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Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency


The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) is an executive agency of the Department for Transport in the United Kingdom, responsible for setting and enforcing standards for drivers and vehicles to promote road safety and operational efficiency across Great Britain.
Formed on 1 April 2014 through the merger of the Driving Standards Agency and the Vehicle and Operator Services Agency, the DVSA conducts practical and theory driving tests, approves driving instructors and MOT testers, performs safety inspections on heavy goods vehicles, buses, and trailers, and regulates vehicle operators to ensure compliance with legal requirements.
Its core mission emphasizes qualifying competent drivers and transport managers while maintaining vehicle roadworthiness to minimize accidents and support sustainable transport, as outlined in its vision extending to 2030.
Key activities include processing millions of driving tests annually and digital innovations such as modernized theory testing platforms, though persistent backlogs in test scheduling have raised concerns about delays impacting learner drivers and overall road safety.
In 2024, a government review was initiated to adapt the agency to evolving vehicle technologies and enhance its effectiveness in enforcement and service delivery.

History

Predecessors and Formation

The was established on 1 April 1990 as an of the , with the primary purpose of administering driving tests, approving driving instructors, and promoting through improved driver training standards. The Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA) was formed on 3 April 2003 through the merger of the Vehicle Inspectorate Executive Agency and the Traffic Area Network, focusing on regulating vehicle operators, conducting safety inspections for heavy goods vehicles and public service vehicles, and enforcing compliance standards for commercial road transport. In response to a consultation on reforming motoring services to prioritize customer needs and operational efficiency, the Department for Transport announced on 20 June 2013 that the DSA and VOSA would merge into a single executive agency, the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA), effective 1 April 2014. The consolidation aimed to streamline administrative functions, reduce duplication in oversight of driver and vehicle standards, achieve cost efficiencies through integrated operations, and enhance unified enforcement of road safety regulations under one body.

Key Developments Post-2014

Following its formation on 1 April 2014, the DVSA prioritized integrating digital services to streamline customer interactions, including enhancements to the existing online platform for booking driving and theory tests, which allowed users to schedule appointments up to 24 weeks in advance via the portal. This built on predecessor systems but emphasized accessibility and efficiency in the agency's initial for 2014-15, aiming to reduce administrative burdens through . The prompted significant operational adaptations in 2020. On 23 March 2020, the announced a six-month exemption from testing for vehicles whose certificates expired after 30 March 2020, to minimize non-essential travel and support key workers, with vehicles still required to be roadworthy. Driving tests were suspended from 20 March 2020 for up to three months, except for critical sectors, leading to a substantial that peaked at over 1 million practical car tests by mid-2021. By 2021-2022, the DVSA implemented measures, including overtime for examiners and revised booking rules, reducing the backlog by approximately 40% through targeted recruitment and extended hours. In the early 2020s, the DVSA expanded its remit to address . Its 2030 vision, published on 4 2023, outlined preparations for zero-emission vehicle mandates, including alignment of testing standards for electric and hydrogen vehicles to support the UK's target of all being zero-emission by 2035. Concurrently, the agency began monitoring standards for autonomous vehicles, anticipating up to 40% of with self-driving capabilities by 2040, through collaboration on regulatory frameworks to ensure safety in connected and automated mobility.

Organizational Structure

Governance and Leadership

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) operates as an of the (DfT), functioning within the UK's governmental framework to deliver specialized regulatory services while remaining accountable to the Secretary of State for Transport. This structure positions the DVSA as a semi-autonomous entity, enabling operational efficiency in areas such as driver testing and vehicle standards, subject to overarching policy direction and performance oversight from the DfT. Leadership is headed by the Chief Executive, currently Loveday Ryder as of 2025, who serves as the Agency Accounting Officer responsible for and strategic direction. The Chief Executive is supported by a directing board that provides strategic oversight, comprising non-executive members for independent scrutiny, alongside internal committees and groups focused on risk, audit, and performance. Accountability mechanisms include the submission of annual reports and accounts to through the DfT, detailing performance metrics, financial outcomes, and compliance with standards for the , such as the 2024-25 report published in July 2025. Funding follows a trading fund model designed for self-sufficiency, with primary revenue derived from user fees for services like driving tests and vehicle examinations, which generated the bulk of operational income to cover costs without relying predominantly on general taxation. This approach minimizes the taxpayer burden, as outlined in the agency's commercial model, though certain non-fee-generating activities, such as specific enforcement efforts, receive targeted allocations from the DfT budget. The model emphasizes financial sustainability, with periodic fee reviews to align costs and revenues while maintaining service accessibility.

