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Command sergeant major

The Command Sergeant Major (CSM) is the highest-ranking noncommissioned officer in a United States Army battalion, brigade, or larger unit, serving as the principal enlisted advisor to the commander on all issues related to the enlisted force, including training, discipline, morale, and welfare.^[1] This E-9 pay grade position functions as an extension of the commander's influence, without formal command authority, but with the responsibility to enforce standards of performance, appearance, and conduct across the organization.^[2] The CSM's core responsibilities encompass advising on personnel matters, assessing unit morale, and supporting readiness through oversight of training programs, such as after-action reviews and certifications like the Expert Infantryman Badge.^[2] In garrison settings, they manage initiatives for talent management, retention, and enlisted development, while in combat, they address friction points in logistics, reconstitution, and operations to enable decisive actions.^[2] Additionally, CSMs act as the commander's "eyes and ears," gathering feedback from soldiers, clarifying intent, and fostering a culture of pride and accountability through programs like talent management and NCO mentoring.^[1] Established in July 1967 under General Harold K. Johnson as part of the Command Sergeants Major Program, the CSM role was created to address enlisted leadership needs during the Vietnam War era, formalizing senior NCO advisory positions in major commands via Army Regulation 600-20.^[2] Selection for CSM positions is highly competitive and nominative, conducted through Department of the Army-level boards that evaluate candidates' experience, performance records, and leadership potential, often pairing them with commanders for synchronized two- to three-year tours.^[3] Today, CSMs play a vital role in the NCO support channel, bridging officer and enlisted perspectives to advance Army priorities in people, readiness, and modernization.^[1]

Overview

Definition

The command sergeant major (CSM) is a positional title in the United States Army designating the senior non-commissioned officer (NCO) in a color-bearing unit at battalion level or higher, serving as the commander's principal enlisted advisor on all issues related to the enlisted ranks, including training, discipline, morale, and welfare.^[4]^[1] This role ensures that the commander's directives are effectively implemented through the NCO support channel, bridging the gap between officers and enlisted soldiers to maintain unit readiness and cohesion.^[2] The position of command sergeant major was established in July 1967 by General Harold K. Johnson, the Army Chief of Staff, as part of efforts to strengthen the NCO corps and provide dedicated enlisted leadership at the command level.^[5] Although initial implementations varied across major commands, the duties and responsibilities of the CSM were formally defined and standardized in December 1975 through updates to Army regulations, solidifying its role in unit command structures.^[6] Distinct from the sergeant major rank, which senior NCOs can hold in non-command or specialized positions, the CSM title is specifically tied to command units and emphasizes direct support to the commander in executing enlisted-focused policies and programs.^[4] Above this level stands the Sergeant Major of the Army, the Army's highest enlisted advisor to the Chief of Staff.

Position in Rank Structure

The command sergeant major (CSM) occupies the senior enlisted position within the U.S. Army's non-commissioned officer (NCO) corps, classified at pay grade E-9 and corresponding to the NATO rank code OR-9.^[7]^[8] This pay grade represents the pinnacle of the enlisted hierarchy, where individuals serve as key advisors to commanders on matters affecting enlisted personnel.^[7] Within the E-9 tier, the CSM and the sergeant major (SGM) are senior enlisted positions, with CSMs serving in command billets such as battalions and higher, while SGMs typically fill institutional or staff roles; both are below the Sergeant Major of the Army (SMA), the Army's highest-ranking enlisted soldier and principal NCO advisor to the Chief of Staff.^[7]^[2] The CSM billet is assigned to qualified E-9s in command environments, emphasizing operational leadership over administrative functions.^[2] The NCO corps, spanning pay grades E-4 through E-9, forms the backbone of the Army's enlisted leadership, with the CSM serving as a positional title rather than a distinct rank.^[2] Selected E-9s bearing the rank of sergeant major are appointed to CSM roles based on their expertise and command alignment, distinguishing the position from standard E-9 assignments.^[2] This structure ensures that CSMs integrate directly into the chain of command while upholding NCO standards across units.^[2]

