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Franchise player

In professional sports, particularly in North American leagues like the NFL, NBA, and MLB, a franchise player is the best or most valuable athlete on a team, serving as the central figure around whom the organization builds its long-term strategy, identity, and success.^[1] These players are often elite performers who drive on-field results, attract fans, and influence marketing efforts, making them indispensable to the franchise's viability.^[2] The term emphasizes not just individual talent but the player's role in elevating the entire team, as seen in examples like quarterbacks in football or star guards in basketball who anchor rebuilding efforts.^[3] The concept is most formally institutionalized in the National Football League (NFL), where a franchise player specifically refers to an unrestricted free agent designated by their team using the franchise tag, a mechanism introduced in the 1993 collective bargaining agreement to prevent the loss of key talent in free agency.^[4] Under this system, each NFL team may apply one franchise or transition tag annually between mid-February and early March, offering the player a one-year, fully guaranteed contract that restricts their ability to sign elsewhere without compensation to the original team.^[5] There are three types of tags: the non-exclusive franchise tag, which allows the player to negotiate with other teams but grants the tagging team the right of first refusal and two first-round draft picks if an offer is matched and signed elsewhere; the exclusive franchise tag, which prohibits negotiations with other teams and sets a higher salary threshold; and the transition tag, a less expensive option that provides right of first refusal without draft compensation if the player signs elsewhere.^[6] Salaries for tagged players are calculated per NFL CBA rules, varying by tag type. The non-exclusive franchise tag is the greater of the position's five-year cap percentage average or 120% of the player's prior-year salary. The exclusive franchise tag is the greater of the average of the top five prior-year salaries at the position or the non-exclusive amount. The transition tag is the greater of the average cap percentage of the top ten prior-year salaries at the position or 120% of the player's prior-year salary—ensuring top-tier pay; for instance, the 2025 non-exclusive tag for quarterbacks is $40.242 million.^[5] Teams have used the tag strategically over its three-decade history to retain stars like quarterbacks and edge rushers, though it often serves as a bridge to long-term extensions or trade negotiations, with players required to sign by mid-season deadlines to remain eligible to play.^[7] Outside the NFL, the term lacks such contractual specificity but remains a shorthand for transformative athletes, as in the NBA where a franchise player might be a drafted superstar like LeBron James, around whom rosters and coaching philosophies revolve.^[8]

Definition and Purpose

Definition

In the National Football League (NFL), a franchise player designation allows each team to retain one unrestricted free agent by offering a one-year, fully guaranteed contract, thereby preventing the player from entering the open free agency market.^[5]^[9] This mechanism, established under the league's collective bargaining agreement, enables teams to secure a key player's services for an additional season without immediate long-term financial obligations.^[10] The contract's salary is determined by a predefined league formula based on positional averages from prior years and is non-negotiable, ensuring the player receives compensation at or above market rates for their role while remaining under the designating team's control for that year.^[9] There are different types of franchise tags, such as exclusive and non-exclusive, which vary in negotiation rights but all serve to bind the player to the team.^[5] Unlike standard unrestricted free agency, where players can negotiate and sign with any team, the franchise tag restricts mobility and imposes a one-year commitment without requiring the team to offer multi-year security, often using it as a bridge to further negotiations.^[11] The term "franchise player" originates from the intent to protect a team's most valuable asset, akin to safeguarding the core of the franchise itself.^[10]

Purpose in the NFL

The franchise player designation serves as a critical tool for NFL teams to retain pivotal talent on a one-year contract, providing roster stability without the immediate obligation of a multi-year extension. By applying the tag to an impending unrestricted free agent, a team secures the player's services for the upcoming season at a predetermined salary, thereby preventing them from entering the open market and negotiating with other franchises. This mechanism balances the league's emphasis on player mobility—introduced through modern free agency—with teams' need to maintain competitive cores, allowing general managers to protect star performers who drive on-field success.^[5] In the context of the salary cap era, which began in 1994 alongside the liberalization of free agency, the franchise tag was designed to mitigate the financial and competitive risks of losing elite players to rival teams offering lucrative deals. Prior to these changes, player movement was heavily restricted, but the shift toward unrestricted free agency in the early 1990s raised concerns about talent disparities across franchises; the tag emerged as a safeguard, enabling teams to hold onto key contributors amid escalating salary demands without overcommitting cap space long-term. This approach supports league-wide parity by curbing the potential for a few wealthy teams to dominate through aggressive free-agent signings, while still preserving opportunities for player advancement.^[12]^[13] As part of the NFL's collective bargaining agreements, the tag promotes a structured equilibrium that discourages talent hoarding by limiting its use to one player per team annually, ensuring free agency remains a viable pathway for most athletes. Teams often deploy it strategically as a bridge during contract negotiations, granting additional time to reach a long-term deal or restructure the cap for future seasons. For instance, the Green Bay Packers used the tag on wide receiver Davante Adams in 2022, leading to trade discussions that resulted in his move to the Las Vegas Raiders and yielded draft compensation for the Packers, illustrating how it can serve as leverage in broader roster maneuvers. This flexibility aids cap management by locking in a defined salary—typically based on positional averages—allowing teams to allocate resources elsewhere without the uncertainty of open-market bidding wars.^[7]^[13]

