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IPS panel

In-Plane Switching (IPS) is a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel technology in which liquid crystals are aligned parallel to the glass substrates of the display, and an applied electric field causes them to rotate within the plane of the panel to control light transmission.^[1] This configuration enables consistent image quality across wide viewing angles, typically up to 178 degrees horizontally and vertically, by minimizing color shifts and gamma distortions that occur in other LCD types.^[2] Unlike twisted nematic (TN) panels, where crystals twist perpendicularly to block light, IPS uses horizontal electric fields generated by interdigitated electrodes on the substrate to achieve more stable molecular alignment.^[3] Developed in the early 1990s as an advancement over TN technology, IPS was first commercialized by Hitachi in 1996 to address limitations in color accuracy and off-angle viewing in early flat-panel displays.^[4] The core concept traces back to research at Germany's Fraunhofer Society in 1990, where scientists including Günter Baur patented a method for in-plane crystal switching to improve LCD performance for professional applications.^[5] Over the decades, IPS has evolved through refinements in liquid crystal materials and electrode designs, leading to variants like Super IPS (S-IPS) and Plane-to-Line Switching (PLS), which enhance response times and brightness while maintaining core benefits.^[6] IPS panels excel in delivering high color fidelity, often covering over 100% of sRGB and supporting Adobe RGB for precise reproduction in demanding tasks, making them ideal for graphic design, photography, and medical imaging.^[7] They offer a contrast ratio typically around 1000:1, superior to TN's 500:1 but lower than vertical alignment (VA) panels' 3000:1, with response times of 5-8 milliseconds that balance speed and quality for gaming and video.^[8] Common in consumer electronics such as computer monitors, laptop screens, televisions, and smartphones, IPS technology dominates professional displays due to its reliability and minimal light leakage, though it consumes slightly more power than TN equivalents.^[9]

Overview

Definition and Principles

IPS (In-Plane Switching) is an active-matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) technology in which liquid crystal molecules are aligned and switch within a plane parallel to the glass substrates, enabling controlled light modulation for image formation.^[10] This configuration distinguishes IPS from other LCD modes by generating an electric field parallel to the substrate surface, which rotates the liquid crystals horizontally rather than perpendicularly.^[3] The fundamental principles of IPS rely on the interaction between liquid crystals sandwiched between two glass panels and a pair of crossed polarizers. In the absence of voltage, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned horizontally parallel to the substrates, oriented at an angle that blocks the backlight from passing through the crossed polarizers, resulting in a dark (black) state. When an electric voltage is applied, a lateral (in-plane) electric field is created between interdigitated electrodes on the substrate, causing the liquid crystals to rotate by approximately 90 degrees in the plane of the panel. This rotation aligns the molecules to allow polarized light to transmit through the second polarizer, producing a bright (white) state and enabling grayscale control based on the field strength.^[11]^[10]^[3] At the pixel level, IPS employs thin-film transistors (TFTs) integrated into an active-matrix array for precise addressing and control of each subpixel. The pixel structure features comb-shaped (interdigital) electrodes—typically a pixel electrode and a common electrode—deposited on the same substrate to generate the horizontal electric field, with the TFT switching the voltage to the pixel electrode while the common electrode is shared.^[10]^[12]^[13] The in-plane switching mechanism inherently improves viewing angles over twisted nematic (TN) panels by promoting uniform rotation of liquid crystal molecules regardless of the observer's position. In TN modes, vertical field application leads to non-uniform molecular tilting at off-axis angles, causing color shifts and contrast loss; in contrast, IPS maintains consistent light transmission and color fidelity across wide viewing cones due to the lateral field constraining rotations to the substrate plane.^[10]

Common Applications

IPS panels are widely used in computer monitors and laptop displays, where their superior color accuracy and consistency make them ideal for everyday computing and multimedia consumption.^[2]^[14] Professional graphics tablets, such as those from manufacturers like XPPen, also incorporate IPS technology to provide artists and designers with precise color reproduction essential for digital illustration and creative workflows.^[15] These applications leverage the panels' ability to maintain accurate colors across a broad gamut, often covering 99% of sRGB or more.^[16] In mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets, IPS panels are favored for their wide viewing angles, ensuring consistent image quality regardless of the observer's position, which is particularly beneficial for shared viewing experiences.^[17] High-end televisions from brands like LG utilize IPS panels to deliver vibrant, lifelike images suitable for home entertainment setups.^[18] Emerging applications include medical imaging, where IPS panels ensure precise rendering of diagnostic images like X-rays due to their grayscale fidelity and off-axis consistency.^[19]^[20] Digital signage solutions also increasingly adopt IPS for reliable visibility in public spaces, maintaining color and brightness uniformity in varied lighting conditions.^[21]^[22] In photo editing workstations, IPS displays are a preferred choice for professionals requiring high-fidelity color accuracy to match print outputs effectively.^[23]^[24]

