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EMR

EMR is an initialism or with multiple meanings in various fields. It may refer to: For detailed information on each, see the respective sections below.

Companies

Emerson Electric

Emerson Electric Co. is an multinational headquartered in , , founded in 1890 by Civil War veteran John Wesley Emerson as the Emerson Electric Manufacturing Company. Initially focused on producing electric motors and fans—the first such manufacturer in —the company quickly expanded its product line to include ceiling fans and other electrical appliances. Over the decades, Emerson transitioned from its origins in basic electrical manufacturing to a global leader in advanced technology and engineering solutions. Listed on the under the ticker symbol EMR, Emerson provides solutions, software, and engineering products serving industrial, commercial, and consumer markets worldwide. The company's operations emphasize , systems, and measurement technologies, supporting sectors such as , , and . As of 2025, Emerson employs approximately 71,000 people across more than 130 countries, driving innovation in areas like industrial IoT and sustainable technologies. Emerson's business is structured into two main segments: Intelligent Devices, which includes final , and analytical, discrete , and and productivity solutions generating $12.4 billion in fiscal 2025 sales; and Software and , encompassing systems, software, and test and products contributing $5.7 billion. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, the company achieved net sales of $18.0 billion, reflecting a 3% increase from the prior year amid resilient demand in process and hybrid markets. A key aspect of Emerson's evolution has been its aggressive acquisition strategy, which has broadened its technological capabilities from early production to a diversified portfolio in and software. Notable milestones include the 1976 acquisition of Rosemount for process , the 1986 purchase of Copeland for refrigeration compressors, and more recent deals such as the $8.2 billion acquisition of in 2023 to enhance test and measurement offerings, alongside the integration of AspenTech for advanced software solutions. These moves have solidified Emerson's position as a company with a focus on high-margin, software-enabled technologies.

European Metal Recycling

European Metal Recycling (EMR) is a global scrap metal recycling company headquartered in Warrington, United Kingdom, with operations spanning Europe, North America, and Asia. The company traces its origins to the 1950s, when Winifred Sheppard established a small scrap metal business in Rochdale, Greater Manchester, UK, but it was formally founded as European Metal Recycling in 1994 through the Sheppard family's acquisition of Coopers Metals, retaining family ownership under the leadership of Phillip Sheppard. This merger marked the beginning of EMR's expansion from a regional UK operation into a major international player in the metals recycling sector. EMR's core activities focus on the collection, processing, and trading of ferrous and non-ferrous recycled metals, supporting the by diverting waste from landfills and reducing reliance on virgin materials. The company operates over 100 processing facilities worldwide, handling a diverse range of scrap from sources like end-of-life vehicles, , and , while emphasizing through initiatives like zero-landfill goals and CO2 emissions reductions equivalent to removing millions of cars from roads annually. In 2013, EMR's operations generated pre-tax profits of £47 million, reflecting its scale amid global market challenges. In 2023, the company reported sales of £4.1 billion but a net loss of £22 million, impacted by global economic challenges including the war in . Currently, the company processes over 10 million tonnes of metal and each year, contributing to environmental benefits such as savings and lower in metal production. Owned by the Sheppard family through the Ausurus Group, EMR has grown via strategic acquisitions, including the 2006 purchases of and Southern, as well as the Northern group of scrap businesses , and the 2010 acquisition of International Shipbreaking for specialized vessel recycling. These expansions have strengthened its North American footprint, complementing core European activities and enabling global trading networks that align with principles of and sustainable metals supply.