Types of Franchise Tags

Exclusive Franchise Tag

The exclusive franchise tag is the most restrictive form of the franchise tag in the NFL, designating a player as an "exclusive franchise player" who cannot negotiate with or sign an offer sheet from any other team, thereby granting the tagging team complete control over the player's rights for one year.^[5] This tag ensures the player remains with the team without the risk of external offers, making it a tool for retaining pivotal talent in critical situations.^[6] The salary under the exclusive franchise tag is calculated as the greater of two amounts: the average of the five highest prior-year salaries at the player's position or 120 percent of the player's salary from the previous year.^[5] This structure often results in a higher cap hit compared to the non-exclusive tag, as it emphasizes base salaries rather than cap figures and includes the 120 percent floor to protect the player's earnings.^[14] For instance, when the Dallas Cowboys applied the tag to quarterback Dak Prescott in 2020, it was valued at approximately $31.4 million, reflecting the top quarterback salaries of the prior year.^[5] Due to its elevated cost and absolute prohibition on player negotiations—unlike the non-exclusive tag, which allows offers from other teams subject to matching—the exclusive tag is infrequently used.^[6] Teams reserve it for scenarios where losing the player would be catastrophic, particularly at premium positions like quarterback. Notable recent applications include the New Orleans Saints tagging quarterback Drew Brees in 2012 to secure their Super Bowl-winning core, the Denver Broncos tagging linebacker Von Miller in 2016 amid his Defensive Player of the Year form, the Washington Redskins tagging quarterback Kirk Cousins in 2017 for the second straight year to maintain offensive stability, and the Cowboys' use on Prescott in 2020 to anchor their franchise.^[15] Since 2012, only these four instances highlight its rarity, with no exclusive tags applied in the 2025 offseason.^[16]

Non-Exclusive Franchise Tag

The non-exclusive franchise tag allows a player to negotiate and sign offer sheets with other NFL teams while providing the tagging team with the right of first refusal. If another team signs the player to an offer sheet, the original team can match the offer to retain the player; if it declines, the team receives compensation in the form of the player's current and next first-round draft picks.^[5] This mechanism protects the tagging team from losing a key player without adequate return, while giving the player leverage to seek better terms elsewhere.^[9] The salary for a non-exclusive franchise tag is determined as the greater of two amounts: the average of the five highest prior-year salaries (cap hits) for players at the same position, or 120% of the player's prior-year salary. This one-year tender is fully guaranteed, ensuring the player receives the full amount even if released or injured.^[17] For example, in 2025, the non-exclusive tag value for quarterbacks was set at $40.241 million, reflecting the positional average.^[16] Strategically, the non-exclusive tag appeals to teams seeking to balance retention costs with the risk of losing talent, as it is less expensive than the exclusive variant and allows for potential high-value compensation if the player departs. It is frequently applied to high-impact positions such as wide receivers and edge rushers, where market demand can drive competitive offers.^[6] For instance, wide receiver Tee Higgins received the non-exclusive tag from the Cincinnati Bengals in 2024 to prevent unrestricted free agency while permitting negotiations. Since the franchise tag's introduction in 1993, the non-exclusive version has been the most prevalent, accounting for the vast majority of designations as teams prefer its cost-effectiveness and flexibility over stricter alternatives.^[9]

Transition Tag

The transition tag is a designation in the National Football League (NFL) that allows a team to retain a player who is set to become an unrestricted free agent by providing a one-year tender offer, enabling the player to negotiate contracts with other teams while granting the original team the right of first refusal on any offer sheet signed.^[5] If the original team matches the offer within five days, the player remains with the team under the terms of the matched contract; however, if the team declines to match, the player joins the new team without any draft pick compensation awarded to the original club.^[5]^[18] The salary for a transition-tagged player is determined as the greater of two values: the average cap percentage of the top 10 cap hits at the player's position from the prior year (applied to the current salary cap) or 120% of the player's salary from the previous year.^[5] This structure typically results in a lower cap hit compared to the franchise tag, making it a more affordable option for teams seeking to retain talent without the full financial commitment of other designations.^[5]^[19] Designed as a compromise mechanism, the transition tag offers teams a lower-cost alternative to the franchise tag while allowing players greater negotiating freedom, but it carries higher risk for the tagging team due to the absence of compensatory draft picks.^[18]^[19] Unlike the non-exclusive franchise tag, which provides two first-round draft picks if unmatched, the transition tag prioritizes retention through matching rights alone, often serving as a strategic middle ground in negotiations.^[19] The transition tag has seen limited adoption since its introduction, with teams using it sparingly—typically fewer than one instance per year across the league—owing to its perceived ineffectiveness in securing players long-term without incentives like draft compensation.^[18]^[19] Its usage has largely declined in the 2010s and beyond, as teams have favored the more protective franchise tag or long-term contracts to mitigate the risks of losing key players to free agency without recourse. For instance, the New England Patriots used the transition tag on safety Kyle Dugger in 2024, valued at approximately $13.8 million.^[18]^[19]

History and Evolution

Introduction in 1993

The franchise player designation originated as a key provision in the National Football League's (NFL) 1993 Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA), marking the league's transition to unrestricted free agency for veteran players. This agreement followed a series of legal challenges, including a 1992 federal jury verdict that declared the NFL's Plan B free agency system—implemented unilaterally by owners in 1989—an illegal restraint of trade under antitrust laws. Plan B had allowed teams to protect 37 players while permitting others to become unrestricted free agents, but the ruling exposed the system's flaws amid ongoing player strikes and lawsuits from the late 1980s, such as the 1987-1988 labor dispute. The 1993 CBA resolved these tensions by introducing a salary cap and free agency for players with at least four accrued seasons, while incorporating mechanisms like the franchise tag to balance team interests. The primary purpose of the franchise player rule was to safeguard teams from abruptly losing their most valuable, "cornerstone" players during the newfound era of free agency, ensuring roster stability without fully reverting to the pre-1993 reserve system. Under the initial framework, each team could designate one unrestricted free agent as a franchise player, tendering a one-year contract at a salary equivalent to the average of the top five players at that position or 120% of the player's prior salary, whichever was higher. This tool emerged directly from negotiations between the NFL and the NFL Players Association (NFLPA), who had decertified as a union in 1989 to pursue antitrust litigation, then recertified to bargain collectively. By limiting player mobility for select stars, the tag addressed owners' concerns over competitive balance in the wake of the antitrust victories. The franchise tag debuted during the 1993 offseason, with 10 teams applying it to players such as Reggie White of the Philadelphia Eagles, Steve Young of the San Francisco 49ers, and Neil Smith of the Kansas City Chiefs. In White's case, the Eagles designated him as their franchise player in February 1993, offering a reported $4.15 million tender, but the rule's early mechanics allowed him to negotiate with other teams, leading to his high-profile signing with the Green Bay Packers after a league-wide tour. Despite such departures, the tags provided immediate compensation protections—first- or third-round draft picks if a tagged player signed elsewhere—helping teams retain talent like Young, who signed a four-year extension with the 49ers, and Smith, who re-signed long-term with the Chiefs. Overall, the 1993 introduction stabilized rosters amid a free agency frenzy that saw over 200 players change teams, laying the groundwork for the modern NFL labor structure.^[20]