Role and Responsibilities

Advisory Functions

The command sergeant major (CSM) serves as the principal enlisted advisor to the commander, offering counsel on all matters pertaining to enlisted soldiers, including their performance, training, appearance, conduct, welfare, morale, and discipline.^[9] This advisory capacity ensures that the commander's decisions align with the needs and realities faced by enlisted personnel across ranks, from privates to senior noncommissioned officers.^[10] By bridging the gap between leadership and the enlisted force, the CSM helps maintain unit cohesion and operational effectiveness.^[11] As the senior enlisted leader in battalions or higher echelons, the CSM acts as the primary spokesman for all soldiers, voicing concerns and perspectives from the lowest ranks to officers during planning, execution, and after-action reviews.^[11] This representational role involves relaying unfiltered feedback to the commander, ensuring that enlisted issues—such as equipment shortages, policy impacts, or interpersonal conflicts—are addressed promptly and fairly.^[10] For instance, the CSM might advocate for adjustments in training schedules based on soldier input to prevent burnout, thereby fostering trust and open communication throughout the unit.^[9] A core aspect of the CSM's advisory function is the systematic observation of unit activities to assess training effectiveness, morale levels, and disciplinary standards, providing the commander with actionable insights.^[9] Through daily interactions in barracks, field exercises, and counseling sessions, the CSM monitors soldier conduct and fighting spirit, reporting any friction points or deficiencies that could undermine readiness.^[10] This feedback loop is essential for commanders to refine policies; for example, if morale dips due to prolonged deployments, the CSM might recommend enhanced rest cycles or recognition programs to sustain motivation.^[11] Such observations also extend to enforcing standards without punitive overreach, prioritizing corrective measures that build discipline.^[9] The CSM further advises on soldier and family welfare by engaging directly with soldiers' families and championing retention and support programs that bolster long-term service commitment.^[9] This includes overseeing family care plans, Soldier and Family Readiness Groups (SFRGs), and initiatives like the Better Opportunities for Single Soldiers (BOSS) program to address quality-of-life concerns such as housing, medical readiness, and entitlements.^[9] By counseling commanders on these matters, the CSM helps mitigate factors that lead to attrition, such as family hardships, ensuring a resilient force capable of meeting mission demands.^[2] For example, proactive involvement in welfare programs has been linked to improved retention rates at the tactical level, where the CSM's input directly influences command decisions on support resources.^[2]

Leadership Duties

The command sergeant major (CSM) enforces command policies on discipline, training, and professional development by overseeing standards for soldier performance, appearance, and conduct within the unit. Per Army Regulation 600-20, the CSM carries out these policies to maintain good order and discipline, ensuring fair administrative actions and alignment with the commander's intent across all levels. This hands-on enforcement includes monitoring compliance with training requirements and professional growth initiatives, such as certifications and skill development programs, to uphold organizational readiness.^[12] In supporting unit readiness assessments and soldier performance evaluations, the CSM conducts direct observations and provides unbiased feedback on morale, training proficiency, and individual medical readiness. Doctrine identifies readiness as a core competency for the CSM, involving oversight of training standards like the Expert Infantryman Badge and collective evaluations to identify gaps in unit capabilities.^[12] By acting as the commander's "eyes and ears," the CSM gathers instant feedback during unit visits to inform performance reviews and enhance overall operational effectiveness.^[1] The CSM mentors junior noncommissioned officers (NCOs) through targeted development programs, guiding platoon sergeants and first sergeants in leadership skills and career progression to build a robust enlisted corps. This includes fostering teambuilding and talent management efforts that balance unit needs with Army-wide requirements.^[12] Additionally, the CSM facilitates communication between enlisted personnel and leadership by translating strategic guidance to tactical levels and relaying soldier concerns upward, thereby strengthening trust and cohesion throughout the organization.^[4]

History

Origins

The role of the sergeant major as a senior enlisted advisor originated in the colonial period and early U.S. Army, drawing from European military traditions. Established in the Continental Army in 1775 under General George Washington, the position was modeled after the British Army structure, with one sergeant major assigned per regiment or battalion to supervise noncommissioned officers, manage administrative tasks, and enforce discipline among enlisted ranks. This foundational role was further codified in 1779 by Baron Friedrich von Steuben's "Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States," known as the Blue Book, which outlined the sergeant major's responsibilities in maintaining order, conducting roll calls, and advising on enlisted matters.^[6] Experiences during World War II and the Korean War amplified the recognized importance of senior enlisted personnel in providing essential input to commanders on troop welfare, training, and combat readiness. The massive expansions of the Army in these conflicts exposed limitations in the existing NCO hierarchy, particularly the lack of formalized senior advisory roles at higher echelons, leading to inefficiencies in leadership and morale. Post-Korean War evaluations, including the 1953 Womble Board chaired by Rear Admiral J. P. Womble, examined ways to elevate the prestige and effectiveness of noncommissioned officers, recommending greater authority and career incentives for senior enlisted leaders. These findings influenced the subsequent 1958 Cordiner Committee, which advocated for structural reforms and culminated in the creation of E-8 (master sergeant/first sergeant) and E-9 (sergeant major) pay grades in 1958, providing a framework for advanced enlisted advisory functions.^[6] The command sergeant major position received its initial formalization amid the escalating demands of the Vietnam War, where the need for dedicated senior enlisted advisors to unit commanders became acutely evident. In response to these operational pressures, the U.S. Army initiated the Command Sergeants Major Program in July 1967, building upon the establishment of the Sergeant Major of the Army position in July 1966, with the first 192 appointments occurring in December 1967 to serve as principal noncommissioned officers at battalion level and above.^[4]^[13]

