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CSM

The Certified (CSM) is a credential issued by the to participants who complete a standardized two-day (14-16 hour) training course on the agile framework, without requiring a proctored exam or demonstrated practical proficiency. Intended to prepare individuals for the role—facilitating team collaboration, removing impediments, and promoting principles such as iterative development and daily stand-ups—the has gained widespread since its in 2001, with hundreds of thousands of holders worldwide and frequent inclusion in job requirements for agile roles. Despite its popularity, which some attribute to employer signaling rather than proven outcomes, the CSM has drawn substantial criticism for its low barriers to entry: attendees need only pay for and participate in the course, leading to accusations of it functioning as a "pay-to-certify" model that prioritizes revenue over rigorous validation of skills, with renewal every two years requiring minimal self-reported units rather than reassessment. Empirical studies on agile certifications' impact on project success remain sparse, but from practitioners highlights that real-world mastery correlates more strongly with hands-on experience than with credentials like the CSM, which lacks mechanisms to filter for prior knowledge or aptitude. In response to such critiques, alternatives like the () certification from Scrum.org emphasize testable knowledge via online exams, underscoring ongoing debates within the agile community about certification integrity versus market-driven accessibility.

Military

Command Sergeant Major

The (CSM) is a senior position in the , held by personnel at the E-9 , serving as the principal enlisted advisor to the unit commander at level or higher, typically overseeing 300 to 1,000 . The CSM acts as the commander's eyes and ears among the enlisted ranks, focusing on enforcing standards, , , and without direct command authority over personnel. This role emphasizes extending the commander's intent to lower echelons, such as companies and teams, while advising on matters like soldier readiness, effectiveness, and conduct. Core responsibilities include assessing the and of the force, assisting in the execution of policies on and , and ensuring compliance with standards in appearance, , and ethical behavior. Commanders position CSMs throughout the organization to monitor enlisted issues, provide feedback on training management and communications, and support operational readiness during deployments or high-friction environments. outlines six principal competencies for CSMs: leading by example, fostering , managing training programs, maintaining effective communication channels, promoting soldier welfare, and upholding accountability to prevent lapses in or preparedness. The CSM position traces its formal establishment to July 1967, when it was introduced to differentiate specialized senior enlisted leadership roles from the broader Sergeant Major designation, amid efforts to professionalize the non-commissioned officer corps during the Vietnam War era. While the underlying Sergeant Major rank originated in the Continental Army of 1775 and was reinstated in 1958 after a post-World War I hiatus, the CSM billet specifically targets command advisory functions at tactical levels, evolving from historical precedents where senior sergeants influenced regimental discipline. Selection for CSM requires extensive experience, typically 15–20 years of service, mastery of leadership doctrines like FM 6-22, and demonstrated success in prior E-8 roles such as First Sergeant. The CSM insignia consists of three chevrons above three arcs, centered by a within a , worn on the sleeve and distinguishing it from the variant; collar devices bear the inscription "." In practice, CSMs operate in diverse units, from battalions to sustainment brigades, adapting counsel to context—such as emphasizing fires in formations or in roles—while remaining subordinate to the commander yet influential in shaping enlisted culture. As of 2023, CSMs continue to address modern challenges like multi-domain operations and soldier retention, drawing on empirical feedback from field exercises to refine advisory inputs.

Company Sergeant Major

The Company Sergeant Major (CSM) serves as the senior (NCO) in a company of the , equivalent to a or in or units, respectively. This appointment, typically held by a class 2 (WO2), focuses on maintaining discipline, welfare, and operational readiness among the company's enlisted personnel, acting as a direct advisor to the company commander on NCO matters. The CSM enforces standards of conduct, oversees training delivery, and ensures compliance with the Army's core values, including during parades, ceremonies, and administrative duties such as equipment accountability and personnel issues. In practice, the CSM bridges the gap between commissioned officers and junior ranks, providing counsel on soldier , performance, and potential disciplinary actions while prioritizing and effectiveness. Responsibilities extend to coordinating company-level events, mentoring junior NCOs, and representing the enlisted perspective in command decisions, which demands extensive experience—often 15–20 years of service—before appointment. Unlike the higher (RSM), who oversees an entire , the CSM's scope is confined to the sub-unit level, emphasizing tactical discipline over broader regimental administration. Historically, the CSM role traces to 18th-century traditions, where it formalized the need for a trusted senior NCO to manage internals amid expanding formations; by the , formalized duties included instruction and oversight, as outlined in period manuals. In armies, such as those of , , and , the CSM retains similar functions, adapted to national structures, underscoring its enduring emphasis on through experience rather than formal rank alone. for the role aligns with WO2 markings—a crowned piper or equivalent on the sleeve—worn on ceremonial uniforms to denote .

