for cloning as a path to immortality via extraterrestrial-inspired science, but Clonaid itself has generated no new initiatives or funding disclosures since the early 2000s. Media retrospectives, such as the February 2024 Netflix series Raël: The Alien Prophet, highlight ongoing Raëlian promotion of past Clonaid narratives but confirm zero empirical proof of cloning achievements, reinforcing skepticism from biologists who note insurmountable technical barriers like high failure rates in somatic cell nuclear transfer, unchanged since Dolly the sheep in 1996.^[85]^[86] Global bans on reproductive cloning, advanced in forums like the EU's 2003–2025 discussions, have further marginalized such efforts without implicating active Clonaid involvement.^[87]

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Human Clone Claim Stirs Controversy - Scientific American
Dec 31, 2002 · Brigitte Boisselier, CEO of the private company Clonaid, which has ties to the Raelian sect, announced that a seven-pound baby girl known only as Eve was a ...
[11]
Probing Asian Clone Link - CBS News
which was founded in 1997 by the Raelian Movement, a sect that believes life on earth was created by clones of extraterrestrials ...
[12]
For Clonaid, a Trail of Unproven Claims - The New York Times
Jan 1, 2003 · Clonaid was founded in 1997 by the leader of a religious sect that ... Brigitte Boisselier, who is a chemist, a Raëlian bishop and now ...<|separator|>
[13]
[PDF] The Raelians: Visionary Science or Quackery? - NSTA
Apr 5, 2004 · In 1997, Rael founded Clonaid, a genetic engineering company with the goal of cloning a human being. The Raelians' interest in cloning stems ...
[14]
Clonaid hoax
CLONAID™ , the first human cloning company in the world, was founded in February 1997, by RAËL and a group of investors .... [D]uring the year 2000, Rael ...<|separator|>
[15]
Group claims human cloning success | Genetics - The Guardian
Dec 27, 2002 · The 7lb (3.2 kilogram) baby was born yesterday by caesarean section, said Brigitte Boisselier, head of Clonaid, the company that claimed success ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[16]
How Dolly the sheep turned fiction to reality | World news
Dec 27, 2002 · Yesterday's announcement came from Clonaid, the first human cloning company, which was founded in February 1997 after scientists in Scotland ...
[17]
Clone Queen Has Two Ph.D.s - Science
Brigitte Boisselier wasn't always the public voice of a religious sect that claims to have cloned two human babies.<|separator|>
[18]
Eve: First Human Clone? - CBS News
Dec 28, 2002 · A scientist's announcement Friday that her group had produced the first cloned human being triggered skepticism from researchers.
[19]
What to call human cloning: The technical terminology increasingly ...
On April 15, 2002, Brigitte Boisselier, scientific director of Clonaid, a firm linked to the Raelian movement, announced that they had developed human clones ...
[20]
Descending Masters: A History of the Raelian Movement
Apr 16, 2009 · The Raëlians made national headlines when an affiliated scientist announced that Clonaid, a company developed by Claude Vorilhon Raël, the ...
[21]
S.Hrg. 107-1050 — HUMAN CLONING - Congress.gov
Brigitte Boisselier, the Director of Clonaid which is part of the Raelian movement, has stated that they already have been offered substantial sums of money ...
[22]
Cloning humans is technically possible. It's curious no one has tried
Feb 21, 2020 · Cloning created human embryos seven years ago. Cloned monkey embryos have yielded cloned infant monkeys. Why hasn't anyone made cloned human ...
[23]
Human Cloning and the Raelians - Miguel Alcíbar, 2008
On December 27, 2002, Brigitte Boisselier, the director of the biotechnology company Clonaid, part of the International Raelian Movement, announced they had ...Missing: connection | Show results with:connection
[24]
Group Says Human Clone Was Born to an American - The New York ...
Dec 28, 2002 · After British scientists cloned the sheep Dolly in 1997, Raël founded the company Clonaid, based in the Bahamas, to pursue human cloning. Raël ...
[25]
Media bungled clone claim coverage - NBC News
Nov 17, 2003 · Clonaid officials' claims that the company has been successful in five of 10 attempts are simply incredible on their face. And now Clonaid is ...
[26]
Cloning Debate | PBS News
Jul 31, 2001 · Physician Brigitte Boisselier told a House hearing in March that her group wanted to create cloned babies to help infertile couples have ...
