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Firefox for Android

Firefox for Android is a free, open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Corporation for devices running the Android operating system, prioritizing user privacy, performance, and customization through features like Enhanced Tracking Protection, add-on support, and cross-device synchronization. Launched initially in 2011 as part of Mozilla's effort to bring its desktop browser experience to mobile platforms, Firefox for Android underwent a major redesign in 2020 with the release of version 79, codenamed Fenix, which replaced the older Fennec-based architecture with the GeckoView rendering engine for improved speed and independence from system components. This overhaul introduced a more intuitive interface, including a movable address bar, Picture-in-Picture video support, and Collections for organizing tabs and bookmarks, while maintaining compatibility with over 1,000 extensions from the Mozilla Add-ons store. Key privacy features include default blocking of known trackers and cookies in Standard mode, one-tap that automatically clears history. options allow users to personalize their homepage with shortcuts, enable dark mode for savings, and adjust search engines or themes, making it adaptable for diverse user needs. Available via the Store, it supports 8.0 and later, with regular updates focusing on , , and new capabilities like TLS client and bookmark sorting.

History

Early development and Fennec era

The Fennec project, codenamed for Mozilla's mobile browser initiative, originated in 2007 as an effort to adapt the desktop Firefox experience, including extensions and tabbed browsing, to handheld devices. Initial development focused on Linux-based platforms, with the first prototype demonstrated in April 2008 on the Nokia N810 Internet Tablet running Maemo. A beta version followed in March 2009, introducing improved performance and usability features tailored for touch interfaces. The project's first stable release, version 1.0, launched on January 28, 2010, exclusively for Maemo devices such as the Nokia N900 smartphone and N810 tablet, marking the debut of a full-featured Firefox on mobile hardware. Expansion to Android began with pre-alpha builds in 2010, but the official beta arrived on March 29, 2011, as Firefox 4.0, powered by the Gecko rendering engine and optimized for Android 2.1 or later. This version emphasized cross-platform consistency with desktop Firefox, including support for add-ons and Firefox Sync for data synchronization. Key early milestones included version 7.0, released in September 2011, which introduced hardware acceleration to enhance rendering speed and smoothness on compatible Android devices. Early Fennec iterations faced significant challenges in mobile rendering, particularly on resource-constrained hardware of the era, where page loading and scrolling often lagged behind native browsers due to Gecko's higher memory demands. Initial releases lacked comprehensive add-on compatibility, limiting extensibility compared to Firefox, and performance issues persisted on devices with limited RAM, such as early Gingerbread-era phones. By 2012, Mozilla shifted focus squarely to following the discontinuation of support after version 7 in 2011, as the platform's declining and Nokia's pivot to rendered further investment untenable. This transition aligned resources with 's growing dominance in mobile. Version 14.0, released on June 5, 2012, introduced Reader Mode, a feature that simplified webpage layouts by removing clutter like and sidebars to improve readability on small screens.

Redesign to Fenix and modern updates

In 2018, Mozilla initiated the Fenix project as a complete ground-up rewrite of Firefox for Android to address longstanding performance limitations in the earlier Fennec-based version, leveraging the newly developed GeckoView rendering engine and the open-source Mozilla Android Components library for modular development. This effort, internally codenamed Fenix, aimed to deliver a more efficient, customizable browser while aligning mobile capabilities closer to the desktop Firefox experience. The culmination of the Fenix redesign arrived with the major release of version 79 on August 25, 2020, branded as Daylight to signify a fresh start. This update introduced a streamlined with a bottom-placed navigation bar for easier one-handed use on mobile devices, the Collections feature for grouping and sharing tabs without traditional bookmarks, and enhanced Sync integration for seamless data transfer across platforms. Subsequent updates from 2023 onward emphasized expanding functionality and refining core systems. Add-on support began rolling out in November 2023 with version 120, enabling users to install compatible extensions from the Add-ons catalog and marking a significant step toward parity with desktop customization options. By late 2023, over 450 extensions were compatible, focusing initially on tools and blockers. In 2025, saw further modernization to bolster long-term viability. Version 144.0, released on , 2025, raised the minimum required version to 8.0 () to prioritize security updates and performance optimizations on modern hardware, while adding advanced profile management for multiple user accounts and tab groups for improved session organization. This change affected approximately 5% of active devices but ensured continued innovation without legacy constraints. Version 145.0 followed on November 11, 2025, introducing features such as enforcement of for site security, CRLite for faster certificate revocation checks, ML-KEM support in TLS 1.3 and , and improvements to translation model compression and bidirectional language support. These updates underscored Mozilla's ongoing commitment to a performant, privacy-focused tailored for Android's evolving .