Operational Divisions and Workforce

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency structures its operations through directorates including Driver Services, led by Director Pauline Reeves; Vehicle Services, led by Director ; and Enforcement Services, led by Director Marian Kitson, with specialized teams handling testing centers for practical assessments and roadside operations for compliance checks. These divisions coordinate to deliver field-based activities, supported by service management groups that integrate expertise from examiners and technical staff. As of recent figures, the agency maintains a workforce of approximately 4,600 employees, encompassing examiners responsible for on-road evaluations, examiners and engineers for inspections, and administrative personnel within operational teams. To ensure consistency, staff participate in structured training initiatives, including initial programs for new examiners—such as the multi-week courses equipping them with —and continuous to address evolving demands like digital tools for assessments and cloud-based systems. This adaptation supports operational agility amid technological across testing and enforcement activities.

Core Responsibilities

Driver Licensing and Testing

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) conducts theory and practical driving tests for car, motorcycle, lorry, and bus categories in , ensuring candidates meet minimum competency standards before receiving a full driving licence. Theory tests, mandatory prior to practical assessments, evaluate knowledge and through multiple-choice questions and video clips, with a pass mark of 85% for cars and motorcycles at a fee of £23. Practical tests assess vehicle control, maneuvers, and independent driving under examiner supervision, lasting approximately 40 minutes for cars and up to 90 minutes for large goods vehicles (LGVs) or passenger-carrying vehicles (PCVs), with fees of £62 for cars and higher for specialized categories like £115 for LGV practical tests. These processes apply to candidates holding a provisional licence issued by the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA), which permits supervised practice driving from age 17 (or 16 for certain mopeds) after passing vision and residency checks. DVSA approves and registers driving instructors via the Approved Driving Instructor (ADI) scheme, requiring candidates to pass three qualifying exams: theory, driving ability, and instructional competence, followed by a two-year probationary period with mandatory check tests. As of 2023, over 38,000 ADIs were registered, though numbers have declined annually due to stringent standards and voluntary withdrawals. Only DVSA-registered instructors may legally charge for lessons, identifiable by a green badge displaying their registration number, with public verification available via the DVSA online register to prevent unlicensed operation. Post-test, DVSA supports voluntary schemes like Pass Plus, a structured six-module course exceeding six hours that emphasizes real-world scenarios such as motorway and night conditions to reduce novice errors, though completion yields no discounts and relies on self-funded instructors. Certificates are issued by DVSA upon submission of a signed training report, promoting safer habits without mandatory enforcement. To address test slot scarcity exacerbated by bots and resellers, DVSA implemented reforms effective 1 July 2025, including bans on instructors holding multiple active bookings per learner, restrictions on bulk reservations by businesses, and account closures for violators, aiming to prioritize genuine applicants amid backlogs reaching five months in some regions. These measures build on prior actions like enhanced bot detection since 2022, reducing exploited slots but not eliminating black-market sales reported at premiums up to £300.

Vehicle Safety Testing and MOT

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) oversees the Ministry of Transport () testing regime for light vehicles in the , requiring annual inspections for cars, motorcycles, and similar classes once they reach three years from the date of first registration to verify and environmental compliance. These tests evaluate critical components including brakes, steering, suspension, lights, tyres, and exhaust emissions, with failure resulting in advisory, minor, or major defects that may prohibit road use. Emissions testing aligns with standards such as Euro 6 for diesel vehicles, incorporating stricter smoke limits introduced on 20 May 2018 to reduce and nitrogen oxides. MOT tests for light vehicles occur at authorised vehicle testing stations (VTS), operated under authorised examiners (AEs) who bear legal responsibility for standards, calibration, and tester competence, while nominated testers (NTs) perform the examinations using DVSA-approved manuals. DVSA enforces compliance through audits, de-authorisation for non-compliance, and requirements for good repute among personnel, excluding those with relevant convictions. For heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), public service vehicles (PSVs) such as buses and coaches, and trailers, DVSA mandates annual testing commencing 12 months after initial registration, distinct from light vehicle but serving equivalent safety purposes at authorised testing facilities (ATFs). These tests, guided by separate DVSA inspection manuals, cover load security, coupling devices, and emissions, with fees and durations varying by vehicle class at private ATFs or DVSA sites. DVSA authorizes and supervises ATFs via contracts, on-site supervision, and performance monitoring, including digital accounts for result submission and , ensuring operators maintain calibrated equipment and trained staff. The MOT testing service provides an online platform for booking, digital certificates, and result access across both and heavy vehicle schemes, enhancing transparency and efficiency.

