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Diathesis

In medicine, diathesis refers to a constitutional or hereditary predisposition toward a particular disease, disorder, or physiological state, often implying an inherent vulnerability that increases susceptibility under certain conditions. In linguistics, it denotes grammatical voice or alternations in verb argument structure. This predisposition can manifest in various forms, such as a tendency to bleed excessively (hemorrhagic diathesis), develop allergies, or experience psychological disturbances when combined with environmental stressors.^[1]^[2]^[3] The concept underscores how individual differences in biology or genetics may predispose someone to specific pathologies, distinguishing it from purely environmental causes of illness.^[4] The term originates from the ancient Greek word diáthesis, meaning "disposition" or "arrangement," derived from diatíthēmi ("to arrange" or "dispose"), and it first appeared in the Hippocratic writings around the 5th century BCE to describe bodily states or humoral balances.^[5] By the 17th century, it entered English medical lexicon through Latin translations, initially linked to humoral theory where imbalances in bodily fluids were thought to create disease susceptibilities.^[6] In the 19th century, diathesis became a central explanatory framework in pathology, particularly for chronic conditions like gout, tuberculosis, and cancer, where physicians attributed familial patterns to inherited "diathetic" weaknesses rather than solely infectious agents.^[7] This era marked its peak usage, as seen in terms like "tubercular diathesis" to denote hereditary susceptibility to tuberculosis.^[8] In modern medicine, the concept has evolved and persists in specialized contexts, notably the diathesis-stress model in psychiatry and psychology, first formalized in the mid-20th century by Paul Meehl to explain schizophrenia as arising from a latent genetic or biological vulnerability (diathesis) triggered by life stressors.^[9] This model has since been applied broadly to disorders like depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, emphasizing gene-environment interactions.^[10] Specific diatheses, such as bleeding diathesis caused by platelet disorders or clotting factor deficiencies, remain clinically relevant for diagnosing and managing conditions like hemophilia or von Willebrand disease.^[3] Overall, while the broad 19th-century usage has waned with advances in genetics and microbiology, diathesis continues to inform understandings of multifactorial disease etiology.^[11]

Etymology and General Definition

Origin of the Term

The term "diathesis" originates from the ancient Greek word diáthesis (διάθεσις), which denotes "arrangement," "disposition," or "condition," derived from the prefix dia- (through or across) and the verb tithēmi (to place or set).^[6]^[12] In philosophical contexts, Aristotle employed diáthesis to describe a stable state or quality within the category of poiótēs (quality), distinguishing it from transient conditions like héxis (habit or attitude).^[13] Its earliest documented application in linguistics appears in the grammatical treatise Tékhnē grammatikḗ attributed to Dionysius Thrax, a scholar of the 2nd century BCE, where diáthesis refers to the disposition or voice of verbs in sentences, encompassing active, middle, and passive forms to indicate the subject's role in the action.^[14] The term's earlier use in rhetoric, as seen in Aristotle's Rhetoric, where diáthesis signifies the arranged state of mind or emotional predisposition essential for persuasive discourse, likely influenced its subsequent grammatical application.^[15] The term entered the medical lexicon through the Hippocratic Corpus (circa 5th–4th centuries BCE), where it sporadically described bodily conditions or predispositions related to humoral imbalances, though without a fully specialized connotation at that stage.^[7] By the 17th century, diathesis had been adopted into New Latin as a technical term for constitutional tendencies toward disease, appearing in English medical literature by 1651 to denote inherent dispositions.^[6] In the 19th century, Rudolf Virchow further formalized its pathological usage in his seminal work Die Cellularpathologie (1858), applying it to cellular-level predispositions underlying disease processes, such as hemorrhagic diathesis in leukemia.^[16] This evolution extended the core idea of disposition into modern medical and psychological frameworks.

