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Collar

A collar is a band or strip of fabric forming part of a garment, such as a shirt, blouse, or coat, that encircles or frames the wearer's neck for protective, structural, or ornamental purposes.^[1] The term originates from Old French colier or collier, denoting a neck band or chain, derived from Latin collum meaning "neck," with early clothing senses appearing by the 14th century in reference to protective armor elements.^[1] In fashion history, collars evolved from simple ancient Egyptian beadwork adornments among the elite to elaborate European ruffs—wide, pleated frills symbolizing status—in the 16th and 17th centuries, later simplifying into detachable starched versions in the 19th century before integrating as soft, permanent features in modern attire.^[2] ^[3] Distinct styles, including the spread collar for business suits and wing collars for formal wear, reflect adaptations for functionality and social signaling across eras.^[4]

Human apparel and accessories

Clothing collars in fashion and garments

Clothing collars serve as structural and aesthetic elements at the neckline of garments, providing protection against environmental elements such as wind and sun while signaling social status through stiffness and style.^[5] Early prototypes appeared in ancient civilizations, including broad usekh collars in Egypt around 3000 BCE, though these were primarily ornamental beadwork worn over linen garments rather than integrated fabric components.^[6] In Europe, garment collars evolved during the 16th century, transitioning from simple raised necklines on shirts to gathered and frilled designs that detached for separate laundering and starching, enhancing hygiene amid limited washing facilities.^[7] By the 19th century, detachable collars became standard for men's dress shirts, crafted from white cotton and heavily starched to maintain a crisp appearance, with production peaking as factories enabled mass manufacturing of stiff, disposable versions that reduced soiling transfer to the body.^[8] Common collar types include the spread collar, characterized by angled points opening widely to accommodate ties and suit formal attire; the point collar, with straight, narrow tips for a conservative look; the button-down collar, featuring small buttons securing flaps to the shirt for a sporty, casual functionality originating in polo shirts around 1900; and the mandarin collar, a standalone band without points, derived from Chinese tunic designs and valued for its minimalist profile in modern casual wear.^[9] These variations offer practical benefits: button-down styles resist flapping during activity, while spread and point collars frame the face and tie symmetrically, empirically aiding professional presentation as evidenced by their prevalence in business attire surveys.^[10] In contemporary manufacturing, collars are produced via fused or sewn interlining methods; fused collars use heat-activated adhesives to bond fabric layers to a stiffener, enabling cost-effective production and a sharp, molded shape suitable for everyday shirts, whereas sewn (unfused) collars hand-stitch interlinings for superior drape and longevity, preferred in bespoke tailoring to avoid bubbling from adhesive failure over time.^[11] Fabric selection emphasizes cotton for its breathability and starch retention, absorbing up to 27 times its weight in water yet allowing air circulation to regulate temperature, though synthetic blends like polyester-cotton mixes enhance wrinkle resistance and durability for machine-washable garments.^[12] These choices reflect causal trade-offs: natural fibers prioritize comfort in variable climates, while synthetics support low-maintenance functionality, with data from textile testing showing cotton collars retaining shape better post-starching than pure synthetics.^[13]

Specialized human collars

The clerical collar, commonly referred to as the Roman collar among Catholic clergy, emerged in the 19th century as a distinctive marker of religious vocation. Its detachable design was invented by Rev. Dr. Donald McLeod, a Scottish Presbyterian minister, as documented in the Glasgow Herald on December 6, 1894.^[14] Initially adopted by Protestant clergy in Reformed traditions, it symbolized clerical authority and separation from lay attire, evolving from earlier 17th-century preaching bands. Catholic adoption followed, with U.S. bishops mandating it for priests outside liturgical settings by 1999 to standardize professional dress.^[15] This garment restricts neck movement slightly for symbolic modesty but lacks empirical data on widespread post-Reformation adoption rates, though it became ubiquitous among Anglican, Lutheran, and Reformed clergy by the early 20th century.^[16] In military and medical uniforms, specialized collars enhance visibility, ergonomics, and strain reduction. Historical military uniforms, such as those for cadets, incorporated stiff Eton-style collars from the late 19th century onward, designed to project formality and maintain posture during drills, though primarily associated with preparatory schooling rather than active combat roles.^[17] Modern ergonomic collars in body armor combat shirts, tested in military contexts, incorporate padding to mitigate neck strain from load-bearing gear, with studies showing potential reductions in fatigue without compromising mobility.^[18] In medical safety uniforms, high-visibility elements are integrated into collars for emergency responders, prioritizing reflectivity under ANSI standards to lower collision risks in low-light environments, though specific collar-focused data remains limited compared to vests.^[19] Protective collars, including orthopedic cervical braces and sports-specific neck supports, prioritize injury prevention through immobilization. Soft and rigid cervical collars reduce cervical flexion by up to 39% and extension by 33%, per biomechanical testing on healthy subjects, aiding post-trauma stabilization.^[20] Clinically, up to 76% of neck pain patients report symptomatic relief from collar use, though evidence for long-term injury reduction is inconclusive, with risks of muscle atrophy if over-relied upon.^[21] In contact sports like rugby, supplemental neck collars (e.g., stabilizer devices) limit excessive motion and strain, particularly in forward positions, complementing scrum caps to address concussion and whiplash risks empirically linked to repetitive impacts.^[22] These designs derive from causal principles of biomechanical support, emphasizing adjustable fit to avoid pressure ulcers reported in 0.7-44% of prolonged uses.^[23]

Ornamental and ceremonial collars

Ornamental collars, distinct from utilitarian garments, have historically functioned as status symbols and decorative jewelry, often encircling the neck tightly to emphasize prestige through craftsmanship in metals, beads, or enamel. In ancient Celtic societies of the Iron Age, torcs—rigid neck rings formed by twisting bronze, copper, silver, or gold—served this purpose, reserved for elites such as warriors and nobility to signify power and wealth, with archaeological finds dating to the 2nd century BCE in regions like Britain and Ireland.^[24]^[25] Medieval European knightly traditions elevated such collars to ceremonial regalia, worn as heavy gold chains or livery insignia during oaths of fealty or courtly events to denote loyalty and rank. The Most Noble Order of the Garter, founded by King Edward III in 1348 as England's premier chivalric order, incorporated a collar of gold and enamel—standardized under Henry VIII in 1510 with Tudor roses and garters—bestowed upon knights for exemplary service, symbolizing unbroken allegiance through its interlocking design.^[26] Similar collars appeared in other secular orders, such as the French Order of the Ermine established in 1381, featuring wheat-ear motifs in gold to honor martial virtues among nobility.^[27] Across non-European cultures, beadwork and silver collars carried analogous ceremonial weight, verified by ethnographic artifacts. Among the Xhosa people of South Africa, ingqosha collars—broad, handwoven bands of glass seed beads in geometric patterns—were crafted by women for initiations or marriages, embodying communal artistry and social transition from the early 20th century onward, as preserved in museum collections.^[28] In Southeast Asian Miao (Hmong) communities, etched silver collars with fringe and motifs like birds or geometrics adorned brides during weddings, denoting fertility and heritage through heirloom-quality forging techniques passed matrilineally.^[29] Himalayan traditions, including Tibetan and Nepalese, featured suta or konchi collars of gilt copper inlaid with gems like turquoise and coral, often depicting kirtimukha (face of glory) for protective rituals in Buddhist ceremonies.^[30] These examples highlight collars' cross-cultural role in ritual display, prioritizing durable, symbolic materials over everyday wear.

