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IM

Instant messaging () is a communications technology that enables the , synchronous exchange of short text messages, along with such as images, videos, and audio, between two or more users connected via the or similar networks. IM platforms typically incorporate presence awareness, allowing users to view the online status of contacts, and support features like chats, group conversations, transfers, and emojis for enhanced expressiveness. Early IM systems emerged in multi-user environments of the and 1970s, such as MIT's , but achieved mass adoption in the late 1990s through desktop clients like (launched 1996) and Instant Messenger, which introduced searchable user directories and basic . By the 2000s, IM expanded into mobile and enterprise applications, including IRC-derived protocols and proprietary services like , facilitating both personal and professional collaboration while integrating with and . Key achievements include accelerating workplace productivity through informal, low-latency exchanges, though notable controversies persist around vulnerabilities—such as unencrypted transmissions enabling interception—and risks from metadata collection, prompting regulatory scrutiny and shifts toward in modern iterations.

Science and Technology

Biology and Medicine

Intramuscular (IM) injection involves the administration of medication or vaccines directly into muscle tissue, allowing for rapid absorption due to the high vascularity and blood flow in skeletal muscles. This route is preferred for drugs that require quicker systemic distribution than oral or subcutaneous methods, such as certain antibiotics, hormones, or immunizations like the tetanus toxoid. Typical injection volumes range from 1 to 5 milliliters in adults, depending on the muscle site, to avoid complications like tissue damage. Common administration sites include the in the upper arm for smaller volumes (up to 1 mL), the vastus lateralis in the thigh for infants and larger doses (up to 3 mL), and the ventrogluteal or dorsogluteal regions in the buttocks for volumes up to 5 mL in adults. Proper requires a needle length of 1 to 1.5 inches for adults to reach the muscle depth, to check for blood vessels (though recent guidelines from the CDC question its necessity for most ), and rotation of sites to prevent fibrosis or abscess formation. Risks include pain, infection, nerve injury (e.g., in gluteal injections), or inadvertent intravenous administration leading to , with incidence rates for serious complications under 0.01% in controlled settings. In , IM is sometimes used as an abbreviation for the specialty itself, which focuses on the prevention, , and nonsurgical of diseases, encompassing subspecialties like and . Training in internal medicine residency, often denoted as IM, typically lasts three years and emphasizes comprehensive care for complex, multisystem conditions in hospitalized and outpatient settings. This usage appears in and administrative contexts but is less universal than the pharmacological abbreviation.

Computing

Instant messaging (IM) is a form of , text-based communication that enables users to exchange messages instantaneously over computer networks, typically via dedicated software clients or web applications. Unlike , which operates asynchronously, IM supports synchronous interaction, often including features like presence indicators (showing user availability), , and multimedia exchanges such as or video calls. Early implementations relied on client- architectures where messages route through a central , though models emerged later to reduce and server dependency. The origins of IM trace back to multi-user computing systems in the 1960s, such as the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) developed at MIT in 1961, which allowed users logged into the same mainframe to send short messages to one another. This evolved into more structured chat capabilities, including Internet Relay Chat (IRC) in 1988, which facilitated real-time group discussions over the internet using a network of servers. Commercial IM gained prominence with ICQ's release in 1996 by Mirabilis, an Israeli firm, marking the first widely adopted service for one-on-one and group chats with user search and file transfer functions. Subsequent services like AOL Instant Messenger (AIM) in 1997 and MSN Messenger expanded accessibility, driving adoption amid the dot-com boom, with millions of users by the early 2000s. Key protocols underpinning IM include the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), standardized by the (IETF) in 1999 as an open, XML-based framework for messaging, presence, and multi-user chat. Other standards encompass (SIP) for signaling in voice-enabled IM, and modern web technologies like for persistent, low-latency connections in browser-based clients. Interoperability remains limited due to proprietary extensions by vendors, though federation efforts via XMPP enable cross-service communication in some cases. Security in IM has advanced significantly, with (E2EE) becoming standard in many applications to prevent interception by intermediaries; this involves cryptographic keys exchanged solely between endpoints, rendering server-stored data unreadable without decryption on recipient devices. Protocols like Signal's underpin E2EE in apps such as and Telegram, using double-ratchet algorithms for , where past messages remain secure even if keys are compromised later. However, not all IM services implement E2EE by default, and vulnerabilities persist in exposure or unencrypted systems. As of 2025, popular IM platforms include , with over 2 billion monthly users globally, and enterprise-focused tools like , emphasizing compliance with standards such as MLS for multi-device synchronization. Beyond , IM denotes in computing contexts, referring to processes and technologies for collecting, processing, and distributing to support decision-making, often involving databases, analytics, and governance frameworks. This usage appears in , distinct from real-time communication.