Historical Development

Invention and Early Adoption

The concept of In-Plane Switching (IPS) technology for liquid crystal displays (LCDs) originated in 1990 from research by Günter Baur and colleagues at Germany's Fraunhofer Society, who patented a method for in-plane crystal switching to improve viewing angles.^[5] This innovation was further developed in 1992 by a team of engineers at Hitachi's Central Research Laboratory in Japan, led by Katsumi Kondo, who addressed the limitations of earlier LCD modes by devising a method to align liquid crystals parallel to the panel surface using interdigitated electrodes on the same substrate.^[25] This made IPS practically viable for active-matrix TFT LCDs through optimized electrode configurations and matrix interconnections.^[26] A key patent for this in-plane switching method, US Patent 5,598,285, was filed by Hitachi on September 18, 1992, and issued on January 28, 1997, detailing the structure for improved viewing angles in LCD devices. Hitachi achieved the first commercial implementation of IPS technology in 1996 with the release of a 15-inch Super TFT LCD monitor, marking the debut of wide-viewing-angle displays in the market and surpassing the narrow angles of predecessor Twisted Nematic (TN) technology.^[27] By 2000, IPS panels began appearing in laptop computers, such as high-end models from manufacturers licensing Hitachi's technology, enabling better color consistency for mobile professional use despite the era's dominance of cost-effective TN screens.^[26] Early adoption of IPS was hindered by significant manufacturing challenges, including high production costs—often several times that of TN panels—due to complex electrode patterning and the need for additional thin-film transistors, which reduced aperture ratios and increased material expenses.^[28] Additionally, initial IPS panels suffered from slow response times, typically exceeding 50 milliseconds, leading to motion blur in dynamic content and limiting their appeal for gaming or video applications until subsequent optimizations.^[29] These factors confined IPS primarily to professional monitors and niche laptop segments through the late 1990s, delaying broader market penetration.^[30]

Evolution and Key Milestones

In the late 1990s, LG Display introduced Super IPS (S-IPS) technology in 1998, enhancing the original IPS design with improved color reproduction and a wider color gamut compared to standard IPS panels. This advancement addressed limitations in color accuracy and viewing angles, making S-IPS suitable for professional applications requiring precise imagery.^[31] A significant milestone occurred in 2002 when Apple adopted IPS panels for the 20-inch model in its iMac G4 lineup, featuring a flat-panel display that elevated consumer awareness of IPS's superior viewing angles and color fidelity over traditional CRT and TN LCD alternatives.^[32] This integration in a popular all-in-one computer helped transition IPS from niche professional use to broader consumer markets. During the 2010s, further refinements included the introduction of Horizontal IPS (H-IPS) around 2006-2007, which optimized pixel arrangement for higher brightness levels and reduced light leakage, and Enhanced IPS (e-IPS) in 2009, focusing on energy efficiency through increased panel transmittance that allowed lower backlight power without sacrificing performance.^[33] These variants enabled IPS to compete more effectively in high-volume consumer electronics. By the mid-2010s, economies of scale in manufacturing led to substantial cost reductions, shifting IPS from a premium technology to mainstream adoption in laptops, monitors, and TVs.^[34] More recent advancements include the integration of quantum dot enhancements with IPS panels for high dynamic range (HDR) capabilities starting in 2018, as seen in monitors like the ASUS ROG Swift PG27UQ, which combined quantum dots with IPS for expanded color volume and peak brightness up to 1000 nits.^[35] By 2023, 8K-resolution IPS panels emerged in professional displays, such as the ASRock PG558KF and ViewSonic VG3281-8K, supporting ultra-high-definition workflows in content creation and medical imaging.^[36] These developments underscore IPS's ongoing evolution amid competition from emerging technologies like OLED.