Animal restraint and monitoring devices

Collars for companion animals

Collars for companion animals, primarily dogs and cats, serve functions of identification, restraint, and monitoring, with designs evolving from simple restraint tools to integrated technology for enhanced utility. Basic collars, typically made of leather or nylon, attach identification tags bearing owner contact information and provide anchor points for leashes, facilitating control during walks and preventing escapes.^[31] Historical evidence traces such collars to ancient Rome, where they were used on hunting and guard dogs, often crafted from leather bands or metal for durability in fieldwork.^[32] Variations in collar design address specific control needs. Flat collars, the standard adjustable buckle style, suit most companion dogs for everyday use but can exacerbate pulling behaviors in stronger breeds by concentrating pressure on the neck. Martingale collars, featuring a secondary loop that tightens upon tension, prevent head slippage in narrow-necked dogs like greyhounds while providing mild correction for pulling, making them suitable for initial leash training without full choking action.^[33] Prong collars, with metal links that pinch evenly around the neck, apply distributed pressure to deter pulling more effectively than flat collars in controlled settings, as evidenced by biomechanical analyses showing reduced peak forces on the trachea compared to singular-point collars during moderate pulls.^[33] Recent advancements incorporate smart technology for real-time tracking and health insights. The Fi Series 3+, launched on June 2, 2025, integrates AI-driven GPS for location updates, activity monitoring, escape alerts via virtual fences, and behavior detection such as scratching or barking, with battery life supporting multi-day use.^[34] Empirical data indicate GPS-enabled collars boost lost dog recovery rates to 93%, far exceeding baseline returns of 20-30% without tracking, by enabling rapid owner intervention through apps.^[35] These devices prioritize verifiable utility in pet retention over unsubstantiated claims, with studies confirming sustained improvements in locating escaped animals within hours.^[36]

Collars for livestock and agriculture

Collars for draft animals, such as horses and oxen, have historically enhanced agricultural productivity by enabling efficient load distribution during plowing and hauling. The padded horse collar, which rests on the shoulders to utilize the animal's full pulling strength without compressing the windpipe, originated in China by the second century BC and facilitated faster fieldwork compared to earlier throat-grip harnesses that limited exertion and caused injury.^[37] This innovation allowed horses to plow fields at speeds of 0.75 to 1.07 meters per second while pulling heavier loads, surpassing the capabilities of oxen yokes and contributing to surplus crop production in medieval Europe after its transmission there by the ninth century AD.^[38] In modern livestock management, sensor-equipped collars for dairy cows monitor physiological indicators like rumination time, activity levels, and lying behavior to optimize health and reproduction. Rumination duration, tracked via accelerometers in these devices, positively correlates with milk yield and composition, enabling early detection of metabolic disorders or heat stress that could reduce output.^[39] For instance, collars integrating AI for heat detection have improved detection rates from 51% to 76%, leading to conception rate increases of up to 18% through timely breeding interventions.^[40] Such technologies, deployed in precision livestock farming systems, also support nutritional adjustments based on real-time data, as demonstrated in two-year studies showing enhanced reproductive performance in monitored herds.^[41] Identification collars incorporating RFID tags streamline inventory and breeding in agricultural operations by providing unique animal identifiers for automated tracking. These systems verify ownership and movement, deterring theft through tamper-evident tags and rapid recovery via database integration.^[42] In breeding programs, RFID data from collars or ear tags records mounting events and lineage, reducing errors in genetic selection and improving outcomes like calf production efficiency when combined with sensor analytics.^[43] Overall, RFID-enabled collars enhance traceability from farm to market, with applications in supply chain compliance yielding measurable reductions in losses from misidentification or unauthorized transfers.^[44]

Collars for wildlife tracking and conservation

Collars equipped with GPS and satellite telemetry have revolutionized wildlife monitoring by delivering high-precision location data for large mammals, facilitating the study of migration patterns, habitat preferences, and responses to environmental pressures in remote ecosystems. These devices transmit coordinates via cellular or satellite networks, allowing researchers to analyze movements over extended periods without invasive recapture. For instance, satellite collars on polar bears in the Arctic provide continuous tracking data to assess sea ice dependency and human-wildlife conflict zones.^[45]^[46] Early wildlife tracking relied on VHF radio collars introduced in the mid-1960s, which required aircraft or ground teams for signal triangulation and offered limited fixes per day. By the early 1990s, GPS integration enabled autonomous data logging with sub-10-meter accuracy, shifting to satellite uploads for global coverage on species like giraffes and Mongolian herbivores. This transition expanded data granularity from coarse radio pings to thousands of daily points, enhancing models of population viability and corridor connectivity.^[47]^[48]^[49] In anti-poaching applications, real-time GPS collars on sentinel animals detect deviations from normal behavior, such as flights triggered by human intrusion, enabling ranger interventions. Open-source platforms like OpenCollar.io, developed through conservation partnerships and deployed starting in 2025, support modular GPS hardware for elephants, yielding real-time migration maps that inform protected area expansions and reduce habitat fragmentation risks. Solar-powered variants further sustain operations in sun-exposed regions, achieving fix rates above 99% while minimizing weight burdens on animals.^[50]^[51]^[52] For juvenile ungulates like white-tailed deer fawns, expandable collars incorporate elastic or nylon-rubber bands to accommodate neck growth, preventing constriction-related injuries observed in rigid designs. Field evaluations in 2022 confirmed that such collars maintain GPS functionality with survival rates comparable to uncollared fawns, though early prototypes using cotton bands showed higher failure incidences. Breakaway features, activated electronically or mechanically under excessive tension, add safeguards against snags on vegetation, supporting long-term population censuses without elevated mortality.^[53]^[54]^[55]

Debates on animal welfare and training efficacy

Empirical studies on electronic collars, which deliver aversive stimuli such as electrical shocks, have demonstrated rapid efficacy in suppressing specific unwanted behaviors in dogs, including chasing and excessive barking, often outperforming positive reinforcement methods alone in short-term trials. For instance, a 2024 study found that dogs trained with e-collars by professional trainers ceased chasing a lure after an average of two 10-minute sessions, compared to longer durations required for reward-based approaches without aversives.^[56] Similarly, controlled comparisons indicate success rates for behavior modification exceeding those of treat-based training in refractory cases, though overall benefits are inconsistent across broader pet populations and depend on handler expertise.^[57] These findings underscore causal mechanisms where immediate negative reinforcement accelerates learning curves for high-drive or ingrained responses, potentially averting escalation to relinquishment or euthanasia by enabling control of dangerous habits like prey drive.^[58] Critics of aversive collar use cite welfare concerns, pointing to elevated physiological stress markers such as increased panting, tense postures, and behavioral avoidance in trained dogs. Research measuring salivary cortisol levels has yielded mixed results: some trials report no significant differences between e-collar and positive reinforcement groups, while others document heightened acute stress responses during aversive sessions, though not necessarily persisting post-training.^[59] ^[60] Longitudinal data remain sparse, with evidence of short-term behavioral suppression but potential for lingering fear associations in amateur applications; professional protocols, however, show no verifiable long-term physiological harm in compliant subjects, challenging claims of inherent cruelty when contrasted against failure rates of non-aversive methods in severe behavioral disorders.^[61] ^[62] Sources emphasizing welfare risks often originate from advocacy-aligned institutions, which may prioritize interpretive biases over handler-controlled variables like stimulus intensity.^[63] Regulatory approaches reflect these tensions, with bans on electronic collars enacted in several European countries—including Denmark, Germany, and Wales since 2010—expanding to Scotland in 2023, driven by precautionary welfare interpretations despite evidentiary gaps in long-term harm.^[64] In contrast, the United States maintains legality across most states without federal veterinary association prohibitions, with endorsements from segments of the profession highlighting efficacy in reducing aggression-linked euthanasia risks when integrated with balanced training.^[65] ^[66] Empirical correlations link unresolved problem behaviors—amenable to aversive intervention—to higher shelter intakes, suggesting that outright prohibitions may inadvertently elevate population-level welfare costs by limiting tools for intractable cases.^[67]