Other Uses in Science and Technology

In , IM designates an , an asynchronous alternating-current motor in which torque arises from between the stator's and induced currents in the rotor, enabling self-starting without a DC excitation source. These motors, comprising over 70% of installed industrial motor power as of 2022, excel in applications requiring constant-speed operation, such as pumps and fans, owing to their rugged construction, high efficiency (up to 95% in large units), and minimal maintenance needs compared to synchronous alternatives. In and , IM refers to intensity modulation, a scheme modulating the instantaneous power of an optical carrier—typically via electro-optic or direct modulation of diodes—to transmit data, often in conjunction with direct detection (IM/DD) receivers that demodulate via photodiodes without phase information. This approach supports bit rates exceeding 200 Gb/s per lane in O-band systems as demonstrated in 2023 experiments using advanced , making it foundational for short-reach interconnects due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness over coherent methods. In radio-frequency (RF) , IM denotes , the nonlinear process generating output frequencies as sums and differences of input tones (e.g., third-order products at 2f1 - f2), which degrade in amplifiers, mixers, and antennas. Quantified via metrics like , IM distortion limits in multi-carrier systems; for instance, specifies IM performance in ADC datasheets to ensure below -80 for . Mitigation involves linearization techniques or filtering, critical for spectrum-efficient deployments.

Military and Government

Military Designations

Insensitive munitions (IM) designate a class of military ordnance designed to resist accidental initiation or propagation of detonation from credible non-combat stimuli, such as fire, impact, fragments, or shock, thereby reducing risks during handling, storage, transportation, and combat operations. This standard originated from lessons learned in incidents like the 1967 USS Forrestal fire, which killed 134 sailors due to sympathetic detonations of conventional munitions, prompting U.S. and NATO efforts to prioritize less-sensitive explosives and fuzing systems. IM compliance is assessed through a standardized test series outlined in NATO STANAG 4439, including slow cook-off (sustained heating), fast cook-off (rapid fire engulfment), bullet impact, fragment impact, sympathetic reaction, shaped charge jet, and spall impact; munitions are categorized from level I (insensitive, limited effects) to level VI (highly sensitive, full detonation). As of 2023, programs like the U.S. Army's IM Technology Division have certified select 155mm artillery rounds and air-to-ground munitions as IM-compliant, using formulations like IMX-101 explosive, which offers comparable performance to TNT but with reduced sensitivity. In U.S. Navy enlisted personnel designations, stood for Instrumentman, a introduced in 1961 for sailors specializing in the , , repair, and reconditioning of instruments, gauges, machines, and timepieces aboard vessels and in shore facilities. The role encompassed jewel setting in watches, of optical instruments, and implementation of programs to ensure operational accuracy in and systems. The rating was merged into broader and fields and disestablished on October 1, 1999.

Government and Organizations

The (IM) is an India-based Islamist terrorist organization responsible for numerous bombing attacks targeting civilians, religious sites, and government facilities since 2005. The group, which maintains operational links to Pakistan-based militants, was formally designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) by the on September 15, 2011, under Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, enabling asset freezes and travel restrictions. This designation followed intelligence assessments of IM's role in high-profile incidents, including coordinated explosions in major cities. IM is also proscribed as a terrorist entity under India's Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, appearing on the Ministry of Home Affairs' schedule of banned organizations since at least 2012, reflecting its classification as a threat to national security. The Indian government attributes to IM attacks such as the 2008 serial blasts in Delhi and other urban centers, often involving improvised explosive devices. International cooperation, including arrests of key operatives like Yasin Bhatkal in 2013, has disrupted IM networks, though remnants continue to pose risks according to U.S. assessments. In addition to designations, IM's activities have prompted enhanced measures by affected governments, including intelligence sharing and financial sanctions under 13224. The group's emergence as a splinter from the underscores patterns of radicalization and operational autonomy within jihadist ecosystems.