Technical Details

Core Mechanism

In IPS panels, liquid crystal molecules are initially aligned parallel to the substrates at an angle of 45° relative to the transmission axis of the polarizer.^[37] Upon application of a horizontal electric field, these molecules rotate within the plane of the substrates to align with the field direction, typically rotating by up to 85°-90° from their initial orientation, enabling controlled modulation of light polarization. This in-plane rotation occurs because the positive dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal material causes the molecules to align with the direction of the applied field, which lies parallel to the substrate surface.^[38] The horizontal electric field in an IPS panel is produced by interdigitated electrodes patterned on one of the substrates, creating a fringe-like field distribution. The magnitude of this field can be approximated as E = \frac{V}{d}, where V is the applied voltage across the electrodes and d is the gap between adjacent electrodes. This relation derives from the parallel-plate capacitor model, where the uniform field between two oppositely charged plates separated by distance d is the potential difference V divided by d, assuming the electrode width and overlap are large compared to d for a quasi-uniform approximation in the interdigitated structure. Light modulation in IPS panels relies on the birefringence of the liquid crystal layer sandwiched between crossed polarizers. The transmitted intensity is given by T = \sin^2(2\psi) \sin^2(\delta/2), where \psi is the angle between the LC director and the polarizer transmission axis, and \delta = \frac{2\pi d_{\text{cell}} \Delta n}{\lambda} is the phase retardation with d_{\text{cell}} as the cell gap, \Delta n the birefringence, and \lambda the wavelength. As the molecules rotate under voltage, \psi changes from near 45° to align with the field, modulating transmittance. Modern IPS panels incorporate fringe field switching (FFS) in their pixel architecture to enhance field strength and uniformity. In FFS, one electrode is a planar common electrode beneath the liquid crystal layer, while the pixel electrodes are comb-shaped on top, generating a stronger fringe field that penetrates deeper into the layer, allowing more efficient reorientation of molecules even above the electrodes and improving overall transmittance.^[39] The liquid crystal response exhibits a threshold voltage of around 2-3 V, below which insufficient torque is provided for significant reorientation, resulting in no change in transmission; above this threshold, the rotation angle increases monotonically with voltage until saturation.

Manufacturing Process

The manufacturing process of IPS panels begins with substrate preparation, where two glass panels serve as the base structure. These panels are thoroughly cleaned and treated to eliminate impurities and defects, ensuring optimal adhesion for subsequent layers. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is then deposited as a transparent conductive layer via sputtering to form electrodes, particularly the common and pixel electrodes on the same substrate to enable in-plane switching.^[40]^[41] Alignment layers are applied next, typically using polyimide (PI) films that are printed or spin-coated onto the substrates and then rubbed mechanically to create microgrooves, orienting the liquid crystals horizontally.^[40] The thin-film transistor (TFT) array is fabricated on one substrate through photolithography, involving multiple masking steps—such as a 4-mask process—to pattern amorphous silicon islands, contact holes, gate and source/drain electrodes, and passivation layers for pixel control.^[41]^[40] A color filter array, including black matrix and RGB layers, is formed on the opposing substrate using similar photolithographic techniques, followed by overcoat and ITO deposition if needed.^[40] Liquid crystal material—nematic type with positive dielectric anisotropy—is introduced between the assembled substrates using the one-drop-fill (ODF) method, where droplets are dispensed onto one panel before sealing with the other under vacuum to prevent bubbles and ensure uniform cell gap.^[42]^[40] The panels are then cured via UV or thermal processes to solidify the sealant, and polarizers are attached to the outer surfaces for light modulation.^[40] Backlight integration occurs during module assembly, where edge-lit LED arrays are mounted along the panel edges behind a light guide plate to provide uniform illumination across the IPS structure, enhancing thinness and efficiency compared to direct-lit alternatives.^[43] IPS production faces yield challenges, particularly higher defect rates in electrode patterning due to the precise alignment of interdigitated ITO structures on a single substrate, which is more complex than the simpler vertical field setup in TN panels, leading to increased scrap rates during photolithography.^[44]