Mechanical and engineering applications

Collars in machinery and bearings

Shaft collars serve as fundamental mechanical components in machinery, primarily functioning to secure, position, and align elements such as bearings on rotating shafts. These devices restrict axial and radial movement, acting as stops or locators in assemblies like motors, gearboxes, and conveyor systems. Introduced during the Industrial Revolution, the first mass-produced shaft collars were set screw types employed on line shafting in early mills to maintain component positioning amid high-speed operations.^[68] ^[69] Common variants include set screw collars, which utilize embedded screws to grip the shaft via friction, and clamp-style collars (one-piece or two-piece), which encircle the shaft for uniform pressure distribution and higher holding power without marring the surface. Clamp collars, in particular, provide superior axial load resistance compared to set screw designs, making them suitable for dynamic applications involving bearings and sprockets. Steel variants exhibit robust performance, with axial load capacities often exceeding 1,000 pounds for standard sizes under static conditions, contingent on screw torque and collar dimensions.^[70] ^[71] ^[72] Thrust collars, a specialized subset, address axial forces in rotating machinery by transferring loads from the shaft to supporting structures, thereby preventing misalignment and excessive wear in components like turbines and compressors. Employed in integrally geared systems, these collars absorb aerodynamic and gear-induced thrusts, maintaining shaft stability under operational loads that can reach thousands of pounds. Empirical assessments in turbomachinery demonstrate that properly designed thrust collars reduce failure rates by distributing loads evenly, extending equipment lifespan in high-thrust environments. ^[73] ^[74] Material selection for shaft and thrust collars has evolved from early carbon steel and iron for basic strength to advanced alloys prioritizing corrosion resistance in harsh conditions, such as stainless steel grades like 316 for chemical or marine exposures. Zinc plating and high-strength aluminum offer additional options, balancing durability against weight and environmental degradation, with stainless constructions proving essential in reducing maintenance in corrosive settings.^[75] ^[76] ^[77]

Collars in piping, construction, and other infrastructure

In piping systems, intumescent collars function as firestop seals around combustible pipe penetrations in fire-rated walls, floors, and ceilings, expanding under heat exposure—typically above 200°C—to crush the pipe and block fire and smoke passage for up to 3 hours depending on rating. These devices, often comprising graphite-based or sodium silicate intumescent materials encased in steel, are tested to ASTM E814/UL 1479 standards for through-penetration firestops, ensuring compliance with hourly fire resistance requirements.^[78] The International Building Code (IBC) mandates such systems in Section 714 for penetrations in rated assemblies, with adoption in U.S. model codes tracing to 1980s updates incorporating ASTM protocols for plastic piping vulnerabilities observed in fire incidents.^[79]^[80] In construction, collar beams—horizontal timber or steel members tying opposing rafters approximately one-third up from the eaves—reinforce roof trusses by countering rafter spread, thereby preserving ridge alignment and overall structural integrity against gravitational loads and lateral forces. Positioned higher than ceiling joist ties, they permit greater attic headroom while distributing thrust to walls, as evidenced in traditional framed roofs where spans exceed 4 meters without intermediate supports.^[81] In seismic engineering, post-1994 Northridge earthquake analyses prompted retrofits incorporating collar-like reinforcements; for instance, rebar-restraining collars (RRCs) encircling longitudinal bars in concrete columns confine post-yield buckling, boosting ductility by 20-50% and energy absorption under cyclic loads per quasi-static tests on scaled specimens.^[82] Infrastructure applications extend collars to non-piping seals, such as in utility enclosures where metallic or polymer variants secure conduits against vibration and corrosion, maintaining airtight or watertight integrity over 20-30 year service lives based on material fatigue data from accelerated weathering simulations.^[83] These uses prioritize empirical performance metrics like expansion ratios (up to 30:1 for intumescents) and load-bearing capacities over 100 kN in beam ties, verified through code-compliant installations reducing failure rates in documented high-rise and retrofit projects.^[84]

Occupational and socioeconomic classifications

Origins and definitions of collar-based job categories

The distinction between white-collar and blue-collar occupations emerged in the early 20th century amid industrialization and the rise of office-based administrative roles versus manual labor. The term "white-collar worker" refers to professionals in clerical, managerial, or administrative positions, derived from the formal white shirts and collars typically worn in office environments to signify cleanliness and professionalism. American novelist Upton Sinclair is credited with popularizing the phrase around 1918, using it to describe the emerging class of non-manual workers in urban settings.^[85] In contrast, "blue-collar" denotes manual laborers in trades, manufacturing, or construction, originating from the durable blue denim or chambray shirts worn by such workers in the 1920s, which resisted visible soiling from physical toil.^[86] These terms codified observable differences in work attire, environments, and required skills, with white-collar roles emphasizing cognitive tasks in controlled settings and blue-collar emphasizing physical exertion in industrial or outdoor conditions.^[87] Subsequent extensions of collar-based classifications arose in the late 20th century to capture evolving labor demographics and sectors. "Pink-collar" jobs, coined in the 1970s by social critic Louise Kapp Howe, describe service-oriented occupations historically dominated by women, such as nursing, secretarial work, and childcare, reflecting societal gender norms in caregiving and administrative support roles.^[88] These positions have remained predominantly female, with examples including 93% of secretaries and 91% of private household workers being women as of recent labor data.^[89] Similarly, "green-collar" emerged in the 1980s amid growing environmental awareness, denoting jobs in sustainable industries like renewable energy installation and conservation, often blending manual skills with ecological focus to address disparities in urban environmental policy.^[90] These modern categories build on empirical distinctions rooted in skill hierarchies and work conditions, rather than mere convention, echoing pre-industrial divisions in European guilds where apprenticeships separated manual craftsmen (e.g., blacksmiths, weavers) from merchant or clerical overseers based on training duration, tool use, and output type. Guild systems from the medieval period onward formalized such separations through regulated apprenticeships lasting 7-10 years for trades, contrasting shorter paths into administrative roles tied to literacy and commerce, thereby prefiguring collar-based delineations by linking occupational attire, expertise, and economic function.^[91]