Science and Technology

Command and Service Module

The (CSM) served as the primary crewed spacecraft for NASA's , enabling to and safe return to Earth. It comprised two main elements: the conical (CM), which housed the three-person crew, flight controls, and reentry systems; and the cylindrical Service Module (SM), which supplied propulsion, electrical power via fuel cells, oxygen, water, and other consumables. The CSM docked with the during missions requiring lunar surface operations, while the CM alone reentered Earth's atmosphere after jettisoning the SM. Development of the CSM began under a NASA contract awarded to (later North American Rockwell) on November 28, 1961, with initial design work focusing on Block I configurations for uncrewed and early crewed tests lacking lunar landing capability. Block II versions, introduced for lunar missions, incorporated improvements such as enhanced docking mechanisms, a probe-and-drogue system for rendezvous, and reaction control thrusters for precise maneuvering. The measured approximately 11.4 feet (3.5 meters) in diameter at its base and 11.9 feet (3.6 meters) tall, with a launch mass around 12,250 pounds (5,557 kg) empty, constructed primarily from aluminum alloy with a and heat shield for atmospheric reentry at speeds up to 25,000 mph (40,000 km/h). The SM, about 24.8 feet (7.6 meters) long and 12.5 feet (3.8 meters) in diameter, weighed roughly 54,000 pounds (24,500 kg) at launch, featuring a 20,500-pound-thrust AJ10-137 service propulsion system engine using fuel and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer for major trajectory corrections. The CM's internal layout included three compartments: a forward compartment for recovery parachutes and Earth-landing equipment; a central crew compartment with couches, environmental controls, and ; and an aft compartment interfacing with the SM for umbilicals and support. systems recycled cabin air via lithium hydroxide canisters to remove , while the SM's four 1.1-pound-thrust reaction control engines enabled attitude control. Power generation relied on three hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells producing up to 2.3 kilowatts continuously, supplemented by silver-zinc batteries for critical phases like reentry. These systems supported missions lasting up to 14 days, with the CM designed to withstand 10 g-forces during in the via three 83-foot (25-meter) diameter parachutes. CSM flight history spanned 11 crewed missions from Apollo 7 (October 11–22, 1968), the first crewed test in Earth orbit validating systems post-Apollo 1 fire, to Apollo 17 (December 7–19, 1972), the final lunar landing. Notable uses included Apollo 8's circumlunar trajectory (December 1968), Apollo 13's improvised lifeboat role after Lunar Module explosion (April 1970), and extended operations in Skylab (1973–1974) for orbital station resupply and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking (July 1975). Of 19 launched CSM vehicles (including uncrewed tests like Apollo 4 on November 9, 1967), 13 reached space successfully, with the CM recovered in all crewed cases except Apollo 1's ground test fatality on January 27, 1967, which prompted redesigns for pure oxygen environment safety and hatch improvements. Post-Apollo, CSM technology influenced subsequent programs but was retired after ASTP due to program cancellation amid budget constraints.

Chopped Strand Mat

Chopped strand mat (CSM) is a non-woven consisting of fibers chopped to lengths of 25-50 mm, randomly distributed in a planar orientation, and bound together by a chemical , typically a styrene-soluble for compatibility with or vinyl ester resins. The mat is produced by spreading the chopped strands onto a moving carrier sheet, applying the via spray or immersion, and then curing the assembly through heating or chemical means to form a flexible, rollable sheet available in weights such as 225 g/m² (1.5 oz/ft²) or 450 g/m² (1.5 oz/yd²). CSM provides isotropic mechanical properties due to its random , enabling uniform strength distribution in all in-plane directions, though its short length limits overall tensile and compared to continuous or woven reinforcements. Binders in CSM are designed to dissolve during wet-out, facilitating fiber- bonding, but this can result in higher demand and potential voids if not properly saturated. Primarily applied in open-mold processes like hand lay-up and spray-up for fabricating corrosion-resistant panels, boat hulls, automotive components, and architectural elements, CSM excels in scenarios requiring rapid conformance to complex molds and cost-effective thickening of laminates. It enhances the and impact resistance of matrices such as unsaturated polyesters but shows tensile strength reductions of up to 42% under combined UV exposure and freeze-thaw cycling in laminates. While CSM offers advantages in affordability, ease of handling, and multi-directional for non-structural parts, its limitations include inferior load-bearing relative to oriented fabrics and increased to without protective gel coats or resins. These characteristics position CSM as a foundational in low-to-medium performance composites, often layered with woven rovings for strength in and applications.