Firefox Lite

Firefox Lite was a lightweight variant of for Android, released on November 1, 2018, initially under the name before rebranding. Designed for low-end devices with limited storage and slow network connections, the app measured less than 3.5 MB at launch, enabling quick downloads in regions with metered plans. It targeted emerging markets in , particularly where it debuted and where it launched shortly after, to provide accessible browsing for users facing constraints and high data costs. The browser emphasized data efficiency and simplicity through its Turbo mode, a default-enabled feature that blocked third-party content such as advertisements to reduce page load times and usage on sluggish connections. This compression-like functionality, powered by Mozilla's infrastructure, prioritized speed over full content rendering while maintaining core browsing capabilities like bookmarks and history. The was streamlined for minimal resource use, featuring fewer traditional elements to suit entry-level devices, though it retained essential navigation tools. Later versions grew to around 6.5 MB while adding minor enhancements like content capture for offline reading. Mozilla discontinued Firefox Lite in 2021, with the final update (version 2.6.1) released on June 30, 2021, after which no further or feature updates were provided. Users were encouraged to migrate to the main for Android app, which had undergone a 2020 redesign incorporating lightweight elements similar to Lite's optimizations. The variant achieved over 5 million downloads primarily through alternative app stores, reflecting its niche appeal in data-constrained environments despite limited ongoing adoption.

Features

User interface and usability

Firefox for Android features a user interface designed for efficient mobile navigation, with key elements optimized for touch-based interaction on smartphones and tablets. The browser's toolbar can be positioned at the bottom of the screen, introduced in version 79 in 2020, to facilitate thumb-friendly one-handed use, particularly on larger devices. Users can adjust this setting via the customization options, allowing the and navigation controls to adapt to individual preferences for easier reach during scrolling or typing. The serves as a customizable , displaying pinned shortcuts to frequently visited sites and enabling the creation of collections to organize open tabs and bookmarks into thematic groups, such as for work or personal research. These collections allow users to save and rearrange content intuitively, promoting better tab management without cluttering the interface. This design stems from the 2020 UI redesign under the Fenix project, which overhauled the layout for faster performance and simpler organization. Visual and playback enhancements further improve usability, including dark mode support added in 2020, which automatically adapts to the device's system theme or can be toggled manually for reduced in low-light conditions. video playback, also introduced in version 79, enables videos to float in a resizable over other apps or tabs, allowing multitasking without interrupting content consumption. Version 145.0, released November 11, 2025, added support for video format playback. Accessibility is prioritized through built-in options like high-contrast themes, which enhance text and element visibility for users with low vision, and compatibility with Android's TalkBack screen reader for voice-guided navigation. One-tap access to private browsing from the home screen or tabs tray simplifies switching to incognito mode without extra steps. Updates in version 144.0 (October 2025) and 145.0 (November 2025) include tab group improvements, such as keeping the active tab visible in collapsed groups and previewing contents by hovering over group icons for easier creation and management across sessions. Integration with Firefox Sync enhances cross-device usability, enabling seamless sharing of passwords, open tabs, and bookmarks via a account, ensuring continuity when switching between , desktop, or other platforms. This feature requires signing into the account within the app settings, after which data synchronizes automatically in the background.