Empirical outcomes and socioeconomic data

In the United States, median annual earnings for white-collar occupations substantially outpace those in blue-collar roles, even after adjustments for educational attainment. Bureau of Labor Statistics data for 2023 indicate that full-time workers in professional and related occupations earned median weekly wages exceeding $1,800, translating to over $93,000 annually, compared to approximately $900 weekly or $46,800 annually for production, transportation, and material moving occupations, which are predominantly blue-collar.^[92] This gap persists despite overlapping skill requirements in some sectors, with white-collar productivity often measured through higher value-added outputs per worker, such as in knowledge-based industries where leverage from technology amplifies individual contributions.^[93] Blue-collar workers experience markedly higher occupational injury rates than white-collar counterparts. A study analyzing U.S. workforce data found blue-collar employees 63% more likely to suffer job-related injuries, attributable to physical demands and exposure to hazards like machinery and heights.^[94] Nonfatal injury incidence rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 2023 show manufacturing and construction sectors—blue-collar heavy—at 2.5-3.5 cases per 100 full-time workers, versus under 1.0 in finance and professional services.^[95] White-collar roles, conversely, correlate with elevated sedentary risks like musculoskeletal disorders from prolonged desk work, though mitigation via ergonomic tools and remote work has reduced these by 10-20% in recent decades per occupational health surveys.^[96] Job satisfaction levels differ modestly between categories, with recent surveys revealing lower rates among blue-collar workers. Pew Research Center data from 2025 report that 43% of blue-collar employees describe themselves as extremely or very satisfied with their jobs, compared to 53% in white-collar and service roles, citing factors like perceived lack of respect and job attachment.^[97] Older blue-collar workers (age 50+) show slightly higher satisfaction at 48%, potentially due to stability, but overall trends indicate comparable long-term fulfillment when controlling for pay and autonomy.^[98] Social mobility metrics highlight pathways from blue-collar origins, driven by education and skill acquisition, though intergenerational transitions to white-collar positions have declined. National Bureau of Economic Research analysis of U.S. data from 1850-2015 shows sons of blue-collar fathers 20-30% less likely to enter white-collar roles today than in mid-20th century cohorts, yet education-enabled shifts correlate with 15-25% poverty reduction across generations for those completing postsecondary training.^[99]^[100] Merit-based advancement in white-collar fields, measured by promotion rates in professional services (averaging 10-15% annually for skilled entrants), facilitates upward trajectories unavailable in many manual trades.^[101]

Critiques of collar classifications

Critiques of collar-based occupational classifications often center on their alleged oversimplification of socioeconomic realities, arguing that they rigidly binarize diverse job types and perpetuate outdated industrial-era divides. Proponents of this view, such as labor sociologists in the 2010s, contend that terms like "blue-collar" and "white-collar" fail to capture hybrid roles emerging from digital transformation, where manual laborers increasingly use software tools and knowledge workers perform routine tasks. However, empirical data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) indicates persistent educational correlations: as of 2023, over 80% of blue-collar occupations, such as construction laborers and manufacturing assemblers, require no postsecondary education, compared to under 20% for white-collar professions like accountants or software developers, underscoring causal links between skill sets and job categorization rather than arbitrary labeling. This persistence refutes claims of obsolescence, as first-principles analysis reveals that physical versus cognitive demands remain fundamental drivers of labor segmentation, independent of nomenclature. Another objection invokes cultural biases, portraying blue-collar work as romantically gritty and undervalued against white-collar "elites," yet this narrative overlooks automation's disproportionate impact on manual sectors. BLS projections from 2022-2032 forecast a 5-10% net decline in blue-collar employment due to robotic substitution in manufacturing and logistics, displacing 1.5 million jobs, while white-collar fields like professional services grow by 7%, driven by innovation in AI and data analysis. Critiques from progressive outlets amplifying class-warfare tropes, such as those decrying white-collar dominance as systemic exclusion, ignore evidence that higher education correlates with productivity gains; a 2021 National Bureau of Economic Research study found white-collar workers contribute 2-3 times more to patentable innovations per capita than blue-collar counterparts, validating collar distinctions as proxies for economic value creation rather than mere privilege. Such data-driven realism counters bias-laden dismissals, which often stem from academia's left-leaning skew, as documented in surveys showing 12:1 liberal-to-conservative ratios among social scientists. Proposed alternatives, including skill-based typologies from the OECD's 2019 framework emphasizing competencies over attire-derived labels, aim for granularity but falter in predictive power. Collar terms retain utility in econometric models; for instance, a 2020 Journal of Labor Economics analysis demonstrated that blue-collar proxies explain 65% of variance in unionization rates—higher at 10-15% versus 2-5% for white-collar—outperforming skill aggregates in forecasting labor militancy across 20 OECD countries. While refinements like "pink-collar" for service roles add nuance, discarding collar heuristics discards empirically validated tools for dissecting wage gaps and mobility barriers, where blue-collar median earnings lag at $45,000 annually against $80,000 for white-collar as of 2023 BLS data, attributable to skill fungibility rather than discrimination alone. These critiques, thus, reveal more about ideological preferences than analytical rigor, as causal evidence affirms collar classifications' enduring relevance in dissecting labor markets.

Financial and idiomatic uses

Collar strategies in options trading

A collar strategy in options trading consists of holding a long position in an underlying asset, such as an equity or commodity futures contract, while simultaneously purchasing an out-of-the-money put option for downside protection and selling an out-of-the-money call option to finance the put. This combination establishes a defined risk profile, where losses are limited to the difference between the current asset price and the put strike price (adjusted for net premiums), and gains are capped at the call strike price. The strategy is particularly suited for investors seeking to hedge concentrated positions against adverse market moves without incurring substantial upfront costs.^[102]^[103]^[104] The zero-cost variant of the collar achieves approximate cost neutrality by selecting put and call strikes where the premium income from the short call offsets the put's purchase price, often leveraging volatility skew—higher implied volatility for out-of-the-money puts post-events like the 1987 Black Monday crash, which heightened demand for downside hedges and influenced option pricing dynamics. Following the October 19, 1987, market decline of over 22% in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, collars emerged as a practical tool for institutional investors to mitigate tail risks, with usage expanding as exchange-traded options liquidity improved in subsequent years. The payoff diagram forms a bounded range: below the put strike, the put provides a floor; above the call strike, the position is called away; and within the strikes, returns mirror the underlying adjusted for any net debit or credit, typically yielding breakeven near the initial asset price.^[105]^[106]^[107] Risk profiles of collars feature reduced volatility relative to naked long positions, as the protective put dampens drawdowns during declines, though the short call forfeits participation in strong rallies, lowering overall return potential and Sharpe ratios. Empirical backtests on equity index collars from 1986 to 2014 show annualized volatility reductions of approximately 20-30% compared to benchmarks like the S&P 500, depending on strike selection, but with corresponding return drags of 1-2% annually from the embedded short volatility exposure. In portfolio contexts, collars have demonstrated superior risk-adjusted performance during high-volatility regimes, such as the 2008-2009 financial crisis, by covering a substantial portion of potential losses—up to 65% in some optimized setups—while maintaining modest costs.^[105]^[108] Applications extend to commodities and indices, where collars hedge production or exposure risks amid price swings. Oil producers, for instance, employed collars on West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude during the 2020 market turmoil, when prices briefly turned negative on April 20 amid storage constraints and demand collapse from the COVID-19 pandemic. A representative structure involved buying at-the-money puts (e.g., $30 strike) and selling out-of-the-money calls (e.g., $40 strike) via weekly options on CME Group exchanges, establishing floors around $25-30 per barrel to protect revenues while capping upside to fund the hedge, thereby stabilizing cash flows in a period of intra-day swings exceeding 300%. Such implementations underscore collars' utility in non-equity markets, where forward curves and skew enable cost-effective ranges tailored to operational needs.^[109]^[110]^[111]