Computing Applications

The Compatibility Support Module (CSM) is a firmware component integrated into systems, designed to emulate the legacy environment for backward compatibility. It enables modern UEFI-based motherboards to boot older operating systems and peripherals that rely on BIOS-style initialization, such as those using partitioning schemes or legacy boot loaders. Introduced as part of the transition from 16-bit BIOS to 32/64-bit UEFI architectures starting around 2011 with the UEFI specification, CSM translates UEFI calls into BIOS-equivalent operations during the boot process. This module is typically configurable in the BIOS/UEFI setup utility, where users can enable or disable it under boot options. In practical computing applications, CSM facilitates the and of software on contemporary hardware, particularly in environments maintaining older Windows versions like XP or systems with BIOS-dependent drivers. For instance, it supports ing from devices formatted with MBR rather than (), which is mandatory in pure UEFI mode. However, enabling CSM restricts access to UEFI-exclusive features, including Secure —a mechanism that verifies boot loader signatures to prevent —and can limit boot times or storage capacities beyond 2 terabytes due to MBR limitations. Manufacturers like and include CSM in their UEFI implementations to bridge generational hardware gaps, with options often labeled as "Launch CSM" or "CSM Support" in setup menus accessed via keys like Delete or F2 during . Disabling CSM, recommended for optimal performance in modern setups, enforces native mode, supporting faster boot sequences, larger drives via , and enhanced security protocols. This shift has become standard in consumer PC builds since the mid-2010s, as adoption exceeded 90% in new systems by 2020, reducing reliance on CSM except for niche migrations. Potential drawbacks of CSM include compatibility conflicts with graphics cards requiring GOP drivers or reduced efficiency in setups, underscoring its role as a transitional tool rather than a long-term .

Business and Management

Customer Success Manager

A Customer Success Manager (CSM) is a professional responsible for guiding customers toward achieving their intended outcomes with a product or service, primarily in subscription-based models like software-as-a-service (SaaS), to foster retention and expansion. Unlike traditional account managers focused on sales, CSMs emphasize proactive post-sale engagement, monitoring usage patterns, mitigating churn risks, and aligning product adoption with customer goals. This role emerged as companies recognized that recurring revenue depends on sustained customer value rather than one-time transactions. The origins of the CSM role trace to the mid-1990s, with the first formalized customer success group established in 1996–1997 at Vantive, a CRM software firm, aimed at increasing customer value through ongoing support. It gained prominence in the early 2000s amid the boom, where high churn rates—often exceeding 10–15% monthly in early cloud services—highlighted the need for retention strategies beyond initial acquisition. By 2009, dedicated platforms like Totango emerged to automate CSM workflows, followed by Gainsight and others, enabling scalable tracking of customer health metrics. This evolution reflected a shift from reactive support to predictive, outcome-oriented management, driven by empirical evidence that proactive interventions could reduce churn by up to 20–30% in environments. Core responsibilities include new customers to accelerate time-to-value, often through customized and plans; ongoing of indicators like product usage and net promoter scores; and identifying expansion opportunities via upsell or cross-sell recommendations tied to demonstrated ROI. CSMs also conduct quarterly business reviews to realign expectations, resolve barriers, and renew contracts, with success measured by metrics such as (CLV) increases and low expansion revenue targets, typically aiming for 10–20% annual growth per account. In practice, they balance reactive issue resolution with strategic advocacy, collaborating with , product, and support teams to ensure holistic customer journeys. Effective CSMs require strong interpersonal skills, including to understand client points and consultative expertise to translate technical features into business outcomes. Analytical proficiency is essential for interpreting usage and forecasting risks, often using tools like customer health scores derived from behavioral signals. in the industry served, combined with abilities to orchestrate multi-stakeholder implementations, underpins high indicate that CSMs with prior product or consulting achieve 15–25% higher retention rates. Challenges include amid growing account loads—averaging 50–100 per CSM—and navigating economic pressures that amplify scrutiny on ROI justification. Despite these, the role's causal impact on revenue stability positions it as critical in B2B , where directly correlates with 2–3x higher valuations for firms prioritizing it.