Broad Conceptual Meaning

Diathesis refers to a constitutional, hereditary, or inherent tendency toward a particular state, condition, or behavior, often implying a predisposition rooted in an individual's fundamental makeup.^[1] This core concept underscores a latent vulnerability or structural inclination that influences outcomes without directly causing them. In its broadest sense, it captures the idea of an underlying arrangement or disposition that shapes responses to internal and external factors across various domains. The philosophical underpinnings of diathesis trace back to ancient Greek thought, where it denoted a "condition" or state of being within Aristotle's categories of quality, distinguishing it from more transient attitudes or habits (héxis).^[13] This notion aligned with early medical and humoral theories, particularly those of Hippocrates, who employed diathesis to describe the body's modes of being and temperamental dispositions influenced by the balance of four humors—blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile—which were believed to determine an individual's overall character and susceptibility to states of health or imbalance.^[13] These ancient ideas framed diathesis as an intrinsic quality shaping human temperament, laying the groundwork for its later interdisciplinary applications. In modern contexts, diathesis extends across biology, psychology, and linguistics to signify an innate vulnerability or organizational framework, emphasizing constitutional elements over direct causality.^[17] For instance, it highlights genetic or hereditary factors in biological predispositions, while in psychological models, it represents internal vulnerabilities interacting with external triggers. Unlike the broader term "predisposition," which can encompass environmental or acquired influences, diathesis specifically stresses innate or constitutional origins, focusing on inherent tendencies rather than solely learned or situational ones.^[7] This distinction ensures its utility in conceptualizing stable, underlying propensities that persist across an individual's lifespan.

Medical Diathesis

Definition in Medicine

In medicine, diathesis refers to a constitutional or hereditary predisposition to specific diseases, allergies, or disorders, often involving genetic, metabolic, or humoral factors that increase susceptibility without constituting the disease itself.^[18]^[1] This concept underscores a latent vulnerability in an individual's physiology that heightens the risk of particular pathological states under certain conditions.^[2] The term originated in ancient Greek medicine, particularly within the Hippocratic Corpus, where it described the body's humoral balance—such as phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, or melancholic temperaments—that influenced disease propensity.^[19] These diatheses were seen as inherent dispositions arising from the interplay of the four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile), providing an early framework for understanding why individuals differed in their responses to environmental or internal disruptions.^[19] By the 19th century, the concept evolved through advancements in pathology. Key characteristics include its role as a risk factor rather than a direct pathology; it can manifest through inherited polygenic traits, where multiple genes contribute cumulatively to vulnerability, or be acquired via chronic physiological states like metabolic imbalances or organ dysfunctions.^[20] This predisposition highlights the interplay between innate factors and external triggers in disease onset.^[20]

