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FC

Facilitated communication (FC) is a technique developed in the late in which a provides physical support—typically holding or guiding the hand, arm, or shoulder of a non-speaking individual with severe communication impairments, such as those associated with —to enable pointing at letters, pictures, or typing on a or device to produce messages. Proponents claim it unlocks hidden and , but controlled empirical studies have consistently shown that the messages are authored by the facilitator through subtle, unconscious cues (the ideomotor effect), not the individual, rendering FC unreliable and invalid as a form of independent communication. Originating in in the 1970s with educator Rosemary Crossley and gaining traction in the United States during the early 1990s, FC was initially hailed for enabling individuals diagnosed with intellectual disabilities to reveal unexpected cognitive abilities, including authorship of poetry, academic work, and allegations of . However, rigorous experimental , including double-blind protocols where facilitators lacked prior of test stimuli, demonstrated that accurate outputs ceased without facilitator influence, confirming authorship by the supporter rather than the supported person. Systematic reviews of peer-reviewed studies from 1995 onward, including those up to 2018, have found no valid evidence supporting FC's efficacy, with professional organizations such as the Speech-Language-Hearing (ASHA) and the Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI) issuing strong cautions against its use due to lack of scientific validation and risks of harm. FC's controversies peaked in the with high-profile cases of false accusations of against caregivers, based on FC-generated claims that were later disproven in when independent validation failed, leading to wrongful investigations and eroded trust in the method. Despite this, variants like (RPM) have emerged, mimicking FC's flaws without addressing authorship concerns, and persist in some therapeutic and educational settings, often promoted through anecdotal testimonials over empirical data. Critics highlight how FC diverts resources from evidence-based interventions, such as behavioral therapies, and underscores the dangers of presuming without causal verification of output origins.

Business and Organizational Entities

Companies and Corporations

Franklin Covey Co. (NYSE: FC) is a global consulting firm specializing in organizational performance improvement, offering training and advisory services in leadership development, execution strategies, sales performance, productivity enhancement, and customer loyalty programs. Headquartered in , , the company serves clients across various industries, emphasizing practical tools derived from methodologies like the 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, originally developed by Stephen R. Covey. As of October 2025, its reflects ongoing operations in enterprise training amid a competitive corporate learning sector. FC Global Realty Inc. (OTC: FCRE) operates as a investment firm, acquiring, developing, and managing commercial and residential properties, with a focus on income-producing assets in secondary and tertiary U.S. markets. Established in 1980 and based in , the company pursues strategies for current income generation and long-term net asset value growth through institutional-grade practices, including asset management and development. Its portfolio emphasizes undervalued opportunities in non-prime locations to mitigate risk while targeting returns. In U.S. corporate filings and legal designations, "FC" commonly abbreviates "Foreign Corporation," denoting a business entity incorporated under the laws of one state or but registered to transact business in another, subject to compliance with host-state regulations such as qualification fees and annual reporting. This status ensures oversight of out-of-state operations without full reincorporation, though failure to maintain it can result in penalties or limited legal recourse.

Non-Profit and Professional Organizations

In the United States, many organizations abbreviated "FC" represent clubs (soccer) structured as 501(c)(3) tax-exempt non-profits, focusing on , , and competitive play without profit distribution to owners. These entities rely on player fees, donations, and grants to cover operational costs such as , facilities, and . For example, San Ramon FC, founded in 1973 in , operates as a non-profit serving the with recreational and competitive programs. Similarly, North Carolina FC Youth, based in Raleigh since 1974, functions as a 501(c)(3) to deliver soccer training and matches across the Greater Triangle region. Clermont FC Soccer Club, active in Central Florida since 1992, exemplifies this model by providing elite to hundreds of players annually through its non-profit framework. In Europe, professional FCs often adopt member-owned association models that align with non-profit principles, reinvesting revenues into club operations, infrastructure, and youth academies rather than maximizing shareholder returns. FC Barcelona, established in 1899, is legally a non-profit private sports association under Catalan regulations, governed democratically by over 143,000 paying members (socios) who elect the president and oversee finances. In Germany, the Bundesliga's 50+1 rule mandates that member associations hold at least 50% plus one share of voting rights in professional clubs, preserving the non-profit roots of entities like FC Bayern Munich, which originated as member-driven Vereine (associations). This structure, dating to the late 19th century, contrasts with investor-owned models and has sustained fan loyalty amid commercialization pressures. Such FC organizations, whether amateur or professional, prioritize long-term sustainability and community ties over short-term profits, though critics note vulnerabilities to financial mismanagement without external ownership oversight.