Places

Geographical Locations

The Isle of Man, assigned the code , constitutes the principal geographical location associated with this designation. It is an island situated in the , positioned between to the east and to the west, at coordinates approximately 54°15′N 4°30′W. The territory functions as a self-governing British Crown Dependency, maintaining legislative autonomy through its parliament, the —the world's oldest continuous parliament—while the handles defense and international relations. Spanning 572 square kilometers (221 square miles), the Isle of Man features a diverse : a central valley flanked by hills, treeless mountains in the north peaking at (621 meters), and coastal plains in the south with rugged cliffs and sandy bays. Its population stands at approximately 84,000 as of recent estimates, concentrated primarily in the capital and largest settlement, Douglas, on the southeastern coast. The island's postcodes begin with , reinforcing the abbreviation's geographical linkage.

Names

Personal Names and Surnames

The surname Im (Korean: 임; often romanized as Lim) is a common Korean family name derived from Sino-Korean characters such as 林 (meaning "forest") or 任 (meaning "to任" or "任任"), with origins tracing to ancient Chinese clans whose descendants settled in Korea. Korean Im clans, such as those from Haeju or other provinces, emerged historically from migrations and settlements, with records indicating presence since the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392 CE). As of 2015, roughly 823,000 people in South Korea bore the surname Im or Lim, placing it among the top 10 most prevalent Korean surnames, comprising about 1.6% of the population. Globally, over 99% of bearers reside in Asia, predominantly East Asia (97% in Koreanic regions), reflecting limited diaspora until modern emigration waves post-20th century. While primarily a surname, "Im" appears rarely as a given name. In Norse mythology, Im denotes a mythical giant embodying strength and grandeur, though this usage is obscure and not widespread in modern naming practices. In Korean contexts, it may form part of compound given names but lacks standalone prevalence as a first name. Notable individuals with the surname Im include South Korean archer Lim Chun-ae, who won gold medals at the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics; Australian-Korean singer Dami Im, victor of Australia's Got Talent in 2013 and Eurovision participant in 2016; and rapper I.M. (Im Chang-kyun) of the K-pop group Monsta X, born in 1996. Historical figures are less prominently documented in English-language sources, though Korean records note officials like Yu Im (1894–1961), a politician during the early Republic of Korea era. These examples illustrate the surname's association with diverse fields, from sports to entertainment, amid Korea's global cultural influence since the late 20th century.

Sports

Athletic Events

The individual medley (IM) is a swimming event in which a competitor swims equal distances using each of the four competitive strokes—butterfly for the first quarter, for the second, for the third, and for the fourth—in that fixed order. The rules mandate adherence to the technical requirements of each stroke, including starts, turns, and finishes, with a specific allowance for a during the transition from backstroke to breaststroke. in the final leg must be a style other than backstroke, breaststroke, or butterfly, typically . In long-course (50-meter) pools, the event is contested over 200 meters and 400 meters, requiring 50-meter or 100-meter segments per , respectively; the 100-meter IM occurs primarily in short-course (25-meter) pools. The 400-meter IM demands sustained across varying efficiencies, while the 200-meter version emphasizes speed and technique transitions. The 400-meter IM entered the Olympic program at the in for men, with women's inclusion following in 1968; it has appeared at every subsequent . The 200-meter IM debuted for men at the 1968 Olympics and for women at the 1972 , establishing both distances as staples of elite competition. As of October 2025, the men's 200-meter stands at 1:52.69, set in the semifinals at the in , while the men's 400-meter record is 4:02.50 from the same event. These events test swimmers' versatility, as proficiency across correlates with overall performance, though specialists in one may adapt through targeted training.