Privacy and security tools

Firefox for Android incorporates Enhanced Tracking Protection (ETP), introduced in version 79 in August 2020, which blocks third-party trackers, social media trackers, and cryptominers by default to prevent cross-site data collection. ETP operates in standard mode for broad protection and a strict mode that additionally blocks tracking content such as videos and ads containing trackers, offering users greater control over privacy settings. In 2025, Total Cookie Protection was expanded to standard ETP mode, creating isolated "cookie jars" for each site to confine tracking cookies and prevent cross-site sharing without breaking website functionality. Private browsing mode in Firefox for Android enhances by automatically clearing , history, and other session data upon exit, while integrating ETP strict mode by default to block trackers during sessions. Since version 100 in April 2022, the browser supports , which enforces encrypted connections for all websites, upgrading HTTP requests to where possible and blocking insecure sites to mitigate man-in-the-middle attacks. Security is maintained through regular updates delivered via the GeckoView rendering engine, which embeds Firefox's Gecko engine into Android apps for consistent patching across versions. Firefox 144.0, released on October 14, 2025, addressed multiple high-impact vulnerabilities, including memory safety issues and cross-origin data leaks, as detailed in Mozilla's security advisory MFSA2025-81. Version 145.0, released November 11, 2025, included further fixes as per MFSA2025-85. The browser implements site isolation through Project Fission, rolled out to Android in early 2025, which separates web content into distinct processes to limit the impact of exploits and prevent cross-site scripting attacks. Additionally, fingerprinting resistance features block known fingerprinters and standardize browser attributes like canvas and font data to reduce unique device identification; version 145.0 enhanced these protections by default against additional techniques. Firefox for Android adheres to privacy-by-design principles, with no telemetry collection enabled by default; users must opt in to share anonymized usage data to support development. This approach ensures compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), emphasizing user consent and minimal data processing as outlined in Mozilla's . Users can further enhance privacy via add-ons like for advanced ad and tracker blocking.

Add-ons and customization

Firefox for Android introduced support for WebExtensions in version 120, released in November 2023, enabling users to install a growing selection of compatible add-ons directly from the Add-ons store. This expansion began with over 400 add-ons available by December 2023, marking a significant step toward parity with the desktop version's extension ecosystem, though limited by mobile-specific API constraints. Popular examples include for ad and tracker blocking, with over 10 million users, and Dark Reader for enabling dark mode on websites. By May 2024, the number of supported extensions had surpassed 1,000, reflecting rapid developer adoption and community contributions. Users can install these add-ons through the in-browser Add-ons Manager or by visiting addons.mozilla.org/android, where extensions are reviewed for before being made available. For advanced users, manual installation via APK files or XPI packages is possible in Firefox Nightly builds, but this is not recommended for stable versions due to risks and lack of automatic updates. However, full extension parity remains unavailable, as constraints limit access to certain like native UI modifications and -specific storage options, ensuring stability on resource-limited devices. Customization options have expanded through these add-ons, allowing users to adjust themes for light or dark modes, add functional buttons to the , and modify the new tab page for personalized layouts. For instance, the Essential Buttons Toolbar extension inserts customizable buttons for actions like opening the homepage, duplicating tabs, or closing tabs directly on web pages. Similarly, the New Tab For Android extension adds a dedicated new tab button to the URL bar and lets users configure the default new tab URL. optimizes WebExtensions for low resource usage, prioritizing efficiency through throttling and selective permissions. Resource-intensive add-ons, such as those involving heavy scripting or constant polling, trigger user warnings during installation about potential impacts on life and device speed, encouraging selection of lightweight alternatives.

Supported platforms

Current requirements and compatibility

As of Firefox for Android version 145.0, released on November 11, 2025, the browser requires a minimum of Android 8.0 (Oreo) or later to ensure ongoing improvements in performance, stability, and security. Additionally, support for 32-bit x86 Android devices has been discontinued, with the browser now optimized primarily for the ARM64 architecture prevalent in modern smartphones and tablets. Firefox for Android integrates seamlessly with key Android ecosystem features to enhance user experience. It leverages for reliable push notifications, combining Mozilla's Web Push service with Google's Cloud Messaging platform to deliver timely alerts without compromising . The browser supports foldable devices by defaulting to desktop site layouts on large screens, improving usability on expandable displays like those on Z Fold models. It also accommodates Android's gesture navigation system, allowing users to swipe left or right on the for quick switching and incorporating system-wide gestures for back/forward navigation. Performance is driven by the GeckoView rendering engine, which includes optimizations for smooth 60 FPS rendering on compatible hardware, ensuring fluid scrolling and animations even on mid-range devices. The November 2025 release of version 145.0 introduced a modern Rust-based networking stack for and , improving connection speed and overall responsiveness, building on GeckoView's modular design. The browser is distributed through multiple s to accommodate various user preferences. The stable version is available on the Store, with and nightly builds also accessible there for early access to new features. Independent users can download direct files from Mozilla's official site for on devices without access to major stores. Nightly channels provide daily updates for developers and testers, while offers more stable previews approximately every four weeks.