Types of Medical Diatheses

Medical diatheses represent constitutional predispositions that increase susceptibility to specific pathological conditions, as outlined in foundational medical definitions of inherited or acquired vulnerabilities in physiological processes.^[21] Bleeding or hemorrhagic diathesis refers to an inherent tendency toward excessive or prolonged bleeding, primarily arising from defects in the coagulation cascade or primary hemostasis. This condition is often due to deficiencies in clotting factors or von Willebrand factor (vWF), leading to impaired platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. Common examples include hemophilia A, caused by mutations in the F8 gene encoding factor VIII, and von Willebrand disease, resulting from qualitative or quantitative vWF defects. Symptoms typically manifest as easy bruising, epistaxis, menorrhagia, and prolonged bleeding after minor trauma or surgery.^[21]^[22]^[23] Arthritic or gouty diathesis describes a predisposition to inflammatory joint diseases driven by metabolic imbalances, particularly the accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissues. This diathesis is closely linked to hyperuricemia, where elevated serum uric acid levels promote monosodium urate deposition, triggering acute gouty arthritis characterized by sudden, severe joint pain, swelling, and redness, often in the big toe. Chronic manifestations include tophaceous deposits and erosive arthropathy, reflecting a systemic disorder of purine metabolism.^[24]^[25]^[26] Allergic diathesis, also termed atopic diathesis, denotes a hereditary hypersensitivity to environmental allergens, predisposing individuals to IgE-mediated immune responses. This constitutional tendency underlies conditions such as asthma, atopic dermatitis (eczema), and allergic rhinitis, where exposure to allergens like pollen, dust mites, or food proteins triggers mast cell degranulation, histamine release, and chronic inflammation. The diathesis is polygenic, with family history playing a key role in the development of these interconnected atopic diseases.^[27]^[28]^[29] Other recognized medical diatheses include carcinomatous diathesis, a predisposition to malignant tumor development due to underlying genetic or environmental factors increasing cancer susceptibility across tissues. Scrofulous diathesis historically refers to a constitutional vulnerability to tuberculosis, particularly involving lymphatic glands, often linked to a phlegmatic or strumous disposition in 19th-century medical literature.^[30] Lithic diathesis involves a tendency toward urinary stone formation, especially uric acid calculi, associated with low urinary pH and hyperuricosuria in metabolic disorders akin to gouty states.^[31] The genetic underpinnings of these diatheses vary, with many involving specific mutations that alter physiological homeostasis. For instance, in hemophilia A—a classic example of hemorrhagic diathesis—inversions, deletions, or point mutations in the F8 gene disrupt factor VIII production, leading to severe bleeding phenotypes; this X-linked disorder affects approximately 1 in 5,000 males worldwide. Similar hereditary mechanisms contribute to the familial patterns observed in allergic and gouty diatheses, though polygenic influences predominate.^[23]^[32]^[33]

Clinical Implications

The identification of medical diatheses typically begins with a thorough evaluation of family history to uncover patterns of hereditary predispositions to conditions such as bleeding or thrombotic tendencies.^[34] Genetic testing, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for mutations in clotting factor genes like those associated with hemophilia, plays a crucial role in confirming inherited vulnerabilities.^[35] Laboratory assays, such as prothrombin time measurements for assessing bleeding diathesis, further aid in quantifying coagulation defects and guiding differential diagnosis.^[36] Comprehensive next-generation sequencing panels can evaluate multiple genes simultaneously, enhancing diagnostic accuracy for complex cases.^[37] Management of medical diatheses emphasizes preventive strategies to mitigate risks, including avoidance of triggers like aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with hemorrhagic predispositions to prevent exacerbation of bleeding.^[38] Prophylactic treatments, such as regular factor replacement therapy for coagulation deficiencies, are administered to maintain adequate clotting levels and avert spontaneous hemorrhages.^[39] Lifestyle modifications, including dental hygiene protocols and avoidance of high-risk activities, support long-term control and reduce the frequency of acute episodes.^[40] Untreated medical diatheses, particularly hemorrhagic forms, significantly elevate morbidity and mortality risks due to complications like severe internal bleeding or organ damage.^[41] For instance, in bleeding disorders, the absence of intervention can lead to life-threatening hemorrhages in critical sites such as the brain or gastrointestinal tract, contributing to higher overall disease burden.^[42] Prognosis improves markedly with early management, though persistent challenges include joint arthropathy from recurrent bleeds in conditions like hemophilia.^[43] Advancements in genomics, spurred by the Human Genome Project completed in 2003, have revolutionized the identification of diathesis risks through whole-exome sequencing and targeted gene panels, enabling earlier detection of at-risk individuals. Integration with personalized medicine allows for tailored therapies, such as customized dosing of clotting factors based on genetic profiles, improving outcomes in inherited bleeding disorders. Recent progress includes gene therapies for hemophilia, such as valoctocogene roxaparvovec (Roctavian), approved by the FDA in 2023 for adults with severe hemophilia A, with phase 3 trial data as of 2025 demonstrating sustained factor VIII expression and reduced bleeding rates over two years.^[44] Initiatives like the GENOMED4ALL project further promote precision approaches by combining genomic data with clinical parameters for rare diatheses.^[45]^[46]^[47]