Operator Compliance and Vehicle Recalls

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) assesses compliance among operators of goods and public service vehicles through the Operator Compliance Risk Score (OCRS) system, which analyzes data on vehicle and adherence, including drivers' hours, over a three-year rolling period to identify high-risk operators for targeted interventions. Operators must maintain standards under the goods vehicle operator licensing framework, where DVSA supports monitoring to ensure vehicles over 3.5 tonnes or carrying more than eight passengers comply with safety and operational rules, distinct from initial licence issuance by traffic commissioners. DVSA promotes safety practices via independent s, which operators can use to identify system weaknesses, and earned recognition schemes that reward verified with reduced routine checks, such as for heavy goods operators meeting standards on maintenance and driver management. This includes oversight of records to enforce EU-derived drivers' hours rules, mandatory for digital tachographs in commercial vehicles first registered after 1 May 2006, with operators required to download and analyze data periodically to prevent fatigue-related risks. In vehicle recalls, DVSA mandates that manufacturers and distributors notify it of safety defects, coordinating remedial campaigns under the Vehicle Safety Defects and Recalls Code of Practice, which was revised on 6 2024 to emphasize timely owner notifications and defect rectification. The agency maintains a accessible via public checks by registration number, tracking outstanding recalls and integrating data to monitor manufacturer compliance rates, thereby addressing post-market hazards without overlapping initial safety approvals. This system supports causal links between defects and road risks by enforcing evidence-based recall efficacy, such as through verifiable fix completions.

Enforcement and Regulatory Powers

Powers of Enforcement Examiners

Enforcement examiners of the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) possess statutory authority under the Road Traffic Act 1988 to stop vehicles on roads for the purpose of ascertaining compliance with legal requirements related to , lights, , tyres, and other features. Sections 42, 66C(1), and 68(3) of the Act empower these examiners to conduct inspections of goods vehicles and public service vehicles, including entry onto premises at reasonable times to examine vehicles and associated records. This includes the power to test vehicles by them and to require production of documents such as driving licences under section 164(6). Examiners may issue immediate prohibitions against the use of vehicles presenting dangerous defects, such as those affecting brakes or steering, pursuant to section 69 of the Road Traffic Act 1988, using forms like PG9I for UK-registered vehicles or GV171 for non-UK vehicles. Delayed prohibitions, allowing up to 10 days for rectification of lesser defects, can be issued via PG9D forms. For regulatory breaches, including drivers' hours violations under the Transport Act 1968 sections 99ZA and 99C, examiners deploy prohibitions like TE160 until compliance is achieved. These powers extend to fixed penalty notices under section 54 of the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 for offences such as defective tyres or overloading, with fines ranging from £50 to £300 depending on severity. Serious offences may lead to court summonses, while obstructing an examiner carries penalties including up to one month's imprisonment or fines. In cases of unlicensed operation or severe non-compliance, particularly with goods vehicles, examiners hold authority for vehicle detention, immobilization, and impoundment under the Goods Vehicles (Enforcement Powers) Regulations 2001, as amended in 2009, which permit removal and storage until statutory release conditions are met. These measures target commercial fleets, where examiners often collaborate with police during joint roadside operations to enforce spot checks on lorries, vans, buses, and coaches, prohibiting unfit vehicles from further use. Driving a prohibited vehicle incurs a £300 fixed penalty under section 71(1)(a) of the Road Traffic Act 1988.