Modern Development

The position of command sergeant major was officially established in July 1967 under the direction of General Harold K. Johnson, the 24th Chief of Staff of the Army, to provide senior enlisted leadership at battalion and higher levels.^[4] This initiative selected the first 192 sergeants major in December 1967 to serve as principal noncommissioned officers in major commands, with new insignia authorized in 1968 to distinguish the role.^[14] The duties of the command sergeant major were initially subject to varying interpretations across commands, but they were finalized and standardized in December 1975 through Army regulations, clarifying the position as the senior enlisted advisor focused on training, discipline, and Soldier welfare.^[14] In the post-Vietnam era, particularly following the shift to an all-volunteer force in 1973, the responsibilities of command sergeants major expanded significantly to address retention challenges and enhance Soldier and family support.^[15] Sergeants major of the Army, serving as the pinnacle of the command sergeant major role, advocated for improvements in pay, housing, health benefits, and education programs like the Veterans Educational Assistance Program to make military service a viable career choice amid declining enlistments.^[15] This evolution emphasized morale-building initiatives, such as the Better Opportunities for Single Soldiers program established in 1989, which supported retention by addressing quality-of-life issues for both Soldiers and their families during a period of institutional recovery and professionalization.^[15] Entering the 21st century, the command sergeant major role adapted to the demands of persistent conflicts post-9/11, with greater integration into joint and multinational operations across diverse theaters like Iraq and Afghanistan.^[16] Command sergeants major assumed expanded duties in resource management, cultural awareness, and operational tempo management to sustain force readiness over prolonged deployments.^[16] A key adaptation was the reinforcement of the warrior ethos—embodied in principles like "I will always place the mission first" and "I will never accept defeat"—to foster mental and physical resilience among enlisted personnel in asymmetric warfare environments.^[16]

Insignia

Design and Symbolism

The insignia for the command sergeant major consists of three upward-pointing chevrons above three arcs, with a five-pointed star centered between the chevrons and arcs, enclosed within a laurel wreath.^[17]^[18] This design distinguishes the command sergeant major from the standard sergeant major insignia, which features the same chevrons and arcs but with a bare five-pointed star lacking the wreath.^[17]

Wear and Variations

The command sergeant major insignia is worn on the sleeves of the Army Service Uniform (ASU) and Army Green Service Uniform (AGSU) coats, centered vertically between the shoulder seam and the elbow, with large versions (3 inches wide) for male personnel and small versions (2.5 inches wide) for female personnel.^[19] On mess uniforms, the insignia is positioned with a 1/8-inch soutache braid of gold-colored nylon or rayon parallel to and 3 inches above the bottom of each sleeve.^[19] For combat uniforms such as the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) coat, subdued grade insignia is affixed via hook-and-loop fasteners or sewn on the shoulder loops, while collar insignia serves as the primary rank indicator when the coat is worn open.^[19] Variations in wear occur based on assignment level and context; for example, command sergeants major at brigade or division levels in nominative positions wear specialized collar insignia, such as a coat of arms on a 1-inch disk, in place of standard branch insignia.^[20] During position transitions, temporary wear of the prior or incoming unit's organizational insignia is permitted on a case-by-case basis to maintain continuity, subject to approval by the chain of command.^[19] The Sergeant Major of the Army, a special CSM position, wears unique insignia centered on the beret flash and pullover sweater, replacing standard distinctive unit insignia.^[20] Army Regulation 670-1 governs the wear of the insignia, authorizing fabrics such as 55/45 polyester/wool blends for dress uniform embroidery and flame-resistant nylon-cotton ripstop for subdued combat versions, with colors limited to golden-lite rayon for nonsubdued elements on blue or green backgrounds and olive drab or coyote brown for subdued applications. Prohibited modifications include mixing sew-on and pin-on types, altering the size or shape of the embroidery, using unauthorized metallic finishes outside dress contexts, or affixing insignia with visible adhesives or non-regulation attachments, with violations subject to uniform compliance enforcement under AR 670-1, paragraph 1-6.