Idiomatic expressions and verbs

The verb "to collar" denotes seizing or apprehending someone, often by grabbing their collar, and extends figuratively to arresting or detaining, particularly in law enforcement contexts.^[112] This usage evokes the physical act of restraint at the neck and dates to informal English practices from the 17th century onward, with records of police "collaring" suspects by the early 19th century.^[113] In British English, the related phrase "have one's collar felt" similarly means to be arrested, implying the tactile grip of apprehension.^[114] The idiom "hot under the collar" describes a state of anger or irritation, originating from the physiological flush and warmth around the neck during emotional arousal.^[115] This American English expression emerged in the late 19th to early 20th century, reflecting how agitation causes perspiration and heat beneath tight collars common in period attire.^[116] Another phrase, "against the collar," refers to strenuous or uphill effort, analogous to an animal straining against a harness collar.^[117] "White-collar crime," coined by sociologist Edwin Sutherland in his 1939 address to the American Sociological Society, designates non-violent offenses like fraud or embezzlement committed by individuals of high social status in professional capacities.^[118] Sutherland defined it as "crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation," contrasting it with lower-class crimes to highlight overlooked elite deviance.^[119] Federal estimates attribute annual U.S. losses from such crimes to over $300 billion, exceeding tangible costs of many violent offenses, though underreporting complicates precise quantification.^[120] Recent analyses place the range at $426 billion to $1.7 trillion yearly, underscoring the scale relative to street crime impacts.^[121]

Etymology, names, and miscellaneous references

The word collar entered Middle English as coler around 1250–1300, borrowed from Old French coler or colier (modern French collier), denoting a band or necklace, ultimately deriving from Latin collāre, a diminutive of collum meaning "neck," originally referring to a restraining band.^[122] This etymological root emphasizes the item's function as a neck encircling device, with early uses extending to both human apparel and animal restraints by the 14th century.^[1] As a surname, Collar primarily appears as an English variant of Collier, an occupational name for charcoal burners or coal workers, with records dating back to medieval England; Spanish instances derive directly from collar meaning "collar," concentrated in regions like Asturias and Extremadura.^[123] Genealogical data indicate its rarity in the UK, with fewer than 3,000 historical records, and in the US, it ranks outside the top 16,000 surnames, comprising about 86% white bearers per DNA databases.^[124] ^[125] Troy, New York, acquired the nickname "Collar City" in the 19th century following the 1827 invention of the detachable shirt collar by local resident Hannah Montague, which spurred an industry producing up to 90% of the nation's collars by the 1890s and sustaining textile manufacturing into the mid-20th century.^[126] ^[127] In botany, particularly for grasses and cereals like corn, the leaf collar designates the pale band of tissue at the junction between the leaf blade and sheath, facilitating growth staging and species identification through visible collars on emerging leaves.^[128] ^[129] In culinary applications, pork collar (also termed neck fillet or coppa) is a boneless cut from the upper shoulder and neck region, prized for its marbling and suitability for slow cooking or grilling in European and Asian recipes, though it represents a minor portion of overall pork yields compared to primal cuts like loin or shoulder.^[130] ^[131]