Educational Institutions

Forman Christian College (FCCU), located in Lahore, Pakistan, is a private nonprofit liberal arts university founded in 1864 by American Presbyterian missionaries. Originally established as a high school and college, it evolved into a chartered university in 2003, offering 26 bachelor's, 19 master's, and 5 PhD programs in fields including sciences, humanities, and social sciences. The 108-acre campus along the Lahore Canal serves over 5,000 students and emphasizes a liberal arts education with a historical Christian foundation, though it admits students of all faiths. FCCU ranks 240th in Asia per QS rankings and has produced alumni such as physicist Abdus Salam, Nobel laureate in physics. Florida College, situated in , is a private four-year Christian institution affiliated with the , established in 1946 to provide Bible-centered . It enrolls approximately 600 students and awards associate and bachelor's degrees in 20 programs, including liberal arts, , , and , with a integrating faith-based principles and practical training. The college maintains a residential focused on character development and small class sizes for individualized instruction. Fergusson College in Pune, India, commonly abbreviated FC, was founded in 1885 as one of the oldest colleges in the region under the University of Bombay (now ). It offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in arts, science, and commerce, with a legacy tied to India's independence movement through alumni like . The institution, now affiliated with , emphasizes research and has facilities for over 5,000 students across its arts and science sections. Other smaller institutions bearing the FC abbreviation include in , , a private nonprofit founded in 1903 offering career-focused associate and bachelor's degrees in areas like and business, with an enrollment of around 1,200 students; and in , , a public of applied arts and technology established in 1967, providing diplomas and degrees in , trades, and health sciences to over 6,000 full-time students across multiple campuses.

Science and Technology

Computing and Data Technologies

Fibre Channel (FC) is a high-speed serial data transfer protocol and networking technology standardized for connecting servers, storage devices, and switches in storage area networks (SANs), enabling reliable, low-latency block-level data access in enterprise environments. It supports lossless transmission over fiber optic or copper cables, distinguishing it from Ethernet-based alternatives by prioritizing dedicated storage traffic without contention. FC operates across multiple OSI layers, including physical (for signaling), data link (for framing and error correction), and upper layers via mappings like the Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP) for SCSI commands. Development of FC began in the late through a consortium of companies including , , and , aiming to replace limitations with serial interfaces for greater distances and speeds. The (ANSI) first ratified FC standards in 1994 under X3.230-1994 (later INCITS T11 FC-FS), with subsequent generations focusing on higher bit rates and enhanced features like for security and fabric services for management. Speeds progressed from 1 Gbit/s in early implementations to 16 Gbit/s by 2011, 32 Gbit/s in 2013 (Gen 6), 64 Gbit/s by 2017, and 128 Gbit/s in recent as of 2025, doubling approximately every 3-4 years to meet escalating data demands. In data technologies, FC excels in mission-critical applications such as , healthcare, and large-scale databases, where its hardware-enforced lossless delivery, sub-millisecond , and support for multipathing ensure over distances up to 10 km via single-mode fiber. Components include bus adapters (HBAs) in servers, ports on arrays, and fabric switches forming non-blocking topologies like core-edge designs for up to thousands of nodes. Despite from NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) and Ethernet-based for cost reasons, FC maintains dominance in high-end due to its maturity, , and specialized features like those in Emulex Secure HBAs introduced around 2025. Adoption persists in 2025 for environments requiring zero-downtime resilience, though some vendors predict gradual displacement by converged infrastructures amid rising Ethernet speeds. Beyond storage networking, FC denotes minor elements like the FC optical connector for terminations, used in and links since the 1980s for its screw-on coupling reliability. In software, the 'fc' command in Windows and compares file contents byte-by-byte for or verification, originating from early utilities. These usages, while foundational, represent a fraction of FC's impact compared to its role in scalable infrastructures.