Performance and Comparison

Strengths

IPS panels are renowned for their superior viewing angles, offering up to 178 degrees both horizontally and vertically with minimal color distortion or shift, making them ideal for collaborative viewing or multi-user environments.^[2] This performance stems from the in-plane alignment of liquid crystals, which maintains consistent light transmission across a broad range of perspectives, unlike narrower-angle technologies such as TN panels.^[45] A key strength of IPS technology lies in its exceptional color accuracy and consistency, often achieving 100% coverage of the sRGB color gamut due to the stable and uniform alignment of liquid crystals that preserves hue and saturation regardless of viewing position.^[46] This results in vibrant, true-to-life colors suitable for professional applications like graphic design and photography, where precise reproduction is essential.^[2] Modern IPS panels have seen significant improvements in response times, typically reaching 4-5 milliseconds gray-to-gray (GtG), which is adequate for gaming and fast-paced video content without noticeable ghosting in most scenarios.^[47] IPS panels also demonstrate better power efficiency compared to VA panels, as they require lower driving voltages to switch the liquid crystals, reducing overall energy consumption for the same display size and brightness.^[48] In terms of contrast, standard IPS panels deliver a typical ratio of 1000:1, providing solid differentiation between light and dark areas, while advanced variants like IPS-ADS can achieve up to 1500:1 and recent developments such as IPS Black technology reach 2000:1 for enhanced depth in images.^[49]^[50]

Limitations

Despite their advantages in color accuracy and viewing angles, IPS panels exhibit several inherent limitations that can impact their suitability for certain applications. One primary drawback is the lower native contrast ratio compared to other LCD technologies like VA panels, typically ranging from 800:1 to 1200:1, which results in black levels appearing grayish rather than deep black, especially in darker scenes. This occurs due to light leakage through the liquid crystals, particularly noticeable when viewed off-angle, as the in-plane switching mechanism allows some backlight to pass through even when pixels are intended to be off.^[49]^[51] The more complex electrode structure required for IPS technology also drives up production costs, making these panels approximately 20-40% more expensive to manufacture than simpler TN panels. This added expense stems from the intricate patterning of electrodes on the substrate to enable horizontal liquid crystal alignment, which increases material and processing demands during fabrication.^[52] In terms of dynamic performance, IPS panels often suffer from slower pixel response times, averaging 5-8 ms gray-to-gray in standard models, leading to potential motion blur in fast-paced content such as gaming or video playback. Although newer iterations have reduced this lag through overdrive techniques, achieving response times closer to 1-4 ms, the inherent liquid crystal reorientation in the plane can still introduce trailing artifacts in high-motion scenarios.^[53]^[54] Power consumption represents another constraint, with IPS panels drawing up to 15% more energy than TN panels for equivalent brightness levels, primarily due to the higher voltage needed to control the liquid crystals and maintain uniform switching across wider angles. This can be particularly relevant in battery-powered devices like laptops, where extended runtime is critical.^[55] A distinctive visual artifact known as IPS glow further compromises performance in low-light conditions, manifesting as a hazy backlight bleed, often most prominent in the corners of the screen during dark room viewing. This glow arises from uneven backlight diffusion inherent to the panel's wide-angle design and is exacerbated by the low contrast, making uniform blacks challenging to achieve without additional local dimming solutions.^[56]^[57]