References

[1]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/collar
[2]
Ruff | Elizabethan, Renaissance, Neckwear - Britannica
Ruff, in dresswear, crimped or pleated collar or frill, usually wide and full, worn in Europe, especially from the mid-16th century into the 17th century.
[3]
https://gomuskox.com/blogs/news/the-evolution-of-the-shirt-collar-a-timeless-detail-in-men-s-fashion
[4]
https://cheegs.com/blogs/blog/the-intriguing-history-of-the-shirt-collar
[5]
Shirt Collar Styles For Men: The Complete Guide
This sort of collar, standing 1-2″ high can be referred to as a Mandarin for its origins in Chinese clothing and a granddad shirt (when worn as part of a ...
[6]
https://www.truefacet.com/guide/surprising-history-modern-trends/
[7]
https://bourrienne.com/en/blogs/la-gazette/lhistoire-des-cols-de-chemises
[8]
How the detachable collar came and went - Textile Research Centre
Sep 20, 2022 · Then the collar had to be bathed in starch again and finally it had to be ironed and pressed into the right shape. Detachable, cotton collar, ...
[9]
https://www.oliverwicks.com/article/shirt-collar-types
[10]
A Guide to Men's Dress Shirt Collars - Hugh & Crye
Collars like you wouldn't believe · A Guide to Men's Dress Shirt Collars · Tall Spread Collar · Cutaway Collar · Point Collar · Button Down Collar · Club Collar.
[11]
Fused Versus Sewn Collars - DeoVeritas
A fused collar means the interlining is heated and glued together through a fusing machine. A stiff, firm collar is favored with most dress shirts and the fused ...Missing: manufacturing | Show results with:manufacturing
[12]
Cotton vs synthetics fabrics: What's best for outdoor activities?
Aug 25, 2023 · There is good reason for this - cotton apparel is comfortable for everyday use due to its softness and breathability. It is also hypoallergenic, ...
[13]
Cotton Fiber vs. Synthetic Fabrics: Which One Wins?
Oct 23, 2024 · One of the biggest reasons why cotton fiber is favored over synthetic fabrics is its comfort and breathability. Cotton is soft, lightweight, and ...
[14]
A Short History of the Wearing of Clerical Collars in the Presbyterian ...
May 17, 2012 · According to the Glasgow Herald of December 6,1894, the folded down detachable clerical collar was invented by the Rev Dr Donald McLeod, a ...
[15]
How did priests come to wear collars? - OnMissionMedia.com
In 1999, the U.S. bishops issued a directive that, outside of liturgical functions, a black suit and Roman collar should be the clerical apparel for priests.Missing: Reformation | Show results with:Reformation
[16]
Where do clerical collars come from? - U.S. Catholic
Jul 28, 2015 · The clerical collar was first introduced by a Scottish Reformed Presbyterian (Protestant) minister. According to the Church of England's Enquiry ...
[17]
Eton collars England - historic clothing
The Eton collar today has a rather stoggy upper-class look to it, but in fact at the turn of the 20th century, working class boys often wore Eton collars when ...
[18]
Ergonomic assessment of enhanced protection under body armour ...
Aug 16, 2025 · The EP-UBACS has the potential to provide neck protection without reducing performance incorporating materials analogous to either of the felts ...
[19]
https://www.hi-viz.com/blogs/safety/public-safety-uniforms-how-hi-vis-gear-saves-lives-in-public-safety
[20]
The Effect of Soft and Rigid Cervical Collars on Head and Neck ...
Jun 15, 2017 · According to the data, flexion experienced maximum immobilization (39%) and lateral rotation experienced the minimum immobilization (11%) among ...
[21]
When should a cervical collar be used to treat neck pain? - PMC - NIH
As many as 76% of patients report reduced pain with their use [12]. Although the collar may be of symptomatic benefit, there is no evidence on long-term outcome ...
[22]
Clinical efficacy of neck stabilizer for cervical spine injury - Nature
Sep 25, 2025 · The use of a neck stabilizer was associated with a reduction in excessive cervical motion, particularly in smaller anthropometric models, ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[23]
A bioengineering investigation of cervical collar design and fit
The reported incidence of cervical collar-related pressure ulcers varies between observational studies, ranging from 0.7 to 44% (Ackland et al., 2007; Chan et ...Missing: orthopedic | Show results with:orthopedic
[24]
Ancient Celtic Torcs - World History Encyclopedia
Feb 18, 2021 · In ancient Celtic cultures, torcs were a common form of jewellery and were made from bronze, copper, silver, and gold.
[25]
How do you put on a torc? - British Museum
Jan 29, 2016 · Curator Julia Farley explores the fashion world of 2,000 years ago and answers that eternal question: how should you wear a torc?<|separator|>
[26]
The Legendary Origins of the Most Noble Order of the Garter
Oct 23, 2022 · King Edward III created the Order of the Garter around 1348. He chose to dedicate the order to the Virgin Mary and Saint George.
[27]
Medieval Secular Order Names: Courtly Orders and Awards
Ermine (France) - This order was founded by Jean IV, duke of Brittany in 1381. While wheat-ears (epi) are used in the collar of the order, and gave their name ...Missing: ceremonial | Show results with:ceremonial<|control11|><|separator|>
[28]
Beaded collar (ingqosha), Xhosa artist, South Africa - Smarthistory
Jan 31, 2023 · This broad beadwork collar, or ingqosha, was made by Xhosa-speaking women in South Africa sometime in the early to mid-twentieth century.
[29]
https://rauantiques.com/products/silver-miao-ceremonial-necklace
[30]
Ceremonial Collar Necklace (Suta or Konchi) with Face of Glory ...
Ceremonial Collar Necklace (Suta or Konchi) with Face of Glory (Kirtimukha) ... A work made of gilt copper and silver inlaid with coral, lapis lazuli, turquoise ...
[31]
A Brief History of the Dog Collar
Jun 27, 2022 · Dog collars in ancient Rome took many forms from simple bands of leather to the thick, iron-spiked collars worn by the Molossian breed in war, ...
[32]
Dogs & Their Collars in Ancient Rome - World History Encyclopedia
Sep 16, 2020 · Like the Egyptians, the Romans created their own artistic dog collars – some of gold – and, although dogs did not feature in the Roman afterlife ...
[33]
Comparing efficacy in reducing pulling and welfare impacts of four ...
Oct 24, 2024 · In a study of dog owners surveyed at a shelter, those who walked their dogs on a prong collar or choke chain reported being less satisfied with ...
[34]
Fi Unleashes the World's First AI-Powered Smart Dog Collar, Built ...
Jun 2, 2025 · Fi Series 3+ is the first AI-powered dog collar with real-time health tracking, behavior alerts, and upgraded GPS for smarter pet care.
[35]
Lost Dog Prevention: Techniques and Technology that Bring Your ...
Sep 18, 2025 · GPS pet trackers have markedly improved the recovery rates of lost pets, enabling 93% of dogs and 75% of cats to be reunited with their owners.
[36]
Tracking Devices for Pets: Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to ...
Sep 17, 2021 · Every year, approximately 3% of cats and dogs are lost. In addition to passive methods for identifying pets, radiofrequency tracking devices ( ...
[37]
Efficient horse harnesses - UNESCO Digital Library
It appeared in Europe as early as the ninth century AD; but it was invented in China by the second century BC at the latest. This invention is the basis of ...<|separator|>
[38]
[PDF] Harnessing techniques and work performance of draft horses in ...
The average working speed of the horse was 0.75 to. 1.07 m/s for the collar harness,which is higher than that of Ethiopian oxen (0.4 to 0.5 m/s). With this ...
[39]
Wearable Collar Technologies for Dairy Cows - PubMed Central - NIH
The study showed that rumination time positively correlated with milk production and solid milk components, demonstrating the device's utility in monitoring and ...
[40]
smart collars for cows | The Bullvine
Collar systems increase heat detection rates from 51% to 76%; AI integration improves first-service conception rates by up to 18%; Blockchain verification ...Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
[41]
Two years of precision livestock management: harnessing ear tag ...
Mar 30, 2025 · The aim of this study was to evaluate the transformative potential of precision livestock farming (PLF) in dairy production, nutrition, and reproductive ...
[42]
RFID Animal Tracking: Benefits & Uses in Livestock Management
Every RFID tag has a unique ID code, which supports ownership verification, deterring thieves, and reducing the risk of resale or unauthorized integration into ...Missing: collars | Show results with:collars
[43]
RFID Transforming the Livestock Industry - rfidhy
Jul 22, 2025 · Combined with accelerometer sensor data, AI algorithms can reduce breeding window prediction errors to within 6 hours, boosting conception rates ...Missing: collars theft outcomes
[44]
RFID Tags on Livestock Management: Improving Efficiency
Aug 5, 2024 · RFID tags enable unique identification of each animal, allowing for accurate tracking of movement, location, and ownership.
[45]
Satellite tracking for polar bear science and conservation - WWF Arctic
May 5, 2025 · WWF's new Wildlife Tracker offers a glimpse into the everyday lives of polar bears across different parts of the Arctic.
[46]
Why Do Researchers Track Polar Bears with Collars and Ear Tags?
Jun 20, 2022 · Polar bear researchers use GPS tracking methods to track a polar bears' movement for many reasons–find out more about satellite radio ...Missing: mammals | Show results with:mammals