Engineering and Transportation

Fuel cells represent an technology that converts the of a , typically , directly into through oxidation-reduction reactions, bypassing and achieving higher theoretical efficiencies than internal combustion engines. In transportation applications, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) predominate due to their operation at low temperatures (around 80°C), quick startup times, and compatibility with dynamic power demands in vehicles. The core components include the (MEA), bipolar plates for gas distribution and current collection, and balance-of-plant systems for fuel processing, humidification, and thermal management. Engineering designs for transportation fuel cells emphasize durability, with PEMFC stacks engineered to withstand over 5,000 hours of operation under automotive cycling conditions, though real-world degradation from and membrane thinning remains a challenge. Materials innovations, such as platinum-ruthenium alloys for catalysts and reinforced perfluorosulfonic acid , address issues like crossover and , enabling power densities exceeding 2 kW/L in advanced stacks. System integration involves DC/DC converters to match fuel cell output to electric drivetrains, often hybridizing with batteries for peak power and . In transportation, fuel cells power heavy-duty applications where battery weight and recharge times limit alternatives, including hydrogen buses achieving ranges over 300 miles per fill and refueling in under 10 minutes. Trucks and vans benefit from fuel cells' high (up to 1.5 kWh/kg for systems versus 0.25 kWh/kg for lithium-ion batteries), supporting long-haul with zero tailpipe emissions beyond . Maritime and rail trials, such as -powered ferries and locomotives, leverage fuel cells for and propulsion, with prototypes demonstrating efficiencies of 50-60% in converting to mechanical work. However, infrastructure constraints persist, as via requires to minimize lifecycle emissions, with gray from reforming dominating current supply and emitting 10-12 kg CO2 per kg H2. Advancements focus on , targeting below $50/kW for stacks through scale-up and non-precious metal catalysts, alongside engineering for cold-start performance and impurity tolerance in reformed fuels. Deployments include over 50,000 vehicles globally by 2023, primarily in fleets for refuse collection and delivery, where operational data shows fuel economy equivalents of 60-70 miles per kg H2. Despite these, engineering hurdles like scarcity and stack volume constrain passenger car adoption, favoring niche roles in ground support and over widespread light-duty use.

Biological and Physical Sciences

In biology, FC commonly denotes , a laser-based biophysical technology employed to analyze the physical and chemical properties of cells or particles suspended in a stream as they pass through an interrogation point. This technique enables high-throughput quantification of cell size, granularity, and fluorescence markers for identifying subpopulations, with applications in , , and ; for instance, it facilitates the detection of rare cell types at sensitivities exceeding 1 in 10^5 cells. FC also refers to the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of immunoglobulin antibodies, the C-terminal domain that mediates effector functions such as binding to s on immune cells, thereby triggering , antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, or complement activation. The Fc portion's structure, conserved across immunoglobulin isotypes like IgG, influences half-life extension via neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) recycling and patterns that modulate inflammation. In physical sciences, particularly chemistry, FC signifies , a theoretical charge assigned to an in a molecule's calculated as the difference between valence electrons and non-bonding plus half of bonding electrons (FC = valence electrons - electrons - ½ bonding electrons). This metric aids in predicting molecular stability, forms, and reactivity; for example, in nitrate ion (NO3^-), the central bears a formal charge of +1, guiding valence shell electron pair repulsion theory applications. Additionally, FC abbreviates the Friedel-Crafts reaction, a set of processes—alkylation with alkyl halides or with acyl chlorides—catalyzed by Lewis acids like AlCl3 to introduce alkyl or acyl groups onto rings, foundational in since their discovery in 1877 by and James Crafts. These reactions proceed via intermediates, with limitations including polyalkylation and rearrangements, addressed by modern variants like those using superacids.