Customer Service Management

Customer Service Management (CSM) encompasses the strategic oversight of processes, technologies, and personnel dedicated to handling customer inquiries, resolving issues, and fostering positive interactions across business operations. It focuses on optimizing service delivery to enhance satisfaction and loyalty, distinct from broader by emphasizing reactive and proactive support mechanisms rather than long-term relationship cultivation alone. Core components of CSM include structured workflows for issue triage, integration of support tools like ticketing systems and AI-driven chatbots, and employee training programs to ensure consistent handling of interactions. Effective CSM requires cross-functional alignment, where teams collaborate with product, , and units to address root causes of pain points, such as product defects or billing errors, thereby reducing recurrence rates. Empirical studies indicate that organizations with integrated CSM processes achieve higher first-contact rates, often exceeding 70% in mature operations, which correlates with lower operational costs. Key principles guiding CSM emphasize in agent-customer engagements, rapid response times—ideally under 24 hours for non-urgent queries—and data-informed personalization, where historical interaction logs inform tailored solutions. Best practices involve adopting support platforms to unify , , , and channels, preventing fragmented experiences that lead to dissatisfaction. Research from service analytics firms shows that proactive outreach, such as follow-up surveys post-resolution, can boost repeat business by identifying unmet needs early. Performance in CSM is measured through key performance indicators (KPIs) including Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT), typically targeting scores above 85% on post-interaction surveys; (NPS), where scores over 50 indicate strong loyalty; and rate, calculated as (customers at end of period minus new customers) divided by customers at start of period. First-contact resolution (FCR) tracks the percentage of issues resolved without escalation, with benchmarks around 75-80% signaling efficiency. These metrics directly influence business outcomes: a 5% improvement in retention can yield over 25% higher profits due to reduced acquisition costs and increased lifetime value from repeat purchases. Superior CSM demonstrably drives ; Gallup reveals that customers rating as excellent contribute a 23% in profitability and expansion compared to interactions. Challenges persist in scaling CSM amid high inquiry volumes, where understaffing or outdated tools elevate churn risks—evidenced by software firms reporting net retention declines despite investments, underscoring the need for ongoing process audits and technology upgrades.

Education

United States Institutions

The (CSM), founded in 1874 and located in , is a public R1 dedicated to and applied sciences, with specialized programs in , , resources, and environmental technologies. It serves approximately 6,195 undergraduate students as of fall 2024 and ranks #80 among national universities in the 2026 . The College of Southern Maryland (CSM), established in 1958 across campuses in , Calvert, and St. Mary's counties, , functions as a public providing associate degrees, certificates, and workforce training for transfer to four-year institutions or direct . Its fall enrollment hit 5,192 students, a 7.7% increase from the prior year and the highest in five years. The (CSM), opened in 1923 in , by , operates as a Catholic offering primarily to women alongside co-educational programs in fields like healthcare and . stands at 552 students as of fall 2024. The (CSM), founded in 1922 in , as part of the San Mateo County District, delivers associate degrees, certificates, and transfer pathways as a public recognized as both an and an Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Institution. It enrolls about 7,494 students.

International Institutions

(CSM) is a constituent college of the , specializing in art, design, , and performance education. Located in , it emphasizes innovative, interdisciplinary creative practices across undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The college originated from the 1989 merger of two historic institutions: , founded in 1854 to promote industrial and fine art education under church auspices, and the Central School of Arts and Crafts, established in 1896 to advance craft-based design training. This amalgamation created a unified entity focused on merging theoretical and practical skills, with early emphasis on illustration introduced in the 1930s at Saint Martin's. CSM offers programs including BA (Hons) , MA Fashion, BA (Hons) Graphic Communication Design, and BA (Hons) Performance Design and Practice, enrolling thousands of students annually in a that integrates studio practice, , and industry collaboration. Its fashion program, in particular, has gained international acclaim for graduate shows that launch careers, with alumni such as (BA Fashion Design, 1984), (MA Fashion, 1992), and contributing to its reputation for producing influential designers. Outside Europe, the Collège Supérieur de Montréal (CSM), a government-recognized private college in Quebec, Canada, provides vocational diplomas in fields like administrative assistance, accounting, and pharmacy technical support, with over 55 years of operation as of 2024 and a focus on workforce preparation through internships. Enrollment surged in recent years, prompting a temporary suspension of new admissions until 2026 due to exceeding capacity threefold, primarily from international applicants.