Psychological Diathesis

The Diathesis-Stress Model

The diathesis-stress model is a psychological framework that explains the etiology of mental disorders as resulting from the interaction between an inherent vulnerability, termed diathesis, and environmental stressors. First articulated by Paul Meehl in the early 1960s, the model was originally developed to account for schizophrenia, proposing that a constitutional predisposition interacts with psychosocial factors to produce clinical symptoms. This approach shifted focus from purely environmental or genetic determinism toward a multifactorial perspective, emphasizing how vulnerabilities remain latent until activated. The model's key formulation conceptualizes psychopathology as the multiplicative outcome of diathesis and stress, often represented as Disorder = Diathesis × Stress. Diathesis typically involves genetic or biological elements, such as neurotransmitter imbalances, while stress refers to life events like trauma that challenge adaptive capacities.^[48] This interaction implies that high levels of either factor alone may not suffice for disorder onset; instead, their combined effect determines risk. A core element of the model is the threshold concept, where diathesis defines an individual's susceptibility level, and stress accumulates until it surpasses this threshold, precipitating symptoms. Meehl's 1962 theory introduced "schizotaxia" as a foundational neurointegrative diathesis for schizophrenia, positing it as a heritable trait modified by environmental influences. By the late 1970s, Joseph Zubin and Bonnie Spring expanded the framework into a broader vulnerability-stress model applicable to various psychopathologies, highlighting stable vulnerabilities across biological and experiential domains.

Components of the Model

The diathesis component of the diathesis-stress model refers to innate vulnerabilities that predispose individuals to mental disorders when combined with environmental stressors. These vulnerabilities encompass genetic factors, such as heritability estimates from twin studies indicating that genetic influences account for approximately 80% of the liability to schizophrenia.^[49] Neurobiological elements, including the dopamine hypothesis, posit that dysregulation in dopamine neurotransmission contributes to vulnerability, particularly for positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia.^[50] Temperamental factors, such as high levels of neuroticism, also serve as diatheses by amplifying emotional reactivity and susceptibility to negative affect under stress. The stress component involves environmental triggers that activate these vulnerabilities, categorized as acute events like bereavement or trauma, or chronic conditions such as socioeconomic disadvantage.^[51] These stressors are often quantified using validated instruments, including the Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory, which assigns weighted scores to life events to assess cumulative stress load and its association with health outcomes.^[52] The interaction between diathesis and stress is characterized by non-linear dynamics, where individuals with low diathesis require substantial stress exposure to develop psychopathology, whereas those with high diathesis may manifest disorders with minimal provocation.^[53] This interplay can be moderated by protective factors, such as resilience, which buffer the effects and reduce disorder risk even in the presence of vulnerabilities and stressors.^[51] Empirical support for these components derives from longitudinal studies, including the 1990s Dunedin cohort, which demonstrated gene-environment interactions where genetic vulnerabilities interacted with environmental adversities to predict mental health outcomes.^[54]