Selection and Appointment

Eligibility Criteria

To qualify for a command sergeant major (CSM) position in the United States Army, an individual must hold the rank of sergeant major (E-9). For nominative CSM positions under general officer commands or principal staff roles at Headquarters, Department of the Army (HQDA), candidates are assigned the temporary Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) 00Z upon selection.^[21] This MOS is awarded for the duration of the tour and reverts to the soldier's prior E-9 MOS afterward, highlighting the specialized nature of these higher-level roles. Lower-level CSM positions, such as at the battalion or brigade, typically use the soldier's branch-specific SGM MOS (e.g., 11Z for infantry).^[21] Candidates typically possess 15 to 20 years of active federal service, though the minimum for promotion to sergeant major is 10 years with at least 12 months time in grade as master sergeant (E-8).^[22] Completion of the Sergeants Major Course at the U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy (USASMA) is mandatory for promotion to sergeant major and thus a prerequisite for CSM consideration, providing advanced training in NCO history, organizational management, and strategic advisory roles.^[23] Strong performance is essential, with no adverse actions such as Article 15 punishments under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) or court-martial convictions that would disqualify eligibility. Additional criteria include prior leadership experience in command positions to validate operational expertise at progressively higher levels. For MOS 00Z roles, successful service as a battalion or brigade CSM is required.^[21] Soldiers must also maintain physical fitness standards, U.S. citizenship, and eligibility for a secret security clearance.

Process and Training

The selection of command sergeants major begins with eligible E-9 sergeants major who meet basic qualifications, undergoing evaluation through centralized boards managed by the U.S. Army Human Resources Command (HRC).^[24] These senior noncommissioned officer (NCO) evaluation boards, including an annual Department of the Army (DA) level board, screen candidates for command potential based on career records, performance evaluations, and physical fitness.^[25] Quarterly panels convened by the Sergeant Major of the Army (SMA) further review updated nomination packets, selecting the top five candidates per vacancy for advancement in the process.^[25] A comprehensive review of each candidate's records forms a core component of the evaluation, encompassing assignments, awards, and leadership history to assess alignment with Army leadership competencies.^[25] Commanders provide critical input through letters of recommendation (LoRs), limited to two pages, which endorse the candidate's suitability and are required alongside command-level checklists from Army Commands (ACOMs), Army Service Component Commands (ASCCs), or Direct Reporting Units (DRUs).^[25] Selected candidates then participate in structured interviews tailored to specific command vacancies, ensuring a match of skills and experience to the billet's demands.^[25] As of 2025, the Sergeant Major Assessment Program (SMAP) is required for selection to brigade-level and higher CSM positions, assessing cognitive and non-cognitive abilities, communication, peer/subordinate feedback, and physical fitness to determine readiness and impact order of merit list standing. SMAP is expanding to battalion-level selections.^[26] Qualification for higher-level command sergeant major roles includes attendance at the U.S. Army Sergeants Major Course (SMC) Phase II, focusing on advanced leadership development for senior NCOs.^[27] This phase, offered by the United States Army Sergeants Major Academy (USASMA), includes practical exercises, task proficiency evaluations, and strategic studies over a two-week resident period for nonresident students, culminating in certification for E-9 roles.^[27] Completion of SMC Phase II is required within 12 months of selection, with additional requirements like the Sergeants Major Force Management Course.^[25] Following selection and training, HRC oversees the assignment process, slating command sergeants major to key billets in a centralized manner to synchronize with commander tenures.^[3] Assignments typically involve rotations every two to three years, promoting continuity while allowing for broad experience across units, with pairings to commanders often including joint pre-command training at locations like Fort Moore (formerly Fort Benning) or Fort Leavenworth.^[3] This structured approach ensures optimal talent management for battalion, brigade, and higher-level commands.^[28]