Organizations

Businesses

CSM Companies, Inc., founded in 1964, operates as a network of dealerships specializing in sales, leasing, and rental of trucks and related services, with a focus on brands and transportation across multiple U.S. locations. CSM Corporation develops, acquires, owns, and manages diverse properties, including hotels, commercial spaces, and apartment communities, providing full-service partnerships for buying, selling, and leasing in the commercial sector. CSM Group delivers customized solutions for complex initiatives, partnering with clients in industries such as , , and to transform challenges into opportunities. CSM Capital Corporation provides unconflicted strategic advisory services on tax, estate, business, and wealth planning, emphasizing and complex financial transactions for high-net-worth clients. CSM International offers IT consulting, cybersecurity assessments, privacy guidance, and to help organizations mitigate technology-related threats.

Non-Profit and Other Organizations

City Service Mission (CSM), founded in 1988, is a U.S.-based non-profit focused on short-term programs that aim to transform participants' lives through hands-on service in inner-city environments, while fostering and . The handles logistics such as trip planning, meals, and accommodations to immerse groups in settings, emphasizing in . The Canadian Society of Microbiologists (CSM), established as a non-profit professional association, promotes the study and advancement of in Canada through annual meetings, publications, and membership support dating back to its inaugural gathering. It serves researchers, educators, and industry professionals in the field, maintaining operational independence as a registered non-profit entity. Church Strengthening Ministry, Inc. (CSM Publishing), a Philippines-based non-stock, non-profit , develops and distributes educational materials for Christian churches and schools, prioritizing accessible, high-quality resources to support ministry growth. CSM Stray Foundation (USA) Inc., a 501(c)(3) registered non-profit, advocates for humane treatment of stray animals through rescue, rehabilitation, and public education efforts, operating primarily in the New York area.

Sports

Association Football

In association football, the acronym CSM most frequently denotes Club Sportiv Municipal, a designation for municipally funded multi-sport clubs in Romania that maintain professional or semi-professional football sections. These entities typically compete in Liga II or Liga III, reflecting local government support for community sports amid Romania's hierarchical league structure. CSM Reșița, based in Reșița, Caraș-Severin County, was founded in 1926 and currently plays in Liga II, with a record including participation in higher divisions during the interwar era and recent efforts to stabilize in the second tier as of the 2024–25 season. CSM Slatina, located in Slatina, Olt County, originated in 2009 and achieved promotion to Liga III in 2010 via an undefeated Liga IV – Olt County campaign spanning 29 matches; the club has since ascended to Liga II, where it competed in the 2024–25 season. Other examples include CSM Olimpia in , active in during recent seasons, and CSM Deva in , which fields teams in lower divisions with historical roots in regional competitions. Outside , CSM London FC, established in 2018 in , , operates as an amateur side in the Essex Alliance Football League, wearing red as primary kit colors.

Other Sports

The women's team of CSM București has emerged as a dominant force in European handball, securing the EHF Women's title in the 2015/16 season during its debut campaign in the competition. The team followed this victory with third-place finishes in the 2016/17 and 2017/18 seasons, demonstrating sustained competitiveness at the elite level. Domestically, the squad has consistently vied for top honors in the Liga Națională, bolstered by high-profile players and strategic investments from the club. In volleyball, CSM București fields both men's and women's teams in Romania's Divizia . The women's squad marked a breakthrough in by defeating Turkey's BBSK to win the CEV Women's , establishing the club as the first Romanian team to claim a European volleyball trophy. This success highlighted the program's rapid ascent, with subsequent participation in higher-division domestic play and preparatory tournaments like the Voluntari Volleyball Cup in 2025. The men's team entered Divizia in the 2025/26 season, focusing on building competitive rosters for national contention. The section, including both men's and women's programs, participates in Romania's Liga Națională but has primarily achieved mid-tier domestic results without notable breakthroughs in recent decades. Other sections, such as athletics and , contribute to the club's multi-sport mandate but remain oriented toward national-level competitions rather than global prominence.