Changes through Collective Bargaining Agreements

The franchise tag system, established in the 1993 Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA), underwent minimal alterations during its initial extensions from 1993 to 2009, maintaining the core structure of basic franchise and transition tags with salary escalators for repeated designations. Under the original 1993 CBA, teams could designate one franchise player—tendered at the average of the top five salaries at the player's position—or one transition player at the average of the top ten salaries, both with a one-year contract and escalating costs for repeats, such as 120% of the prior year's salary for a second tag.^[21]^[22] This framework was preserved through multiple extensions of the 1993 CBA, including in 1998 and 2006, without substantive modifications to the tag mechanics, as the agreements focused primarily on salary cap growth and revenue sharing rather than overhauling player retention tools.^[22] The 2011 CBA, ratified following the league's lockout, introduced significant refinements to the franchise tag system, particularly in salary calculations and restrictions on usage to balance team retention rights with player mobility. Salary tenders were tied more explicitly to salary cap percentages, with the non-exclusive franchise tag set at the greater of 120% of the player's prior-year salary or the average of the top five cap hits at the position over a five-year rolling average, while the exclusive tag used the top five current-year salaries.^[23] Repeated designations were limited by escalating costs: a second tag requires the greater of 120% of the prior salary or the positional tag amount, and a third tag requires the greater of 144% of the prior salary or the tag amount for the highest-paid position.^[23] Additionally, teams were prohibited from applying both a franchise and a transition tag in the same year, streamlining the system and preventing dual designations on multiple players.^[24] The 2020 CBA, extending through the 2030 season, largely preserved the 2011 framework while incorporating adjustments for salary cap expansion and providing transitional clarifications amid the COVID-19 disruptions. Core salary calculations remained intact, with franchise tenders based on five-year averages adjusted annually for cap growth—such as the non-exclusive tag at approximately 7-8% of the cap for most positions—but included refined guarantees for injury and skill protections to address economic uncertainties.^[25] For the 2020 season specifically, a temporary exception allowed teams to apply both franchise and transition tags before the CBA's March 15 ratification, after which the single-tag limit was enforced; this prevented mid-season rescissions and accommodated the shortened negotiation window.^[26] Repeated tag escalators were unchanged, retaining the 120% and 144% thresholds to deter prolonged use without long-term contracts.^[25] As of 2025, the franchise tag system has seen no fundamental alterations under the ongoing 2020 CBA, with annual updates limited to inflation-driven adjustments in base tender values tied to the salary cap, which rose to $255.4 million for the 2024 season and is projected to continue increasing through 2030.^[5] These modifications ensure the system's alignment with league revenue growth, estimated at over $20 billion annually, without revisiting the core restrictions or calculations established in prior agreements.^[5]

Application and Mechanics

Eligibility and Deadlines

The franchise tag applies exclusively to unrestricted free agents, defined as players who have completed at least four accrued seasons in the NFL and whose contracts have expired.^[27] An accrued season is earned when a player is on the active roster or inactive list for at least six regular-season games, provided they report to training camp on the mandatory date.^[27] Each NFL team is permitted to designate one player with a franchise tag and one with a transition tag per offseason, though this limit is typically not both on the same player.^[5] A rare exception occurred in 2020, the final year of the prior collective bargaining agreement, when teams were allowed to apply both a franchise tag and a transition tag in the same offseason to encourage long-term extensions.^[28] Teams may apply the franchise tag during a designated window, which for the 2025 offseason opened on February 18 and closed at 4 p.m. ET on March 4.^[5] This deadline aligns with the NFL's annual calendar, preceding the start of free agency negotiations on March 12, 2025, at 4 p.m. ET, and the official signing period on March 13.^[29] Upon tendering the tag, the team offers the player a one-year contract at the applicable rate; the player then has options to accept the tender immediately, negotiate a multiyear extension with the team until July 15, or sign the tender and play the season under its terms.^[5] If a tagged player does not sign the tender by the Tuesday following Week 10 of the regular season, they become ineligible to play for the remainder of that year.^[5]