Historical and discontinued support

Firefox for Mobile, the precursor to Firefox for Android, initially launched support for the platform in January 2010 with version 1.0, optimized for the smartphone running Maemo 5. This marked Mozilla's first major mobile browser release, emphasizing features like tabbed browsing and add-on compatibility on the Linux-based OS. Community ports of were available for devices such as the running the variant in 2011, providing multi-touch and hardware acceleration capabilities before discontinuation later that year. Similarly, , Mozilla's open-source mobile operating system launched in 2013, integrated a customized Gecko-based browser as its default web app runtime, supporting devices from manufacturers like Alcatel and until development ceased in December 2015 and full support ended in September 2016. For Android specifically, support for versions below 5.0 () was phased out with Firefox 68 in August 2019, as the browser shifted to the and dropped compatibility with Android 4.x to leverage modern APIs and reduce maintenance overhead. More recently, in October 2025 with 144, support ended for Android 5.0 through 7.x ( to ), leaving version 143 as the final update for those systems; this affected fewer than 5% of users, primarily on legacy hardware vulnerable to unpatched security flaws since ceased updates for those OS versions years prior. Unofficial community efforts briefly ported Firefox to in 2014, adapting the via tools for devices like the Lumia series, though these lacked official backing and were limited by platform incompatibilities. Regarding architecture, while 32-bit x86 support for ended in 2025 alongside the OS version changes, 32-bit devices remain compatible post-2023, allowing continued use on older but still-functional hardware. These discontinuations stem from Mozilla's prioritization of contemporary Android APIs to enhance security—such as timely patching against exploits—and performance through features like improved rendering engines unavailable on legacy systems, ultimately directing resources toward the 95% of users on 8.0 and above while urging affected owners to upgrade devices for ongoing protection.

Reception

Critical reviews and user feedback

The 2020 redesign of Firefox for Android, version 79, introduced a cleaner layout with customizable bottom navigation bars, but elicited mixed reactions. Early feedback highlighted significant criticisms, particularly the removal of legacy extension support and other features like "save page as PDF," which frustrated long-time users and led to widespread complaints about reduced functionality. These issues were largely resolved by 2023 with the reintroduction of a more open extension ecosystem. The browser's expansion of add-on support in 2023 was widely acclaimed for enhancing customization and functionality, allowing users to install extensions like ad blockers and password managers directly from the Add-ons store. This development positioned Firefox as a standout option among browsers, with reviewers noting its potential to rival desktop-level on mobile. As of November 2025, holds a 4.6 out of 5 rating on , based on over 6 million reviews, reflecting strong overall user satisfaction with its evolving features. Prior to 2025 optimizations, the app faced reports of excessive drain on devices, often linked to background processes and inefficient resource management during idle states. Post-2023 updates have garnered high marks for customization options, including over 1,000 available extensions that enable tailored browsing experiences such as theme adjustments and content blocking. Users have particularly praised the built-in PDF viewer for its advanced capabilities, like in-browser rendering and editing without needing external apps, a feature not matched by many competitors in 2025 reviews.

Market position and adoption

Firefox for Android occupies a niche but growing position in the mobile browser landscape, with an approximate of 0.6% among globally as of October 2025, up from lower shares in 2015. This places it well behind , which dominates with over 68% share, but ahead of on Android devices where the latter has minimal presence. Key drivers of adoption include its emphasis on privacy features, which have drawn users away from amid increasing concerns over data tracking, alongside an estimated over 100 million downloads on as of November 2025. The browser's add-on ecosystem, supporting hundreds of extensions for customization, further enhances its appeal by offering flexibility uncommon in competing mobile browsers. Adoption shows notable regional variations, with stronger uptake in due to compliance with GDPR and regulatory pushes like the that promote browser diversity. In emerging markets, growth has continued post the 2021 discontinuation of the lightweight Firefox Lite variant, targeted at low-bandwidth regions. Significant challenges persist, primarily the pre-installation of as the default on most devices, limiting visibility and ease of switching. has addressed this through intensified marketing campaigns in 2024 and 2025, including creator partnerships aimed at Gen Z and promotions emphasizing protections.