Investigations and Sanctions

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) conducts targeted investigations into violations of driver and vehicle standards, focusing on reactive responses to identified non-compliance rather than routine patrols. These probes encompass operator compliance audits, which evaluate and bus operators' adherence to licensing conditions such as vehicle maintenance, driver hours, and safety management systems, often triggered by risk assessments or complaints. Audits may involve document reviews, site visits, and interviews to verify systems prevent risks, with findings graded from standard (full compliance) to very poor (immediate regulatory action required). Investigations also target illegal driving instruction and vehicle defects reported through public or regulatory channels. Since September 2024, DVSA has executed nationwide operations intercepting learner vehicles to identify unlicensed instructors, using intelligence-led checks and undercover tactics to detect unqualified individuals charging for lessons without DVSA registration or . Follow-up probes into defect reports occur via the Vehicle Market Surveillance Unit, which scrutinizes non-compliant parts or vehicles placed on the market, involving sampling, testing, and supplier notifications to trace manufacturing faults. Sanctions applied post-investigation align with DVSA's enforcement policy, escalating based on offence severity and risk. Minor breaches may incur fixed penalty notices or graduated fines, while serious violations—such as falsified records or unsafe vehicles—prompt summonses, with penalties up to £50,000 per under regulations like the Road Vehicles (Approval) Regulations 2020. Operator licences face suspension or revocation by Traffic Commissioners following DVSA referrals, as seen in a May 2025 case where extensive failures led to immediate withdrawal of authorisation. Egregious cases, including illegal without , result in criminal prosecutions yielding (e.g., up to several months) and substantial fines, deterring repeat offences. These measures have yielded tangible outcomes in recent operations; by October 2025, 2024-initiated drives against illegal instructors produced multiple arrests, vehicle seizures, and convictions with fines exceeding £10,000 in some instances, alongside learner protections through public advisories to verify instructor credentials via the DVSA register.

Achievements and Impact

Contributions to Road Safety

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) conducts over 40 million light vehicle Ministry of Tests (MOTs) annually, verifying compliance with roadworthiness standards and removing defective vehicles from circulation, which supports the United Kingdom's sustained low road fatality rate of approximately 5 deaths per billion vehicle miles traveled in 2023. In the financial year 2023-2024, DVSA delivered more than 41 million light vehicle MOTs and 692,000 heavy vehicle tests, ensuring systematic inspection of the national fleet and contributing to a historical decline in fatalities from 5,217 in 1990 to 1,782 in 2018. These volumes align with empirical trends in casualty reduction, as vehicle defects account for only 1-2% of crashes in the UK, reflecting effective preemptive maintenance enforcement. DVSA's enforcement activities further mitigate risks by prohibiting unsafe vehicles, with 30,307 serious defects and traffic offenses detected in 2023-2024 through targeted checks. Such interventions prevent potential incidents, as evidenced by data showing higher prohibition rates for vehicles post-MOT expiry, underscoring the agency's role in ongoing compliance monitoring. In 2024-2025, DVSA performed 31,824 risk-based checks, directly addressing immediate hazards and bolstering overall outcomes. On the driver side, DVSA administers around 2 million practical tests yearly, maintaining rates near 48% in 2024, which enforces standards amid stable or improving instructor registration processes. This rigorous evaluation correlates with long-term reductions in road casualties, as consistent testing volumes help filter unqualified drivers, contributing to the UK's position among nations with the lowest global casualty rates despite rising vehicle miles traveled.

Efficiency and Technological Innovations

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) has integrated to enhance , scalability, and operational agility, migrating services to reduce administrative burdens and accelerate innovation in service delivery. This partnership, initiated around , supports efficient processing of driver and vehicle data amid growing demand. DVSA has implemented digital platforms for public access to vehicle records, including an online MOT history check service available since , allowing users to retrieve test results, mileage, and failure reasons for vehicles from onward using the registration number. Complementing this, an online vehicle recall checker enables verification of safety recalls, integrating MOT data to identify unfixed issues, thereby streamlining compliance without physical visits. These tools reduce manual inquiries and support faster administrative resolutions for operators and drivers. To address pandemic-induced backlogs, DVSA introduced measures in 2025 to expand capacity, including combating automated booking bots and delivering thousands of additional tests monthly, with average waiting times targeted to fall to seven weeks by summer 2026. By mid-2025, these efforts had increased test slots, though backlogs persisted with over 668,000 pending appointments as of . Such initiatives prioritize resource reallocation and digital booking enhancements to minimize delays in licensing services.