[27]
Human Cloning | Video | C-SPAN.org
Mar 28, 2001 · Professor Boisselier talked about her company, Clonaid, which was doing research to clone humans. She responded to audience telephone calls, faxes and ...Missing: activities | Show results with:activities
[28]
Academies called to task over human cloning débâcle - Nature
Aug 16, 2001 · Also present was Brigitte Boisselier, scientific director of Clonaid, a company set up by the Raelian sect, which intends to clone humans.Missing: activities | Show results with:activities
[29]
Cult scientists claim first human cloning | Genetics - The Guardian
Dec 28, 2002 · A cult which believes that humans were first created by aliens claimed yesterday that it had won the clandestine and increasingly bizarre race to produce a ...
[30]
Raelian leader says cloning first step to immortality - CNN
Feb 12, 2004 · Brigitte Boisselier, scientific director of Clonaid, said the first cloned human baby was born Thursday.Missing: 1997-2001 | Show results with:1997-2001
[31]
Clonaid Promises Proof of Cloned Baby - ABC News
A 7-pound baby purported to be the first human clone is due to arrive in the United States today and will face DNA testing.Missing: evidence | Show results with:evidence<|separator|>
[32]
Scientist Claims Birth of First Cloned Human Being - 2002-12-27
Oct 30, 2009 · Boisselier's company, Clonaid, has been a focus of controversy since it was founded in 1997 by the Raelians, who believe life on Earth was ...
[33]
Clone Claim Draws Skepticism - NPR
Dec 27, 2002 · Reproductive researchers are skeptical of a claim that a human clone was born Thursday to a 31-year-old American woman.
[34]
Claim Second Cloned Human Born - CBS News
Jan 7, 2003 · So far Brigitte Boisselier, the head of Clonaid and a bishop in a UFO-loving religious cult called the Raelians, has not offered any proof that ...Missing: siblings | Show results with:siblings
[35]
Raelians say Second Clone Born | wltx.com
The world's second cloned baby was born on Friday to a Dutch woman, the head of the Raelian sect in the Netherlands said on Saturday.Missing: 2004 | Show results with:2004
[36]
Clonaid claims another birth
Jan 23, 2003 · It claims four more clones are due by Feb. 5. The group promised DNA tests to prove Eve is a clone but later said the parents refused, due to ...Missing: siblings | Show results with:siblings
[37]
Group shows baby 'clone' photo, says proof to come - ABC News
Mar 24, 2003 · The photograph's presentation was the latest episode in what many scientists say is a hoax to publicise the Raelians. Clonaid said in December ...
[38]
Human Clones: Where's Baby Eve? - NPR
Dec 30, 2003 · On Dec. 27, 2002, Brigitte Boisselier held a press conference in Florida, announcing the birth of the first human clone, called Eve.
[39]
Scientist cries hoax as cult fails to provide clone proof - The Guardian
Jan 7, 2003 · The last shreds of authenticity clinging to claims by a bizarre cult that it created the world's first human clone were stripped away yesterdayMissing: demand | Show results with:demand
[40]
F.D.A. Exploring Human Cloning Claim - The New York Times
Dec 30, 2002 · Dr. Boisselier of Clonaid said Friday that the company planned to produce 20 more clones in 2003 and hoped to open clinics on every continent.<|separator|>
[41]
Scientists question human cloning claims | CBC News
Dec 21, 2002 · On Thursday, Brigitte Boisselier, the head of a company called Clonaid, said a cloned baby girl is expected to be born later this month. The ...
[42]
Clone Proof On Hold - CBS News
Jan 4, 2003 · Clonaid, which declines to reveal where its facilities are, was founded in the Bahamas in 1997 by the man who founded the Raelian religious sect ...<|separator|>
[43]
Baby Eve clone is in Israel, company chief claims - CNN
Jan 29, 2003 · The head of a company claiming to have cloned humans said Wednesday that the alleged first human clone, known as Baby Eve, is in Israel.Missing: evidence verification attempts<|control11|><|separator|>
[44]
Clonaid exec: Parents question DNA testing - Sarasota Herald-Tribune
Jan 3, 2003 · Many experts have expressed skepticism about the company's claim that the baby was a clone, saying they needed to see a DNA matching as proof.
[45]
Clone Group Acknowledges Problems with Proof - WEKU
Jan 3, 2003 · A Clonaid official backpedals on providing evidence of the company's claim that a cloned infant has been born. Clonaid's CEO says the mother ...