Sports and Athletics

Association Football

In , "FC" is an abbreviation for "Football Club," denoting organizations established primarily for playing or administering the sport. The designation originated in , where was founded on October 24, 1857, by Nathaniel Creswick and William Prest at Parkfield House in Highfield, Sheffield, making it the world's oldest surviving independent football club as recognized by . This early use of "FC" reflected the clubs' focus on codifying and promoting the nascent rules of the game, distinguishing them from informal recreational groups. The abbreviation gained widespread adoption beyond England, particularly in continental Europe, where it became a standard suffix for professional and semi-professional teams. In Germany, examples include FC Bayern München, established in 1900 as a breakaway from Turnverein Jahn München to prioritize over , and , formed in 1900 from a merger of local clubs. In , traces its roots to 1893, when English wine merchant António Nicolau de Almeida and locals founded the club to formalize matches against British s in . Spain's , founded November 29, 1899, by , a businessman, adopted "FC" in its name "" to emphasize its sporting exclusivity amid Barcelona's multi-sport cultural associations. These cases illustrate how "FC" signified a dedicated entity, often emerging from or initiatives in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In English football's professional leagues, "FC" is less prevalent today compared to suffixes like "United," "City," or "Rovers," which evoke mergers, urban identity, or wandering origins; only a handful, such as (formed 2005 as a supporter-owned against 's ownership), retain it in lower divisions. Conversely, in non-English-speaking and beyond, "FC" persists due to its concise English etymology, even where local languages use equivalents like "CF" (Club de Fútbol) in or "SV" (Sportverein) in for broader athletic bodies. In (MLS) in , where "soccer" predominates terminologically, teams like (founded 2014) and (2018 expansion) incorporate "FC" to align with global conventions and signal professionalism, despite the regional preference for "soccer club" (SC) in some cases. This usage underscores "FC"'s role in branding clubs for international appeal, with over 100 MLS-affiliated or inspired teams adopting it since the league's 1996 inception.

Other Athletic Contexts

In rugby league and rugby union, FC commonly abbreviates "Football Club" in the names of professional and invitational teams, reflecting the sport's historical roots in 19th-century football codes distinct from association football. Hull F.C., established in 1865, competes in the Super League as one of England's oldest rugby league clubs, with 6 championship titles won between 1914 and 2017. Similarly, teams like Wigan Warriors historically used FC designations before evolving naming conventions, underscoring FC's role in denoting organized rugby entities focused on physical, non-stop play with 13 players per side in league format. In , FC denotes "fair catch" in official statistics, referring to a punt returner signaling to waive tackling rights in exchange for protection from contact, a rule formalized in the early to reduce injury risks. track FC counts per player or team, with examples including return specialists averaging 5-10 fair catches per season in high-punting games; for instance, in 2005 data, fair catches influenced field position strategies amid 32 teams' 16-game schedules. This abbreviation appears in box scores and analytics from leagues like the , emphasizing tactical decisions over aggressive returns. In combat sports and , FC signifies "full contact," describing disciplines permitting unrestricted strikes to the head, body, and legs without mandatory padding, as opposed to point-sparring variants. Full-contact , codified in the 1970s by organizations like the International Karate Association, features bouts up to 3 rounds of 2-3 minutes, prioritizing potential and endurance; events draw thousands annually, with safety mitigated by gloves and mouthguards rather than elimination of impacts. This usage extends to promotions, where FC rules differentiate from semi-contact formats, influencing training regimens that build resilience through repeated unyielding exchanges.