[47]
Collaring Wildlife, Alaska Department of Fish and Game
In the mid-1960s, VHF (Very High Frequency) radio telemetry devices began a revolution in wildlife research and management by vastly improving biologists' ...
[48]
Satellite Telemetry of Large Mammals in Mongolia - PubMed Central
In the Gobi and Eastern Steppe region of Mongolia we deployed 98 satellite collars, collecting animal locations using the Doppler based Argos (n = 29) or the ...
[49]
Newly Collared Giraffes in Kenya Could Pave Path for Species ...
Jul 13, 2017 · In June, SCBI scientists and partners fitted the ossicones of 11 reticulated giraffes with GPS collars that send hourly data to researchers ...
[50]
Timely poacher detection and localization using sentinel animal ...
Feb 25, 2021 · We propose and test a poacher early warning system that is based on the movement responses of non-targeted sentinel animals.Missing: interception | Show results with:interception
[51]
OpenCollar.io - Smart Parks
Sep 12, 2025 · OpenCollar is a conservation collaboration to design, support and deploy open-source tracking collar hardware and software for environmental and wildlife ...
[52]
Comparison of GPS Collars and Solar-Powered GPS Ear Tags for ...
Fix acquisition was 99.3% ± 0.3 SE for ear tags and 99.8% ± 0.2 SE for collars during stationary testing. During animal deployment, fix acquisition changed to ...
[53]
Evaluation of expandable global positioning system collars for white ...
Sep 12, 2022 · The study found that expandable GPS collars with cotton/rubber bands had issues, while nylon/rubber bands were better. Collared fawns were less ...
[54]
Expansion/Breakaway Collars | Telonics Inc.
There are numerous designs for expansion and/or breakaway collars for use on wildlife, some published in biological literature and others not.
[55]
[PDF] Expandable Radiocollars designed for white-tailed deer fawns - files
studies have reported premature loss or failure of expandable radiocollars for deer fawns ... Monitoring distances travelled by horses using GPS tracking collars.
[56]
Comparison of the Efficacy and Welfare of Different Training ... - MDPI
Sep 11, 2024 · In this study, we compared e-collars to methods relying entirely on food rewards in order to stop dogs running after a lure.
[57]
Efficacy of Dog Training With and Without Remote Electronic Collars ...
Jul 21, 2020 · We assessed the efficacy of dog training with and without remote electronic collars compared to training with positive reinforcement.
[58]
Comparison of the Efficacy and Welfare of Different Training ... - NIH
Sep 11, 2024 · Group C (positive reinforcement only) dogs had higher salivary cortisol levels during the study than those in Groups A and B [12]. Dogs in ...
[59]
Efficacy of Dog Training With and Without Remote Electronic Collars ...
Jul 22, 2020 · We assessed the efficacy of dog training with and without remote electronic collars compared to training with positive reinforcement.
[60]
Does training method matter? Evidence for the negative impact of ...
Results showed that dogs from Group Aversive displayed more stress-related behaviors, were more frequently in tense and low behavioral states and panted more ...
[61]
Training dogs with help of the shock collar: Short and long term ...
Aug 6, 2025 · A great deal of research and many welfare organizations discourage the use of shock collars due to their negative welfare implications [31,36].
[62]
[PDF] SID 5 Research Project Final Report - ban shock collars.ca
In previous defra funded work (AW1402) there was evidence that experience of e-collars had long term negative welfare consequences in some dogs from the pet ...
[63]
The Welfare Consequences and Efficacy of Training Pet Dogs ... - NIH
These findings suggest that there is no consistent benefit to be gained from e-collar training but greater welfare concerns compared with positive reward based ...
[64]
Dog training - use of handheld remote-controlled training devices (e ...
Apr 11, 2023 · Report on the use of handheld remote-controlled training devices (e-collars) in dog training by the Scottish Animal Welfare Commission
[65]
Are Shock Collars Illegal? Legality & Ethics Explained (Vet Reviewed)
Mar 3, 2025 · Shock collars are legal in most US states, however, others are working on banning them. The New York State Senate has a bill to ban the sale of ...
[66]
US Animal Welfare and Shock Collar Ban Debate for Dogs & Cats
Aug 16, 2025 · Electric shock collars for dogs and cats remain legal in most US states but face growing bans and welfare concerns.
[67]
Survey of the use and outcome of confrontational and non ...
The purpose of this study was to assess the behavioral effects and safety risks of techniques used historically by owners of dogs with behavior problems.
[68]
Evolution History of Shaft Collars and Select a Proper Shaft Collar
May 29, 2020 · The first mass-produced shaft collars were used primarily on line shafting in early manufacturing mills. Early set screw collars were solid ...
[69]
https://www.acorn-ind.co.uk/insight/everything-you-need-to-know-about-shaft-collars/
[70]
What is a Shaft Collar and How Does it Work? - Stafford Manufacturing
Nov 6, 2020 · Shaft collars hold and position mechanical components around a shaft or mount shafts, tubes, and pipes onto flat surfaces.
[71]
https://www.ruland.com/technical-article-what-are-shaft-collars/
[72]
[PDF] technical data - axial load capability - Climax Metal Products Company
Collar resistance to axial motion on the shaft is primarily a function of screw size. The tables indicate maximum static load that a collar will support.
[73]
Thrust Collar - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The thrust bearings on the pinion shaft transmit the net axial load from the aerodynamics and gear axial force through the thrust bearing to the static bearing ...
[74]
Novel Approach for Optical Characterization of Thrust Collar ...
Jan 11, 2021 · Thrust collars (TCs) are bearing elements used in geared machinery that transmit axial loads from one shaft to another.
[75]
316 Stainless Steel Corrosion Resistant Shaft Collars
Shaft collars manufactured from 316SS are extremely corrosion resistant making them ideal for applications in harsh environments.
[76]
What Type of Shaft Collar Should I Use? | Stafford Manufacturing Corp
If corrosion resistance is a primary goal, then stainless steel or treated steel is a better choice than aluminum. On the other hand, aluminum is a better ...Missing: evolution | Show results with:evolution
[77]
New Products: Corrosion-Resistant Shaft Collars - Machine Design
Sep 11, 2008 · Line of corrosion-resistant shaft collars now includes 316 stainless steel, yellow zinc plating, and high-strength-grade aluminum with an ...<|separator|>
[78]
SpecSeal LCC Intumescent Firestop Collar
Simplify the process of firestopping combustible piping by taking the guess work out of estimation with SpecSeal LCC Firestop Collars. Test Standards ASTM E814 ...
[79]
Common firestop code violations - ICC
Feb 21, 2019 · The International Building Code (IBC) in Section 107.2.1 requires that plans must show in detail that the proposed installation will meet code.
[80]
Firestopping Pipe Penetrations: Materials, Issues & Recommendations
May 16, 2023 · This is required by the International Building Code (IBC) for buildings 75 feet and above by ASTM E2174-14b – Standard Practice for On-Site ...Introduction · Why Firestopping Pipe Can... · Common Errors To Avoid
[81]
Residential Roof Framing Basics – Part 2: Rafter Tie vs. Collar Tie
Apr 18, 2023 · The collar ties essentially keep the roof from “un-zipping” along the ridge during a high wind event. To ensure proper performance as a collar ...
[82]
Seismic enhancement of reinforced-concrete columns by rebar ...
Aug 10, 2025 · In this study, the rebar-restraining collar (RRC) was developed to improve the post-buckling behavior of longitudinal reinforcements. The ...
[83]
[PDF] Understanding and Applying Code Requirements for Firestopping
• Intumescent sealant expands and fills the void. • The intumescent expands inwards to crush/collapse pipe. Steel Collars and Intumescent. Wrap Strips. Page 68 ...
[84]
Pipe penetration sealing – fire collars or intumescent pipe wraps?
Intumescent wraps can be used where pipes are fitted tightly to the wall and fire collars can't be installed because of space restrictions. Ease of installation.
[85]
A History of the World - Object : White Collar - BBC
This is a white collar and it's where the phrase 'white collar worker' comes from. The term 'white collar' is accredited to the American writer Upton Sinclair.
[86]
What Is Blue Collar? Definition and Job Examples - Investopedia
The term originated in the 1920s when blue collar workers usually wore darker-colored clothing, distinguishing them from white collar office workers. Many blue ...What Is Blue Collar? · Blue Collar vs. White Collar · Blue Collar vs. Other Collars
[87]
The origins of white collar vs. blue collar - ADP ReThink Q
Jan 20, 2023 · Etymologist Barry Popik found that the term “blue collar” started to appear regularly in print in the mid-1920s as a contrast to white-collar ...
[88]
Pink-Collar Jobs: 5 Tips for Managing Pink Collar Workers - Eddy
The term pink collar was first coined in the late 1970s by American writer and social critic Louise Kapp Howe to describe the growing number of women who were ...
[89]
How Pink Collar Jobs Have Changed Since 1940