[46]
Dutch clone claimed – but no proof | New Scientist
Jan 6, 2003 · The cult-linked company Clonaid has made yet more claims about its human cloning programme and, once again, has failed to substantiate them ...
[47]
Clonaid's claims were a hoax | PET - Progress Educational Trust
Oct 13, 2003 · Claims made by the company Clonaid that it had produced five cloned babies in the early part of this year were part of a media hoax.<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
HUMAN CLONING: SCIENCE FICTION OR REALITY? | SCQ
Aug 16, 2006 · Somatic cell nuclear transfer. Here, a skin cell is removed from a ... Clonaid is a company funded by the Raelian Movement that is ...
[49]
Human cloning. Fact or fiction - Saudi Medical Journal
Somatic cell nuclear transfer, which refers to the ... It was developed by the sect's scientific arm, Clonaid. ... bodies such as the Raelians, Clonaid and Dr.
[50]
Services - Clonaid.com
#8: The baby, a genetic twin or “clone” of the cell donor, will be delivered and a new human life – that of the desired child – will begin! 2Fdamien Micro.<|separator|>
[51]
Truth about Clonaid claims: first human clone - Eve - Patrick Dixon
This increased scepticism around the world that Clonaid was involved in a major fraud, with the aim of getting more couples to part with large sums of money. In ...
[52]
If not today, tomorrow | New Scientist
Dec 26, 2021 · To have five clones born live from just 10 attempts would represent an astonishing success rate – especially since in Cibelli's experience ...
[53]
Fears of cults and kooks push Congress towards cloning ban - Nature
Apr 5, 2001 · He said human reproductive cloning should be banned for safety reasons, because the success rate in animals is between 3 and 5%. Boisselier ...
[54]
[PDF] Human Cloning - Congress.gov
Jul 20, 2006 · President Bush announced in August 2001 that for the first time federal funds would be used to support research on human embryonic stem cells, ...
[55]
Group says it will move human cloning work offshore - June 29, 2001
Jun 29, 2001 · Clonaid ... Scientists have cloned sheep, cows, goats, pigs and mice, but their success rate is as low as one live birth in 100 attempts.
[56]
The Cloning Debate | PBS News
Dec 27, 2002 · Brigitte Boisselier is CEO of a company called Clonaid, which has ties to the Raelian sect. BRIGITTE BOISSELIER: The baby is very healthy. She' ...
[57]
Chasing Eve:. Is Cloning the Future? | by Brandy L Schillace | Medium
Aug 11, 2023 · As with Dolly the sheep, cloned in 1996, the Clonaid team intended to implant the DNA into a hollowed-out egg. They intended that the embryo be ...
[58]
Dr. Robert Lanza: Human cloning 'abhorrent' - Dec. 27, 2002 - CNN
Dec 27, 2002 · A group founded by a fringe religious group announced Friday the birth of the first cloned human, a baby girl named Eve. The group, Clonaid ...Missing: response | Show results with:response
[59]
Experts Skeptical of Cloned Baby Claim - ABC News
Dec 27, 2002 · Brigitte Boisselier, the head of Clonaid who announced the arrival of the cloned baby, didn't provide any evidence of Clonaid's claim today.Missing: verification | Show results with:verification
[60]
Leading Cloning Experts Challenge Clonaid To Prove Claim
Jan 7, 2003 · In reaction to the recent claim by Clonaid that it had produced the first human clone, three international cloning experts emphasized that ...
[61]
Experts Are Suspicious of Group's Claim of Cloned Human's Birth
Dec 28, 2002 · Dolly the sheep is a grandmother, entering old age. And most scientists say they think humans, too, will be cloned. But cloning experts ...Missing: initial | Show results with:initial
[62]
Saying That Hoax Is Possible, Journalist Leaves Cloning Tests
Jan 7, 2003 · ... hoax' by Clonaid and company's owner, Raelian sect; claimants have ... Guillen said yesterday that the scientific team ''has had no access to the ...
[63]
Clonaid Loses A 'Witness' - CBS News
Jan 13, 2003 · Experts who had been demanding independent verification said Clonaid has never had credibility with the scientific community. "We don't find ...
[64]
Generating copy(s) | Nature Biotechnology
... Brigitte Boisselier of their Bahamas-based company, Clonaid, announced “the successful delivery of the world's first cloned baby. ... Issue date: February 2003.Missing: founded | Show results with:founded
[65]
NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS AND SCIENCE: RAEL'S ...
Feb 12, 2015 · This doctrine justifies two main religious practices promoted by the Raelian movement: the transmission of a person's “cellular plan” ( ...