Criticisms and Controversies

Operational Delays and Inefficiencies

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) has faced persistent backlogs in practical appointments, with average national waiting times reaching 22 weeks as of April 2025, exceeding the agency's internal targets and contributing to widespread user frustration. These delays have been exacerbated by a surge in demand, including a 15% increase in learner drivers booking future tests, alongside operational constraints that limited test capacity. By September 2025, over 668,000 individuals held booked practical s across , highlighting the scale of the accumulation despite incremental monthly increases in tests conducted, such as 168,644 in September 2025 compared to 148,144 the prior year. Staffing shortages among driving examiners have been a primary causal factor, prompting recruitment drives including a December 2024 commitment to hire hundreds more, followed by a 2025 update on ongoing efforts to expand the workforce. High demand stems from post-pandemic recovery in learner volumes, but the DVSA's capacity has lagged, with regional variations showing waits up to 23 weeks in high-pressure areas like test centres. The agency has acknowledged these inefficiencies in operational updates, setting an ambitious target to reduce average waits to seven weeks by December 2025 through measures like additional test slots and anti-bot protections for bookings. COVID-19 disruptions initiated longer-term recovery challenges, as detailed in the DVSA's 2020-2021 annual review, which noted difficulties in resuming booking s after a four-month suspension and prioritizing affected appointments. While test volumes have since rebounded, bureaucratic processes for handling cancellations, rescheduling, and appeals have compounded delays, requiring learners to provide extended notice for changes from 2025 onward to mitigate no-shows and fee losses. These procedural hurdles have led to reported inefficiencies in reallocating slots, further straining an already overburdened system amid sustained high application rates.

Enforcement Practices and Overreach Claims

DVSA enforcement practices primarily target commercial vehicles through unannounced roadside inspections conducted by trained examiners, who assess compliance with roadworthiness standards, driver hours regulations, and operator obligations under the Road Traffic Act 1988. These checks empower examiners to issue immediate prohibitions for imminent danger defects—such as or steering failures—or delayed prohibitions for less critical issues like defective tyres, halting vehicle use until repairs are verified. Sanctions escalate based on offence severity, including fixed penalty notices, court summonses, or for egregious violations like illegal , as outlined in the agency's enforcement policy updated in 2023. Commercial operators, especially in and , have voiced criticisms portraying DVSA tactics as excessively aggressive, with roadside stops described in industry analyses as "disruptive" and prone to minor infractions triggering outsized penalties that strain tight profit margins. A 2025 Bristol Magistrates' Court case, where a fleet received a record £1 million fine for repeated overloading detected via DVSA checks, amplified claims of punitive overreach, as operators argued such actions prioritize over proportionate . Public forums and legal advisories from firms like Ashfords highlight operator frustrations with follow-up investigations, which can immobilize fleets for days, fueling perceptions of "power-hungry" enforcement that burdens compliant businesses amid pressures. Advocates for stringent measures counter that high enforcement volumes directly avert hazards, with DVSA data showing 6,800 van prohibitions projected for the year to April 2024—64% of inspected vans failing—alongside over 50% action rates in 20,000 annual light goods vehicle checks, addressing top defects like insecure loads and brakes. These outcomes deter systemic non-compliance, as evidenced by quarterly HGV inspections exceeding 3,700 in mid-2023, removing unsafe vehicles that contribute to collisions; while industry pushback remains vocal, upheld sanction appeals are rare, underscoring the practices' alignment with causal road safety imperatives over unsubstantiated abuse claims.