Businesses and Organizations

Companies and Brands

Inc., commonly abbreviated as IM, is a global distributor of products and services, founded in 1979 and headquartered in . The company facilitates the supply chain for hardware, software, and cloud solutions, serving resellers, vendors, and enterprises across more than 160 countries with annual revenues exceeding $50 billion as of 2023. is a premium brand launched in 2021 by a between , , and the Zhangjiang Hi-Tech fund, targeting intelligent mobility with advanced autonomous driving features. The acronym IM denotes "Intelligence in Motion," and the brand debuted models like the sedan and IM8 SUV, achieving over 10,000 units delivered in by mid-2022. IM GROUP, rebranded in 2021 from Inkmaker Group, is an providing solutions for inks, paints, coatings, and adhesives industries, encompassing subsidiaries such as Inkmaker for equipment and Rexson for color matching systems. Established originally in the 1960s, it operates worldwide with facilities in , the , and the , emphasizing automated production lines for high-precision .

Arts and Entertainment

Media and Publications

IM is a luxury lifestyle magazine founded to cover topics including business, conservation, travel, lifestyle, epicurean interests, fashion, philanthropy, science, and culture. Im is a 2004 British short science fiction film directed by Craig Collinson, depicting a dystopian scenario set on a wind farm in the near future; it stars Tony Donaldson, Jenny Foulds, Niall Greig Fulton, and Monica Gibb, and holds a 6.6/10 rating on IMDb based on 40 user reviews. I.M. Matters is a newsletter published by the American College of Physicians (ACP), providing updates and insights relevant to practitioners as part of ACP's suite of journals and publications.

Music and Performances

is the stage name of Im Chang-kyun (born January 26, 1996), a South Korean rapper, singer, songwriter, and producer best known as the maknae, lead rapper, and vocalist of the boy group . The group debuted on May 14, 2015, under with the mini-album . I.M released his solo debut digital mini-album Duality—which he self-produced—on February 19, 2021, featuring the title track "God Damn" and exploring themes of internal conflict and emotion. In November 2022, he signed with Sony Music Korea to further his solo career alongside Monsta X activities. Subsequent releases include the 2023 album Overdrive and the 2024 album Off the Beat, with collaborations such as "Slowly" featuring Heize. In May 2024, launched his first solo headlining world tour, performing tracks from his and marking a milestone in his independent performances outside group shows.

Mythology and Religion

Mythological Figures

In , Ím (also rendered as Imr) is a , or giant, identified as the son of the wise giant Vafþrúðnir. This relation is attested in the , a poem from the , where Vafþrúðnir is described as Ím's father during his exchange with Óðinn. The , compiled from oral traditions in the 13th century but drawing on earlier sources, preserves this brief reference amid a contest between Óðinn and Vafþrúðnir. No myths, attributes, or exploits involving Ím directly survive in the primary texts, rendering the figure obscure even within the jötunn genealogy. Vafþrúðnir himself features prominently as a knowledgeable to Óðinn, but Ím's mention serves primarily to underscore the giant's lineage rather than develop independent lore. Scholars note that such peripheral jotnar often represent archetypal forces of or in , though no specific causal role is assigned to Ím.

Other Uses

Miscellaneous Acronyms and Terms

Instant messaging refers to a form of real-time, text-based communication between users over the , typically facilitated by dedicated software applications or integrated platform features. This method emerged in the 1990s with early protocols like IRC and gained widespread adoption through services such as Instant Messenger in 1997 and later platforms including and Messenger. Intramuscular (IM) denotes a route of medication administration where a drug is injected directly into a muscle, allowing for faster absorption than subcutaneous methods due to the muscle's rich blood supply. Common sites include the deltoid, vastus lateralis, and gluteus maximus, with this technique used for vaccines, antibiotics, and analgesics to achieve systemic effects. International Master (IM) is a chess title conferred by the International Chess Federation (FIDE) to players demonstrating exceptional skill, requiring a minimum Elo rating of 2400 and at least three qualifying norms from tournaments against titled opponents. First awarded in 1950, it ranks below Grandmaster but above FIDE Master, with approximately 3,000 active holders as of 2023.

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