Variants and Competing Technologies

In-Plane Switching Derivatives

In-Plane Switching (IPS) technology has evolved through several derivatives developed primarily by LG Display and BOE Technology Group, each targeting enhancements in light efficiency, power consumption, color reproduction, and transmittance while preserving the core in-plane liquid crystal switching mechanism. These variants maintain the horizontal electric field that aligns liquid crystals parallel to the panel surface, ensuring wide viewing angles and color consistency, but introduce structural modifications to address limitations in aperture ratio and energy use.^[58]^[59] S-IPS, introduced by LG Display in 1998, represents an early enhancement to the original IPS design through the use of staggered electrode arrangements. This configuration increases the aperture ratio by optimizing the electric field distribution, resulting in higher light transmittance compared to standard IPS panels. The improvement allows for brighter displays without increasing backlight power, making S-IPS suitable for larger monitors and early flat-panel TVs.^[58]^[33] E-IPS, launched by LG Display in 2005, focuses on energy efficiency by simplifying the electrode structure and integrating optimized LED backlights. This variant reduces overall power consumption relative to conventional IPS panels, primarily through wider apertures that enhance light efficiency and lower thermal output. E-IPS maintains comparable viewing angles and color performance but at a lower manufacturing cost, facilitating broader adoption in consumer monitors.^[59]^[33] P-IPS, introduced by NEC in early 2010 as a subcategory of H-IPS, targets professional applications requiring superior color accuracy. It supports 10-bit color depth (1.07 billion colors) via 8-bit + FRC, enabling more precise gradations and reducing banding in high-end imaging workflows. The design incorporates advanced pixel layouts for improved contrast and optional true white alignment, distinguishing it from consumer-grade IPS variants.^[60]^[33] ADS (Advanced Super Dimension Switch), developed and commercialized by BOE Technology Group around 2009, employs a full-plate electrode on the bottom substrate to generate vertical fringe fields, differing from the comb-shaped electrodes in traditional IPS. This approach boosts transmittance over standard IPS, enhancing brightness and reducing power needs for high-resolution displays. ADS panels achieve wide viewing angles exceeding 178 degrees while supporting high pixel densities for mobile and TV applications.^[61]^[62] These derivatives differ primarily in electrode geometry and optimization focus: S-IPS and ADS emphasize transmittance via field refinements, E-IPS prioritizes power savings through structural simplification, and P-IPS enhances color fidelity for specialized uses, all without deviating from the fundamental in-plane switching principle. Recent advancements include LG's IPS Black (introduced around 2022), which achieves higher contrast ratios up to 2000:1 while retaining wide viewing angles.^[60]^[33]

Alternative LCD Technologies

Plane to Line Switching (PLS) is a liquid crystal display (LCD) technology developed by Samsung and introduced in late 2010 as an alternative to traditional In-Plane Switching (IPS) panels.^[63] PLS employs a modified in-plane electrode arrangement that generates more uniform electric fields across the liquid crystal layer, resulting in wide viewing angles comparable to IPS, typically up to 178 degrees horizontally and vertically, while achieving approximately 10% higher light transmittance for improved brightness efficiency.^[64] This design allows for lower production costs—estimated at about 15% less than IPS—due to Samsung's optimized manufacturing processes, making PLS a cost-effective option for consumer electronics like monitors and mobile devices without significant compromises in color accuracy or viewing performance.^[64] Advanced Hyper-Viewing Angle (AHVA) technology, introduced by AU Optronics in 2012, represents another IPS-like LCD variant aimed at enhancing wide-angle viewing.^[33] AHVA utilizes a multi-domain pixel structure similar to IPS, which aligns liquid crystals in multiple orientations to minimize light leakage and color shifts at off-angles, delivering viewing angles of up to 178 degrees and high color fidelity suitable for professional displays.^[33] Compared to standard IPS, AHVA incorporates refined pixel electrode designs that boost overall brightness and contrast, with some implementations achieving higher luminance through improved light efficiency, though exact gains vary by panel generation.^[65] This makes AHVA particularly advantageous for applications requiring vivid imagery, such as laptops and tablets, while maintaining competitive manufacturing scalability.^[33] Twisted Nematic (TN) panels, one of the earliest LCD technologies dating back to the 1970s, operate by twisting liquid crystal molecules at a 90-degree angle between glass substrates, allowing light to pass when no voltage is applied.^[66] TN excels in response times, often as low as 1 millisecond gray-to-gray, which reduces motion blur and makes it ideal for budget gaming monitors where fast refresh rates are prioritized over image quality.^[67] However, TN suffers from narrow viewing angles—typically around 140 degrees horizontally with compensation films—leading to significant color inversion and gamma shifts when viewed off-center, limiting its use to single-user scenarios rather than shared viewing environments.^[68] Vertical Alignment (VA) LCDs align liquid crystal molecules perpendicular to the substrates in their default state, blocking light effectively to produce deep blacks and high contrast ratios, commonly exceeding 3000:1 in modern implementations.^[51] This superior contrast makes VA panels prevalent in televisions, where they enhance dark scene detail and overall picture depth, outperforming IPS in low-light ambient conditions.^[69] Despite these strengths, VA exhibits narrower effective viewing angles than IPS, with noticeable gamma shifts and color washout beyond 30-45 degrees off-axis, though advancements like multi-domain structures have mitigated some limitations for better horizontal performance.^[51] In comparison to IPS, which strikes a balance between wide viewing angles, accurate color reproduction, and moderate contrast (around 1000:1), alternatives like PLS and AHVA offer similar angular performance with efficiency gains, while TN prioritizes speed at the expense of angles and VA emphasizes contrast over off-axis consistency.^[67] These trade-offs determine their suitability: TN for cost-sensitive, high-speed applications; VA for contrast-focused media consumption; and PLS/AHVA as direct IPS competitors enhancing brightness and affordability without altering core viewing benefits.^[64]