East Midlands Railway

East Midlands Railway (EMR) is a train operating company in the , abbreviated as EMR, responsible for providing intercity and services across the region. The was awarded in April 2019 to Abellio East Midlands Limited, a of Abellio UK, for an initial eight-year period from August 2019 to August 2027, with the operator now managed under following a 2023 . EMR's primary routes include intercity services from London St Pancras International to via , , and , alongside regional connections such as to and to Matlock. The fleet consists of Class 158 and Class 170 diesel multiple units for regional services, supplemented by Class 222 tilting trains and High Speed Trains (Class 43 power cars with coaches) for intercity routes, with additional Class 360 electric multiple units deployed on select Connect services. Planned introductions include the new Class 810 bi-mode trains, with the first unit entering passenger service in December 2025 as part of a £400 million fleet replacement program to enhance capacity and support . EMR assumed operations on 18 August 2019, directly replacing the previous franchise holder, . The original franchise agreement included commitments to electrification between and by 2025, though as of 2025, further electrification has been paused indefinitely, with completion now expected in the early 2030s, alongside investments in new to improve reliability and passenger experience. In the financial year 2023-24, EMR served 28.9 million passenger journeys, emphasizing enhanced connectivity for to and leisure trips within the region.

Science and technology

Electromagnetic radiation

consists of self-propagating composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of . These travel through vacuum at the , c = 299\,792\,458 m/s, and can also propagate through , though at reduced speeds depending on the medium. carries , linear momentum, and , enabling it to interact with by transferring these quantities upon or . In quantum terms, electromagnetic radiation is quantized into discrete packets called photons, each with energy given by the equation
E = h \nu,
where E is the , h is (h = 6.626\,070\,15 \times 10^{-34} J s), and \nu is the of the . The wavelength \lambda relates to frequency via
\lambda = \frac{c}{\nu},
such that higher-frequency radiation corresponds to shorter wavelengths and greater . The encompasses a continuous range of frequencies (or equivalently, wavelengths) from low-frequency radio waves, with wavelengths on the order of kilometers, through microwaves, , visible (approximately 400–700 nm), , X-rays, to high-frequency gamma rays with wavelengths shorter than atomic nuclei. This spectrum arises from the same fundamental wave nature but is classified by frequency-dependent interactions with matter, such as radio waves penetrating materials easily while gamma rays are highly ionizing. The theoretical foundation of electromagnetic radiation was unified by James Clerk Maxwell in 1865, who derived equations showing that electric and magnetic fields could generate propagating waves at the , predicting the existence of such radiation. Experimental confirmation came in 1887 from , who generated and detected radio waves using spark-gap transmitters and resonators, verifying Maxwell's predictions and demonstrating wave reflection, refraction, and interference.

Extraordinary magnetoresistance

Extraordinary (EMR) is a geometrical effect observed in non-magnetic semiconductor-metal structures, where the electrical resistance increases dramatically—up to orders of magnitude—under a due to the redistribution of current paths. This effect was first discovered in 2000 by et al. in inhomogeneous narrow-gap semiconductors such as thin-film InSb, where room-temperature resistance changes exceeded 100% at modest fields of 0.05 T. Unlike traditional , EMR arises from classical geometric distortions rather than spin-dependent scattering or saturation-limited Lorentz deflection, enabling non-saturating, linear responses over wide field ranges. The mechanism of EMR stems from the presence of inhomogeneities, such as embedded metallic inclusions or shunts, in high-mobility semiconductors, which force current to detour around these low-resistance regions when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the sample plane. In zero field, current flows preferentially through the metallic parts, minimizing overall resistance; however, the field induces Hall voltages that suppress this short-circuiting path, channeling more current through the higher-resistance semiconductor matrix and amplifying the total resistance. This process is independent of carrier spin polarization, distinguishing EMR from giant magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic multilayers, and is modeled effectively using random resistor networks in heavily disordered systems, as proposed by Parish and Littlewood in 2003. The magnitude scales with carrier mobility and geometric factors like the size and placement of metallic inclusions, allowing tunability without magnetic materials. EMR holds significant promise for high-sensitivity, low-power sensors in automotive , , and industrial position detection, offering advantages over Hall sensors or anisotropic devices through higher gauge factors (up to 200) and operation at without or noise from . These sensors can achieve detection limits below 1 μT, suitable for non-invasive biomedical applications like biomagnetic monitoring. A landmark demonstration involved InSb thin films (1.3 μm thick, mobility 4.55 m²/V·s), where EMR reached a ratio ΔR/R of approximately 75,000% at and 4 T, far surpassing conventional effects and highlighting the potential for ultra-sensitive read-heads in . Similar results have been reported in InAs-based hybrids, with EMR exceeding 10,000% in optimized geometries, confirming the effect's robustness across narrow-gap semiconductors.