Salary Calculations

The salary for a franchise tag in the NFL is determined through formulas outlined in the league's Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA), ensuring it reflects positional market values while providing a baseline tied to the player's prior earnings.^[5] For the non-exclusive franchise tag, the amount is the greater of the average of the five largest prior year salaries (PYS) at the player's position—calculated via a cap percentage average method that adjusts for salary cap growth over the previous five seasons—or 120% of the player's own PYS from the preceding year.^[5] The exclusive franchise tag uses the greater of the average of the five largest salaries in player contracts at the position (as of the end of the restricted free agent signing period) or the non-exclusive tag amount.^[5] In contrast, the transition tag is based on the greater of the average of the ten largest PYS at the position (also via cap percentage average) or 120% of the player's PYS.^[5] These positional averages are computed annually by the NFL, incorporating the prior year salaries of the highest-paid players at each position to establish market benchmarks.^[5] For the 2025 season, the non-exclusive franchise tag for offensive positions stands at $40,242,000, while the defensive tag is set at $22,062,000, with variations by specific roles such as $23,959,000 for wide receivers and $25,123,000 for defensive tackles.^[5] PYS is defined as the total of the player's base salary, roster and reporting bonuses, prorated signing bonus, and other guaranteed football compensation from their most recent contract, excluding incentive-based earnings.^[5] When a team applies a second consecutive franchise tag to the same player, the salary escalates to 120% of the prior year's franchise tag amount, or the current year's standard tag if higher.^[5] For a third consecutive tag, the salary is the greater of 144% of the second tag salary, 120% of the average of the top five prior-year salaries at the player's position, or the quarterback franchise tag value, with a minimum floor of $35 million established in recent CBAs.^[5] Franchise tag salaries are fully guaranteed against the salary cap upon signing, covering skill, cap, and injury protections, and they count entirely toward the team's cap space with no offsets if the player is traded or released.^[5] This structure integrates the tag directly into cap management, requiring teams to allocate the full amount in the year it is applied.^[5]

Consequences of Multiple Tags

The NFL Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) limits a team to designating the same player as a franchise player a maximum of three times in consecutive league years; upon expiration of the third such designation, the player becomes an unrestricted free agent and may sign with any team without restriction.^[5] For a second consecutive franchise tag, the required salary is the greater of the applicable position-specific franchise tender amount or 120% of the player's salary from the prior league year.^[30] For a third consecutive designation, the salary is the greater of 144% of the second tag salary, 120% of the average of the top five prior-year salaries at the player's position, or the quarterback franchise tag value, with a minimum of $35 million.^[5] These escalating costs, established under the 2011 CBA and refined in subsequent agreements, serve as a financial deterrent to repeated use, with the third tag often exceeding $30 million in recent years depending on position and market conditions.^[17] Only one player, Seattle Seahawks offensive tackle Walter Jones (2002–2004), has received a third consecutive franchise tag due to the prohibitive salary requirements and strategic risks for teams.^[31] Under a franchise tag—whether first, second, or third—the player retains exclusive negotiating rights with the designating team and cannot sign with another club until the tag expires at the end of the league year, though trades are possible if the player signs the tender.^[5] The team and player may negotiate a multi-year extension until July 15 of the league year in which the tag is applied; absent such an agreement, the player must play the season under the one-year tender.^[6] Instances of second tags are infrequent but notable, such as Pittsburgh Steelers running back Le'Veon Bell, who was designated twice in 2017 and 2018 but sat out the entire 2018 season without signing the tender before entering free agency in 2019.^[32] Other examples include Washington Redskins quarterback Kirk Cousins (2016) and Dallas Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence (2019), highlighting how repeated tags often lead to holdouts or eventual departures.^[30]

Implications and Effects

Benefits for Teams

The franchise tag enables NFL teams to retain pivotal players for one additional season without the obligation of a long-term contract, securing their services at a predetermined salary: for the non-exclusive franchise tag, the greater of the average annual cap percentage for salaries at that position over the previous five years or 120% of the player's prior year salary; for the exclusive tag, the greater of the average of the five highest prior year salaries at the position or the non-exclusive tag amount.^[5] This mechanism prevents unrestricted free agency, allowing teams to maintain roster continuity and evaluate performance under controlled financial terms before pursuing extensions.^[7] For example, the Indianapolis Colts have applied the tag multiple times since 1993 to hold onto quarterbacks like Peyton Manning, demonstrating its utility in preserving quarterback stability during transitional periods.^[7] A key advantage lies in the trade leverage provided by the non-exclusive franchise tag, which permits tagged players to negotiate with other teams while granting the original team the right of first refusal or compensation of two first-round draft picks if they decline to match an offer sheet.^[5] This has evolved into a "tag-and-trade" strategy, where teams tag players to inflate their market value and extract high draft capital in exchange, as exemplified by the Buffalo Bills tagging wide receiver Peerless Price in 2003 before trading him to the Atlanta Falcons for a first-round pick.^[12] Similarly, the Washington Redskins (now Commanders) utilized the tag on defensive end Sean Gilbert in 1998, facilitating a trade that yielded two future first-round picks.^[12] Such maneuvers allow teams to either retain talent or acquire assets to rebuild, enhancing overall roster flexibility.^[22] The tag also affords significant salary cap flexibility by confining the financial impact to a single year, deferring potential long-term cap hits and enabling better allocation of resources during cap-constrained seasons or rebuilding efforts.^[7] Teams can use this to bridge gaps in negotiations, as the period until July 15 provides time for multi-year deals that spread costs more evenly.^[5] Strategically, it supports contention windows by allowing teams to tag high-impact defensive players like pass rushers, thereby sustaining elite defenses without immediate multi-year investments, a common approach given the positional scarcity and high tag values for edge rushers.^[33] This has been evident in repeated tags on players like Dallas Cowboys' Anthony Spencer in 2012 and 2013, where the team managed $19.4 million in total salary over two years to bolster their defensive line.^[12]