[66]
Raelian theology embraces cloning Sect claims it produced healthy ...
Dec 28, 2002 · If you are a Raelian, human cloning is a no-brainer. You believe that cloning is the path to immortality, a chance to live forever.
[67]
Raelians Believe Cloning Holds Key to Immortality
Dec 27, 2002 · By creating new life from human DNA, he has since said, Earthling scientists can unlock the secret to immortality.
[68]
Cloning humans? Biological, ethical, and social considerations | PNAS
Human cloning would still face ethical objections from a majority of concerned people, as well as opposition from diverse religions. Moreover, there remains the ...
[69]
Thou shalt not clone: An ethical argument against the reproductive ...
And this is the salient argument for any ethical evaluation or legal ban on reproductive human cloning: it must not be permitted to impose the genetic identity ...
[70]
Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry
The ethics of research on human subjects suggest three sorts of problems that would arise in cloning-to-produce-children: (1) problems of safety; (2) a special ...
[71]
Thou shalt not clone - PMC - NIH
And this is the salient argument for any ethical evaluation or legal ban on reproductive human cloning: it must not be permitted to impose the genetic identity ...
[72]
Clones and Rael-Politik | Discovery Institute
Jan 13, 2003 · ... Clonaid, has cloned the first human baby, a healthy female named Eve. There is no proof of any kind to verify this, and most of the world is ...
[73]
What are the barriers to human cloning in the United States
On December 27, 2002 a company called Clonaid announced the birth of a cloned human.[1] Clonaid announced the birth of a second child on January 4, 2003.
[74]
Experts at UF debate backlash of cloning - Gainesville Sun
Dec 28, 2002 · Opponents of human cloning point to the high rate of miscarriages of cloned animal fetuses, coupled with a high rate of defects in live births.
[75]
Letter about Human Cloning - FDA
Mar 15, 2018 · Since FDA believes that there are major unresolved safety questions pertaining to the use of cloning technology to create a human being, until ...Missing: Clonaid 2003<|separator|>
[76]
FDA Probes Sect's Human Cloning - WIRED
Dec 26, 2002 · The FDA warned Friday that such experiments are too risky to be tried in people yet. For example, even if cloning did work, an egg donated from ...
[77]
[RTF] United States v - Harvard DASH
In response to FDA's claims, Clonaid first challenges that FDA has no statutory authority to regulate human cloning. Even if the court interprets that FDA has ...
[78]
[PDF] A Different Perspective on the FDA's Jurisdiction to Regulate Human ...
Jan 1, 2003 · The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has taken the position that human reproductive cloning falls within its regulatory jurisdiction. This.
[79]
H. Rept. 108-18 - HUMAN CLONING PROHIBITION ACT OF 2003
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has announced that it has the authority to regulate human cloning, but that authority has been questioned by many ...
[80]
Not Waiting for Congress to Act, Some States Move to Ban Human ...
Feb 1, 2002 · Since 1997, five states have enacted legislation explicitly banning some or all forms of human cloning (see chart). The laws differ in a key ...
[81]
France says no to human cloning | News | CORDIS - European Union
Jul 9, 2025 · The French parliament adopted a bioethics bill authorising research using human embryos but banning human cloning as a 'crime against the human species'.
[82]
Clonaid Subpoenaed on Alleged Cloned Baby | wltx.com
Jan 12, 2003 · An executive with the company that claims to have produced a human clone was subpoenaed Saturday to appear in court.
[83]
Clonaid.com
**Summary of Clonaid's Cloning Techniques:**
[84]
News - Clonaid.com
May 4, 2004 · Clonaid team ready for human parthenogenesis. Clonaid scientists were pleased to learn about the breakthrough in parthenogenesis recently ...
[85]
Raël: the Alien Prophet: Did the Cult Clone Humans?
Feb 7, 2024 · The Raëlian movement was convinced that cloning humans would lead to immortality. When Scottish researchers managed to clone a sheep in 1997, ...Missing: connection | Show results with:connection
[86]
[PDF] Raëlism: An Unconventional Religious Pathway into Transhumanism
Jul 8, 2024 · This article provides an overview of the history, ideology, and practices of the Raëlian Movement and its relationship with transhumanism.
[87]
Busquin pushes for global ban on human cloning | News - CORDIS
Jan 8, 2025 · Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin again expressed his total support for the creation of a global convention banning human reproductive cloning.