Feb 10, 2020 · Louise Kapp Howe, an author who focused on social issues, popularized the term in the late 1970s when she wrote about nurses, secretaries, and ...
[90]
The History, Evolution, and Future of Green Jobs - Treehugger
In the 1980s, the environmental movement began tackling racial and class disparities in environmental protection, and redirecting investment away from ...
[91]
[PDF] Business in the Middle Ages: What Was the Role of Guilds?
Carpenters, weavers, painters, goldsmiths, hat makers, and many other types of workers formed guilds. Have the students read the passage. “Year 1347 A.D. ...
[92]
Employment and Wages, Annual Averages 2023
In 2023, BLS derived totals of 11.9 million establishments, 153.1 million employed, and $11.1 trillion in wages, from reports submitted to state workforce ...Missing: white collar blue
[93]
[PDF] Occupational Status and Health Transitions
An obvious possibility is that blue-collar workers are more prone to accidents or job-related physical traumas. Indeed, our analysis suggests that physical job ...
[94]
Occupational and non-occupational factors associated with work ...
Blue-collar workers were 63% more likely to be injured on the job when compared to white-collar workers; workers who spent all or most of the time expending ...
[95]
TABLE 1. Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and ...
Nov 8, 2024 · TABLE 1. Incidence rates(1)of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by industry and case types, 2023
[96]
[PDF] Original article - CDC Stacks
Among those working in blue- collar occupations, however, women over 50 years of age had a higher rate of injury than either women aged. 30-49 years or men over ...
[97]
Blue-collar workers' job satisfaction, experiences at work
Mar 31, 2025 · Among blue-collar workers, 43% say they feel extremely or very satisfied with their jobs; by comparison, 53% of other workers express this ...
[98]
Employee & Job Satisfaction Statistics in the US (2024–2025)
Jul 24, 2025 · Only 43% of blue‑collar workers say they're highly satisfied, compared to 53% among other occupations. Older blue‑collar workers (50+) fare ...
[99]
[PDF] Intergenerational Mobility over Two Centuries
Although sons of blue-collar workers may be less likely to move to white-collar jobs today relative to the past, the difference could be made up, for ...
[100]
Long-term decline in intergenerational mobility in the United States ...
Nov 25, 2019 · We document long-term trends in intergenerational occupational mobility for US native-born men using population registers and survey data from 1850 to 2015.
[101]
Men's mobility into management from blue collar and white collar jobs
We examine racial differences in the incidence, and determinants of, as well as timing to, mobility into management across the critical early career years.Missing: intergenerational | Show results with:intergenerational
[102]
Collar Option Strategy - Definition, Example, Explained
A collar option strategy is an options strategy that limits both gains and losses. · A collar position is created by holding an underlying stock, buying an out ...
[103]
The Collar Options Strategy Explained in Simple Terms - Investopedia
May 21, 2025 · A collar, also known as a hedge wrapper, is an options strategy that protects against large losses, but it also limits potential profits.Understanding a Collar · Collar Break Even Point and... · Protective Collar Example
[104]
What Are Options Collars? | Charles Schwab
Jun 11, 2025 · An options collar strategy has losses capped at the stock price minus the long put strike. For illustrative purposes only. Traditionally, an ...
[105]
https://www.aqr.com/-/media/AQR/Documents/Journal-Articles/Risk-and-Return.pdf
[106]
Understanding Zero Cost Collar: Options Strategy Explained
A zero cost collar is an options strategy to lock in gains by buying an out-of-the-money put and selling a same-priced out-of-the-money call.Missing: oil | Show results with:oil
[107]
Stock Market Crash of 1987 | Federal Reserve History
Stock trade transactions settled after three days, while options and futures market trades settled after one day. This cash settlement mismatch forced traders ...
[108]
Risk and Return of Equity Index Collar Strategies - ResearchGate
Aug 10, 2025 · Bartonova (2012) and Israelov and Klein (2016) opined that collar strategy covers a 65% chance of loss and exhibits the best return-risk ratios.
[109]
Hedging with WTI Crude Oil Weekly Options - CME Group
Nov 13, 2020 · For hedging purposes, the trader implements a collar strategy which includes purchasing an at-the-money Weekly put option and selling an out-of- ...
[110]
Using Commodity Collars to Manage Market Volatility
Commodity collars are a hedging structure pairing a price ceiling with a floor, created by purchasing a call and selling a put, bounding future prices.
[111]
Collars - CME Group
Executing a collar strategy will cover downside risk but cap the upside potential. For example, in June, a trader bought a December futures contract for $100.
[112]
COLLAR definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If you collar someone, you stop them and make them listen to you. [informal]. Beattie managed to collar Atkins in a hallway. ... Word origin. C13: from Latin ...
[113]
Collared him - Idioms by The Free Dictionary
Of police, to arrest or detain someone, such as a suspect of a crime. Police were able to collar the suspect after he fled down one of the neighborhood's back ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[114]
Meaning of 'Have your collar felt' - Idioms - UsingEnglish.com
What does the saying 'Have your collar felt' mean? Idiom: Have your collar felt. Meaning: If someone has their collar felt, they are arrested.<|separator|>
[115]
the American-English phrase 'hot under the collar' - word histories
Mar 11, 2018 · Of American-English origin, the colloquial phrase 'hot under (or 'in') the collar' means 'extremely exasperated or angry'.
[116]
hot under the collar - Phrases.com
Feb 25, 2019 · Originated in the early 1900s and was first found in publications like the Milwaukee Journal. It was a very popular expression of 19th century.
[117]
Against the Collar Idiom - Meaning and Example Usage in Sentences
Jul 6, 2024 · While 'against the collar' is a widely used idiom, you might also come across variations like 'under the collar' or 'up against it.' These ...
[118]
[PDF] White Collar Criminality - American Sociological Association
More accurately stated, it is a comparison of crime in the upper or white-collar class, composed of respectable or at least respected business and professional ...
[119]
Crime: White-Collar - ABF - American Bar Foundation
Sutherland, in a 1939 presidential address to the American Sociological Society, as 'crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the ...
[120]
White-collar Crime: An Overview of the Crime's More Than 80-year ...
Sep 22, 2022 · White-collar crime is focused on deceit and concealment rather than the application of force. White-collar crime tends to be nonviolent in ...<|separator|>
[121]
45 fascinating white-collar crime statistics for 2025 - Embroker
Jan 10, 2025 · White-collar crime costs · It is estimated that financial losses from white-collar crimes are between $426 billion and $1.7 trillion per year.
[122]
Collar - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating c. 1300 from Old French coler and Latin collare, collar means neck armor or band; as a verb (1550s), it means to grab or capture by the neck.
[123]
Collar Surname Meaning & Collar Family History at Ancestry.com®
Collar Surname Meaning. English: variant of Collier. Spanish: from collar 'collar'. This name is found especially in Asturias and Extremadura. Americanized form ...
[124]
Collar Surname Origin, Meaning & Family Tree | Findmypast.co.uk
You have a rare surname! It's not in the top 1000 UK surnames! We have 3,140 records for the Collar surname. The oldest one dates back to 1700.
[125]
Collar Surname/Last Name: Meaning, Origin & Family History
Collar ranks #16171 in the US. 86.07% White in US. English: variant of Collier. Spanish: from collar 'collar'. This name is found especially in Asturias ...
[126]
Shirt Collars - Albany Institute of History and Art
Troy, New York, is nicknamed the “Collar City,” a label that originated in the long-term presence of the detachable collar industry that began in Troy in the ...
[127]
Kate Mullany: A History of the First Women's Union in Troy
Jan 17, 2023 · Troy produced about 90 percent of the nation's detachable collars, a fashion fad that earned it the nickname “Collar City.” At its height ...
[128]
Leaf Formation | Forage Information System - Oregon State University
A grass leaf consists of a blade supported by a sheath. These two components are joined by connective tissue called the collar.Missing: botany | Show results with:botany
[129]
Weed Photo Gallery—Grass identification characteristics - UC IPM
The collar marks the junction between the blade and the outer sheath on the outside of the leaf. It consists of the leaf blade, sheath, ligule, and auricles.Missing: botany | Show results with:botany
[130]
Collar of pork – bone-in - AHDB
Make a mark on the first rib 10 mm from the edge of the neck bone and cut and saw through the rib bones parallel with the backline.Missing: prevalence | Show results with:prevalence
[131]
Pork Collar vs Pork Shoulder - Snake River Farms
Aug 9, 2022 · The pork collar is sourced from the shoulder portion that runs from the neck to the tip of the loin. Technically it's described as a “center cut ...