Applications to Mental Disorders

The diathesis-stress model has been extensively applied to schizophrenia, where genetic vulnerabilities interact with environmental stressors to elevate risk. Variants in the COMT gene, such as the Val158Met polymorphism, represent a key diathesis, as they influence dopamine regulation and stress sensitivity in the prefrontal cortex, increasing susceptibility to psychotic symptoms under stress.^[55] Urban upbringing serves as a prominent stressor, with studies showing a dose-response relationship where living in the most urban areas confers approximately a 2.5-fold greater risk of schizophrenia compared to rural settings, likely due to heightened social adversity and chronic stress exposure.^[56] In major depressive disorder, the model highlights gene-environment interactions involving the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR). Individuals carrying the short allele of 5-HTTLPR exhibit heightened vulnerability to depression when exposed to stressful life events, such as childhood adversity or recent losses, as demonstrated in a landmark longitudinal study of over 1,000 participants where this interaction predicted depressive episodes and suicidality.^[57] However, subsequent meta-analyses have provided mixed evidence for this interaction, with some finding no significant moderation by the short allele.^[58] This finding underscores how the diathesis amplifies the impact of stress, with short allele carriers showing up to a fourfold increase in depression risk following multiple adversities compared to those without the genetic variant.^[57] For anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), heritability estimates indicate genetic factors account for 20-40% of variance in PTSD liability. Polygenic risk scores capture some of this liability and interact with trauma exposure to moderate symptom severity in cohorts like combat veterans, though PRS explain approximately 2-5% of variance.^[59] This interaction is evident in cohorts where latent vulnerabilities, including variants in stress-response genes like FKBP5, are activated by environmental triggers like combat-related trauma, leading to persistent hyperarousal and avoidance behaviors.^[60] Despite its utility, the diathesis-stress model faces limitations in cultural contexts, where stressors and resilience factors vary across societies, potentially underestimating protective elements in non-Western populations and leading to biased risk assessments. Biocultural models integrate cultural influences into stress-diathesis frameworks for disorders like suicide.^[5] Extensions in the 2010s have integrated epigenetics, showing how stress-induced DNA methylation changes in genes like NR3C1 can modify diathesis expression, while resilience factors such as social support buffer genetic risks through altered gene expression patterns.^[61]

Linguistic Diathesis

Definition in Linguistics

In linguistics, diathesis refers to the relationship between a verb and its arguments, focusing on how semantic roles—such as agent (the doer of the action) and patient (the entity affected by the action)—are mapped onto syntactic positions, including subject and object. This mapping determines the syntactic-semantic configuration of the clause, expressing the relational structure of events by specifying who does what to whom. Unlike valency, which primarily addresses the number and obligatory status of a verb's arguments, diathesis emphasizes the particular disposition or arrangement of those arguments relative to their semantic functions, often involving variations in prominence or grammatical relations.^[62]^[63] The concept originates in the ancient Greek grammatical tradition, where diáthesis (from the verb diatíthēmi, meaning "to arrange" or "dispose") was equated with the voice of the verb, encompassing active, middle, and passive forms that alter the perspective on the action. It first appears as a technical term in the definition of the verb in the Technē grammatikē, a foundational Hellenistic grammar attributed to Dionysius Thrax around the 2nd century BCE. This usage persisted and was formalized in 19th-century comparative linguistics, as scholars like August Schleicher analyzed verb argument structures and voice systems across Indo-European languages to reconstruct proto-forms and morphological patterns.^[64]^[65] Within theoretical frameworks, diathesis has been incorporated into generative grammar, notably through Noam Chomsky's theta theory, which links semantic theta roles to syntactic positions via the theta criterion—a principle ensuring each argument receives exactly one theta role and each role is assigned to one argument. This integration underscores diathesis as a mechanism for projecting semantic relations into syntactic structures, constraining how verbs license arguments and influencing clause-level syntax across languages.^[66]

Diathesis Alternations

Diathesis alternations involve systematic shifts in the syntactic frames of verbs, where the expression of arguments changes without fundamentally altering the verb's core semantic content. These alternations typically feature promotion or demotion of arguments, such as elevating a patient role to subject position in passive constructions or adjusting the order of recipient and theme in ditransitive structures. In linguistics, such patterns are central to understanding how lexical semantics constrains syntactic variability, as explored in foundational work on verb classes.^[67] One prominent type is the locative alternation, where verbs like spray or load can alternate between a construction emphasizing the endpoint or location (e.g., "spray paint on the wall") and one focusing on the affected entity (e.g., "spray the wall with paint"). This alternation reflects a semantic distinction in whether the verb encodes a path or a resulting state, with verbs participating based on their inherent lexical properties. Similarly, the dative alternation occurs with ditransitive verbs such as give, allowing shifts between a prepositional form ("give the book to her") and a double-object form ("give her the book"), where the recipient and theme arguments swap prominence. These patterns are not arbitrary but tied to the verb's meaning components, enabling speakers to highlight different aspects of the event.^[68]^[69] Another key alternation is the causative-inchoative, where verbs denoting change-of-state events alternate between transitive (causative) and intransitive (inchoative) forms, as in "break the window" (causative) versus "the window breaks" (inchoative). This involves the optional expression of an external causer, with the inchoative variant promoting the theme to subject while suppressing the agent. Theoretically, these alternations are analyzed through lexical semantic frameworks that group verbs into classes based on shared behavioral patterns, such as Levin's classification system, which identifies over 3,000 English verbs by their participation in specific alternations like these. Such classes reveal how syntactic possibilities stem from underlying event structures, including subevents of causation or change.^[70]^[67] Cross-linguistically, diathesis alternations exhibit variation in flexibility and marking; English allows robust periphrastic alternations without obligatory morphology, whereas languages like Japanese employ stricter voice marking, often requiring explicit morphological indicators for shifts in argument realization. This contrast highlights how diathesis patterns are shaped by a language's grammatical architecture, with English favoring lexical flexibility and others relying on derivational morphology to signal alternations. Diagnostic use of these patterns in verb classification extends across languages, aiding in the identification of semantic verb classes despite typological differences.^[71]