Military and Governmental Uses

Military Designations and Units

In the United States Navy, FC designates the enlisted rating, a specialized occupational field focused on the operation, maintenance, and repair of advanced weapons direction systems, including interfaces, computerized fire control equipment, and technologies aboard surface ships and . Fire Controlmen conduct operational tests, calibrate systems for accurate targeting, and provide real-time weapon employment recommendations during scenarios, with emphasizing systems like the combat suite and vertical launch systems. Personnel in this rating, numbering around 3,000 active-duty sailors as of recent manpower reports, undergo initial at Great Lakes, , followed by advanced schools for specific platforms. In the United States Army, FC refers to the , one of 18 basic branches established under the Army's sustainment structure, responsible for delivering services such as disbursement, voucher processing, and fiscal accountability for over 1.3 million active and reserve soldiers worldwide. Finance Corps officers, designated by the alphanumeric code , manage budgeting, internal controls, and resource allocation in operational environments, with units embedded in divisions, corps, and financial management commands like the U.S. Army Financial Management Command headquartered at , . The branch traces its formal establishment to 1920, evolving from earlier roles to integrate modern electronic commerce and audit compliance functions. Pakistan's (FC), a organization under federal command, operates as border security and counter-terrorism units primarily along the frontier in and provinces, comprising approximately 80,000 personnel divided into northern and southern wings for each region. Established in as tribal levies and reorganized into its current structure post-1947 , FC units conduct patrols, operations, and development, with notable expansions in manpower from 65,000 in to counter rising militancy. These forces report to the of Interior and have collaborated with in operations like Zarb-e-Azb since 2014, emphasizing local Pashtun and Baloch recruitment for cultural alignment in .

Governmental and Administrative Bodies

In , the Federal Court (FC) serves as a of record with national over matters arising under federal statutes, including and claims, federal-provincial disputes, , and . Established by the Federal Courts Act in 1971 as part of the restructuring of the Exchequer Court of Canada, it operates as a bilingual and bijural , hearing cases in both English and while applying both and principles where applicable. The court consists of a , 16 judges, and associate judges, with decisions appealable to the Federal Court of Appeal. In the , the functions as a overseeing the management of state-owned forests and woodlands across , , and . Created by the Forestry Act 1919 in response to timber shortages during , it manages approximately 1.8 million hectares of woodland, promotes sustainable , supports biodiversity, and facilitates public recreation. Since in 1999, its operations have been divided into Forestry England, Forestry and Land Scotland, and Natural Resources Wales, but the Commission retains a coordinating role on cross-border policy and research. In Pakistan, the Frontier Corps (FC) designates two federal paramilitary organizations—Frontier Corps Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North) and Frontier Corps Balochistan (South)—responsible for securing the Afghan and Iranian borders, counter-terrorism operations, and in tribal and frontier areas. Originating from British colonial-era militias like the (established 1878) and Zhob Levy Corps (1883), the modern FC was formalized under the Frontier Corps Ordinance of 1959 and operates under the Ministry of Interior with army oversight. Comprising about 80,000 personnel recruited locally, it has been involved in operations against insurgents since the 2000s, though criticized for human rights issues in reports by organizations like .

Arts, Media, and Cultural References

Film, Literature, and Entertainment

In film, "FC" is occasionally used as an abbreviation for , the 1999 American directed by and based on Chuck Palahniuk's novel, starring and . The film, released on October 15, 1999, by 20th Century Fox, grossed $101 million worldwide and received acclaim for its exploration of and , earning three Academy Award nominations. Similarly, "FC" has been shorthand for , the 1971 crime thriller directed by , which won five Oscars including Best Picture and Best Actor for , depicting a narcotics detective's pursuit of a smuggling ring. The film, released on October 9, 1971, by 20th Century Fox, was based on real events chronicled in Robin Moore's 1969 book of the same name. In and publishing, particularly among reviewers and bloggers, "FC" denotes a Finished Copy, the final, bound version of a book produced after proofreading and prior to or alongside advance reader copies (), often distributed for promotional reviews. This contrasts with uncorrected proofs and ensures recipients evaluate the product as it will appear in retail. In comics publishing, "FC" refers to the Front Cover, the primary exterior artwork and title element of a issue, crucial for marketing and collector value. These usages reflect niche terminologies within rather than widespread conventions.