References

[1]
CSM Corner: What is a CSM anyway? | Article - Army.mil
Nov 2, 2021 · The US Army Combined Arms Center defines the Command Sergeant Major or CSM as the “senior noncommissioned officer in a unit who advises the commander on all ...
[2]
At the Point of Friction: The Role of the Modern Command Sergeant ...
As the senior NCO in the battalion or brigade, the CSM enforces policy standards on performance, training, appearance, and the conduct of the organization. The ...
[3]
New selection process, assignment procedures for CSMs in 2010
Sep 9, 2009 · In addition, command sergeants major will be matched with commanders and assigned together for two- to three-year tours. Army leaders at the ...
[4]
Location of the Command Sergeant Major - Army University Press
Dec 1, 2017 · The command sergeant major is a positional title that designates the senior noncommissioned officer of the command at battalion or higher levels.
[5]
[PDF] SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE SERGEANT MAJOR of the ...
General Johnson established the Command Sergeants Major Program in July 1967. The Chief of Staff also directed that the insignia of the Command Sergeant Major ...
[6]
History of the Sergeant Major - NCO Historical Society
Jul 20, 2020 · The long history of the sergeant major can be traced back to the fifteenth century. Some may argue that the early French and English sergeant ...
[7]
U.S. Army Ranks
... command. The command sergeant major is the principal noncommissioned officer assistant. Brigades are comprised of multiple battalions that generally include ...
[8]
[PDF] nato codes for grades of military personnel - NKE HHK
Nov 12, 2001 · US. -. (30) At the OR-9 level, other grades of rank are Sergeant Major of the. Army and Command Sergeant Major. The individual designated as.
[9]
[PDF] Army Command Policy - Transportation Corps
Feb 6, 2025 · Army Command Policy includes the Army Ready and Resilient Campaign Plan, military discipline, conduct, and the Army Equal Opportunity Program.
[10]
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AR 600-20 states: The command sergeant major is a positional title. that designates the senior noncommissioned. officer of the command at battalion or higher. ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[11]
The Command Sergeant Major Role in Fires and Maneuver
Dec 20, 2017 · The command sergeant major is the senior noncommissioned officer in a unit who advises the commander on all issues related to the enlisted ranks.
[12]
[PDF] The Role of the Modern Command Sergeant Major in Today's Army
A cursory glance of the doctrine denotes six principal competencies required of CSMs/SGMs: readiness, leadership, training management, communications,.
[13]
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Under the direction of the Army Chief of Staff, General Harold K. Johnson, the Command Sergeants Major (CSM) Program was established in July of 1967.
[14]
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Sergeants Major ofthe Army (SMA) have made many contributions that have changed, or in some way, affected the non-commissioned officer (NCO) corps and the Army.
[15]
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... All-Volunteer. Force. We are asking our Soldiers and leaders to carry the heavy load for our nation. By ensuring our Soldiers and families maintain a high ...
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Feb 11, 2025 · Command Sergeant Major – Three chevrons pointing upwards with a pointed tip and three rockers underneath. The center is a star with a wreath ...
[18]
Understanding Military Rank Insignia at Military Schools
Sep 2, 2020 · The insignia for a Command Sergeant Major adds a wreath around the star in the center. Cadet Officer Ranks. Officers are the cadets who have ...
[19]
U.S. ARMY E-9 COMMAND SERGEANT MAJOR TIE TACK
A symbol of excellence, achievement, and dedication, the wreath is emblematic of the vision and hard work logged by Sergeants Major (SGMs) that earned them ...
[20]
[PDF] Guide to the Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia
Jan 26, 2021 · Senior and Junior ROTC instructors will wear the U.S. Army Cadet Command SSI on their left shoulder (see AR. 145–1 and AR 145–2 for wear of ...
[21]
[PDF] Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia
Jan 26, 2021 · Soldiers are not authorized to wear distinctive uniforms or uniform items of the U.S. Army or of other U.S. Services with, or on, civilian ...
[22]
[PDF] Nominative CSM/SGM (MOS 00Z) - Army.mil
Jul 12, 2022 · (2) Command Sergeants Major. 00Z is the capstone for all MOSs within the Army at the. General Officer level. Important assignments are those ...
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[24]
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A Sergeant Major is considered a Noncommissioned Officer, with a paygrade of E-9. The civilian equivalent of this military rank is roughly GS-6 under the ...
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The major areas of study are NCO History, leadership and workforce development, and organizational training requirements.Missing: eligibility criteria
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[27]
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Jun 11, 2014 · Scope. This SOP applies to all Regular Army (RA) CSM and SGM identified for appointment/assignment to an authorized Nominative CSM/SGM position.
[28]
USASMA hands out diplomas to 274 Nonresident Course students
Jun 22, 2009 · Phase II takes place during a 2-week resident period. Evaluation of task proficiency is determined through tests and /or practical exercises.<|separator|>
[29]
Army taking steps to improve its CSM, SGM key-billet talent ...
The Army has implemented changes to how it considers, selects and slates command sergeants major and sergeants major for the privilege of serving in Command ...