EMR Telemetry

EMR Telemetry, originally established as the Electro-Mechanical Research Inc. (EMR) division focused on telemetry, began operations in Sarasota, Florida, in 1957 after relocating from Ridgefield, Connecticut, where the parent company had roots dating back to 1941 under Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation. This move marked the expansion into specialized telemetry systems for data acquisition, primarily serving aerospace and defense applications, including real-time monitoring of flight parameters in harsh environments. By the early 1960s, the division had grown significantly, employing over 800 personnel and establishing itself as a leading provider of instrumentation for rocket and missile testing. As a division of Instruments, Inc., EMR Telemetry was acquired in the late and continued under this ownership into the , during which it developed key products such as /FM telemetry transmitters and receivers designed for and testing. These systems enabled multiplexed over radio frequencies, utilizing techniques to handle multiple data channels reliably in high-vibration and extreme-temperature conditions typical of missions. The division's innovations extended to miniature telemetry units for missiles, incorporating advanced to improve data fidelity and reduce noise interference. EMR Telemetry contributed significantly to programs, including the Apollo missions, by supplying onboard equipment for and lunar vehicles, such as systems developed in collaboration with contractors like McDonnell-Douglas for data relay during lunar operations. Through the 1970s and into the 1980s, the division advanced analog-to-digital conversion technologies tailored for in defense applications, including (PCM) for enhanced data encoding in streams. These efforts positioned EMR as the world's top manufacturer by sales and quality during its peak. Following multiple acquisitions—by in the 1960s, Limited in the 1970s, and later —the EMR Telemetry division was effectively dissolved in the post-1980s era as operations were integrated or phased out amid industry consolidations. Its legacy endures in modern technologies, particularly in robust and methods for , where early analog-to-digital innovations laid groundwork for reliable in extreme environments.

Amazon Elastic MapReduce

Amazon Elastic MapReduce (EMR), launched by on April 2, 2009, is a managed designed for processing and analyzing large-scale data using open-source frameworks such as , , , and Apache Pig. It enables users to run distributed jobs without manually configuring underlying infrastructure, supporting applications from to real-time analytics. The core functionality of Amazon EMR centers on automating the provisioning, scaling, and monitoring of computing clusters built on (EC2) instances, while leveraging Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) for durable, petabyte-scale data storage and input/output. This integration allows seamless handling of vast datasets, with clusters dynamically adjusting to workload demands for efficient resource utilization. Key features include built-in to recover from node failures automatically, support for Amazon EC2 Spot Instances that can reduce costs by up to 90% for flexible workloads, and compatibility with higher-level tools like for SQL-like querying, for data transformation scripting, and machine learning libraries such as or for model training. Pricing follows a pay-as-you-go model based on EC2 instance usage plus an additional EMR management fee; for instance, an m5.xlarge instance incurs an approximate additional $0.07 per hour as of 2023, depending on region and configuration. Amazon EMR has seen widespread adoption for (ETL) processes, log analysis, and workflows, with companies like utilizing it for large-scale monitoring and tasks at gigascale. In 2025, updates enhanced its AI capabilities, including integrations for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems via EMR Serverless and optimized runtimes for better performance in pipelines.