Drawbacks for Players

The franchise tag imposes significant financial uncertainty on players by binding them to a one-year contract without long-term guarantees, often at a salary that may fall below what they could command on the open market.^[34] For elite performers, the tag's salary provides immediate compensation but lacks the multi-year security and higher guarantees typical of free-agent deals, leaving players vulnerable to injury or performance dips that could diminish future earnings.^[35] This structure shifts substantial risk to the player, as they forgo the opportunity to negotiate extensions with multiple teams while facing the possibility of another tag in subsequent years.^[36] Negotiation restrictions further compound these challenges, particularly under the exclusive tag, which prohibits negotiations with other teams and effectively traps players with their current team, prompting holdouts as a means of leverage; under the non-exclusive tag, players can negotiate offer sheets with other teams starting at the beginning of the league year, but the original team has the right to match any offer within five days or receive two first-round draft picks.^[6] A prominent example is running back Le'Veon Bell, who in 2018 refused to sign his second consecutive franchise tag with the Pittsburgh Steelers, sitting out the entire season to push for a long-term deal but ultimately forgoing over $14 million in guaranteed money.^[37] Such holdouts, influenced by broader labor tensions like the 2011 lockout that arose from expiring collective bargaining agreements, highlight how the tag can escalate into prolonged disputes over player mobility and compensation.^[38] The tag's career impact is profound, as it delays unrestricted free agency by at least one year, potentially compressing a player's prime earning window in a league where careers average just over three years.^[39] This postponement can shorten peak financial opportunities, especially for positions with high physical demands, and exposes players to the risk of being tagged repeatedly, which occurred for Bell in 2017 and 2018 before his holdout.^[40] The National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) has long viewed the mechanism as exploitative, arguing it undermines players' bargaining power and treats them as temporary assets rather than long-term investments.^[34] Player criticisms often label the tag a "rental" arrangement, where teams secure talent for a single season without committing to extensions, fostering resentment and calls for abolition.^[41] These concerns drove NFLPA advocacy during the 2020 collective bargaining agreement negotiations, resulting in reforms such as limiting each team to designating only one tag—either franchise or transition—per offseason, down from the prior allowance of both.^[42] Despite this adjustment, the tag persists as a contentious tool, with the NFLPA continuing to highlight its role in perpetuating financial and career vulnerabilities for tagged players. As of the 2025 offseason, eight players received the franchise or transition tag, including quarterbacks and edge rushers, underscoring its ongoing use and impact on player mobility.^[34]^[5]

Impact on Free Agency

The franchise tag significantly distorts the NFL free agency market by removing elite players from the open market, thereby diminishing the potential for competitive bidding wars that typically drive up contract values. When a team applies the tag, the player is bound to a one-year deal with their current club and cannot negotiate with other teams unless the original team declines to match an offer, which often requires substantial draft compensation such as first-round picks. This mechanism effectively keeps top talent sidelined from unrestricted free agency, reducing overall market activity and limiting the excitement and financial upside associated with player movement during the offseason.^[39]^[5] By enabling teams, particularly those with weaker rosters, to retain star players without entering the free agent bidding process, the franchise tag promotes league-wide competitive balance and parity. This retention helps prevent the concentration of talent in a few powerhouse franchises, aligning with the NFL's broader salary cap structure designed to foster even competition across all 32 teams. However, critics argue that it stifles player mobility, as tagged players are unable to explore opportunities with other clubs, potentially hindering the league's dynamism and the ability of rebuilding teams to attract free agents through aggressive offers.^[22]^[43] Economically, the tag indirectly caps player salaries across the league by setting a predetermined benchmark based on positional averages, which influences negotiations for both tagged and untagged players. Teams leverage the tag's value as a ceiling in discussions, often pressuring players to accept extensions below what an open-market bidding war might yield, while the one-year guarantee provides short-term security but no long-term protections. This effect is particularly pronounced in positions like running back, where frequent tagging—such as the three running backs tagged in 2023—has contributed to a cooling market, with average salaries lagging behind other positions due to perceptions of replaceability and the tag's role in suppressing demand.^[43]^[44]^[45] Following the 2020 Collective Bargaining Agreement, which limited teams to a single tag per year and adjusted salary calculations, the use of franchise tags on non-quarterback positions has risen, further reshaping free agency dynamics. This shift has led to more frequent applications on skill positions and linemen, such as wide receivers and edge rushers, reducing the pool of high-profile unrestricted free agents and altering how teams approach roster building in the offseason. The trend underscores the tag's evolution as a tool for broader positional retention, impacting the velocity and scale of player transactions league-wide. In 2025, the continued application of tags to non-quarterbacks, such as [e.g., if specific, but general], highlights this ongoing influence.^[46]^[44]^[5]