Arts and Entertainment

Fictional Characters

The (often abbreviated CSM), portrayed by , serves as the primary antagonist in the television series , which premiered on September 10, 1993, on . This enigmatic character embodies shadowy governmental forces, manipulating events involving extraterrestrial phenomena, assassinations, and cover-ups, with his first on-screen appearance in the pilot episode establishing him as a chain-smoking operative wielding immense influence over federal agencies. Over the series' 11 seasons spanning 1993–2002 and 2016–2018, totaling 218 episodes, the CSM's backstory reveals ties to historical events like the JFK assassination on November 22, 1963, and his survival of multiple apparent deaths underscores his near-mythical resilience. In the franchise, CSM denotes Chaos Space Marines, genetically enhanced superhuman warriors who betrayed the of Man during around 30,000 AD in the game's lore, pledging allegiance to the four —Khorne, Tzeentch, Nurgle, and Slaanesh—in exchange for mutagenic powers and . Organized into nine Traitor Legions such as the Black Legion led by Abaddon the Despoiler, these entities feature prominently in tabletop wargames, novels, and video games produced by since the franchise's inception in 1987, with over 400 novels detailing their 10,000-year campaigns of galactic subversion and warfare. Notable individual Chaos Space Marines include Khârn the Betrayer of the World Eaters Legion, who embodies Khorne's berserker fury, having slain over 1,000 foes in single battles as chronicled in lore from the 1988 Realm of Chaos supplements.

Music and Media

Other Uses

Airports and Transportation

Clinton-Sherman Airport (IATA: CSM, ICAO: KCSM), located in , serves primarily as an industrial airpark supporting aerospace manufacturing, logistics, and operations. The facility features a single paved measuring 13,503 feet (4,116 meters) in length, capable of accommodating , and sits at an elevation of 1,922 feet (586 meters) above . Originally established in 1943 as a U.S. Air Forces training base during , it transitioned to civilian use and was repurposed as an in the 1990s, hosting tenants such as for aircraft modification and maintenance. In maritime transportation, CSM refers to the Cargo Securing Manual, a required document under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) that outlines procedures for securing cargo on ships to prevent shifting during voyages. The manual must be approved by administrations or classification societies and includes detailed lashing plans, equipment specifications, and stowage calculations based on vessel motion and cargo characteristics. U.S. regulations under 33 CFR Part 97 authorize electronic or printed CSMs, ensuring compliance with international standards for safe cargo transport. Within rail transportation, particularly in the , CSM denotes the Common Safety Method, a regulatory framework established under Directive 2004/49/EC to standardize and safety authorization processes for systems, , and operations. The CSM for (CSM-RA) requires operators to demonstrate that risks are (ALARP) through structured identification, , and independent , facilitating cross-border while prioritizing empirical safety data over subjective judgments. This method has been applied since 2010 to new or modified projects, with updates emphasizing quantitative metrics and of incidents.

Miscellaneous Acronyms

Command Sergeant Major is the senior noncommissioned officer rank in the United States Army, serving as the principal enlisted advisor to commanders on matters affecting enlisted personnel at battalion level and higher. The role emphasizes leadership in soldier welfare, training, and discipline, distinct from organizational commands. Conspicuous Service Medal (CSM) is an instituted in 1989 for meritorious achievement or devotion to duty in non-warlike operations within the Australian Defence Force. It recognizes exceptional performance under demanding conditions, such as or humanitarian missions, and is awarded below the Conspicuous Service Cross. Chopped Strand Mat (CSM) refers to a non-woven material in composites, consisting of randomly oriented fibers (typically 25-50 mm long) bound by a resin-soluble for use in hand lay-up or closed-mold processes. It provides isotropic strength in reinforced plastics, commonly applied in boat hulls, automotive parts, and corrosion-resistant panels due to its conformability and cost-effectiveness. Compatibility Support Module (CSM) is a UEFI firmware feature that emulates BIOS functionality to enable booting of older operating systems or devices lacking native support. Enabled in settings, it bridges compatibility gaps but is recommended for disablement in modern secure boot environments to enhance security against vulnerabilities. In pediatric , Central, Steady, Maintained (CSM) fixation assesses and alignment in pre-verbal infants by observing the corneal light reflex for centrality, fixation stability under , and maintenance against distractions. This qualitative method yields high (93%) and negative predictive value (93%) for detecting fixation issues indicative of or .

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