Gaming and Digital Media

In video games, particularly rhythm-based titles such as Beat Saber, Guitar Hero, and Rock Band, "FC" denotes "full combo," referring to a player's successful execution of every required input or note in a sequence without interruption or error. This achievement is tracked by game engines that maintain a combo counter resetting on misses, with FC often celebrated in leaderboards and community discussions for demonstrating high skill and precision. "FC" also signifies "Friend Code" in multiplayer Nintendo games like the Pokémon series, where players exchange unique numerical codes to register friends for online battles, trades, or raids, enabling secure connections without broader friend lists. Introduced with and systems around 2005–2006, this system prioritized privacy by limiting interactions to verified codes, a mechanic persisting in titles up to Pokémon Sword and Shield (2019) before partial replacement by broader online features. The EA Sports FC franchise, launched in September 2023 as the successor to the FIFA series after EA's licensing agreement with FIFA ended, uses "FC" to stand for "Football Club," rebranding the annual soccer simulation games to emphasize community and club-building elements. Titles like EA Sports FC 24 and FC 25 feature licensed leagues such as the UEFA Champions League and over 19,000 players from 690 teams, with mobile variants like FC Mobile reaching millions of downloads. The series incorporates modes like Ultimate Team for squad customization and 5v5 Rush for casual play, generating significant revenue—FC 24 sold over 15 million copies in its first year—while facing criticism for microtransactions and realism in gameplay physics. In MMORPGs like , "FC" refers to "Free Company," a player-formed system for cooperative raids, , and social events, with recruitment often centered on shared goals like content progression. These usages highlight "FC" as a versatile shorthand in gaming culture, evolving with platform-specific mechanics and community norms rather than standardized definitions.

Miscellaneous Abbreviations

Everyday Language and Slang

In informal texting and online messaging, "FC" most commonly stands for "fingers crossed," an expression invoking the of crossing one's fingers to wish for or a favorable outcome in uncertain situations, such as job interviews or sports events. This abbreviation gained popularity in digital communication for its brevity, often appearing in casual exchanges like "Good luck on the test, FC!" to convey without elaboration. Its roots trace to the ancient believed to repel evil or harness good fortune, adapted into by the early 2010s amid rising text usage. Less frequently, "FC" denotes "fat chance" in spoken or written , sarcastically implying low probability of an event occurring, as in "You'll win ? FC." This usage appears sporadically in casual dialogue but lacks the ubiquity of "fingers crossed" in contemporary platforms. Regional variations exist, such as "feeling close" in Philippine to describe or budding romance, though it remains -specific and underdocumented outside local communities. Overall, interpretations depend heavily on conversational , with "fingers crossed" dominating verifiable everyday applications due to its adaptability in English-speaking digital spaces.

Measurement and Technical Units

In illumination , "fc" denotes the , a unit of measuring the amount of light incident on a surface. One foot-candle is defined as the illuminance produced on a surface one foot square by a luminous flux of one uniformly distributed over that area, equivalent to one lumen per (lm/ft²). This non-SI unit originated from the historical (power) standard, where it represented the illumination from a standard at one foot distance, though modern definitions align it precisely with photometric quantities. The remains prevalent in North American , specifications, and standards for applications such as workplaces, roadways, and interiors, where recommended levels vary by task—for instance, 5–10 fc for general outdoor areas and 50–100 fc for offices. It contrasts with the unit (lx), where 1 fc ≈ 10.76 lx, facilitating conversions in international contexts but highlighting persistence in certain industries. Despite advocacy for adoption, the unit's practicality in foot-based architectural measurements sustains its use, as evidenced in standards from bodies like the Illuminating Society. No other widely recognized or technical units abbreviate to "fc" in established scientific ; proposals for novel uses, such as "" in , lack standardization and adoption in peer-reviewed or references.

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