Notable Examples and Usage

High-Profile Franchise Players

One of the most prominent cases involving the franchise tag occurred with running back Le'Veon Bell and the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2017 and 2018. After playing the 2017 season under the non-exclusive tag worth $12.12 million, Bell was tagged again in 2018 for $14.54 million, but he refused to sign, leading to a full-season holdout that cost him over $14 million in guaranteed money.^[47]^[48] Following the holdout, the Steelers did not retain him, and Bell signed a four-year, $52.5 million contract with the New York Jets in free agency in 2019.^[49] Cornerback Josh Norman provides another notable example of how teams can rescind the tag to facilitate movement. The Carolina Panthers placed the non-exclusive franchise tag on Norman in March 2016, valued at $13.95 million, after his breakout All-Pro season. However, amid contract disputes, the Panthers rescinded the tag in April 2016, allowing Norman to enter unrestricted free agency, where he immediately signed a five-year, $75 million deal with the Washington Redskins (now Commanders).^[50]^[51] This outcome highlighted the tag's role in negotiations, as Norman's market value surged without playing under the tender. Quarterbacks have frequently been tagged, often leading to extensions, as seen with Kirk Cousins. The Washington Redskins (now Commanders) applied the franchise tag to Cousins in 2016 ($19.95 million) and again in 2017 ($23.94 million), making him the first quarterback to play two consecutive seasons under the tag. After earning $43.89 million across those years without a long-term deal in Washington, Cousins hit free agency in 2018 and signed a three-year, $84 million fully guaranteed contract with the Minnesota Vikings.^[52]^[48] Similarly, Dak Prescott's tagging by the Dallas Cowboys in 2020 and 2021 paved the way for a major extension. Prescott played the 2020 season under the exclusive tag worth $31.4 million following an injury-shortened 2019, then received the non-exclusive tag for 2021 at $37.69 million. Before reporting for the 2021 season, he agreed to a four-year, $160 million extension in March 2021, securing his future with the team and including protections like a no-trade clause.^[53]^[54]^[55] In recent years, the tag has continued to influence high-profile designations, such as edge rusher Brian Burns with the Carolina Panthers in 2024. Tagged with the non-exclusive tender at $24.01 million to preserve defensive value, Burns did not sign a long-term deal and was traded to the New York Giants in exchange for draft picks and a swap of picks, allowing him to sign a five-year, $141 million contract there.^[48] For the 2025 offseason, wide receiver Tee Higgins was tagged by the Cincinnati Bengals for $26.2 million, while guard Trey Smith received the non-exclusive tag from the [Kansas City Chiefs](/page/Kansas_City Chiefs) at $23.4 million; Higgins signed a four-year, $115 million extension in March 2025, and Smith signed a four-year, $94 million extension in July 2025.^[56]^[5]^[57]^[58] Overall, outcomes for tagged players vary, with historical data indicating that approximately 60% sign long-term extensions with their original teams, while the remainder are either traded—like Burns—or depart in free agency after the tag period, as in Bell's case.^[4]^[48] This resolution rate underscores the tag's effectiveness in retaining talent while allowing market dynamics to play out.

Trends in Usage Over Time

Since its introduction in 1993 as part of the NFL's collective bargaining agreement, the franchise tag has been applied an average of approximately 8.5 times per year across all teams, totaling more than 260 designations through the 2025 offseason. Usage has varied significantly, peaking at a record 21 tags in 2012 when multiple teams sought to retain key free agents amid a competitive market, while recent years have shown a decline, with only 2 tags issued in 2025—the fewest since 1994. This average reflects teams' strategic restraint, as the tag's rising costs relative to the salary cap have made it a tool reserved primarily for elite or irreplaceable talent.^[59]^[12]^[60] Quarterbacks have accounted for roughly 20-25% of all franchise tags historically, driven by their position's premium value and the highest tag salaries, though the exact proportion fluctuates with market dynamics. Since 2010, tags on edge rushers (defensive ends and outside linebackers) and wide receivers have risen notably, comprising a growing share of applications as teams prioritize pass-rush specialists and explosive offensive weapons in pass-heavy schemes; for instance, pass-rushers have been among the most frequent defensive targets in recent deadlines. Conversely, running backs have seen a sharp decline in tag usage post-2020, with only sporadic applications amid the position's market devaluation and the availability of cheaper alternatives through the draft.^[59]^[61]^[62] The tag's application has evolved from an early emphasis on offensive and defensive linemen, as well as special teams players like kickers and punters—who received about 20% of tags in the first two decades—to a modern focus on skill positions and high-impact defensive roles that directly influence game outcomes. No player has ever received a third franchise tag, underscoring teams' reluctance to incur the escalating costs (up to 144% of prior salary or the quarterback-level amount). In 2025, the two tags—both non-exclusive—went to a wide receiver (Tee Higgins of the Bengals) and an offensive guard (Trey Smith of the Chiefs), aligning with cap space expansion to $279.2 million but highlighting overall caution amid economic uncertainties.^[62]^[63]^[56]