Examples Across Languages

In English, a classic example of passive diathesis involves alternating the active construction "John kicked the ball" with the passive "The ball was kicked by John," where the patient is promoted to subject and the agent is demoted to an oblique or omitted. Another alternation is the conative, contrasting "He kicked the ball" (successful contact) with "He kicked at the ball" (attempted but incomplete action), shifting focus from achievement to effort. In Romance languages like French, the middle voice illustrates inchoative diathesis, as in "La porte s'ouvre" ("The door opens"), which expresses a spontaneous change of state without an external agent, contrasting with a causative active like "Jean ouvre la porte" ("John opens the door").^[72] Japanese employs applicative constructions to promote beneficiaries from oblique to core argument status, such as in "Tarō-ga Hanako-ni e o kak-te age-ru" ("Taro draws a picture for Hanako"), where the benefactive -te ageru suffix integrates the beneficiary Hanako-ni directly, alternating with non-benefactive transitives.^[73] Similarly, Bantu languages like Chichewa feature extensive noun class-based alternations through applicative morphology; for instance, the suffix -ir- promotes a beneficiary or locative, as in "Ana-a-chit-irl-a kalulu msampha" ("The children showed the rabbit the field" for the children), with agreement markers reflecting the promoted argument's noun class (class 2 for ana 'children'). These class-sensitive patterns allow systematic valency shifts, adapting predicates to contextual roles. Psycholinguistic research from the 2000s demonstrates that such diathesis alternations influence language comprehension, with studies showing higher parsing costs for non-prototypical forms like passives or datives due to increased syntactic integration demands, as evidenced in eye-tracking experiments on English dative shifts where double-object variants were processed faster in frequent contexts.^[74]