Independent Scrutiny and Reforms

In February 2024, the launched an independent review of the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) under the Office's bodies review programme to evaluate its governance, accountability, efficacy, and efficiency. The review specifically assesses DVSA's adaptation to emerging vehicle technologies, such as connected and autonomous vehicles, alongside its capacity for service innovation to enhance , with recommendations intended for its , operational priorities, and future capabilities. Findings and recommendations were anticipated for publication in summer 2024, though as of late 2025, detailed outcomes remain integrated into ongoing agency planning without a standalone identified. Parliament provides oversight of DVSA through scrutiny of its annual reports and accounts, which detail financial performance, operational outcomes, and compliance with strategic objectives, and are formally laid before both Houses. Business plans, such as the 2024-2025 edition, undergo parliamentary deposition and highlight reform areas including digital service enhancements and efficiency targets, ensuring alignment with priorities. These documents also reference external audits and customer feedback mechanisms to address performance shortfalls, such as test waiting times. In response to identified inefficiencies and external critiques, DVSA has implemented policy adjustments, including a strategic shift toward risk-based prioritizing illegal and serial non-compliance over routine inspections of compliant operators, supported by advanced data analytics and tools like weigh pads. The 2024-2025 targets 28,000 such enforcement actions and a 10% increase in MOT fraud prosecutions from prior baselines, aiming to optimize . reforms include replacing the booking system by March 2025 to reduce delays and transitioning to electronic certificates, addressing backlogs exacerbated by manual processes. These changes draw from strategic planning to 2025, emphasizing streamlined and reduced administrative burdens.

Recent Developments and Future Outlook

Policy Adaptations to

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) has adapted its policies to facilitate the safe integration of autonomous vehicles, following the Automated Vehicles Act 2024, which received on 20 May 2024 and establishes a regulatory framework for authorising self-driving vehicles on roads by 2026. The Act requires vehicles to meet a "self-driving test" for safe operation without human oversight, prompting the DVSA to develop corresponding standards for type approval, testing, and ongoing compliance verification as part of its role in vehicle certification. These updates build on existing codes of practice for trialling automated technologies, ensuring alignment with safety principles that demand performance at least equivalent to a competent human driver. In its strategic plan to , the DVSA outlines commitments to incorporate emerging vehicle technologies, including automated systems, for identifying non-compliance and refining safety frameworks. The agency's vision to 2030 anticipates widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles, necessitating evolved testing regimes that address unique aspects such as software validation and integrity, beyond traditional mechanical inspections. The 2024-2025 further emphasizes functional standards to support these adaptations, enabling efficient oversight of automated vehicle deployments while prioritizing . To support zero-carbon objectives, the DVSA has enhanced emissions-related policies, aligning with the UK's net-zero target by 2050. Pure electric vehicles remain exempt from exhaust emissions tests in inspections, but the agency has updated guidance for and systems, including high-voltage checks. From 2025, protocols introduced stricter emissions limits for petrol and vehicles, alongside inspections for electrified models, to enforce compliance with the Vehicle Mandate and broader decarbonisation efforts. These measures complement the DVSA's internal shift toward a zero-emission fleet, reducing operational emissions while facilitating the transition to low-carbon transport.

Ongoing Enforcement Initiatives

Since September 2024, the DVSA has conducted nationwide enforcement operations targeting learner vehicles to identify and prosecute illegal driving instructors, who provide paid lessons without required qualifications or registration. These proactive initiatives involve intelligence-led roadside checks, undercover , and investigations into unsafe practices, aiming to deter unqualified teaching and protect by ensuring only approved instructors operate. Outcomes include prison sentences, including suspended terms, and substantial fines for convicted operators, demonstrating a commitment to real consequences over mere warnings. In response to ongoing risks in commercial , the DVSA has maintained rigorous checks on heavy goods vehicle (HGV) and vehicle (PSV) operators throughout 2024-2025, with a particular emphasis on accuracy for drivers' hours compliance and secure load management to prevent accidents from overloading or shifting cargo. Roadside inspections and operator premises audits during April to December 2024 revealed persistent violations in these areas, prompting targeted to address safety lapses exacerbated by operational pressures. These efforts align with broader priorities, yielding data on out-of-service prohibitions for non-compliant vehicles and drivers. Post-Brexit, the DVSA supports cross-border compliance through verification of international operator licenses required for goods vehicles undertaking journeys, ensuring adherence to updated standards for and permit systems amid divergent - regulations. This includes collaboration with transport authorities to enforce rules and vehicle safety for operators crossing borders, mitigating risks from regulatory gaps that ended automatic license reciprocity.

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