References

[1]
franchise player noun - Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
the best or most valuable player on a professional sports team. If he played like this more consistently then he could be a franchise player.
[2]
Definition of Franchise Player - Sports King
He/she becomes the face of the sports team, which is important when it comes to signing endorsement deals, media dealings and sporting trade in general.
[3]
If I were building a team today … - ESPN
What's a "franchise player"? In my book, it's the one player who, at any given moment, you'd choose to build your franchise around.
[4]
NFL Franchise Tag Recipients Since 2010 - Pro Football Rumors
Mar 5, 2024 · The franchise tag is now past the 30-year mark. Implemented in 1993 to protect teams against losing top free agents, the tag brings key chapters each offseason.
[5]
Franchise Tags - NFL Football Operations
A player who receives the non-exclusive franchise tag is free to negotiate with other teams. The player receives a one-year deal with a salary set at the ...
[6]
What is an NFL franchise tag? How does it work? - ESPN
Mar 4, 2025 · The franchise tag is a tool to keep players from leaving in free agency, giving them a one-year tender. There are non-exclusive, exclusive, and ...
[7]
The NFL franchise tag, explained - Colts.com
Feb 20, 2024 · The franchise tag is a collectively-bargained tool teams can use on one impending unrestricted free agent per year.
[8]
Should NBA teams rebuild through the draft, free agency or trade?
Aug 9, 2015 · More importantly though, trades offer the best way to find a franchise player. We talked about how most often those players in that top tier are ...
[9]
2023 NFL free agency explainer: Vital information on franchise tags ...
Feb 28, 2023 · The NFL free agency period is an opportunity for players to land lucrative paydays or find better team fits, while also serving as another ...
[10]
The History of NFL Free Agency | NFL Football Operations
However, it allowed teams to name its most valuable player as a “Franchise” player, and in the first and final two years of the CBA, it could name a ...
[11]
What to know about NFL franchise tag designations
Feb 15, 2017 · Exclusive franchise tag: A one-year tender offer to a player for an amount no less than the average of the top five salaries at the player's ...
[12]
Franchise tag after 25 years: Looking back at best, worst decisions
Feb 28, 2017 · Can you believe it? The NFL franchise tag has been in use for 25 offseasons, dating to 1993 and the start of the free-agency/salary-cap era.
[13]
What is an NFL franchise tag? The difference between exclusive ...
Mar 3, 2024 · It allows a franchise to strategically retain a player on a guaranteed deal with a non-negotiated salary. It can only be used on players set ...
[14]
NFL franchise tag values: Here's how much it will cost teams to use ...
Feb 23, 2024 · The exclusive franchise tag guarantees the player a one-year salary of the five highest-paid players at his position during that current season, or 120% of his ...
[15]
The NFL's franchise, transition, and non-exclusive tags, explained
Feb 21, 2023 · A player can receive a franchise tag up to three times. Each time, however, the cost skyrockets. A player that receives a franchise tag for the ...
[16]
2025 NFL Franchise Players Named | NFL Football Operations
Mar 4, 2025 · A club can designate one “franchise” player or one “transition” player among its veteran free agents. The salary offer by a player's club ...
[17]
Article 10, Section 2 | NFL Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA)
The Nonexclusive Franchise Tender shall be a one year NFL Player Contract for (A) the average of the five largest Prior Year Salaries for players at the ...
[18]
NFL Transition Tag: What It Is and How It Works - PFSN
Mar 5, 2024 · A franchise-tagged player's salary is based on the top five salary cap hits at his position over the past five years. In contrast, the ...Missing: structure rarity
[19]
Comparing the Franchise Tag to the Transition Tag
Mar 11, 2025 · A transition tag is a one-year, fully guaranteed contract given to a pending free agent. Both tags allow players to negotiate with teams in free agency.
[20]
Highlights of the collective bargaining agreement - Tampa Bay Times
May 7, 1993 · 1. Franchise players _ For 1993, any club that has designated a franchise ... franchise player by March 1. 2. Transition players: For 1993 ...
[21]
[PDF] EXPLORATION OF THE NFL FRANCHISE TAG FUNCTIONING AS ...
As currently constructed, the Franchise Tag functions as a non- compete clause, because it prevents the player who is given the tag from negotiating with other ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
[PDF] NFL PLAYERS - IP Mall
Aug 4, 2011 · 2011 League Year and who had received a Franchise Player Tender from his Prior Club prior to the end of the 2010 League Year shall be ...<|separator|>
[23]
New wrinkles to franchise tag, salary cap happened for reason
Feb 23, 2012 · Additionally, as part of this CBA, a team can franchise or transition a player, but can't do both, meaning the idea of using the transition tag ...
[24]
[PDF] COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT - NET
Mar 15, 2020 · ... NFL and the NFLPA may agree. “Minimum Salary” means the minimum annual Paragraph 5 Salary that can be contracted to be paid to an NFL player not ...
[25]
NFL extends franchise tag window after CBA vote - Sports Illustrated
Mar 10, 2020 · The deadline for the franchise tags was changed so that teams would not have to use both tags and then rescind one, if the new CBA is passed. ...
[26]
Types of Free Agents - NFL Football Operations
A player with three accrued seasons and an expired contract. RFAs are free to negotiate and sign with any team, but their original team can offer them one of ...
[27]
2020 NFL franchise/transition tag primer: No-brainer candidates?
Feb 18, 2020 · In this final year of the current collective bargaining agreement, teams are allowed to use the franchise tag and transition tag in the same ...
[28]
2025 NFL Free Agency Questions & Answers
Mar 6, 2025 · A. A club can designate one franchise player or one transition player among its potential restricted or unrestricted free agents. Q. Can a club ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[29]
How does the NFL franchise tag work? How teams think about ...
Mar 6, 2025 · The tag gets more expensive with each use, as a player is guaranteed at least 120 percent of his previous year's salary when tagged a second ...
[30]
Agent's Take: How to keep NFL players out of free agency
Mar 9, 2023 · The transition tag is used significantly less than the franchise tag. It is based on the average of the top 10 salaries at a player's position ...
[31]
What Is the NFL Franchise Tag, and How Does It Work ... - PFSN
Feb 17, 2025 · Franchise tags are fully guaranteed. As soon as the player signs the tender, his one-year salary cannot be rescinded, even if he's traded. Teams ...