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... twin studies of schizophrenia have included most of these studies. Therefore ... Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis ...Missing: 40-80% | Show results with:40-80%
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The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Version III—The Final ...
Mar 26, 2009 · The hypothesis that dopamine and dopaminergic mechanisms are central to schizophrenia, and particularly psychosis, has been one of the most ...Missing: diathesis | Show results with:diathesis
[50]
A direct test of the diathesis–stress model for depression - PMC - NIH
The diathesis-stress theory for depression states that the effects of stress on the depression risk are dependent on the diathesis or vulnerability, implying ...
[51]
The social readjustment rating scale - ScienceDirect
1. R.H. Rahe, M. Meyer, M. Smith, G. Kjaer, T.H. Holmes. Social stress and illness onset.Missing: Inventory paper<|separator|>
[52]
Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis–stress
Apr 17, 2012 · This report describes the state of the art in distinguishing data generated by differential susceptibility from diathesis–stress models.<|separator|>
[53]
[PDF] Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia - The Dunedin Study
May 19, 2020 · 1. For example, genes may moderate the psychotogenic effects of dopamine agonist drugs of abuse, or the envi- ronment may moderate the level of ...
[54]
COMT Val158Met–Stress Interaction in Psychosis - NIH
Nov 14, 2010 · Exploration of the three‐way interaction revealed that in patients, COMT genotype moderated the association between stress and negative affect ( ...
[55]
Evidence of a dose-response relationship between urbanicity during ...
Schizophrenia in cohort members and mental illness in a parent or sibling were identified by linkage with the Danish Psychiatric Central Register. Results: ...Missing: diathesis stress
[56]
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a ... - PubMed
This epidemiological study thus provides evidence of a gene-by-environment interaction, in which an individual's response to environmental insults is moderated ...Missing: original | Show results with:original
[57]
Combat Exposure Severity as a Moderator of Genetic and ... - NIH
Individuals with the greatest exposure to combat trauma were at increased risk for PTSD as a function of both genetic and other environmental factors.
[58]
The Genetics of Stress-Related Disorders: PTSD, Depression, and ...
So-called polygene risk scores (PRS) provide another index of aggregate genetic effects. Psychiatric disorders are now known to be highly polygenic—that is the ...
[59]
How Culture Influences Stress and Mental Health - Socio.Health
Jun 14, 2024 · The stress-diathesis model provides a valuable framework for understanding how culture influences mental health outcomes. This model proposes ...
[60]
The Role of Epigenetics in Psychological Resilience - PMC
In this review, we propose a new conceptual model for the different functions of epigenetic mechanisms in psychological resilience.Missing: cultural | Show results with:cultural
[61]
Glossary of Linguistic Terms
**Summary of Diathesis from https://glossary.sil.org/term/diathesis:**
[62]
The Representation of Diatheses in the Valency Lexicon of Czech ...
We distinguish grammatical and semantic diatheses as two typologically different changes in verbal valency structure. In case of grammatical diatheses, these ...
[63]
Diathesis - Brill Reference Works
Ancient Greek. Ancient Greek has three morphologically distinct voice categories: the active voice, the middle voice (also mediopassive ) and the passive ...
[64]
[PDF] The origin of diathesis - linguistica(@)sns
As a linguistic term, diathesis first occurs in the definition of verb given in the treatise on grammar attributed to Dionysius Thrax.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[65]
[PDF] chomsky's theta theory
The key question that the theory seeks to answer is how there exists one-to-one correspondence between grammatical arguments and thematic relations thereby ...
[66]
English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation ...
This book classifies over 3,000 English verbs by shared meaning and behavior, exploring how syntactic alternations reflect verb meaning.
[67]
[PDF] English Object Alternations: A Unified Account - Stanford University
Object alternations are alternate realizations of VP-internal arguments of verbs, like locative, material/product, image impression, and with/against.
[68]
[PDF] The English dative alternation: The case for verb sensitivity
We challenge the predominant view of the English dative alternation, which takes all alternating verbs to have two meanings: a caused possession meaning ...
[69]
[PDF] A Finer Look at the Causative-Inchoative Alternation
The causative-inchoative alternation is a lexical alternation where an inchoative verb denotes a change of state, and a causative-inchoative verb denotes ...
[70]
[PDF] On interpretation of resultatives with locative alternation verbs
Resultatives with locative alternation verbs in Japanese describe the argument that changes state, not the direct object, unlike some exceptions.
[71]
[PDF] Medio-Passives within a Formal Typology of Voice Florian Schäfer ...
Jun 1, 2016 · (14) a. La porte s' ouvre. the doorNOM. SEACC opens. 'The door opens.' b.
[72]
[PDF] The 'passivized' high applicative construction in Japanese Akitaka ...
Abstract. The literature on applicatives has assumed that a high applicative morpheme in- troduces an applied argument, thus making the ability to increment ...Missing: diathesis source
[73]
[PDF] Predicting Syntax: Processing Dative Constructions in American and ...
Nov 20, 2009 · Prior work in psycholinguistics has shown that there are important parallels between the comprehension and production of dative con- structions ...