Security evaluations

Firefox for Android leverages the open-source rendering engine, which benefits from ongoing scrutiny by the community and independent security researchers through code reviews and vulnerability reporting mechanisms. This transparency has contributed to a robust posture, with maintaining a comprehensive that encourages external contributions to identify and mitigate risks. In evaluations of 2024 Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) data, demonstrated a comparatively lower incidence of zero-day exploits relative to Chromium-based browsers, as tracked in global threat intelligence reports analyzing in-the-wild attacks. Independent security assessments have consistently highlighted for Android's strong performance. At 2025, researchers demonstrated two content-process exploits against , prompting immediate patches from to address the vulnerabilities. 's patching cadence is notably rapid; for instance, 144.0, released on October 14, 2025, resolved 14 issues rated high or moderate severity. These fixes underscore 's commitment to timely updates, often within days of vulnerability disclosure. Historical security incidents specific to have been rare, reflecting the platform's relative maturity. A notable event occurred in when an expired intermediate signing disrupted the add-on ecosystem, temporarily disabling extensions across platforms before full add-on support was implemented on ; this was not a mobile-exclusive but highlighted early ecosystem vulnerabilities. Comparisons in analyses indicate offers superior resistance to fingerprinting techniques compared to many rivals, thanks to features like blocking known fingerprinters and limiting exposed browser attributes. Looking ahead, Mozilla's 2025 security roadmap emphasizes preparations for , with Firefox versions integrating hybrid key exchange protocols to guard against future quantum threats, as seen in support added in releases like version 132 and beyond. Built-in tools such as Enhanced Tracking Protection further bolster these evaluations by mitigating tracking vectors that could lead to exploits.

Derivatives

Notable forks

Fennec F-Droid is a community-maintained build of for Android distributed via the app repository, with development efforts focusing on removing proprietary blobs such as dependencies and telemetry features present in official releases. This initiative began around 2019 to align the browser with standards, utilizing 's open-source engine while ensuring full compatibility with Firefox Sync and add-ons from the Mozilla Add-ons store. As of November 2025, the latest version is 145.0.0, based on the corresponding stable release, and it supports features like enhanced tracking protection and customizable interfaces without compromising core functionality. Orfox represented an early effort to bring Tor's anonymity network to mobile browsing by forking the Fennec codebase—the original foundation of —and applying patches from the desktop Tor Browser to enable Tor circuit routing and privacy hardening. Developed by the Guardian Project starting in 2015, it modified Fennec's rendering engine to resist fingerprinting and integrate with for Tor proxying, making it the recommended mobile Tor solution until its discontinuation. In 2019, Orfox transitioned into the official Browser for Android, which initially retained Fennec-derived components for its Gecko-based rendering but later migrated to Mozilla's Fenix for improved performance and modularity. The current iteration emphasizes secure circuits, no-scripting by default, and ongoing updates to align with Firefox's ecosystem while prioritizing user privacy over mainstream usability features. IronFox emerged in early as a privacy-oriented of the Mull browser, itself a hardened of Fennec F-Droid, targeting users on de-Googled devices with pre-configured security enhancements like resistFingerprinting and strict content blocking. It builds on Mozilla's GeckoView component with additional modifications for reduced , site isolation experiments, and compatibility with advanced extensions, positioning it as a successor to discontinued privacy like Mull. Actively maintained by the IronFox team, it supports the latest Extended Support Release (ESR) baselines and focuses on usability for daily secure browsing without proprietary integrations.

Code reuse in other projects

GeckoView, the core rendering engine component of , has been available as an embeddable library since 2018, allowing developers to integrate Mozilla's browser engine into third-party applications for custom web rendering needs. This self-contained library enables apps to leverage 's JavaScript, rendering, and networking capabilities without relying on 's default , providing a consistent and standards-compliant web experience. Beyond Mozilla projects, GeckoView has been adopted in commercial applications such as TelemetryTV's platform, where it serves as the Android to enhance and smooth for web-based playback. Open-source browsers like Lightning Browser also embed GeckoView as their primary engine, enabling support for /VR environments. Mozilla's 2.0 (MPL 2.0) governs GeckoView, permitting its incorporation into both open-source and proprietary projects while requiring derivative works to remain open-source. This licensing model has facilitated widespread adoption in custom enterprise browsers and hybrid apps seeking Gecko's privacy-focused features and rendering consistency over alternatives like Chromium-based . By bundling GeckoView directly, developers achieve uniform behavior across deployments, reducing fragmentation issues common with system WebViews.

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