Medicine

Electronic medical record

An electronic medical record (EMR) is a digital version of a patient's , maintained by a single healthcare provider or practice, that stores comprehensive patient information including demographics, , diagnoses, medications, dates, allergies, results, and imaging/test outcomes. Unlike broader electronic health records (EHRs), which aggregate data across multiple providers, EMRs focus on facilitating efficient documentation and retrieval within one organization to support clinical decision-making and patient management. The origins of EMRs trace back to the , when advancements in computer technology enabled early experiments in digitizing medical data, such as the Mayo Clinic's adoption of computerized systems for record-keeping. One notable precursor was the system, developed by the in the early 1970s as a shared for managing toxicological and biomedical research data, laying groundwork for structured electronic health documentation. Widespread adoption accelerated after the 2009 Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, which provided financial incentives for "meaningful use" of certified EMR systems to promote quality care and data exchange. By 2015, over 80% of U.S. office-based physicians had implemented EMRs, driven by these incentives and regulatory mandates. As of 2021, 88% of U.S. office-based physicians used any EMR/EHR system, with 78% using certified systems. EMRs adhere to interoperability standards like HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR), which enables secure, standardized exchange of across systems using RESTful and modular resources for information. This facilitates seamless , allowing providers to and share records efficiently. Benefits include significant error reduction; for instance, EMRs with computerized physician order entry have decreased medication errors by up to 84% in controlled implementations by minimizing illegible handwriting and dosage miscalculations. Additionally, they enhance care coordination by providing real-time to , improving outcomes in and preventive . Despite these advantages, EMRs present challenges, particularly privacy risks governed by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which mandates safeguards against unauthorized access to through , access controls, and audit logs. Breaches remain a concern, with over 700 major incidents reported annually affecting millions of records, underscoring the need for robust cybersecurity. Implementation costs also pose barriers, typically ranging from $15,000 to $50,000 for small practices (1-3 providers) in 2024, encompassing software licensing, hardware, training, and workflow adjustments.

Emergency medical responder

An (EMR) is an entry-level certification for individuals trained to provide in emergency situations, serving as the first point of medical contact for critical patients accessing the (EMS) system. EMRs deliver immediate interventions using minimal equipment, such as , (CPR), (AED) use, and basic stabilization techniques to maintain airway, breathing, and circulation until higher-level providers like Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) or paramedics arrive. This role emphasizes rapid response to stabilize patients and prevent further harm in pre-hospital settings. Training for EMR certification involves completing a state-approved course aligned with the National EMS Education Standards, typically spanning 40 to 80 hours of instruction that includes both classroom learning and hands-on practice. The curriculum covers essential topics such as scene safety to identify and mitigate hazards like environmental risks or violence, patient assessment through primary and secondary surveys to evaluate responsiveness and , and oxygen administration using devices like nasal cannulas or non-rebreather masks. Additional focus areas include protocols, including adult, child, and infant CPR, as well as application per guidelines. Upon completion, candidates must pass the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT) cognitive exam and demonstrate psychomotor skills competency. In the United States, the EMR certification has been recognized since the 1970s, following the establishment of national EMS standards by the , which formalized training for previously known under that title until the NREMT updated the in 2013. EMRs commonly serve in fire departments for incident response, police agencies for on-scene medical aid, and industrial or workplace safety teams to handle occupational emergencies. Certification requires recertification every two years, involving at least 16 hours of through the NREMT's National Continued Competency Program (NCCP), which includes national, local/state, and individual components focused on patient care topics. Following the , 2001, terrorist attacks, EMR roles were further integrated into broader frameworks to bolster preparedness, including enhanced coordination with incident command systems. Globally, variations exist, but in , the equivalent certification is also termed , offering similar training in pre-hospital basic care as a prerequisite for advanced levels, often through organizations like the Canadian Red Cross or provincial licensing boards. During handoffs to higher-level providers, EMRs may utilize digital records for seamless documentation of initial assessments.