[32]
Le'Veon Bell: 'I don't think I should settle for anything less ... - ESPN
Mar 5, 2018 · Steelers running back Le'Veon Bell told ESPN he is again getting the franchise tag and won't sign a long-term deal for less than $14.5 ...
[33]
Franchise Tag Strategy? Importance Of A 1st Round Receiver?
Feb 22, 2018 · That's why you see so many pass rushers get the tag, and not as many linebackers.
[34]
Death to the NFL franchise tag (or at least re-name it)
Mar 10, 2019 · If a player is “franchise tagged,” discount, say, 15% of his annual salary from a team's salary cap calculation. The player gets paid a fair ...Missing: drawbacks | Show results with:drawbacks
[35]
2025 NFL franchise tag primer: Candidates to watch while window is ...
Feb 18, 2025 · 2025 NFL franchise tag primer: Candidates to watch while ... Players generally hate the tag, because it offers no long-term security.
[36]
2022 NFL franchise tag tracker: Kansas City Chiefs' Orlando Brown ...
Mar 8, 2022 · 2022 NFL franchise tag tracker: Kansas City Chiefs' Orlando Brown Jr. ... It offers players no long-term security. However, the tag gives the ...David Njoku, Te, Cleveland... · Jessie Bates Iii, Fs... · Dalton Schultz, Te, Dallas...<|separator|>
[37]
Le'Veon Bell: Sitting out 2018 'kind of reset my body' to help ...
Feb 2, 2021 · Le'Veon Bell cemented his place in NFL history in 2018 when he received the franchise tag, refused to sign it and chose to sit out the entire season.
[38]
Le'Veon Bell, Steelers fail to reach long-term deal ahead of deadline
Jul 16, 2018 · The Pittsburgh Steelers and Le'Veon Bell failed to reach an agreement on a contract extension before Monday's 4 pm ET franchise tag deadline.
[39]
Why the Franchise Tag Still Exists and How It Impacts Free Agency
Mar 9, 2023 · Simply, the tag is a powerful management weapon to restrict movement and compensation for the best free agents (who are not really free agents ...Missing: criticisms | Show results with:criticisms
[40]
Agent's Take: What did Le'Veon Bell's year off ultimately mean? Let's ...
Mar 20, 2019 · The open market has spoken on Le'Veon Bell, who sat out the 2018 season rather than make $14.544 million playing under a franchise tag for a ...
[41]
2021 NFL franchise tag tracker: Chris Godwin, Marcus Maye among ...
Mar 9, 2021 · 2021 NFL franchise tag tracker: Chris Godwin, Marcus Maye among 10 players tagged ... rental. Pause Play. You are unable ...
[42]
NFL players ratify new CBA with expanded playoffs, 17-game season
Mar 15, 2020 · Each team now can use only one tag, either the franchise tag or the transition tag, to limit a single player's free agent mobility. Each ...Missing: pushes reforms
[43]
[PDF] The NFL Franchise Player Rule: Legal and Economic Justifications
' Under the reserve system, every player who signs a contract with an NFL club was bound to play for that club, and no other, for the term of the contract plus ...
[44]
Winners and Losers of the NFL's Franchise Tag Deadline - The Ringer
Mar 6, 2024 · The NFL salary cap has increased by 92 percent over the past decade (2014 to 2024). The franchise tag number for running backs, which is an ...<|separator|>
[45]
Bankrupt Ballcarriers? How NFL Policy Limits Running Back Earnings
Apr 29, 2024 · The data confirms that compensation for running backs is lagging other position groups across the NFL.
[46]
NFL Franchise Tag 2020 tracker: Full list of players to ... - CBS Sports
Mar 16, 2020 · As a result of the new CBA, teams will only be allowed to extend one franchise or transition tag to impending free agents. Had a new deal ...
[47]
Le'Veon Bell does not sign tag, will miss 2018 season - NFL.com
Nov 13, 2018 · Bell did not sign his Steelers franchise tender by Tuesday's deadline as stipulated under the collective bargaining agreement.
[48]
NFL Contract: Franchise Tags - Spotrac.com
Team Signed With. Age @ Sign. Year. Length. Value. Decision. Dak Prescott, QB ... Le'Veon Bell, RB, PIT, 25, 2018, 1, $14,544,000, Signed. LaMarcus Joyner, FS ...
[49]
Tagged out: Le'Veon Bell deal confirms what Steelers thought - ESPN
Mar 13, 2019 · Bell entered free agency seeking $15 million to $16 million per year. This deal comes in at $13.125 million with the chance to hit $15 million.
[50]
Carolina Panthers rescind Josh Norman's franchise tag - NFL.com
Apr 20, 2016 · The team rescinded the non-exclusive franchise tag on cornerback Josh Norman on Wednesday. Norman immediately becomes an unrestricted free agent.
[51]
Panthers Place Franchise Tag On Josh Norman
Mar 1, 2016 · The tag keeps Norman in Carolina for the 2016 season and gives the team until July 15 to negotiate a long-term contract. "Josh has worked hard ...
[52]
Kirk Cousins to become first QB to repeat as franchise tag player
Jul 17, 2017 · Cousins will become the first NFL quarterback to play under the franchise tag for a second consecutive season, earning $23.9 million.
[53]
Dak Prescott Gets Exclusive Franchise Tag - Dallas Cowboys
Mar 16, 2020 · Prescott received the exclusive franchise tag worth around $33 million. The Cowboys chose that route over the non-exclusive tag of $28 million.
[54]
Cowboys franchise tag Dak Prescott - NBC Sports
Mar 9, 2021 · While Prescott's contract is expected to have a no-tag clause, Dallas tagging the QB in 2021 means a subsequent tag would be Prescott's third.
[55]
Dak Prescott | NFL Contracts & Salaries - Spotrac.com
Dak Prescott signed a 4 year, $240,000,000 contract with the Dallas Cowboys, including $80,000,000 signing bonus, $231,000,000 guaranteed, and an average ...<|separator|>
[56]
2025 NFL franchise tag tracker: Tee Higgins, Trey Smith - ESPN
Mar 3, 2025 · Here's a look at players who have been tagged, the reasons they were and the tag figure: Tee Higgins, receiver, Bengals Franchise tag salary: $26.2 million.Missing: drawbacks | Show results with:drawbacks
[57]
NFL Franchise Tag Deadline History & Rankings Since 2009
Mar 3, 2025 · Below is a comprehensive year-by-year breakdown of NFL franchise tag deadline history and rankings over the last 15 years.Franchise Tag Rankings (2009... · 2023 – The Rental RBs... · 2012 – Tag City
[58]
Franchise tag deadline: NFL sees fewest amount of players tagged ...
Mar 4, 2025 · Franchise tag deadline: NFL sees fewest amount of players tagged since 1994 ... Non-exclusive franchise tag: This tag also guarantees the player a ...Missing: historical prevalence percentage
[59]
How all 9 previous NFL franchise tags used on running backs ...
Jul 26, 2023 · Below is a look at how things played out for every running back who has received the franchise tag, from the Titans' Derrick Henry in 2020 all the way back to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[60]
Prison tag? Franchise designation has changed over the years
Jul 18, 2012 · "Usually, the tag isn't for your 'franchise player'," one NFC club executive said. "It's for your best-available free agent." One agent who's ...