Industry and Market

Leading Manufacturers

LG Display, a subsidiary of LG Electronics, was a leading producer of IPS panels and played a pivotal role in advancing the technology through its development of Super In-Plane Switching (S-IPS) in the late 1990s, which improved upon early IPS designs by enhancing color accuracy and viewing angles. However, LG Display exited the LCD business in April 2025 by selling its last large-area fabrication plant in Guangzhou, China, to TCL CSOT, shifting its focus to OLED technology.^[70] AU Optronics (AUO), based in Taiwan, is renowned for developing Advanced Hyper-Viewing Angle (AHVA) technology, its proprietary variant of IPS that offers superior color reproduction and wide viewing angles comparable to standard IPS. AUO dominates the notebook and laptop display segment, supplying IPS-based panels to major OEMs for portable devices where slim profiles and energy efficiency are critical.^[71] BOE Technology Group, a prominent Chinese manufacturer, leads in Advanced Super Dimension Switch (ADS-IPS) panels, an evolution of IPS that provides enhanced brightness and contrast for mobile and TV applications. In 2023, BOE's ADS technology captured a significant portion of the wide-viewing-angle LCD market for televisions, ranking first with 23% of shipment area among such panels. BOE is also a key supplier of IPS panels for smartphones, supporting high-volume production for global brands.^[72]^[73] Innolux Corporation, another Taiwan-based firm and part of the Foxconn Group, specializes in mid-range IPS panels for consumer electronics, particularly televisions, under its Advanced Amorphous Silicon (AAS) branding, which emphasizes cost-effective high-resolution displays. Innolux focuses on balancing performance and affordability in the TV panel market, producing IPS variants for sizes ranging from 32 to 65 inches.^[74] Samsung Display, primarily known for OLED and its own Plane-to-Line Switching (PLS) technology—a close IPS alternative—maintains limited IPS production, mainly for export markets and specific applications where PLS is not preferred. Samsung shifted much of its focus to PLS starting in 2011 to reduce costs and improve brightness, but continues selective IPS manufacturing for compatibility with international standards.^[64] Historically, Hitachi pioneered the original IPS technology in 1996, introducing the first commercial panels that addressed TN LCD limitations in viewing angles, laying the foundation for subsequent developments by other firms.^[5]

Current Trends and Future Outlook

In 2024, IPS panels captured approximately 46.33% of the global computer monitor market share, reflecting their dominance in premium segments where wide viewing angles and color accuracy are essential for professional and creative applications.^[75] This growth has been bolstered by the sustained demand from remote work environments, which prioritize high-quality displays for productivity and collaboration.^[75] Since 2023, manufacturers have increasingly integrated Mini-LED backlights into IPS panels, enabling local dimming zones that significantly enhance contrast ratios—up to 1,000:1 or higher in select models—while maintaining the inherent strengths of IPS technology.^[76]^[77] However, IPS and broader LCD technologies face mounting challenges from the rising adoption of OLED panels, which offer superior contrast and black levels, potentially eroding LCD's share in premium markets by 10-15% over the next few years.^[78] To counter this, IPS is adapting through hybrid designs, such as Mini-LED enhancements, which combine LCD efficiency with improved dynamic range to compete more effectively in gaming and entertainment sectors.^[79] Looking to the future, full-scale commercialization of micro-LED technologies is expected by 2027, potentially enabling hybrid integrations with IPS for brighter, more efficient displays without the burn-in risks of OLED.^[80] Parallel to this, sustainability initiatives are gaining traction, with producers incorporating recycled glass and polymers into IPS manufacturing processes to reduce environmental impact and meet regulatory demands for recyclable materials.^[81] East Asia—led by China, South Korea, and Taiwan—accounts for more than 80% of global LCD production capacity, including IPS panels.^[82]

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