Other uses

M39 Enhanced Marksman Rifle

The (EMR) is a semi-automatic developed by the ' Precision Weapons Section in 2008 to provide squads with enhanced precision fire capability at extended ranges. Chambered for the cartridge, it is an accurized upgrade of the , utilizing select mothballed M14 receivers rebuilt with match-grade components and mounted in a modern chassis for improved ergonomics and modularity. This design addressed limitations of earlier M14 variants by offering better accuracy, typically achieving 2 or less, while maintaining the platform's reliability in combat environments. Key specifications include a 22-inch match-grade barrel produced by Krieger Barrels, a detachable 20-round magazine, and an effective firing range of up to 800 meters with match-grade M118LR ammunition. The rifle weighs approximately 13 pounds (5.9 kg) unloaded without accessories, increasing to about 16.5 pounds (7.5 kg) when equipped with its standard Schmidt & Bender 3-12×50 PM II optic, bipod, and other issue items mounted on an integrated . Its gas-operated semi-automatic action supports controlled, rapid engagements, with a of around 2,800 feet per second, making it suitable for both suppressive and precise targeting roles within Marine infantry units. Historically, the M39 was fielded starting in 2008–2010 to replace aging DMRs, entering service during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom where it supported scout and designated marksmen in engaging threats beyond the effective range of the M16A4. Production involved collaboration with SAGE International, which supplied the Enhanced Battle Rifle (EBR) chassis adapted for the M39, resulting in several hundred units initially rebuilt and distributed to expeditionary units by the end of the decade. Its deployment enhanced squad-level lethality in urban and open terrain, filling a gap between standard rifles and full sniper systems. Upgrades to the M39 focused on modularity, with the chassis providing full-length rail integration for accessories such as suppressors, thermal devices, and bipods, allowing adaptation to diverse requirements. By 2011, the Marine Corps initiated a one-for-one replacement program with the Army's , citing the need for lighter weight and greater versatility; the transition accelerated through the and was largely complete by the early , though limited M39 stocks remain in training and reserve roles.

Experience modification rating

The experience modification rating (EMR), also known as the experience modification factor or experience mod, is a numerical multiplier applied to an employer's base insurance premium to adjust it based on the company's actual loss experience compared to industry expectations. It typically ranges from 0.5 to 1.5, where values below 1.0 indicate better-than-average performance and values above 1.0 signal higher risk. The EMR is calculated by the National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI) using data from the three most recent policy years, excluding the current year, for employers in most U.S. states. The core for the EMR is the of adjusted actual losses to adjusted expected losses, further modified by a factor that weights the employer's data relative to the average based on size and stability: EMR = (Adjusted Actual Losses / Adjusted Expected Losses). Expected losses are derived from the employer's , class codes, and NCCI's loss cost projections, while actual losses include paid and reserved amounts from claims. For example, if a company's actual losses exceed expected losses by 20%, its EMR will rise above 1.0, increasing premiums proportionally to reflect elevated risk. A "" value is added to both numerator and denominator to stabilize ratings for smaller employers and prevent extreme fluctuations. The primary purpose of the EMR is to customize premiums to an individual employer's risk profile, incentivizing workplace safety and loss prevention by rewarding low-claim histories with discounts and penalizing poor records with surcharges. Businesses achieving an EMR of 0.8, for instance, receive a 20% premium reduction, promoting investments in safety training and hazard controls. This system is widely used across U.S. industries, particularly high-hazard sectors like , where frequent claims can dramatically elevate rates and affect competitiveness in bidding processes. EMR calculations emphasize primary losses—the initial portion of each claim up to a state-specific split point, which varies by and is adjusted periodically; as of , these range from approximately $9,500 to $38,000 depending on the state (e.g., $16,500 in effective July 2023, subject to annual review)—to prioritize claim over severity, with excess losses above the split point receiving reduced weighting (e.g., split evenly between primary and excess portions). Medical-only claims are discounted by including only 30% of their value, and small claims with total losses of $2,000 or less are grouped by similar injury types to better estimate expected values and avoid distorting the . The EMR applies annually to eligible employers whose over the meets or exceeds the state's —typically $12,000 to $15,000 as of 2025, depending on the state, equivalent to annual payrolls often exceeding $500,000 to $800,000 based on industry class rates and location.

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